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Thangavel R, Kaur H, Dubova I, Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Raikwar SP, Govindarajan R, Kempuraj D. Parkinson's Disease Dementia Patients: Expression of Glia Maturation Factor in the Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1182. [PMID: 38256254 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by the presence of dopaminergic neuronal loss and motor disorders. PD dementia (PDD) is a cognitive disorder that affects many PD patients. We have previously demonstrated the proinflammatory role of the glia maturation factor (GMF) in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration in AD, PD, traumatic brain injury (TBI), and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in human brains and animal models. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of the GMF in the human PDD brain. We analyzed the expression pattern of the GMF protein in conjunction with amyloid plaques (APs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the substantia nigra (SN) and striatum of PDD brains using immunostaining. We detected a large number of GMF-positive glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) reactive astrocytes, especially abundant in areas with degenerating dopaminergic neurons within the SN and striatum in PDD. Additionally, we observed excess levels of GMF in glial cells in the vicinity of APs, and NFTs in the SN and striatum of PDD and non-PDD patients. We found that the majority of GMF-positive immunoreactive glial cells were co-localized with GFAP-reactive astrocytes. Our findings suggest that the GMF may be involved in the pathogenesis of PDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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2
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Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Thangavel R, Kempuraj D, Dubova I, Raikwar SP, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. A role for glia maturation factor dependent activation of mast cells and microglia in MPTP induced dopamine loss and behavioural deficits in mice. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 87:429-443. [PMID: 31982500 PMCID: PMC7316620 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanism mediating degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) is not yet fully understood. Previously, we have shown the contribution of glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory protein in dopaminergic neurodegeneration mediated by activation of mast cells (MCs). In this study, methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced nigrostriatal neurodegeneration and astro-glial activations were determined by western blot and immunofluorescence techniques in wild type (WT) mice, MC-deficient (MC-KO) mice and GMF-deficient (GMF-KO) mice, with or without MC reconstitution before MPTP administration. We show that GMF-KO in the MCs reduces the synergistic effects of MC and Calpain1 (calcium-activated cysteine protease enzyme)-dependent dopaminergic neuronal loss that reduces motor behavioral impairments in MPTP-treated mouse. Administration of MPTP increase in calpain-mediated proteolysis in nigral dopaminergic neurons further resulting in motor decline in mice. We found that MPTP administered WT mice exhibits oxidative stress due to significant increases in the levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase and reduction in the levels of reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity as compared with both MC-KO and GMF-KO mice. The number of TH-positive neurons in the ventral tegmental area, substantia nigra and the fibers in the striatum were significantly reduced while granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), MC-Tryptase, GFAP, IBA1, Calpain1 and intracellular adhesion molecule 1 expression were significantly increased in WT mice. Similarly, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine transporters and vesicular monoamine transporters 2 proteins expression were significantly reduced in the SN of MPTP treated WT mice. The motor behavior as analyzed by rotarod and hang test was significantly reduced in WT mice as compared with both the MC-KO and GMF-KO mice. We conclude that GMF-dependent MC activation enhances the detrimental effect of astro-glial activation-mediated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the midbrain, and its inhibition may slowdown the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO 65211, United States; Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, United States.
