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Bao S, Darvishi M, H Amin A, Al-Haideri MT, Patra I, Kashikova K, Ahmad I, Alsaikhan F, Al-Qaim ZH, Al-Gazally ME, Kiasari BA, Tavakoli-Far B, Sidikov AA, Mustafa YF, Akhavan-Sigari R. CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) blockade in cancer treatment. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:7945-7968. [PMID: 36905421 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-022-04444-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) is a member of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) superfamily and is specific for CXC chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12, also known as SDF-1), which makes CXCL12/CXCR4 axis. CXCR4 interacts with its ligand, triggering downstream signaling pathways that influence cell proliferation chemotaxis, migration, and gene expression. The interaction also regulates physiological processes, including hematopoiesis, organogenesis, and tissue repair. Multiple evidence revealed that CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is implicated in several pathways involved in carcinogenesis and plays a key role in tumor growth, survival, angiogenesis, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Several CXCR4-targeting compounds have been discovered and used for preclinical and clinical cancer therapy, most of which have shown promising anti-tumor activity. In this review, we summarized the physiological signaling of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and described the role of this axis in tumor progression, and focused on the potential therapeutic options and strategies to block CXCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunshun Bao
- The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, 221000, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mohammad Darvishi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center (IDTMRC), Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, AJA University of Medicinal Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali H Amin
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, 21955, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, 35516, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Maysoon T Al-Haideri
- Department of Physiotherapy, Cihan University-Erbil, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq
| | - Indrajit Patra
- An Independent Researcher, National Institute of Technology Durgapur, Durgapur, West Bengal, India
| | | | - Irfan Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alsaikhan
- College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Alkharj, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Bahman Abedi Kiasari
- Virology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Bahareh Tavakoli-Far
- Dietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
| | - Akmal A Sidikov
- Rector, Ferghana Medical Institute of Public Health, Ferghana, Uzbekistan
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul, 41001, Iraq
| | - Reza Akhavan-Sigari
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Tuebingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Health Care Management and Clinical Research, Collegium Humanum Warsaw Management University, Warsaw, Poland
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2
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Stuckel AJ, Khare T, Bissonnette M, Khare S. Aberrant regulation of CXCR4 in cancer via deviant microRNA-targeted interactions. Epigenetics 2022; 17:2318-2331. [PMID: 36047714 PMCID: PMC9665135 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2022.2118947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 is involved in many facets of cancer, including being a major player in establishing metastasis. This is in part due to the deregulation of CXCR4, which can be attributed to many genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, including aberrant microRNA-CXCR4 interaction. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of small non-coding RNA that primarily targets the 3' UTR of mRNA transcripts, which in turn suppresses mRNA and subsequent protein expression. In this review, we reported and characterized the many aberrant miRNA-CXCR4 interactions that occur throughout human cancers. In particular, we reported known target sequences located on the 3' UTR of CXCR4 transcripts that tumour suppressor miRNAs bind and therefore regulate expression by. From these aberrant interactions, we also documented affected downstream genes/pathways and whether a particular tumour suppressor miRNA was reported as a prognostic marker in its respected cancer type. In addition, a limited number of cancer-causing miRNAs coined 'oncomirs' were reported and described in relation to CXCR4 regulation. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying both tumour suppressor and oncomir deregulations concerning CXCR4 expression were also explored. Furthermore, the miR-146a-CXCR4 axis was delineated in oncoviral infected endothelial cells in the context of virus-causing cancers. Lastly, miRNA-driven therapies and CXCR4 antagonist drugs were discussed as potential future treatment options in reported cancers pertaining to deregulated miRNA-CXCR4 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei J. Stuckel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri65212, USA
| | - Tripti Khare
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri65212, USA
| | - Marc Bissonnette
- Section of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Il60637, USA
| | - Sharad Khare
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri65212, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital, Columbia, Missouri65201, USA
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3
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Ghasemi K, Ghasemi K. MSX-122: Is an effective small molecule CXCR4 antagonist in cancer therapy? Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108863. [PMID: 35623288 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines, a subgroup of cytokines along with their receptors, are involved in various biologic processes and regulation of a wide range of immune responses in different physiologic and pathologic states such as tissue repair, infection, and inflammation. C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), has one identified natural ligand termed stromal-derived factor-1(SDF-1 or CXCL12). Evidence demonstrated that the ligation of SDF-1 to CXCR4 initiates several intracellular signaling pathways, regulating cell proliferation, survival, chemotaxis, migration, angiogenesis, adhesion, as well as bone marrow (BM)-resident cells homing and mobilization. Additionally, CXCR4 is expressed by tumor cells in blood malignancies and solid tumors. Therefore, CXCR4 is considered a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy, and CXCR4 antagonists, including AMD3100, MSX-122, BPRCX807, WZ811, Motixafortide, TN14003, AMD3465, and AMD1170, have been employed in experimental and clinical studies to enhance cancer therapy. MSX-122 is a specific small-molecule antagonist of CXCR4/CXCL12 and the only orally available non-peptide CXCR4 antagonist with promising anti-cancer properties. Studies have shown that MSX-122 is particularly important in treating metastatic cancers and has great therapeutic potential. Accordingly, this review summarized the characteristics of MSX-122 and its effects on the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis as well as cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimia Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kosar Ghasemi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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4
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Mehrpouri M. The contributory roles of the CXCL12/CXCR4/CXCR7 axis in normal and malignant hematopoiesis: A possible therapeutic target in hematologic malignancies. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 920:174831. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.174831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Afshar-Khamseh R, Javeri A, Taha MF. MiR-146a suppresses the expression of CXCR4 and alters survival, proliferation and migration rate in colorectal cancer cells. Tissue Cell 2021; 73:101654. [PMID: 34601384 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2021.101654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
CXCR4 plays an important role in colorectal cancer (CRC) development and metastasis. Some previous studies have indicated CXCR4 as a therapeutic target in cancer. CXCR4 is known as a direct target of miR-146a. The present study aimed to investigate how exogenous induction of miR-146a affects CXCR4 gene and protein expression and also proliferation, apoptosis and migration of CRC cells. Transfection of Caco-2 and SW480 cells by a synthetic miR-146a mimic led to downregulation of CXCR4 expression at both gene and protein levels. It also downregulated expression of several miR-146a targets, including GSK3B, IRAK1, TRAF6, AKT2, SMAD4, EGFR and NFKB1, mostly in SW480 cells. Overexpression of miR-146a resulted in a partial cell cycle arrest in the both cell lines, while the apoptotic rate was also decreased. In regards to epithelial-mesenchymal transition factors, VIM was downregulated in the both cell lines, but SNAI1 was upregulated in Caco-2 cells. The wound closure assay showed a reduction in cell migration in SW480 cells, but an opposite effect was detected in Caco-2 cells following transfection with miR-146a mimic. Therefore, our results are indicating that overexpression of miR-146a, despite downregulation of oncogenic CXCR4, may not lead to a universal tumor suppressive effect in all CRC cells, and this is possibly due to differences in miR-146a effects on signaling pathways in each cell type. Selection of miR-146a for tumor suppression requires enough details regarding the signaling profile of cancer cells otherwise it may produce unexpected outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhaneh Afshar-Khamseh
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Box: 14965-161, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Javeri
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Box: 14965-161, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Fakhr Taha
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Medical Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Box: 14965-161, Tehran, Iran.
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Alterations in microRNA Expression during Hematopoietic Stem Cell Mobilization. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070668. [PMID: 34356523 PMCID: PMC8301406 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Lymphoproliferative disorders comprise a heterogeneous group of hematological malignancies characterized by abnormal lymphocyte proliferation. Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation plays a very important role in the treatment of lymphoproliferative diseases. The key element in this process is the effective mobilization of hematopoietic cells from the marrow niche to the peripheral blood. Mobilization of HSC is regulated by many factors, out of which miRNAs present in the hematopoietic niche via targeting cytokines, and signaling pathways may play an important regulatory role. This study investigated the expression of selected miRNAs in patients with multiple myeloma, Hodgkin’s lymphomas, and non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas undergoing mobilization procedures. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of hsa-miR-15a-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-126-3p, hsa-miR-146a-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, and hsa-miR-223-3p during the mobilization procedure, and to assess their role in mobilization efficacy. The level of miRNAs was tested at two time points before the initiation of mobilization and on the day of the first apheresis. Our results suggest that the investigated miRNAs, especially hsa-miR-146a-5p, may influence the efficacy of HSC mobilization. Abstract microRNAs play an important role in the regulation of gene expression, cell fate, hematopoiesis, and may influence the efficacy of CD34+ cell mobilization. The present study examines the role of hsa-miR-15a-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-34a-5p, hsa-miR-126-3p, hsa-miR-146a-5p, hsa-miR-155-5p, and hsa-miR-223-3p in the course of hematopoietic stem cell mobilization. The numbers of CD34+ cells collected in patients with hematological malignancies (39 multiple myelomas, 11 lymphomas) were determined during mobilization for an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The miRNA level was evaluated by RT-PCR. Compared to baseline, a significant decline in hsa-miR-15a-5p, hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-126-3p, hsa-miR-146a-5p, and hsa-miR-155-5p was observed on the day of the first apheresis (day A). An increase was observed only in the expression of hsa-miR-34a-5p. On day A, a negative correlation was found between hsa-miR-15a-5p and hsa-miR-146a-5p levels and the number of CD34+ cells in peripheral blood. A negative correlation was observed between hsa-miR-146a-5p and the number of collected CD34+ cells after the first apheresis. Good mobilizers, defined according to GITMO criteria, demonstrated a lower hsa-miR-146a-5p level on day A than poor mobilizers. Patients from the hsa-miR-146a-5p “low expressors” collected more CD34+ cells than “high expressors”. Our results suggest that the investigated miRNAs, especially hsa-miR-146a-5p, may influence the efficacy of HSC mobilization.
