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Ma Y, Pitt JM, Li Q, Yang H. The renaissance of anti-neoplastic immunity from tumor cell demise. Immunol Rev 2018; 280:194-206. [PMID: 29027231 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer therapies can temporarily reduce tumor burdens by inducing malignant cell death. However, cancer cure is still far from realization because tumors often gain resistance to current treatment and eventually relapse. Accumulating evidence suggests that successful cancer interventions require anti-tumor immunity. Therapy-induced cell stress responses ultimately result in one or more cell death modalities, including apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. These irreversible dying processes are accompanied by active or passive release of cell death-associated molecular patterns (CDAMPs), which can be sensed by corresponding pattern recognition receptors (PRR) on tumor-infiltrating immune cells. This crosstalk with the immune system can reawaken immune surveillance in the tumor microenvironment (TME). This review focuses on immune-modulatory properties of anti-cancer regimens and CDAMP-mediated communications between cell stress responses and the immune contexture of TME. In addition, we describe how immunogenic cell death can elicit strong and durable anti-tumor immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Ma
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qingqing Li
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.,Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Kim SY, Lee YJ, Park EH, Yi HK, Jo DS, Kim JS, Hwang PH. Capsaicin induced apoptosis and the enhanced anticancer effect of anticancer drugs in cancer cells. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PEDIATRICS 2008. [DOI: 10.3345/kjp.2008.51.3.307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Young Kim
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - You Jin Lee
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Park
- Research Institute of Clinical Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Ho Keun Yi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Dae Sun Jo
- Department of Pediatrics, Schoool of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Jung Soo Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Schoool of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Pyoung Han Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Schoool of Medicine, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Tamaki T, Naomoto Y, Kimura S, Kawashima R, Shirakawa Y, Shigemitsu K, Yamatsuji T, Haisa M, Gunduz M, Tanaka N. Apoptosis in normal tissues induced by anti-cancer drugs. J Int Med Res 2003; 31:6-16. [PMID: 12635528 DOI: 10.1177/147323000303100102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the damage mediated by anti-cancer drugs in normal cells, we examined the effect of such drugs on apoptosis of normal cells of the small intestinal epithelium and the bone marrow by in situ DNA end-labelling and transmission electron microscopy. Mice received a single dose of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or cisplatin, or repeated daily doses of 5-FU for 7 days. In mice treated with a single dose of 5-FU 50 mg/kg or cisplatin 5 mg/kg, the number of apoptotic cells appearing in the small intestine 12 h after injection was relatively small, but increased steadily reaching a peak after 36 h and then decreasing to close to that in the control group by 48 h. In bone marrow cells, results were similar in mice treated with single doses of 5-FU 50 mg/kg but apoptosis increased much less in those treated with cisplatin 5 mg/kg. The proportion of apoptotic cells reached peak values earlier at higher concentrations of 5-FU or cisplatin both in small intestine and in bone marrow. In the mice treated repeatedly with 5-FU 50 mg/kg, the proportion of apoptotic small intestinal epithelial cells reached a succession of peaks at 48-h intervals. Mice treated repeatedly with 5-FU 50 mg/kg also showed a rapid increase in diarrhoea symptoms and a steady decrease in the height of villi. Our results suggest it may be possible to prevent the side-effects of anti-cancer drugs by inhibiting apoptosis in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tamaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Abstract
The balance between cell survival and death is under tight genetic control. A multiplicity of extracellular signals and intracellular mediators is involved in maintaining this balance. When the cell is exposed to physical, biochemical or biological injury, or deprived of necessary substances, it activates a series of stress-response genes. With minimal insults, the cell may recover. With greater insults, single cell death, or apoptosis, results; the cell dies and is recycled to its neighbours. If the insult overwhelms a large number of cells then necrosis ensues, with an accompanying inflammatory response. Dysregulation of the controlling mechanisms of this system results in disease. Deficient apoptosis is associated with cancer, auto-immunity and viral infections. Excessive apoptosis is associated with ischaemic heart disease, stroke, neurodegenerative disease, sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. There are myriad therapeutic options unfolding as understanding is gained of apoptosis and its control.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Kam
- Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
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Sawada M, Nakashima S, Banno Y, Yamakawa H, Hayashi K, Takenaka K, Nishimura Y, Sakai N, Nozawa Y. Ordering of ceramide formation, caspase activation, and Bax/Bcl-2 expression during etoposide-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma cells. Cell Death Differ 2000; 7:761-72. [PMID: 11042671 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4400711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Etoposide (VP-16) a topoisomerase II inhibitor induces apoptosis of tumor cells. The present study was designed to elucidate the mechanisms of etoposide-induced apoptosis in C6 glioma cells. Etoposide induced increased formation of ceramide from sphingomyelin and release of mitochondrial cytochrome c followed by activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3, but not caspase-1. In addition, exposure of cells to etoposide resulted in decreased expression of Bcl-2 with reciprocal increase in Bax protein. z-VAD.FMK, a broad spectrum caspase inhibitor, failed to suppress the etoposide-induced ceramide formation and change of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, although it did inhibit etoposide-induced death of C6 cells. Reduced glutathione or N-acetylcysteine, which could reduce ceramide formation by inhibiting sphingomyelinase activity, prevented C6 cells from etoposide-induced apoptosis through blockage of caspase-3 activation and change of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In contrast, the increase in ceramide level by an inhibitor of ceramide glucosyltransferase-1, D-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol caused elevation of the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and potentiation of caspase-3 activation, thereby resulting in enhancement of etoposide-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, cell-permeable exogenous ceramides (C2- and C6-ceramide) induced downregulation of Bcl-2, leading to an increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and subsequent activation of caspases-9 and -3. Taken together, these results suggest that ceramide may function as a mediator of etoposide-induced apoptosis of C6 glioma cells, which induces increase in the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio followed by release of cytochrome c leading to caspases-9 and -3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sawada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gifu University School of Medicine, Tsukasamachi-40, Gifu 500-8705, Japan.