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Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Raikwar SP, Thangavel R, Bazley K, Wu K, Khan O, Kukulka K, Bussinger B, Dubova I, Zaheer S, Govindarajan R, Iyer S, Burton C, James D, Zaheer A. Neuroinflammation Mediated by Glia Maturation Factor Exacerbates Neuronal Injury in an in vitro Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:1645-1655. [PMID: 32200671 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2019.6932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the primary cause of death and disability affecting over 10 million people in the industrialized world. TBI causes a wide spectrum of secondary molecular and cellular complications in the brain. However, the pathological events are still not yet fully understood. Previously, we have shown that the glia maturation factor (GMF) is a mediator of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. To identify the potential molecular pathways accompanying TBI, we used an in vitro cell culture model of TBI. A standardized injury was induced by scalpel cut through a mixed primary cell culture of astrocytes, microglia and neurons obtained from both wild type (WT) and GMF-deficient (GMF-KO) mice. Cell culture medium and whole-cell lysates were collected at 24, 48, and 72 h after the scalpel cuts injury and probed for oxidative stress using immunofluorescence analysis. Results showed that oxidative stress markers such as glutathione and glutathione peroxidase were significantly reduced, while release of cytosolic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase along with nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 were significantly increased in injured WT cells compared with injured GMF-KO cells. In addition, injured WT cells showed increased levels of oxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal and 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine compared with injured GMF-KO cells. Further, we found that injured WT cells showed a significantly increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein, ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1, and phosphorylated ezrin/radixin/moesin proteins, and reduced microtubule associated protein expression compared with injured GMF-KO cells after injury. Collectively, our results demonstrate that GMF exacerbates the oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation that could be brought about by TBI-induced astroglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kieran Bazley
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Kristopher Wu
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Osaid Khan
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Klaudia Kukulka
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Bret Bussinger
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Raghav Govindarajan
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA.,Harry S Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Kempuraj D, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Dhaliwal AS, Dubova I, Mentor S, Premkumar K, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Raikwar SP, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Brain Injury-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Response and Alzheimer's Disease. Neuroscientist 2020; 26:134-155. [PMID: 31092147 PMCID: PMC7274851 DOI: 10.1177/1073858419848293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major health problem in the United States, which affects about 1.7 million people each year. Glial cells, T-cells, and mast cells perform specific protective functions in different regions of the brain for the recovery of cognitive and motor functions after central nervous system (CNS) injuries including TBI. Chronic neuroinflammatory responses resulting in neuronal death and the accompanying stress following brain injury predisposes or accelerates the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in high-risk individuals. About 5.7 million Americans are currently living with AD. Immediately following brain injury, mast cells respond by releasing prestored and preactivated mediators and recruit immune cells to the CNS. Blood-brain barrier (BBB), tight junction and adherens junction proteins, neurovascular and gliovascular microstructural rearrangements, and dysfunction associated with increased trafficking of inflammatory mediators and inflammatory cells from the periphery across the BBB leads to increase in the chronic neuroinflammatory reactions following brain injury. In this review, we advance the hypothesis that neuroinflammatory responses resulting from mast cell activation along with the accompanying risk factors such as age, gender, food habits, emotional status, stress, allergic tendency, chronic inflammatory diseases, and certain drugs can accelerate brain injury-associated neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Arshdeep S. Dhaliwal
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Keerthivaas Premkumar