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Atorvastatin Pretreatment Ameliorates Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration through miR-146a/CXCR4 Signaling. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 18:863-873. [PMID: 34260048 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-021-00362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously found that atorvastatin (ATV) enhanced mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) migration, by a yet unknown mechanism. CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is critical to cell migration and regulated by microRNA-146a (miR-146a). Therefore, this study aimed to assess whether ATV ameliorates MSCs migration through miR-146a/CXCR4 signaling. METHODS Expression of CXCR4 was evaluated by flow cytometry. Expression of miR-146a was examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A transwell system was used to assess the migration ability of MSCs. Recruitment of systematically delivered MSCs to the infarcted heart was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Mimics of miR-146a were used in vitro, and miR-146a overexpression lentivirus was used in vivo, to assess the role of miR-146a in the migration ability of MSCs. RESULTS The results showed that ATV pretreatment in vitro upregulated CXCR4 and induced MSCs migration. In addition, flow cytometry demonstrated that miR-146a mimics suppressed CXCR4, and ATV pretreatment no longer ameliorated MSCs migration because of decreased CXCR4. In the AMI model, miR-146a-overexpressing MSCs increased infarct size and fibrosis. CONCLUSION The miR-146a/CXCR4 signaling pathway contributes to MSCs migration and homing induced by ATV pretreatment. miR-146a may be a novel therapeutic target for stimulating MSCs migration to the ischemic tissue for improved repair.
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8
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Su L, Hu Z, Yang YG. Role of CXCR4 in the progression and therapy of acute leukaemia. Cell Prolif 2021; 54:e13076. [PMID: 34050566 PMCID: PMC8249790 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 is expressed on leukaemia cells and haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and its ligand stromal-derived factor 1 (SDF-1) is produced abundantly by stromal cells in the bone marrow (BM). The SDF-1/CXCR4 axis plays important roles in homing to and retention in the protective BM microenvironment of malignant leukaemia cells and normal HSCs. CXCR4 expression is regulated by multiple mechanisms and the level of CXCR4 expression on leukaemia cells has prognostic indications in patients with acute leukaemia. CXCR4 antagonists can mobilize leukaemia cells from BM to circulation, which render them effectively eradicated by chemotherapeutic agents, small molecular inhibitors or hypomethylating agents. Therefore, such combinational therapies have been tested in clinical trials. However, new evidence emerged that drug-resistant leukaemia cells were not affected by CXCR4 antagonists, and the migration of certain leukaemia cells to the leukaemia niche was independent of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis. In this review, we summarize the role of CXCR4 in progression and treatment of acute leukaemia, with a focus on the potential of CXCR4 as a therapeutic target for acute leukaemia. We also discuss the potential value of using CXCR4 antagonists as chemosensitizer for conditioning regimens and immunosensitizer for graft-vs-leukaemia effects of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Su
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Hematology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China.,International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Yang Y, Li J, Geng Y. Exosomes derived from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells transfer miR-146a to induce the transition of mesenchymal stromal cells into cancer-associated fibroblasts. J Biochem 2021; 168:491-498. [PMID: 32770182 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most prevalent leukaemia and remains incurable. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can promote tumour progression by differentiating into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs). However, the mechanisms by which tumour cells induce the transition of MSCs to CAFs are still largely undefined. Exosomes can regulate recipient cellular function by mediating intracellular communication. This study aimed to investigate whether CLL cells regulate the transition of bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) to CAFs via exosomal miR-146a delivery. The exosomes were isolated from CLL cell line MEC-1 (CLL-Exo) and then co-cultured with BM-MSCs. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and fibroblast-activated protein (FAP) were determined by immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot. A luciferase reporter assay was performed to verify whether ubiquitin-specific peptidase 16 (USP16) was a target of miR-146a. CLL-Exo treatment up-regulated miR-146a and down-regulated expression of CAF markers (α-SMA and FAP) and USP16. The inducing effect of CLL-Exo on CAF marker expression was compromised when miR-146a expression was inhibited in CLL-Exo. USP16 was confirmed as a direct target of miR-146a and USP16 overexpression in BM-MSCs abrogated the CLL-Exo-mediated up-regulation of CAF markers. Collectively, CLL-Exo delivered miR-146a into BM-MSCs where miR-146a mediated transition of BM-MSCs into CAFs by targeting USP16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Yang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu 233004, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu 233004, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yinghua Geng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, No. 287 Changhuai Road, Bengbu 233004, Anhui Province, China
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Neaga A, Bagacean C, Tempescul A, Jimbu L, Mesaros O, Blag C, Tomuleasa C, Bocsan C, Gaman M, Zdrenghea M. MicroRNAs Associated With a Good Prognosis of Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Their Effect on Macrophage Polarization. Front Immunol 2021; 11:582915. [PMID: 33519805 PMCID: PMC7845488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.582915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is an aggressive myeloid malignancy with poor outcomes despite very intensive therapeutic approaches. For the majority of patients which are unfit and treated less intensively, the prognosis is even worse. There has been unspectacular progress in outcome improvement over the last decades and the development of new approaches is of tremendous interest. The tumor microenvironment is credited with an important role in supporting cancer growth, including leukemogenesis. Macrophages are part of the tumor microenvironment and their contribution in this setting is increasingly being deciphered, these cells being credited with a tumor supporting role. Data on macrophage role and polarization in leukemia is scarce. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have a role in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, by impending translation and promoting degradation of messenger RNAs. They are important modulators of cellular pathways, playing major roles in normal hematopoietic differentiation. miRNA expression is significantly correlated with the prognosis of hematopoietic malignancies, including AML. Oncogenic miRNAs correlate with poor prognosis, while tumor suppressor miRNAs, which inhibit the expression of proto-oncogenes, are correlated with a favorable prognosis. miRNAs are proposed as biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis and are regarded as therapeutic approaches in many cancers, including AML. miRNAs with epigenetic or modulatory activity, as well as with synergistic activity with chemotherapeutic agents, proved to be promising therapeutic targets in experimental, pre-clinical approaches. The clinical availability of emerging compounds with mimicking or suppressor activity provides the opportunity for future therapeutic targeting of miRNAs. The present paper is focusing on miRNAs which, according to current knowledge, favorably impact on AML outcomes, being regarded as tumor suppressors, and reviews their role in macrophage polarization. We are focusing on miRNA expression in the setting of AML, but data on correlations between miRNA expression and macrophage polarization is mostly coming from studies involving normal tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Neaga
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Bagacean
- Department of Hematology, Brest University Medical School Hospital, Brest, France.,U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, University of Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Brest, France
| | - Adrian Tempescul
- Department of Hematology, Brest University Medical School Hospital, Brest, France.,U1227 B Lymphocytes and Autoimmunity, University of Brest, INSERM, IBSAM, Brest, France
| | - Laura Jimbu
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Mesaros
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Cristina Blag
- Department of Pediatrics, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ciprian Tomuleasa
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Corina Bocsan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gaman
- Department of Hematology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihnea Zdrenghea
- Department of Hematology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Hematology, Ion Chiricuta Oncology Institute, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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11
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Bianchi ME, Mezzapelle R. The Chemokine Receptor CXCR4 in Cell Proliferation and Tissue Regeneration. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2109. [PMID: 32983169 PMCID: PMC7484992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The CXCR4 receptor upon binding its ligands triggers multiple signaling pathways that orchestrate cell migration, hematopoiesis and cell homing, and retention in the bone marrow. However, CXCR4 also directly controls cell proliferation of non-hematopoietic cells. This review focuses on recent reports pointing to its pivotal role in tissue regeneration and stem cell activation, and discusses the connection to the known role of CXCR4 in promoting tumor growth. The mechanisms may be similar in all cases, since regeneration often recapitulates developmental processes, and cancer often exploits developmental pathways. Moreover, cell migration and cell proliferation appear to be downstream of the same signaling pathways. A deeper understanding of the complex signaling originating from CXCR4 is needed to exploit the opportunities to repair damaged organs safely and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco E Bianchi
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosanna Mezzapelle
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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12
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Wan C, Wen J, Huang Y, Li H, Wu W, Xie Q, Liang X, Tang Z, Zhao W, Cheng P, Liu Z. Microarray analysis of differentially expressed microRNAs in myelodysplastic syndromes. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20904. [PMID: 32629683 PMCID: PMC7337584 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our study aimed to analyze differential microRNA expression between myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and normal bone marrow, and to identify novel microRNAs relevant to MDS pathogenesis. METHODS MiRNA microarray analysis was used to profile microRNA expression levels in MDS and normal bone marrow. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was employed to verify differentially expressed microRNAs. RESULTS MiRNA microarray analysis showed 96 significantly upregulated (eg, miR-146a-5p, miR-151a-3p, miR-125b-5p) and 198 significantly downregulated (eg, miR-181a-2-3p, miR-124-3p, miR-550a-3p) microRNAs in MDS compared with normal bone marrow. The quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed the microarray analysis: expression of six microRNAs (miR-155-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-151a-3p, miR-221-3p, miR-125b-5p, and miR-10a-5p) was significantly higher in MDS, while 3 microRNAs (miR-181a-2-3p, miR-124-3p, and miR-550a-3p) were significantly downregulated in MDS. Bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed microRNAs might participate in MDS pathogenesis by regulating hematopoiesis, leukocyte migration, leukocyte apoptotic process, and hematopoietic cell lineage. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that differentially expressed microRNAs might play a key role in MDS pathogenesis by regulating potential relevant functional and signaling pathways. Targeting these microRNAs may provide new treatment modalities for MDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyao Wan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Jing Wen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Hematology, Hainan General Hospital, Haikou, Hainan
| | - Hongying Li
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Qiongni Xie
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Xiaolin Liang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Zhongyuan Tang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Weihua Zhao