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Kling K, Kim F, Cole M, McFadden D. B-cell leukemia protein-2 and peptide YY chemotherapy resistance in colon cancer. Am J Surg 1999; 178:411-4. [PMID: 10612539 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9610(99)00209-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhibition of apoptosis may allow cells with drug-induced damage to escape programmed cell death. The bcl-2 protein inhibits apoptosis and bcl-2 overexpression has been associated with drug resistance. It is our hypothesis that higher levels of bcl-2 expression will be seen in colon cancer cells resistant to PYY treatment. METHODS Caco2 and HCT116 colon cancer cells were treated with 2 microM PYY for 24 hours. Protein was extracted from cells surviving PYY treatment; bcl-2 expression was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and confirmed by Western blotting. RESULTS Caco2 and HCT116 cells surviving PYY treatment demonstrated increased bcl-2 from 20.54+/-2.7 to 28.63+/-2.20 units/mL (P <0.05) and 21.98+/-1.28 to 29.32*+/-2.26 units/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of bcl-2 is seen in a population of colon cancer cells resistant to PYY. Hence, bcl-2 may protect neoplastic cells from apoptosis; its levels may be useful in predicting chemotherapy response and in selecting appropriate drug regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kling
- Department of Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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Köhler T, Leiblein S, Borchert S, Eller J, Rost AK, Lassner D, Krahl R, Helbig W, Wagner O, Remke H. Absolute levels of MDR-1, MRP, and BCL-2 MRNA and tumor remission in acute leukemia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1999; 457:177-85. [PMID: 10500792 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4811-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Mononuclear cells prepared from peripheral blood or bone marrow of 119 AML and 28 ALL patients prior and following therapy were analyzed for absolute transcript levels of the chemoresistance genes mdr-1 and MRP, and the proto-oncogene bcl-2, by validated contamination-protected quantitative RT-PCR. In newly diagnosed AML mainly tumors of the granulocytic lineage (FAB M1-M2) expressed increased mdr-1 mRNA amounts. The MRP gene was expressed in all investigated samples without relation to a particular FAB class. High initial expression of both genes did not confer a poor prognosis even at high number of CD34+ cells. Data compared prior to and after therapy start (paired samples) revealed that AML patients who did not respond to therapy (NR) expressed increased levels of mdr-1 mRNA, as well as MRP and bcl-2 cDNA normalized to GAPDH reference transcripts, when compared to patients achieving complete remission (CR; p = 0.003, 0.008 and 0.0005, respectively). In ALL-NR the mdr-1 and bcl-2 genes were entirely more active after induction chemotherapy. Arbitrary cut-off values were established in order to delimit pathological from non-pathological gene expression. 59% of studied AML and 33% of ALL-NR exceeded the arbitrary values (mdr-1: > 2 amol/microgram RNA, MRP: > 10 zmol/amol GAPDH, bcl-2: > 5 zmol/amol GAPDH) for one and 11% of AML-NR for two parameters. Only 17% of the AML-CR and none of the ALL-CR group were above these limits. The results indicate that high individual activity of usually one, rarely two of the investigated genes might be associated with poor clinical outcome in treated acute leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Blast Crisis
- Bone Marrow Cells/pathology
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Genes, MDR
- Genes, bcl-2
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/blood
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/blood
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/genetics
- Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Mas
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Remission Induction
- Reproducibility of Results
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- T Köhler
- University of Leipzig Medical School, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Germany
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Suzuki A, Tsutomi Y. Bcl-2 accelerates the neuronal differentiation: new evidence approaching to the biofunction of bcl-2 in the neuronal system. Brain Res 1998; 801:59-66. [PMID: 9729279 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(98)00523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The proto-oncogene product Bcl-2 is unique in that it inhibits apoptosis rather than promoting cell proliferation. In the present study, we encountered a new possible role of Bcl-2 in the neuronal differentiation. Rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells have been known as the model of neuronal differentiation by the stimulation of NGF. Bcl-2 transfected PC12 (MB2) cells showed the accelerated neuronal differentiation, as compared with control PC12 (V4) cells. In addition, chemotherapeutic agents Taxol which has been known as neurotoxic compound, induced the acute neuronal cell atrophy and suppressed neuronal differentiation. This neuronal cell atrophy and suppression of neuronal differentiation were not due to apoptotic cell death. Interestingly, Bcl-2 rescued PC12 cells from both neuronal cell atrophy and suppression of neuronal differentiation. Taxol suppressed polymerization between neurofilament light and heavy (NF-L and NF-H), and MB2 cell extract rescued it. We, therefore, suggest the acceleration of polymerization between NF-L and NF-H as the new possible role of Bcl-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Drug Safety Research Laboratory, Daiichi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Tokyo R&D Center 16-13, Kiatakasai-1, Edogawa-ku, Tokyo 134, Japan.