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs’, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Kempuraj D, Selvakumar GP, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Zaheer S, Kumar KK, Yelam A, Kaur H, Dubova I, Raikwar SP, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor and Mast Cell-Dependent Expression of Inflammatory Mediators and Proteinase Activated Receptor-2 in Neuroinflammation. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:1117-1129. [PMID: 30372685 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by the presence of inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra. Inflammatory mediators from activated microglia, astrocytes, neurons, T-cells and mast cells mediate neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Administration of neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induces PD like motor deficits in rodents. 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a toxic metabolite of MPTP activates glial cells, neurons and mast cells to release neuroinflammatory mediators. Glia maturation factor (GMF), mast cells and proteinase activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) are implicated in neuroinflammation. Alpha-synuclein which induces neurodegeneration increases PAR-2 expression in the brain. However, the exact mechanisms are not yet understood. In this study, we quantified inflammatory mediators in the brains of MPTP-administered wild type (Wt), GMF-knockout (GMF-KO), and mast cell knockout (MC-KO) mice. Additionally, we analyzed the effect of MPP+, GMF, and mast cell proteases on PAR-2 expression in astrocytes and neurons in vitro. Results show that the levels of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) were lesser in the brains of GMF-KO mice and MC-KO mice when compared to Wt mice brain after MPTP administration. Incubation of astrocytes and neurons with MPP+, GMF, and mouse mast cell protease-6 (MMCP-6) and MMCP-7 increased the expression of PAR-2. Our studies show that the absence of mast cells and GMF reduce the expression of neuroinflammatory mediators in the brain. We conclude that GMF along with mast cell interactions with glial cells and neurons during neuroinflammation can be explored as a new therapeutic target for PD and other neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Keerthana Kuppamma Kumar
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Anudeep Yelam
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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6
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Raikwar SP, Kikkeri NS, Sakuru R, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Premkumar K, Mentor S, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Next Generation Precision Medicine: CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:608-641. [PMID: 31011884 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in the field of molecular neurobiology especially neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, the highly complex molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. As a result, the development of the next generation neurotherapeutics has experienced a considerable lag phase. Recent advancements in the field of genome editing offer a new template for dissecting the precise molecular pathways underlying the complex neurodegenerative disorders. We believe that the innovative genome and transcriptome editing strategies offer an excellent opportunity to decipher novel therapeutic targets, develop novel neurodegenerative disease models, develop neuroimaging modalities, develop next-generation diagnostics as well as develop patient-specific precision-targeted personalized therapies to effectively treat neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Frontotemporal dementia etc. Here, we review the latest developments in the field of CRISPR-mediated genome editing and provide unbiased futuristic insights regarding its translational potential to improve the treatment outcomes and minimize financial burden. However, despite significant advancements, we would caution the scientific community that since the CRISPR field is still evolving, currently we do not know the full spectrum of CRISPR-mediated side effects. In the wake of the recent news regarding CRISPR-edited human babies being born in China, we urge the scientific community to maintain high scientific and ethical standards and utilize CRISPR for developing in vitro disease in a dish model, in vivo testing in nonhuman primates and lower vertebrates and for the development of neurotherapeutics for the currently incurable neurodegenerative disorders. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nidhi S Kikkeri
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ragha Sakuru
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Keerthivaas Premkumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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7
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Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Mentor S, Dubova I, Raikwar SP, Zaheer S, Iyer S, Zaheer A. Synergy in Disruption of Mitochondrial Dynamics by Aβ (1-42) and Glia Maturation Factor (GMF) in SH-SY5Y Cells Is Mediated Through Alterations in Fission and Fusion Proteins. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6964-6975. [PMID: 30949973 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1544-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathological form of amyloid beta (Aβ) peptide is shown to be toxic to the mitochondria and implicates this organelle in the progression and pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Mitochondria are dynamic structures constantly undergoing fission and fusion, and altering their shape and size while traveling through neurons. Mitochondrial fission (Drp1, Fis1) and fusion (OPA1, Mfn1, and Mfn2) proteins are balanced in healthy neuronal cells. Glia maturation factor (GMF), a neuroinflammatory protein isolated and cloned in our laboratory plays an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. We hypothesized that GMF, a brain-localized inflammatory protein, promotes oxidative stress-mediated disruption of mitochondrial dynamics by alterations in mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins which eventually leads to apoptosis in the Aβ (1-42)-treated human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells. The SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with GMF and Aβ (1-42) peptide, and mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins were analyzed by immunofluorescence, western blotting, and co-immunoprecipitation. We report that SH-SY5Y cells incubated with GMF and Aβ (1-42) promote mitochondrial fragmentation, by potentiating oxidative stress, mitophagy and shifts in the Bax/Bcl2 expression and release of cytochrome-c, and eventual apoptosis. In the present study, we show that GMF and Aβ treatments significantly upregulate fission proteins and downregulate fusion proteins. The study shows that extracellular GMF is an important inflammatory mediator that mediates mitochondrial dynamics by altering the balance in fission and fusion proteins and amplifies similar effects promoted by Aβ. Upregulated GMF in the presence of Aβ could be an additional risk factor for AD, and their synergistic actions need to be explored as a potential therapeutic target to suppress the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, Cape Town, 7535, Republic of South Africa