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Peng Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
| | - Zhenfang Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi
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Dual CXCR4 and E-Selectin Inhibitor, GMI-1359, Shows Anti-Bone Metastatic Effects and Synergizes with Docetaxel in Prostate Cancer Cell Intraosseous Growth. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010032. [PMID: 31877673 PMCID: PMC7017374 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) relapses due to acquired resistance to docetaxel-based chemotherapy and remains a major threat to patient survival. In this report, we tested the effectiveness of a dual CXCR4/E-selectin antagonist, GM-I1359, in vitro and in vivo, as a single agent or in combination with docetaxel (DTX). This agent was compared to the single CXCR4 antagonist, CTCE-9908, and E-selectin antagonist, GMI-1271. Here we demonstrate that CXCR4 antagonism reduced growth and enhanced DTX treatment in PCa cell lines as well as restored DTX effectiveness in DTX-resistant cell models. The efficacy of dual antagonist was higher respect to those observed for single CXCR4 antagonism. GM1359 impacted bone marrow colonization and growth in intraventricular and intratibial cell injection models. The anti-proliferative effects of GMI-1359 and DTX correlated with decreased size, osteolysis and serum levels of both mTRAP and type I collagen fragment (CTX) in intra-osseous tumours suggesting that the dual CXCR4/E-selectin antagonist was a docetaxel-sensitizing agent for bone metastatic growth. Single agent CXCR4 (CTCE-9908) and E-selectin (GMI-1271) antagonists resulted in lower sensitizing effects compared to GMI-1359. These data provide a biologic rationale for the use of a dual E-selectin/CXCR4 inhibitor as an adjuvant to taxane-based chemotherapy in men with mCRPC to prevent and reduce bone metastases.
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Mousavi A. CXCL12/CXCR4 signal transduction in diseases and its molecular approaches in targeted-therapy. Immunol Lett 2019; 217:91-115. [PMID: 31747563 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are small molecules called "chemotactic cytokines" and regulate many processes like leukocyte trafficking, homing of immune cells, maturation, cytoskeletal rearrangement, physiology, migration during development, and host immune responses. These proteins bind to their corresponding 7-membrane G-protein-coupled receptors. Chemokines and their receptors are anti-inflammatory factors in autoimmune conditions, so consider as potential targets for neutralization in such diseases. They also express by cancer cells and function as angiogenic factors, and/or survival/growth factors that enhance tumor angiogenesis and development. Among chemokines, the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis has significantly been studied in numerous cancers and autoimmune diseases. CXCL12 is a homeostatic chemokine, which is acts as an anti-inflammatory chemokine during autoimmune inflammatory responses. In cancer cells, CXCL12 acts as an angiogenic, proliferative agent and regulates tumor cell apoptosis as well. CXCR4 has a role in leukocyte chemotaxis in inflammatory situations in numerous autoimmune diseases, as well as the high levels of CXCR4, observed in different types of human cancers. These findings suggest CXCL12/CXCR4 as a potential therapeutic target for therapy of autoimmune diseases and open a new approach to targeted-therapy of cancers by neutralizing CXCL12 and CXCR4. In this paper, we reviewed the current understanding of the role of the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis in disease pathology and cancer biology, and discuss its therapeutic implications in cancer and diseases.
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15
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Chateauvieux S, Gaigneaux A, Gérard D, Orsini M, Morceau F, Orlikova-Boyer B, Farge T, Récher C, Sarry JE, Dicato M, Diederich M. Inflammation regulates long non-coding RNA-PTTG1-1:1 in myeloid leukemia. Haematologica 2019; 105:e280-e284. [PMID: 31582551 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.217281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Chateauvieux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Anthoula Gaigneaux
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Déborah Gérard
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marion Orsini
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Franck Morceau
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Barbora Orlikova-Boyer
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Thomas Farge
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM/ Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Christian Récher
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM/ Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Service d'Hématologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse, Institut Universitaire du Cancer de Toulouse Oncopôle, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Sarry
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse, UMR 1037 INSERM/ Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Mario Dicato
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire du Cancer, Hôpital Kirchberg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Marc Diederich
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Ye J, Luo D, Yu J, Zhu S. Transcriptome analysis identifies key regulators and networks in Acute myeloid leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 24:487-491. [PMID: 31210592 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2019.1631506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous and highly recurrent hematological malignancy. Studies have shown an association between microRNAs and drive genes in AMLs. However, the regulatory roles of miRNAs in AML and how they act on downstream targets and the signaling pathway has been little studied. METHODS As to understand the mechanism of mRNA-miRNA interaction in the blood malignancy from a large scale of transcriptomic sequencing studies, we applied a comprehensive miRNA-mRNA association, co-expression gene network and ingenuity pathway analysis using TCGA AML datasets. RESULTS Our results showed that his-mir-335 was a critical regulatory of homeobox A gene family. PBX3, KAT6A, MEIS1, and COMMD3-BMI1 were predicted as top transcription regulators in the regulatory network of the HOXA family. The most significantly enriched functions were cell growth, proliferation, and survival in the mRNA-miRNA network. CONCLUSION Our work revealed that regulation of the HOXA gene family and its regulation played an important role in the development of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Ye
- a Department of Hematology , Shaoxing Shangyu People's Hospital , Shaoxing , People's Republic of China
| | - Daliang Luo
- a Department of Hematology , Shaoxing Shangyu People's Hospital , Shaoxing , People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Yu
- b Department of Geriatric , Affiliated Hospital of Shaoxing University (Shaoxing Municipal Hospital) , Zhejiang , People's Republic of China
| | - Sibo Zhu
- c School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
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Zhu B, Xi X, Liu Q, Cheng Y, Yang H. MiR-9 functions as a tumor suppressor in acute myeloid leukemia by targeting CX chemokine receptor 4. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:3384-3397. [PMID: 31312352 PMCID: PMC6614627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in the pathogenesis of many cancers, including acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Although miRNA-9 (miR-9) is involved in the leukemogenesis of AML, the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated. In this study, we found that miR-9 and C-X-C chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) were differentially expressed in myeloid leukemia, particularly in AML. The inverse correlation between miR-9 and CXCR4 was identified in AML samples and cell lines. The AML patients simultaneously with high levels of CXCR4 and low expression of miR-9 possessed poor prognosis. In vitro, miR-9 inhibited the proliferation, apoptosis resistance, migration, and invasion of AML cells. Dual luciferase assays verified CXCR4 as a direct target of miR-9. The suppressive effects of miR-9 on AML cells were counteracted or mimicked by CXCR4 overexpression or depletion, respectively. Overall, this study reveals that miR-9 retards the aggressive behaviors of AML cells by repressing CXCR4. Thus, miR-9/CXCR4 axis may represent a potential therapeutic target for AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingke Zhu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Xiaoping Xi
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Qiongqiong Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Haiping Yang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
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18
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Jia D, Li Y, Han R, Wang K, Cai G, He C, Yang L. miR‑146a‑5p expression is upregulated by the CXCR4 antagonist TN14003 and attenuates SDF‑1‑induced cartilage degradation. Mol Med Rep 2019; 19:4388-4400. [PMID: 30942441 PMCID: PMC6472139 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is an aseptic inflammatory disease which is associated with the stromal cell-derived factor 1/C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (SDF-1/CXCR4) axis. Accumulating studies have identified numbers of microRNAs (miRNAs) that serve important roles in the pathogenesis of OA. However, whether and how the inhibition of the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis induces alterations in miRNA expression remains largely unclear. miRNA profiling was performed in OA chondrocytes stimulated with SDF-1 alone, or SDF-1 with the CXCR4 antagonist TN14003 by miRNA microarray. Candidate miRNAs were verified by reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Bioinformatic analyses including target prediction, gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis were performed to explore the potential functions of candidate miRNAs. Notably, 7 miRNAs (miR-146a-5p, miR-221-3p, miR-126-3p, miR-185-5p, miR-155-5p, miR-124-3p and miR-130a-3p) were significantly differentially expressed. GO analysis indicated that miR-146a-5p and its associated genes were enriched in receptor regulatory activity, nuclear factor-kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB)-inducing kinase activity, cellular response to interleukin-1, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, NF-κB signaling pathway and osteoclast differentiation pathways. CXCR4 was predicted to be a target of miR-146a-5p with high importance. The mRNA and protein levels of key factors involved in cartilage degeneration were measured following manipulation of the expression levels of miR-146a-5p in OA chondrocytes. CXCR4 and MMP-3 levels were negatively associated with miR-146a-5p expression, while the levels of type II collagen and aggrecan were positively associated. These data reveal that TN14003 upregulates miR-146a-5p expression, and also pinpoints a novel role of miR-146a-5p in inhibiting cartilage degeneration by directly targeting the SDF-1/CXCR4 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jia
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Yanlin Li
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Rui Han
- Department of Diabetology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Guofeng Cai
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
| | - Lingjian Yang
- Department of Sports Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, P.R. China
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Upregulated microRNA-146a expression induced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor enhanced low-dosage chemotherapy response in aged acute myeloid leukemia patients. Exp Hematol 2018; 68:66-79.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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20
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miR-146 and miR-155: Two Key Modulators of Immune Response and Tumor Development. Noncoding RNA 2017; 3:ncrna3030022. [PMID: 29657293 PMCID: PMC5831915 DOI: 10.3390/ncrna3030022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) are a class of evolutionarily-conserved small, regulatory non-coding RNAs, 19–3 nucleotides in length, that negatively regulate protein coding gene transcripts’ expression. miR-146 (146a and 146b) and miR-155 are among the first and most studied miRs for their multiple roles in the control of the innate and adaptive immune processes and for their deregulation and oncogenic role in some tumors. In the present review, we have focused on the recent acquisitions about the key role played by miR-146a, miR-146b and miR-155 in the control of the immune system and in myeloid tumorigenesis. Growing experimental evidence indicates an opposite role of miR-146a with respect to miR-155 in the fine regulation of many steps of the immune response, acting at the level of the various cell types involved in innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. The demonstration that miR-155 overexpression plays a key pathogenic role in some lymphomas and acute myeloid leukemias has led to the development of an antagomir-based approach as a new promising therapeutic strategy.