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Abstract
Apoptosis, often synonymously used with the term 'programmed cell death', is an active, genetically controlled process that removes unwanted or damaged cells. Suppression, overexpression or mutation of a number of genes which orchestrate the apoptotic process are associated with disease. The diseases in which apoptosis has been implicated can be grouped into 2 broad groups: those in which there is increased cell survival (i.e. associated with inhibition of apoptosis) and those in which there is excess cell death (where apoptosis is overactive). Diseases in which there is an excessive accumulation of cells include cancer, autoimmune disorders and viral infections. Deprivation of trophic factors is known to induce apoptosis in cells dependent on them for survival. This fact has been exploited in the use of antiandrogens or antiestrogens in the management of prostate or breast cancer. Haemopoietic growth factors like granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or interleukin-3 prevent apoptosis in target cells and modulation of levels of these factors has been tried in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced myelosuppression. Until recently, it was thought that cytotoxic drugs killed target cells directly by interfering with some life-maintaining function. However, of late, it has been shown that exposure to several cytotoxic drugs with disparate mechanisms of action induces apoptosis in both malignant and normal cells. Physiological regulation of cell death is essential for the removal of potentially autoreactive lymphocytes during development and the removal of excess cells after the completion of an immune response. Recent work has clearly demonstrated that dysregulation of apoptosis may underlie the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by allowing abnormal autoreactive lymphocytes to survive. AIDS and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease represent the most widely studied group of disorders where an excess of apoptosis has been implicated. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, retinitis pigmentosa, epilepsy and alcoholic brain damage are other neurological disorders in which apoptosis has been implicated. Apoptosis has been reported to occur in conditions characterised by ischaemia, e.g. myocardial infarction and stroke. The liver is a site where apoptosis occurs normally. This process has also been implicated in a number of liver disorders including obstructive jaundice. Hepatic damage due to toxins and drugs is also associated with apoptosis in hepatocytes. Apoptosis has also been identified as a key phenomenon in some diseases of the kidney, i.e. polycystic kidney, as well as in disorders of the pancreas like alcohol-induced pancreatitis and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Thatte
- Department of Pharmacology, Seth GS Medical College, Mumbai, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pommier
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4255, USA
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Suzuki A, Matsuzawa A, Kato M. Involvement of CPP32/Yama-like protease in CPT-11-induced death signal transduction pathway. Toxicol In Vitro 1996; 10:693-700. [DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(96)00061-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/13/1996] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Hickman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, U.K
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Yin D, Kondo S, Barnett GH, Morimura T, Takeuchi J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces p53-dependent apoptosis in rat glioma cells. Neurosurgery 1995; 37:758-62; discussion 762-3. [PMID: 8559306 DOI: 10.1227/00006123-199510000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha inhibited the viability of rat glioma (C6) cells and induced apoptosis but did not affect the viability of rat newborn brain, mainly astroglial cells. The antitumor activity of TNF-alpha against C6 cells was partially inhibited by actinomycin D and cycloheximide, suggesting that it is possibly dependent upon new ribonucleic acid and protein synthesis. The results of immunoblotting assay demonstrated that TNF-alpha decreased the expression of mutant p53 protein but induced the expression of wild-type p53 in C6 cells during apoptosis. We suggest that TNF-alpha may activate the function of wild-type p53 protein by the suppression of mutant p53, at least indirectly, and induce p53-dependent apoptosis in glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Utano Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
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Yin D, Kondo S, Barnett GH, Morimura T, Takeuchi J. Tumor Necrosis Factor-?? Induces p53-dependent Apoptosis in Rat Glioma Cells. Neurosurgery 1995. [DOI: 10.1097/00006123-199510000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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