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Raikwar SP, Ahmed ME, Dubova I, Mentor S, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Premkumar K, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor Gene Editing Improves Neurocognitive Function in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.620.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Mohammad E Ahmed
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Shireen Mentor
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- University of the Western CapeDepartment of Medical BiosciencesCape TownSouth Africa
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
| | - Haris Zahoor
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
| | | | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Govindhasamy P. Selvakumar
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Smita Zaheer
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- University of Missouri, School of MedicineDepartment of NeurologyColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' HospitalColumbiaMO
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AHMED MOHAMMADEJAZ, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Dubova I, Zahoor H, Raikwar SP, Mentor S, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor‐Antibody Injection Reduces Behavioral Impairment, Neuro Inflammation and Amyloid Pathology in 5XFAD Mice Brains. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.791.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- MOHAMMAD EJAZ AHMED
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | | | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | | | | | - Shireen Mentor
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Department of Medical Biosciences University of the Western CapeWestern CapeSouth Africa
| | | | - Shankar S Iyer
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- University of MissouriColumbiaMO
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
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Pushpavathi SG, Duraisamy K, Ahmed ME, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Mentor S, Saeed D, Zaheer S, Raikwar SP, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor Dependent Mast Cell Activation and Calpain 1 Synergize Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss and Behavioral Deficits in an MPTP Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. FASEB J 2019. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2019.33.1_supplement.791.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kempuraj Duraisamy
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Shireen Mentor
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
- University of the Western CapeBellvilleSouth Africa
| | | | | | | | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans HospitalColumbiaMO
- NeurologyUniversity of MissouriColumbiaMO
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11
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Kempuraj D, Mentor S, Thangavel R, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Raikwar SP, Dubova I, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Mast Cells in Stress, Pain, Blood-Brain Barrier, Neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:54. [PMID: 30837843 PMCID: PMC6389675 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cell activation plays an important role in stress-mediated disease pathogenesis. Chronic stress cause or exacerbate aging and age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases. The severity of inflammatory diseases is worsened by the stress. Mast cell activation-dependent inflammatory mediators augment stress associated pain and neuroinflammation. Stress is the second most common trigger of headache due to mast cell activation. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive irreversible neurodegenerative disease that affects more women than men and woman's increased susceptibility to chronic stress could increase the risk for AD. Modern life-related stress, social stress, isolation stress, restraint stress, early life stress are associated with an increased level of neurotoxic beta amyloid (Aβ) peptide. Stress increases cognitive dysfunction, generates amyloid precursor protein (APP), hyperphosphorylated tau, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), and amyloid plaques (APs) in the brain. Stress-induced Aβ persists for years and generates APs even several years after the stress exposure. Stress activates hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and releases corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) from hypothalamus and in peripheral system, which increases the formation of Aβ, tau hyperphosphorylation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption in the brain. Mast cells are implicated in nociception and pain. Mast cells are the source and target of CRH and other neuropeptides that mediate neuroinflammation. Microglia express receptor for CRH that mediate neurodegeneration in AD. However, the exact mechanisms of how stress-mediated mast cell activation contribute to the pathogenesis of AD remains elusive. This mini-review highlights the possible role of stress and mast cell activation in neuroinflammation, BBB, and tight junction disruption and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Mohammad E. Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Shankar S. Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital (VA), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Raikwar SP, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Kempuraj D, Zaheer SA, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Targeted Gene Editing of Glia Maturation Factor in Microglia: a Novel Alzheimer's Disease Therapeutic Target. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:378-393. [PMID: 29704201 PMCID: PMC6344368 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating, progressive neurodegenerative disorder that leads to severe cognitive impairment in elderly patients. Chronic neuroinflammation plays an important role in the AD pathogenesis. Glia maturation factor (GMF), a proinflammatory molecule discovered in our laboratory, is significantly upregulated in various regions of AD brains. We have previously reported that GMF is predominantly expressed in the reactive glial cells surrounding the amyloid plaques (APs) in the mouse and human AD brain. Microglia are the major source of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines including GMF. Recently clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) based genome editing has been recognized to study the functions of genes that are implicated in various diseases. Here, we investigated if CRISPR-Cas9-mediated GMF gene editing leads to inhibition of GMF expression and suppression of microglial activation. Confocal microscopy of murine BV2 microglial cell line transduced with an adeno-associated virus (AAV) coexpressing Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) Cas9 and a GMF-specific guide RNA (GMF-sgRNA) revealed few cells expressing SaCas9 while lacking GMF expression, thereby confirming successful GMF gene editing. To further improve GMF gene editing efficiency, we developed lentiviral vectors (LVs) expressing either Streptococcus pyogenes (Sp) Cas9 or GMF-sgRNAs. BV2 cells cotransduced with LVs expressing SpCas9 and GMF-sgRNAs revealed reduced GMF expression and the presence of indels in the exons 2 and 3 of the GMF coding sequence. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment of GMF-edited cells led to reduced microglial activation as shown by reduced p38 MAPK phosphorylation. We believe that targeted in vivo GMF gene editing has a significant potential for developing a unique and novel AD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita A Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, US Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Selvakumar GP, Iyer SS, Kempuraj D, Ahmed ME, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Raikwar SP, Zaheer S, Zaheer A. Molecular Association of Glia Maturation Factor with the Autophagic Machinery in Rat Dopaminergic Neurons: a Role for Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and MAPK Activation. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3865-3881. [PMID: 30218400 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1340-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the several neurodegenerative diseases where accumulation of aggregated proteins like α-synuclein occurs. Dysfunction in autophagy leading to this protein build-up and subsequent dopaminergic neurodegeneration may be one of the causes of PD. The mechanisms that impair autophagy remain poorly understood. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpiridium ion (MPP+) is a neurotoxin that induces experimental PD in vitro. Our studies have shown that glia maturation factor (GMF), a brain-localized inflammatory protein, induces dopaminergic neurodegeneration in PD and that suppression of GMF prevents MPP+-induced loss of dopaminergic neurons. In the present study, we demonstrate a molecular action of GMF on the autophagic machinery resulting in dopaminergic neuronal loss and propose GMF-mediated autophagic dysfunction as one of the contributing factors in PD progression. Using dopaminergic N27 neurons, primary neurons from wild type (WT), and GMF-deficient (GMF-KO) mice, we show that GMF and MPP+ enhanced expression of MAPKs increased the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress markers such as phospho-eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3 (p-PERK) and inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α). Further, GMF and MPP+ reduced Beclin 1, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) family-interacting protein of 200 kD (FIP200), and autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) 3, 5, 7, 16L, and 12. The combined results demonstrate that GMF affects autophagy through autophagosome formation with significantly reduced lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1/2, and the number of autophagic acidic vesicles. Using primary neurons, we show that MPP+ treatment leads to differential expression and localization of p62/sequestosome and in GMF-KO neurons, there was a marked increase in p62 staining implying autophagy deficiency with very little co-localization of α-synuclein and p62 as compared with WT neurons. Collectively, this study provides a bidirectional role for GMF in executing dopaminergic neuronal death mediated by autophagy that is relevant to PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA. .,Department of Neurology, and Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine-University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.