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21
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Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C inhibition down- regulates CXCR4 expression and interferes with proliferation, invasion and glycolysis in glioma cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176108. [PMID: 28423060 PMCID: PMC5397108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The chemokine receptor CXCR4 plays a crucial role in tumors, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most aggressive glioma. Phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C (PC-PLC), a catabolic enzyme of PC metabolism, is involved in several aspects of cancer biology and its inhibition down-modulates the expression of growth factor membrane receptors interfering with their signaling pathways. In the present work we investigated the possible interplay between CXCR4 and PC-PLC in GBM cells. Methods Confocal microscopy, immunoprecipitation, western blot analyses, and the evaluation of migration and invasion potential were performed on U87MG cells after PC-PLC inhibition with the xanthate D609. The intracellular metabolome was investigated by magnetic resonance spectroscopy; lactate levels and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were analyzed by colorimetric assay. Results Our studies demonstrated that CXCR4 and PC-PLC co-localize and are associated on U87MG cell membrane. D609 reduced CXCR4 expression, cell proliferation and invasion, interfering with AKT and EGFR activation and expression. Metabolic analyses showed a decrease in intracellular lactate concentration together with a decrement in LDH activity. Conclusions Our data suggest that inhibition of PC-PLC could represent a new molecular approach in glioma biology not only for its ability in modulating cell metabolism, glioma growth and motility, but also for its inhibitory effect on crucial molecules involved in cancer progression.
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Brenner AK, Nepstad I, Bruserud Ø. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Support Survival and Proliferation of Primary Human Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cells through Heterogeneous Molecular Mechanisms. Front Immunol 2017; 8:106. [PMID: 28232835 PMCID: PMC5299032 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a bone marrow malignancy, and various bone marrow stromal cells seem to support leukemogenesis, including osteoblasts and endothelial cells. We have investigated how normal bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) support the in vitro proliferation of primary human AML cells. Both MSCs and primary AML cells show constitutive release of several soluble mediators, and the mediator repertoires of the two cell types are partly overlapping. The two cell populations were cocultured on transwell plates, and MSC effects on AML cells mediated through the local cytokine/soluble mediator network could thus be evaluated. The presence of normal MSCs had an antiapoptotic and growth-enhancing effect on primary human AML cells when investigating a group of 51 unselected AML patients; this was associated with increased phosphorylation of mTOR and its downstream targets, and the effect was independent of cytogenetic or molecular-genetic abnormalities. The MSCs also supported the long-term proliferation of the AML cells. A subset of the patients also showed an altered cytokine network with supra-additive levels for several cytokines. The presence of cytokine-neutralizing antibodies or receptor inhibitors demonstrated that AML cells derived from different patients were heterogeneous with regard to effects of various cytokines on AML cell proliferation or regulation of apoptosis. We conclude that even though the effects of single cytokines derived from bone marrow MSCs on human AML cells differ among patients, the final cytokine-mediated effects of the MSCs during coculture is growth enhancement and inhibition of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette K Brenner
- Department of Clinical Science, Section for Hematology, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Ina Nepstad
- Department of Clinical Science, Section for Hematology, University of Bergen , Bergen , Norway
| | - Øystein Bruserud
- Department of Clinical Science, Section for Hematology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Chen CC, Hsia CW, Ho CW, Liang CM, Chen CM, Huang KL, Kang BH, Chen YH. Hypoxia and hyperoxia differentially control proliferation of rat neural crest stem cells via distinct regulatory pathways of the HIF1α-CXCR4 and TP53-TPM1 proteins. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:162-185. [PMID: 28002632 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are a population of adult multipotent stem cells. We are interested in studying whether oxygen tensions affect the capability of NCSCs to self-renew and repair damaged tissues. NCSCs extracted from the hair follicle bulge region of the rat whisker pad were cultured in vitro under different oxygen tensions. RESULTS We found significantly increased and decreased rates of cell proliferation in rat NCSCs (rNCSCs) cultured, respectively, at 0.5% and 80% oxygen levels. At 0.5% oxygen, the expression of both hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) 1α and CXCR4 was greatly enhanced in the rNCSC nuclei and was suppressed by incubation with the CXCR4-specific antagonist AMD3100. In addition, the rate of cell apoptosis in the rNCSCs cultured at 80% oxygen was dramatically increased, associated with increased nuclear expression of TP53, decreased cytoplasmic expression of TPM1 (tropomyosin-1), and increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic translocation of S100A2. Incubation of rNCSCs with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) overcame the inhibitory effect of 80% oxygen on proliferation and survival of rNCSCs. CONCLUSIONS Our results show for the first time that extreme oxygen tensions directly control NCSC proliferation differentially via distinct regulatory pathways of proteins, with hypoxia via the HIF1α-CXCR4 pathway and hyperoxia via the TP53-TPM1 pathway. Developmental Dynamics 246:162-185, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Cheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wu Hsia
- Department of Finance, School of Management, Shih Hsin University, Wenshan District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Ho
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Longtan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Min Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tri-Service General Hospital, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Min Chen
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Lun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Hwang Kang
- Division of Diving Medicine, Zuoying Branch of Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital, Zuoying District, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute of Aerospace and Undersea Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Neihu District, Taipei City, Taiwan
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Maharaj NR, Ramkaran P, Pillay S, Chuturgoon AA. MicroRNA-146a rs2910164 is associated with severe preeclampsia in Black South African women on HAART. BMC Genet 2017; 18:5. [PMID: 28103790 PMCID: PMC5248445 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-016-0469-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND South African (SA) Black women have a high prevalence of preeclampsia and HIV, both conditions associated with increased inflammation. miR-146a is an inflammatory-associated miR and a common single nucleotide polymorphism (rs2910164) has been associated with several disease conditions. To date, this SNP has not been investigated in SA Black women. We therefore aimed to investigate the miR-146a G > C SNP in SA Blacks with preeclampsia, and further examine possible association among preeclamptic (PE) women with HIV infection on HAART. METHODS This hospital-based, case-control study included 95 normotensive and 98 PE Black SA women (aged 16-46 years old). Patients and controls were genotyped by PCR-RFLP. Using a Cytometric Bead Array assay, serum cytokine levels (including Th1- and Th2-related cytokines) were determined in 4 groups of pregnant women, viz: normotensive, HIV infected, PE + HIV infected, and PE women. RESULTS There was no significant association between the miR-146a polymorphism and PE susceptibility in our data. However, in the subgroup analyses, the variant genotypes (GC/CC) were significantly associated with lower severe PE risk (p = 0.0497), more especially in the presence of HIV and HAART (p = 0.017). In the normotensive group, the variant genotypes were associated with lower IL-2 in both the total normotensive group (269 ± 1.26 (36) vs 273 ± 1.31 (23); p = 0.035) and the PE HIV+ sub-group 265 ± 1.54 (19) vs 271 ± 1.38 (11); p = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that miR-146a rs2910164 polymorphism might not be associated with PE susceptibility, cytokines or related features. However, the miR-146a GC/CC genotype might reduce susceptibility to severe PE, which might be further influenced by the presence of co-morbid HIV infection among pregnant women on HAART. This variant genotype may also be associated with reduced circulating IL-2 levels and thus reduced pro-inflammatory response in normotensive women, which may be further influenced by the presence of HIV infection and HAART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niren Ray Maharaj
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Prince Mshiyeni Memorial Hospital, Durban, South Africa.,Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, George Campbell Building-South Entrance, 3rd Floor, King George V Avenue, Durban, South Africa
| | - Prithiksha Ramkaran
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, George Campbell Building-South Entrance, 3rd Floor, King George V Avenue, Durban, South Africa
| | - Siddharthiya Pillay
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, George Campbell Building-South Entrance, 3rd Floor, King George V Avenue, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anil Amichund Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry and Chemical Pathology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College Campus, George Campbell Building-South Entrance, 3rd Floor, King George V Avenue, Durban, South Africa.