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14
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Kempuraj D, Thangavel R, Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Zaheer S, Raikwar SP, Zahoor H, Saeed D, Dubova I, Giler G, Herr S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Mast Cell Proteases Activate Astrocytes and Glia-Neurons and Release Interleukin-33 by Activating p38 and ERK1/2 MAPKs and NF-κB. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1681-1693. [PMID: 29916143 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory mediators released from activated microglia, astrocytes, neurons, and mast cells mediate neuroinflammation. Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by inflammation-dependent dopaminergic neurodegeneration in substantia nigra. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+), a metabolite of parkinsonian neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), induces inflammatory mediators' release from brain cells and mast cells. Brain cells' interaction with mast cells is implicated in neuroinflammation. However, the exact mechanisms involved are not yet clearly understood. Mouse fetal brain-derived cultured primary astrocytes and glia-neurons were incubated with mouse mast cell protease-6 (MMCP-6) and MMCP-7, and mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) were incubated with MPP+ and brain protein glia maturation factor (GMF). Interleukin-33 (IL-33) released from these cells was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Both MMCP-6 and MMCP-7 induced IL-33 release from astrocytes and glia-neurons. MPP+ and GMF were used as a positive control-induced IL-33 and reactive oxygen species expression in mast cells. Mast cell proteases and MPP+ activate p38 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in astrocytes, glia-neurons, or mast cells. Addition of BMMCs from wt mice and transduction with adeno-GMF show higher chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) release. MPP+ activated glial cells and reduced microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) expression indicating neurodegeneration. IL-33 expression increased in the midbrain and striatum of PD brains as compared with age- and sex-matched control subjects. Glial cells and neurons interact with mast cells and accelerate neuroinflammation and these interactions can be explored as a new therapeutic target to treat PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Gvindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Gema Giler
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shelby Herr
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Neurology and the Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Medical Science Building,1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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15
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Raikwar SP, Bhagavan SM, Ramaswamy SB, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Selvakumar GP, Ahmed ME, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Iyer S, Zaheer A. Are Tanycytes the Missing Link Between Type 2 Diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease? Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:833-843. [PMID: 29797185 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Tanycytes are highly specialized bipolar ependymal cells that line the ventrolateral wall and the floor of the third ventricle in the brain and form a blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier at the level of the median eminence. They play a pivotal role in regulating metabolic networks that control body weight and energy homeostasis. Due to the glucosensing function of tanycytes, they could be considered as a critical player in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Genetic fate mapping studies have established the role of tanycytes for the newly detected adult hypothalamic neurogenesis with important implications for metabolism as well as pathophysiology of various neurodegenerative diseases. We believe that a comprehensive understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying their neuroplasticity, glucosensing, and cross talk with endothelial cells will enable us to achieve metabolic homeostasis in type 2 diabetes patients and possibly delay the progression of Alzheimer's disease and hopefully improve cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sachin M Bhagavan
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Swathi Beladakere Ramaswamy
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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16
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Raikwar SP, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar PG, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Iyer S, Zaheer A. Neuro-Immuno-Gene- and Genome-Editing-Therapy for Alzheimer's Disease: Are We There Yet? J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 65:321-344. [PMID: 30040732 PMCID: PMC6130335 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a highly complex neurodegenerative disorder and the current treatment strategies are largely ineffective thereby leading to irreversible and progressive cognitive decline in AD patients. AD continues to defy successful treatment despite significant advancements in the field of molecular medicine. Repeatedly, early promising preclinical and clinical results have catapulted into devastating setbacks leading to multi-billion dollar losses not only to the top pharmaceutical companies but also to the AD patients and their families. Thus, it is very timely to review the progress in the emerging fields of gene therapy and stem cell-based precision medicine. Here, we have made sincere efforts to feature the ongoing progress especially in the field of AD gene therapy and stem cell-based regenerative medicine. Further, we also provide highlights in elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis and describe novel AD therapeutic targets and strategies for the new drug discovery. We hope that the quantum leap in the scientific advancements and improved funding will bolster novel concepts that will propel the momentum toward a trajectory leading to a robust AD patient-specific next generation precision medicine with improved cognitive function and excellent life quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P. Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Pushpavathi Govindhasamy Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran’s Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
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