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Hou J, Luo T, Ng KL, Leung AYH, Liang R, Sun D. Characterization of Drug Effect on Leukemia Cells Through Single Cell Assay With Optical Tweezers and Dielectrophoresis. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2016; 15:820-827. [DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2016.2616160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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26
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Yan W, Guo H, Suo F, Han C, Zheng H, Chen T. The effect of miR-146a on STAT1 expression and apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia Jurkat cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 13:151-154. [PMID: 28123535 PMCID: PMC5244898 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of miR-146a-dependent regulation of STAT1 on apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) Jurkat cells was investigated. The miR-146a mimic and miR-146a inhibitor vectors were constructed in vitro, and experimental grouping was as follows: Control group (untreated Jurkat cells), empty vector group (Jurkat cells transfected with empty vector), agonist group (Jurkat cells transfected with miR-146a mimic) and the inhibitor group (Jurkat cells transfected with miR-146a inhibitor). Western blot analysis was used to observe the expression, respectively, of STAT1, p-STAT1 and Bcl-xL, and flow cytometry was used to test apoptosis in Jurkat cells. STAT1 and p-STAT1 expression in the agonist group was higher than that in the control and empty vector groups, but lower in the inhibitor group, and differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The rate of apoptosis in the agonist group was significantly higher than that of the control group and blank vector group, and it was significantly lower in the inhibitor group (P<0.05). As a tumor suppressor, miR-146a can regulate expression of apoptosis-promoting factor STAT1, and anti-apoptosis factor Bcl-xL, and is able to promote apoptosis of ALL Jurkat cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Yan
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shangdong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shangdong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Feng Suo
- Department of Radiology, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shangdong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Chunling Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shangdong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shangdong 257091, P.R. China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Dongying People's Hospital, Dongying, Shangdong 257091, P.R. China
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Onco-GPCR signaling and dysregulated expression of microRNAs in human cancer. J Hum Genet 2016; 62:87-96. [PMID: 27734836 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family is the largest family of cell-surface receptors involved in signal transduction. Aberrant expression of GPCRs and G proteins are frequently associated with prevalent human diseases, including cancer. In fact, GPCRs represent the therapeutic targets of more than a quarter of the clinical drugs currently on the market. MiRNAs (miRNAs) are also aberrantly expressed in many human cancers, and they have significant roles in the initiation, development and metastasis of human malignancies. Recent studies have revealed that dysregulation of miRNAs and their target genes expression are associated with cancer progression. The emerging information suggests that miRNAs play an important role in the fine tuning of many signaling pathways, including GPCR signaling. We summarize our current knowledge of the individual functions of miRNAs regulated by GPCRs and GPCR signaling-associated molecules, and miRNAs that regulate the expression and activity of GPCRs, their endogenous ligands and their coupled heterotrimeric G proteins in human cancer.
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Barbieri F, Bajetto A, Thellung S, Würth R, Florio T. Drug design strategies focusing on the CXCR4/CXCR7/CXCL12 pathway in leukemia and lymphoma. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2016; 11:1093-1109. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2016.1233176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Morabito F, Voso MT, Hohaus S, Gentile M, Vigna E, Recchia AG, Iovino L, Benedetti E, Lo-Coco F, Galimberti S. Panobinostat for the treatment of acute myelogenous leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2016; 25:1117-31. [PMID: 27485472 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1216971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Therapeutic strategies in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have not changed significantly over the last decades. Appropriate strategies are ultimately driven by the assessment of patients' fitness to define suitability for intensive induction chemotherapy, which produces high initial remission rates but, increased likelihood of relapse. Old/unfit AML patients still represent an urgent and unmet therapeutic need. Epigenetic deregulation represents a strategic characteristic of AML pathophysiology whereby aberrant gene transcription provides an advantage to leukemic cell survival. Efforts to re-establish impaired epigenetic regulation include hypomethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). AREAS COVERED The review discusses the underlying mechanisms leading to disruption of lysine acetyltransferases (KAT or HAT)/deacetylase (KDAC or HDAC) balance and the rationale for using the HDACi panobinostat (LBH-589) in AML. EXPERT OPINION Although panobinostat has produced significant results in myeloma, its efficacy remains limited in AML. Panobinostat exerts pleiotropic activity and lack of specificity, which likely contributes to its inadequate safety in elderly AML patients. Phase I-II trials, utilizing panobinostat associated with well-known chemotherapeutic agents are ongoing and combinations with other druggable targets may likely be evaluated in future trials. The clinical use of this HDACi in AML the near future does not appearing promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fortunato Morabito
- a Hematology Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology , A.O. of Cosenza , Cosenza , Italy.,b Biotechnology Research Unit , ASP of Cosenza , Aprigliano (CS) , Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Voso
- c Department of Biomedicine and Prevention , Universita' Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Stefan Hohaus
- d Department of Hematology , Universita' Cattolica S. Cuore , Rome , Italy
| | - Massimo Gentile
- a Hematology Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology , A.O. of Cosenza , Cosenza , Italy
| | - Ernesto Vigna
- a Hematology Unit, Department of Onco-Hematology , A.O. of Cosenza , Cosenza , Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Iovino
- e Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hematology Division , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Edoardo Benedetti
- e Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hematology Division , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
| | - Francesco Lo-Coco
- c Department of Biomedicine and Prevention , Universita' Tor Vergata , Rome , Italy
| | - Sara Galimberti
- e Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Hematology Division , University of Pisa , Pisa , Italy
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Quaranta MT, Spinello I, Paolillo R, Macchia G, Boe A, Ceccarini M, Labbaye C, Macioce P. Identification of β-Dystrobrevin as a Direct Target of miR-143: Involvement in Early Stages of Neural Differentiation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156325. [PMID: 27223470 PMCID: PMC4880309 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, a genetic disorder that results in a gradual breakdown of muscle, is associated to mild to severe cognitive impairment in about one-third of dystrophic patients. The brain dysfunction is independent of the muscular pathology, occurs early, and is most likely due to defects in the assembly of the Dystrophin-associated Protein Complex (DPC) during embryogenesis. We have recently described the interaction of the DPC component β-dystrobrevin with members of complexes that regulate chromatin dynamics, and suggested that β-dystrobrevin may play a role in the initiation of neuronal differentiation. Since oxygen concentrations and miRNAs appear as well to be involved in the cellular processes related to neuronal development, we have studied how these factors act on β-dystrobrevin and investigated the possibility of their functional interplay using the NTera-2 cell line, a well-established model for studying neurogenesis. We followed the pattern of expression and regulation of β-dystrobrevin during the early stages of neuronal differentiation induced by exposure to retinoic acid (RA) under hypoxia as compared with normoxia, and found that β-dystrobrevin expression is regulated during RA-induced differentiation of NTera-2 cells. We also found that β-dystrobrevin pattern is delayed under hypoxic conditions, together with a delay in the differentiation and an increase in the proliferation rate of cells. We identified miRNA-143 as a direct regulator of β-dystrobrevin expression, demonstrated that β-dystrobrevin is expressed in the nucleus and showed that, in line with our previous in vitro results, β-dystrobrevin is a repressor of synapsin I in live cells. Altogether the newly identified regulatory pathway miR-143/β-dystrobrevin/synapsin I provides novel insights into the functions of β-dystrobrevin and opens up new perspectives for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying the neuronal involvement in muscular dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Quaranta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Spinello
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Paolillo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Macchia
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Boe
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Ceccarini
- National Centre for Rare Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Catherine Labbaye
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Pompeo Macioce
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Sheng X, Zhong H, Wan H, Zhong J, Chen F. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor inhibits CXCR4/SDF-1α signaling and overcomes stromal-mediated drug resistance in the HL-60 cell line. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:396-404. [PMID: 27347068 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining cytarabine, aclarubicin and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has demonstrated marked efficacy in the treatment of elderly and relapsed/refractory patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML); however, the role of G-CSF remains poorly understood. The present study aimed to investigate the ability of G-CSF to overcome stromal-mediated drug resistance and the underlying molecular mechanism. Two types of co-culture models were established in the HS-5 human bone marrow/stromal and HL-60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell lines, in order to imitate the interactions between stromal and leukemia cells in vitro, which is mediated by the stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1α signaling axis. In the present study, HL-60 cells were attracted and adhered to HS-5 cells using migration assay and flow cytometry, respectively; however, these interactions were inhibited by treatment with G-CSF and/or the C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) antagonist, AMD3100. Co-culture with HS-5 cells, including direct and indirect contact, protected HL-60 cells against spontaneous apoptosis or drug-induced apoptosis; however, these protective effects were disrupted by treatment with G-CSF and/or AMD3100. Notably, G-CSF and/or AMD3100 did not alter cell viability or apoptosis when HL-60 cells were cultured with medium alone. In addition, G-CSF significantly reduced the expression levels of surface CXCR4 protein, total CXCR4 protein and CXCR4 mRNA, and significantly upregulated the expression of microRNA (miR)-146a. Conversely, AMD3100 significantly reduced surface CXCR4 expression levels, but not the total CXCR4, CXCR4 mRNA or miR-146a expression levels. The results of the present study suggested that interfering with the CXCR4/SDF-1α signaling axis via G-CSF inhibited the migration and adhesion of HL-60 cells to HS-5 cells and eliminated HS5 cell-mediated protective effects. Furthermore, G-CSF administration reduced CXCR4 expression levels by upregulating the expression of miR-146a, whereas AMD3100 appeared to be predominantly dependent on receptor internalization. Therefore, a G-CSF/miR-146a/CXCR4 pathway may explain how G-CSF inhibits CXCR4/SDF-1α signaling and overcomes stromal cell-mediated drug resistance in acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfu Sheng
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Haixia Wan
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Jihua Zhong
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
| | - Fangyuan Chen
- Department of Hematology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, P.R. China
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Pilakka-Kanthikeel S, Nair MPN. Interaction of drugs of abuse and microRNA with HIV: a brief review. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:967. [PMID: 26483757 PMCID: PMC4586453 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, play key roles in modulating many cellular processes. The changes in the expression profiles of several specific miRNAs affect the interactions between miRNA and their targets in various illnesses, including addiction, HIV, cancer etc. The presence of anti-HIV-1 microRNAs (which regulate the level of infectivity of HIV-1) have been validated in the cells which are the primary targets of HIV infection. Drugs of abuse impair the intracellular innate anti-HIV mechanism(s) in monocytes, contributing to cell susceptibility to HIV infection. Emerging evidence has implicated miRNAs are differentially expressed in response to chronic morphine treatment. Activation of mu opioid receptors (MOR) by morphine is shown to down regulate the expression of anti-HIV miRNAs. In this review, we summarize the results which demonstrate that several drugs of abuse related miRNAs have roles in the mechanisms that define addiction, and how they interact with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheesh Pilakka-Kanthikeel
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
| | - Madhavan P N Nair
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University Miami, FL, USA
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Pourrajab F, Vakili Zarch A, Hekmatimoghaddam S, Zare-Khormizi MR. MicroRNAs; easy and potent targets in optimizing therapeutic methods in reparative angiogenesis. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:2702-14. [PMID: 26416208 PMCID: PMC4687703 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The age‐related senescence of adult tissues is associated with the decreased level of angiogenic capability and with the development of a degenerative disease such as atherosclerosis which thereafter result in the deteriorating function of multiple systems. Findings indicate that tissue senescence not only diminishes repair processes but also promotes atherogenesis, serving as a double‐edged sword in the development and prognosis of ischaemia‐associated diseases. Evidence evokes microRNAs (miRNAs) as molecular switchers that underlie cellular events in different tissues. Here, miRNAs would promote new potential targets for optimizing therapeutic methods in blood flow recovery to the ischaemic area. Effectively beginning an ischaemia therapy, a more characteristic of miRNA changes in adult tissues is prerequisite and in the forefront. It may also be a preliminary phase in treatment strategies by stem cell‐based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Pourrajab
- School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Abbas Vakili Zarch
- School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyedhossein Hekmatimoghaddam
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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Hornick NI, Huan J, Doron B, Goloviznina NA, Lapidus J, Chang BH, Kurre P. Serum Exosome MicroRNA as a Minimally-Invasive Early Biomarker of AML. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11295. [PMID: 26067326 PMCID: PMC4650871 DOI: 10.1038/srep11295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse remains the major cause of mortality for patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). Improved tracking of minimal residual disease (MRD) holds the promise of timely treatment adjustments to preempt relapse. Current surveillance techniques detect circulating blasts that coincide with advanced disease and poorly reflect MRD during early relapse. Here, we investigate exosomes as a minimally invasive platform for a microRNA (miRNA) biomarker. We identify a set of miRNA enriched in AML exosomes and track levels of circulating exosome miRNA that distinguish leukemic xenografts from both non-engrafted and human CD34+ controls. We develop biostatistical models that reveal circulating exosomal miRNA at low marrow tumor burden and before circulating blasts can be detected. Remarkably, both leukemic blasts and marrow stroma contribute to serum exosome miRNA. We propose development of serum exosome miRNA as a platform for a novel, sensitive compartment biomarker for prospective tracking and early detection of AML recurrence.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Exosomes/metabolism
- HL-60 Cells
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- MicroRNAs/blood
- Neoplasms, Experimental/blood
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- RNA, Neoplasm/blood
- U937 Cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah I. Hornick
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jianya Huan
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Ben Doron
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Natalya A. Goloviznina
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Jodi Lapidus
- Department of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Bill H. Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Peter Kurre
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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Zheng T, Chou J, Zhang F, Liu Y, Ni H, Li X, Zheng L, Tang T, Jin L, Xi T. CXCR4 3'UTR functions as a ceRNA in promoting metastasis, proliferation and survival of MCF-7 cells by regulating miR-146a activity. Eur J Cell Biol 2015; 94:458-69. [PMID: 26095299 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CXCR4 is the most common chemokine receptor expressed on tumor cells, and it is closely correlated with cancer cell stemness. This study was carried out to explore whether CXCR4 could function as a competitive endogenous RNA to promote metastasis, proliferation and survival in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. We validated that CXCR4, together with TRAF6 and EGFR, was directly targeted by miR-146a in MCF-7 cells. Overexpression of CXCR4 3'UTR inhibited the activity of miR-146a, thus elevating the expression of CXCR4, TRAF6 and EGFR. These oncoproteins further activated NF-κB pathway and promoted the proliferation, migration, invasion and anti-apoptotic activity of MCF-7 cells. Collectively, our study provided new insights into the function of CXCR4 in breast cancer: it promotes tumor progression as both a protein-coding gene and a non-coding RNA, complicating the mechanism by which oncogenes promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjing Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jinjiang Chou
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiwei Ni
- Medical college of Yangzhou University, #11, Huaihailu Road, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tingting Tang
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Liang Jin
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Tao Xi
- School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China.
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Spinello I, Quaranta MT, Paolillo R, Pelosi E, Cerio AM, Saulle E, Lo Coco F, Testa U, Labbaye C. Differential hypoxic regulation of the microRNA-146a/CXCR4 pathway in normal and leukemic monocytic cells: impact on response to chemotherapy. Haematologica 2015; 100:1160-71. [PMID: 26045293 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.120295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High expression of the chemokine receptor 4, CXCR4, associated with a negative prognosis in acute myeloid leukemia, is related to hypoxia. Because CXCR4 expression is under the post-transcriptional control of microRNA-146a in normal and leukemic monocytic cells, we first investigated the impact of hypoxia on microRNA-146a and CXCR4 expression during monocytopoiesis and in acute monocytic leukemia. We then analyzed the effects of hypoxia on drug sensitivity of CXCR4-expressing leukemic cells. We found that microRNA-146a is a target of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α or -2α in relation to the stage of monocytopoiesis and the level of hypoxia, and demonstrated the regulation of the microRNA-146a/CXCR4 pathway by hypoxia in monocytes derived from CD34(+) cells. Thus, in myeloid leukemic cell lines, hypoxia-mediated control of the microRNA-146a/CXCR4 pathway depends only on the capacity of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α to up-regulate microRNA-146a, which in turn decreases CXCR4 expression. However, at variance with normal monocytic cells and leukemic cell lines, in acute monocytic leukemia overexpressing CXCR4, hypoxia up-modulates microRNA-146a but fails to down-modulate CXCR4 expression. We then investigated the effect of hypoxia on the response of leukemic cells to chemotherapy alone or in combination with stromal-derived factor-1α. We found that hypoxia increases stromal-derived factor-1α-induced survival of leukemic cells by decreasing their sensitivity to anti-leukemic drugs. Altogether, our results demonstrate that hypoxia-mediated regulation of microRNA-146a, which controls CXCR4 expression in monocytic cells, is lost in acute monocytic leukemia, thus contributing to maintaining CXCR4 overexpression and protecting the cells from anti-leukemic drugs in the hypoxic bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Spinello
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Quaranta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Paolillo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Cerio
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Ernestina Saulle
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lo Coco
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Testa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Catherine Labbaye
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
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Paolillo R, Spinello I, Quaranta MT, Pasquini L, Pelosi E, Lo Coco F, Testa U, Labbaye C. Human TM9SF4 Is a New Gene Down-Regulated by Hypoxia and Involved in Cell Adhesion of Leukemic Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126968. [PMID: 25961573 PMCID: PMC4427288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The transmembrane 9 superfamily protein member 4, TM9SF4, belongs to the TM9SF family of proteins highly conserved through evolution. TM9SF4 homologs, previously identified in many different species, were mainly involved in cellular adhesion, innate immunity and phagocytosis. In human, the function and biological significance of TM9SF4 are currently under investigation. However, TM9SF4 was found overexpressed in human metastatic melanoma and in a small subset of acute myeloid leukemia (AMLs) and myelodysplastic syndromes, consistent with an oncogenic function of this gene. Purpose and Results In this study, we first analyzed the expression and regulation of TM9SF4 in normal and leukemic cells and identified TM9SF4 as a gene highly expressed in human quiescent CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), regulated during monocytic and granulocytic differentiation of HPCs, both lineages giving rise to mature myeloid cells involved in adhesion, phagocytosis and immunity. Then, we found that TM9SF4 is markedly overexpressed in leukemic cells and in AMLs, particularly in M2, M3 and M4 AMLs (i.e., in AMLs characterized by the presence of a more or less differentiated granulocytic progeny), as compared to normal CD34+ HPCs. Proliferation and differentiation of HPCs occurs in hypoxia, a physiological condition in bone marrow, but also a crucial component of cancer microenvironment. Here, we investigated the impact of hypoxia on TM9SF4 expression in leukemic cells and identified TM9SF4 as a direct target of HIF-1α, downregulated in these cells by hypoxia. Then, we found that the hypoxia-mediated downregulation of TM9SF4 expression is associated with a decrease of cell adhesion of leukemic cells to fibronectin, thus demonstrating that human TM9SF4 is a new molecule involved in leukemic cell adhesion. Conclusions Altogether, our study reports for the first time the expression of TM9SF4 at the level of normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells and its marked expression at the level of AMLs displaying granulocytic differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Cell Adhesion/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Hypoxia
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cloning, Molecular
- Fibronectins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Granulocytes/drug effects
- Granulocytes/metabolism
- Granulocytes/pathology
- HEK293 Cells
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/drug effects
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Monocytes/drug effects
- Monocytes/metabolism
- Monocytes/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Oxygen/pharmacology
- Primary Cell Culture
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Paolillo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine of Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Spinello
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine of Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Quaranta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine of Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Pasquini
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine of Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Elvira Pelosi
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine of Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Lo Coco
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Testa
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine of Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Catherine Labbaye
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine of Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Guo F, Wang Y, Liu J, Mok SC, Xue F, Zhang W. CXCL12/CXCR4: a symbiotic bridge linking cancer cells and their stromal neighbors in oncogenic communication networks. Oncogene 2015; 35:816-26. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Quaranta MT, Olivetta E, Sanchez M, Spinello I, Paolillo R, Arenaccio C, Federico M, Labbaye C. miR-146a controls CXCR4 expression in a pathway that involves PLZF and can be used to inhibit HIV-1 infection of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Virology 2015; 478:27-38. [PMID: 25705792 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA miR-146a and PLZF are reported as major players in the control of hematopoiesis, immune function and cancer. PLZF is described as a miR-146a repressor, whereas CXCR4 and TRAF6 were identified as miR-146a direct targets in different cell types. CXCR4 is a co-receptor of CD4 molecule that facilitates HIV-1 entry into T lymphocytes and myeloid cells, whereas TRAF6 is involved in immune response. Thus, the role of miR-146a in HIV-1 infection is currently being thoroughly investigated. In this study, we found that PLZF mediates suppression of miR-146a to control increases of CXCR4 and TRAF6 protein levels in human primary CD4(+) T lymphocytes. We show that miR-146a upregulation by AMD3100 treatment or PLZF silencing, decreases CXCR4 protein expression and prevents HIV-1 infection of leukemic monocytic cell line and CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Our findings improve the prospects of developing new therapeutic strategies to prevent HIV-1 entry via CXCR4 by using the PLZF/miR-146a axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Quaranta
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Spinello
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Paolillo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Arenaccio
- National AIDS Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Department of Science, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Catherine Labbaye
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena, 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Conditioned medium from mesenchymal stem cells enhances the migration of hepatoma cells through CXCR4 up-regulation and F-actin remodeling. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 37:511-21. [PMID: 25351811 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between tumors and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can regulate cancer cell behavior and cancer progression. Rat bone marrow-derived MSCs (rMSCs) were isolated and purified by Percoll density gradient centrifugation. Conditioned media from rMSCs (MSC-CM) was prepared, and its role in cancer cell migration and the underlying molecular mechanism were investigated. MSC-CM increased the migration and up-regulated the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) in rat hepatoma cells (CBRH-7919). F-actin remodeling was observed, and the Young's modulus was decreased in CBRH-7919 cells. A CXCR4 inhibitor suppressed the MSC-CM-induced CXCR4 expression and migration, restored the decrease in the Young's modulus and disrupted the formation of F-actin. MSC-CM thus promotes CBRH-7919 cell migration by lessening cell stiffness and increasing F-actin formation through up-regulation of CXCR4 expression. MSC-CM may therefore have a positive impact on cancer metastases and underlines a potential safety issue associated with clinical applications of MSCs.
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NRF2-driven miR-125B1 and miR-29B1 transcriptional regulation controls a novel anti-apoptotic miRNA regulatory network for AML survival. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:654-64. [PMID: 25323587 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor NRF2 is an important regulator of oxidative stress. It is involved in cancer progression, and has abnormal constitutive expression in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). Posttranscriptional regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) can affect the malignant phenotype of AML cells. In this study, we identified and characterised NRF2-regulated miRNAs in AML. An miRNA array identified miRNA expression level changes in response to NRF2 knockdown in AML cells. Further analysis of miRNAs concomitantly regulated by knockdown of the NRF2 inhibitor KEAP1 revealed the major candidate NRF2-mediated miRNAs in AML. We identified miR-125B to be upregulated and miR-29B to be downregulated by NRF2 in AML. Subsequent bioinformatic analysis identified putative NRF2 binding sites upstream of the miR-125B1 coding region and downstream of the mir-29B1 coding region. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses showed that NRF2 binds to these antioxidant response elements (AREs) located in the 5' untranslated regions of miR-125B and miR-29B. Finally, primary AML samples transfected with anti-miR-125B antagomiR or miR-29B mimic showed increased cell death responsiveness either alone or co-treated with standard AML chemotherapy. In summary, we find that NRF2 regulation of miR-125B and miR-29B acts to promote leukaemic cell survival, and their manipulation enhances AML responsiveness towards cytotoxic chemotherapeutics.
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MicroRNAs differentially present in the plasma of HIV elite controllers reduce HIV infection in vitro. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5915. [PMID: 25081906 PMCID: PMC4118195 DOI: 10.1038/srep05915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite controllers maintain HIV-1 viral loads below the limit of detection. The mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are poorly understood. As microRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of gene expression and some of them modulate HIV infection, we have studied the miRNA profile in plasma from HIV elite controllers and chronically infected individuals and compared against healthy donors. Several miRNAs correlate with CD4+ T cell count or with the known time of infection. No significant differences were observed between elite controllers and healthy donors; however, 16 miRNAs were different in the plasma of chronic infected versus healthy donors. In addition, levels of hsa-miR-29b-3p, hsa-miR-33a-5p and hsa-miR-146a-5p were higher in plasma from elite controllers than chronic infected and hsa-miR-29b-3p and hsa-miR-33a-5p overexpression significantly reduced the viral production in MT2 and primary T CD4+ cells. Therefore, levels of circulating miRNAs might be of diagnostic and/or prognostic value for HIV infection, and hsa-miR-29b-3p and miR-33a-5p may contribute to the design of new anti-HIV drugs.
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43
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Premalignant PTEN-deficient thymocytes activate microRNAs miR-146a and miR-146b as a cellular defense against malignant transformation. Blood 2014; 123:4089-100. [PMID: 24735967 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-11-539411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer develops by a multistep process during which cells acquire characteristics that allow them to evade apoptosis and proliferate unchecked. Sequential acquisition of genetic alterations drives this process but also causes cellular stress, frequently prompting cells to enter a premalignant period during which they mount a defense against transformation. T cell-specific deletion of the tumor suppressor PTEN in mice induces premalignancy in the thymus and development of CD4(+) T-cell lymphomas in the periphery. Here we sought to identify factors mediating the cellular defense against transformation during the premalignant period. We identified several microRNAs upregulated specifically in premalignant thymocytes, including miR-146a, miR-146b, and the miR-183/96/182 cluster. CD4-driven T cell-specific transgenic overexpression of mir-146a and mir-146b significantly delayed PTEN-deficient lymphomagenesis and delayed c-myc oncogene induction, a key driver of transformation in PTEN-deficient T-cell malignancies. We found that miR-146a and miR-146b targeting of Traf6 attenuates TCR signaling in the thymus and inhibits downstream NF-κB-dependent induction of c-myc. Additionally, c-myc repression in mature CD4 T cells by miR-146b impaired TCR-mediated proliferation. Hence, we have identified 2 miRNAs that are upregulated as part of the cellular response against transformation that, when overrepresented, can effectively inhibit progression to malignancy in the context of PTEN deficiency.
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Ferreira AF, Moura LG, Tojal I, Ambrósio L, Pinto-Simões B, Hamerschlak N, Calin GA, Ivan C, Covas DT, Kashima S, Castro FA. ApoptomiRs expression modulated by BCR-ABL is linked to CML progression and imatinib resistance. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2014; 53:47-55. [PMID: 24629639 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease characterized by the presence of Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) leading to expression of a BCR-ABL1 fusion oncogene. The BCR-ABL protein has a constitutive tyrosine kinase activity which is responsible for CML pathogenesis by promoting cell apoptosis resistance; however, the cellular and molecular mechanisms associated with BCR-ABL expression and apoptosis impairment in CML leukemic cells have not been fully elucidated. METHODS This study evaluated apoptomiRs and their predicted apoptotic genes in BCR-ABL(+) cells from patients in different phases of CML treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) according to their imatinib (IM) response by qPCR. Phosphotyrosine and c-ABL expressions in HL-60.BCR-ABL cells treated with TKI were done by Western blot. RESULTS We found that dasatinib (DAS) modulated miR-let-7d, miR-let-7e, miR-15a, miR-16, miR-21, miR-130a and miR-142-3p expressions while IM modulated miR-15a and miR-130a levels. miR-16, miR-130a and miR-145 expressions were modulated by nilotinib (NIL). We observed higher miR-15a, miR-130b and miR-145; and lower miR-16, miR-26a and miR-146a expressions in CML-CP in comparison with controls. CML-AP patients showed low miR-let-7d, miR-15a, miR-16, miR-29c, miR-142-3p, miR-145, and miR-146a levels in comparison with CML-CP. We noted that the miR-26a, miR-29c, miR-130b and miR-146a expressions were downregulated in IM resistant patients in comparison with IM responsive patients. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the modulation of apoptomiRs by BCR-ABL kinase activity and the deregulation of apoptomiRs and their predicted apoptotic target genes in different CML phases and after treatment with TK inhibitors. ApoptomiRs may be involved in the BCR-ABL(+) cell apoptosis regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Ferreira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - L G Moura
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - I Tojal
- Centro Regional de Hemoterapia de Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - L Ambrósio
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B Pinto-Simões
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N Hamerschlak
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G A Calin
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C Ivan
- Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - D T Covas
- Centro Regional de Hemoterapia de Ribeirão Preto, Brazil; Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S Kashima
- Centro Regional de Hemoterapia de Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - F A Castro
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Mannelli F, Cutini I, Gianfaldoni G, Bencini S, Scappini B, Pancani F, Ponziani V, Bonetti MI, Biagiotti C, Longo G, Bosi A. CXCR4 expression accounts for clinical phenotype and outcome in acute myeloid leukemia. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2014; 86:340-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mannelli
- UF di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Università degli Studi, Firenze, and Istituto Toscano Tumori; Florence Italy
| | - Ilaria Cutini
- UF di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Università degli Studi, Firenze, and Istituto Toscano Tumori; Florence Italy
| | - Giacomo Gianfaldoni
- UF di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Università degli Studi, Firenze, and Istituto Toscano Tumori; Florence Italy
| | - Sara Bencini
- UF di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Università degli Studi, Firenze, and Istituto Toscano Tumori; Florence Italy
| | - Barbara Scappini
- UF di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Università degli Studi, Firenze, and Istituto Toscano Tumori; Florence Italy
| | - Fabiana Pancani
- UF di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Università degli Studi, Firenze, and Istituto Toscano Tumori; Florence Italy
| | - Vanessa Ponziani
- UF di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Università degli Studi, Firenze, and Istituto Toscano Tumori; Florence Italy
| | - Maria Ida Bonetti
- UF di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Università degli Studi, Firenze, and Istituto Toscano Tumori; Florence Italy
| | - Caterina Biagiotti
- UF di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Università degli Studi, Firenze, and Istituto Toscano Tumori; Florence Italy
| | - Giovanni Longo
- UF di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Università degli Studi, Firenze, and Istituto Toscano Tumori; Florence Italy
| | - Alberto Bosi
- UF di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica; Università degli Studi, Firenze, and Istituto Toscano Tumori; Florence Italy
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Huang GL, Chen ML, Li YZ, Lu Y, Pu XX, He YX, Tang SY, Che H, Zou Y, Ding C, He Z. Association of miR-146a gene polymorphism with risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in the central-southern Chinese population. J Hum Genet 2014; 59:141-4. [PMID: 24430575 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2013.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This case-control study focused on estimating the association between miR-146a polymorphism and risk of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in central-south China. In total, 160 patients with NPC and 200 healthy controls in central-south China were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Chi-square test was used to assess the different distribution of miR-146a polymorphism between NPC patients and controls; and logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze the associations between miR-146a polymorphism with cancer risk in different contrast models. Significant differences between NPC patients and controls were found in genotype (P=0.033 for GG versus CG versus CC; and odds ratio (OR)=0.568, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.354-0.912, P=0.019 for CG versus CC; and OR=0.503, 95% CI=0.261-0.971, P=0.041 for CG versus CC; and OR=0.564, 95% CI=0.360-0.884, P=0.012 for GG+CG versus CC, respectively) and allelic analysis (P=0.025 for G versus C). Our findings suggested that polymorphism of mir-146a was associated with NPC in the central-southern Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Liang Huang
- 1] Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China [2] Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan, China
| | - Mei-Ling Chen
- Institute Of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China
| | - Ya-Zhen Li
- Institute Of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China
| | - Yan Lu
- 1] Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China [2] Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan, China
| | - Xing-Xiang Pu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hunan Tumor Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Xiang He
- Department of Oncology, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Shu-Yin Tang
- Institute Of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China
| | - Hua Che
- Institute Of Laboratory Medicine, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China
| | - Ying Zou
- 1] Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China [2] Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan, China
| | - Congcong Ding
- 1] Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China [2] Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhiwei He
- 1] Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical College, Dongguan, China [2] Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics of Guangdong Province, Dongguan, China
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Kremer KN, Peterson KL, Schneider PA, Meng XW, Dai H, Hess AD, Smith BD, Rodriguez-Ramirez C, Karp JE, Kaufmann SH, Hedin KE. CXCR4 chemokine receptor signaling induces apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia cells via regulation of the Bcl-2 family members Bcl-XL, Noxa, and Bak. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22899-914. [PMID: 23798675 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.449926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The CXCR4 chemokine receptor promotes survival of many different cell types. Here, we describe a previously unsuspected role for CXCR4 as a potent inducer of apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cell lines and a subset of clinical AML samples. We show that SDF-1, the sole ligand for CXCR4, induces the expected migration and ERK activation in the KG1a AML cell line transiently overexpressing CXCR4, but ERK activation did not lead to survival. Instead, SDF-1 treatment led via a CXCR4-dependent mechanism to apoptosis, as evidenced by increased annexin V staining, condensation of chromatin, and cleavage of both procaspase-3 and PARP. This SDF-1-induced death pathway was partially inhibited by hypoxia, which is often found in the bone marrow of AML patients. SDF-1-induced apoptosis was inhibited by dominant negative procaspase-9 but not by inhibition of caspase-8 activation, implicating the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Further analysis showed that this pathway was activated by multiple mechanisms, including up-regulation of Bak at the level of mRNA and protein, stabilization of the Bak activator Noxa, and down-regulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-XL. Furthermore, adjusting expression levels of Bak, Bcl-XL, or Noxa individually altered the level of apoptosis in AML cells, suggesting that the combined modulation of these family members by SDF-1 coordinates their interplay to produce apoptosis. Thus, rather than mediating survival, SDF-1 may be a means to induce apoptosis of CXCR4-expressing AML cells directly in the SDF-1-rich bone marrow microenvironment if the survival cues of the bone marrow are disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly N Kremer
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Labbaye C, Testa U. The emerging role of MIR-146A in the control of hematopoiesis, immune function and cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2012. [PMID: 22453030 DOI: 10.11186/1756-8722-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRs) represent a class of small non-coding regulatory RNAs playing a major role in the control of gene expression by repressing protein synthesis at the post-transcriptional level. Studies carried out during the last years have shown that some miRNAs plays a key role in the control of normal and malignant hgematopoiesis. In this review we focus on recent progress in analyzing the functional role of miR-146a in the control of normal and malignant hematopoiesis. On the other hand, this miRNA has shown to impact in the control of innate immune responses. Finally, many recent studies indicate a deregulation of miR-146 in many solid tumors and gene knockout studies indicate a role for this miRNA as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Labbaye
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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49
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Labbaye C, Testa U. The emerging role of MIR-146A in the control of hematopoiesis, immune function and cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2012; 5:13. [PMID: 22453030 PMCID: PMC3342163 DOI: 10.1186/1756-8722-5-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRs) represent a class of small non-coding regulatory RNAs playing a major role in the control of gene expression by repressing protein synthesis at the post-transcriptional level. Studies carried out during the last years have shown that some miRNAs plays a key role in the control of normal and malignant hgematopoiesis. In this review we focus on recent progress in analyzing the functional role of miR-146a in the control of normal and malignant hematopoiesis. On the other hand, this miRNA has shown to impact in the control of innate immune responses. Finally, many recent studies indicate a deregulation of miR-146 in many solid tumors and gene knockout studies indicate a role for this miRNA as a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Labbaye
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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