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Emilius L, Bremm F, Binder AK, Schaft N, Dörrie J. Tumor Antigens beyond the Human Exome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4673. [PMID: 38731892 PMCID: PMC11083240 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
With the advent of immunotherapeutics, a new era in the combat against cancer has begun. Particularly promising are neo-epitope-targeted therapies as the expression of neo-antigens is tumor-specific. In turn, this allows the selective targeting and killing of cancer cells whilst healthy cells remain largely unaffected. So far, many advances have been made in the development of treatment options which are tailored to the individual neo-epitope repertoire. The next big step is the achievement of efficacious "off-the-shelf" immunotherapies. For this, shared neo-epitopes propose an optimal target. Given the tremendous potential, a thorough understanding of the underlying mechanisms which lead to the formation of neo-antigens is of fundamental importance. Here, we review the various processes which result in the formation of neo-epitopes. Broadly, the origin of neo-epitopes can be categorized into three groups: canonical, noncanonical, and viral neo-epitopes. For the canonical neo-antigens that arise in direct consequence of somatic mutations, we summarize past and recent findings. Beyond that, our main focus is put on the discussion of noncanonical and viral neo-epitopes as we believe that targeting those provides an encouraging perspective to shape the future of cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisabeth Emilius
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.); (F.B.); (A.K.B.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Bremm
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.); (F.B.); (A.K.B.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Amanda Katharina Binder
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.); (F.B.); (A.K.B.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niels Schaft
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.); (F.B.); (A.K.B.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jan Dörrie
- Department of Dermatology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (L.E.); (F.B.); (A.K.B.); (J.D.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen European Metropolitan Area of Nuremberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie (DZI), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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O’Reilly RJ, Prockop S, Oved JH. Virus-specific T-cells from third party or transplant donors for treatment of EBV lymphoproliferative diseases arising post hematopoietic cell or solid organ transplantation. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1290059. [PMID: 38274824 PMCID: PMC10808771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1290059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
EBV+ lymphomas constitute a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic cell (HCT) and solid organ transplants (SOT). Phase I and II trials have shown that in HCT recipients, adoptive transfer of EBV-specific T-cells from the HCT donor can safely induce durable remissions of EBV+ lymphomas including 70->90% of patients who have failed to respond to treatment with Rituximab. More recently, EBV-specific T-cells generated from allogeneic 3rd party donors have also been shown to induce durable remission of EBV+ lymphomas in Rituximab refractory HCT and SOT recipients. In this review, we compare results of phase I and II trials of 3rd party and donor derived EBV-specific T-cells. We focus on the attributes and limitations of each product in terms of access, safety, responses achieved and durability. The limited data available regarding donor and host factors contributing to T cell persistence is also described. We examine factors contributing to treatment failures and approaches to prevent or salvage relapse. Lastly, we summarize strategies to further improve results for virus-specific immunotherapies for post-transplant EBV lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. O’Reilly
- Department of Pediatrics, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapies Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Susan Prockop
- Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation, Boston Children’s Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph H. Oved
- Department of Pediatrics, Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapies Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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3
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Lv M, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Liu S. Targeting EBV-encoded products: Implications for drug development in EBV-associated diseases. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2487. [PMID: 37905912 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus, a human gamma-herpesvirus, has a close connection to the pathogenesis of cancers and other diseases, which are a burden for public health worldwide. So far, several drugs or biomolecules have been discovered that can target EBV-encoded products for treatment, such as Silvestrol, affinity toxin, roscovitine, H20, H31, curcumin, thymoquinone, and ribosomal protein L22. These drugs activate or inhibit the function of some biomolecules, affecting subsequent signalling pathways by acting on the products of EBV. These drugs usually target LMP1, LMP2; EBNA1, EBNA2, EBNA3; EBER1, EBER2; Bam-HI A rightward transcript and BHRF1. Additionally, some promising findings in the fields of vaccines, immunological, and cellular therapies have been established. In this review, we mainly summarise the function of drugs mentioned above and unique mechanisms, hoping that we can help giving insight to the design of drugs for the treatment of EBV-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwen Lv
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Special Examination, Qingdao Women & Children Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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4
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Zhang Q, Xu M. EBV-induced T-cell responses in EBV-specific and nonspecific cancers. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250946. [PMID: 37841280 PMCID: PMC10576448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous human tumor virus associated with various malignancies, including B-lymphoma, NK and T-lymphoma, and epithelial carcinoma. It infects B lymphocytes and epithelial cells within the oropharynx and establishes persistent infection in memory B cells. With a balanced virus-host interaction, most individuals carry EBV asymptomatically because of the lifelong surveillance by T cell immunity against EBV. A stable anti-EBV T cell repertoire is maintained in memory at high frequency in the blood throughout persistent EBV infection. Patients with impaired T cell immunity are more likely to develop life-threatening lymphoproliferative disorders, highlighting the critical role of T cells in achieving the EBV-host balance. Recent studies reveal that the EBV protein, LMP1, triggers robust T-cell responses against multiple tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) in B cells. Additionally, EBV-specific T cells have been identified in EBV-unrelated cancers, raising questions about their role in antitumor immunity. Herein, we summarize T-cell responses in EBV-related cancers, considering latency patterns, host immune status, and factors like human leukocyte antigen (HLA) susceptibility, which may affect immune outcomes. We discuss EBV-induced TAA-specific T cell responses and explore the potential roles of EBV-specific T cell subsets in tumor microenvironments. We also describe T-cell immunotherapy strategies that harness EBV antigens, ranging from EBV-specific T cells to T cell receptor-engineered T cells. Lastly, we discuss the involvement of γδ T-cells in EBV infection and associated diseases, aiming to elucidate the comprehensive interplay between EBV and T-cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC), Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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5
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Okada M, Shimizu K, Nakazato H, Yamasaki S, Fujii SI. Detection of mutant antigen-specific T cell receptors against multiple myeloma for T cell engineering. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 29:541-555. [PMID: 37359417 PMCID: PMC10285226 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) remains an incurable hematological neoplasm. Neoantigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR)-engineered T (TCR-T) cell therapy is a potential alternative treatment. Particularly, TCRs derived from a third-party donor may cover broad ranges of neoantigens, whereas TCRs in patients suffering from immune disorders are limited. However, the efficacy and feasibility of treating MM have not been evaluated thoroughly. In this study, we established a system for identifying immunogenic mutant antigens on MM cells and their corresponding TCRs using healthy donor-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Initially, the immune responses to 35 candidate peptides predicted by the immunogenomic analysis were investigated. Peptide-reactive T lymphocytes were enriched, and subsequently, TCR repertoires were determined by single-cell TCR sequencing. Eleven reconstituted TCRs showed mutation-specific responses against 4 peptides. Particularly, we verified the HLA-A∗24:02-binding QYSPVQATF peptide derived from COASY S55Y as the naturally processed epitope across MM cells, making it a promising immune target. Corresponding TCRs specifically recognized COASY S55Y+HLA-A∗24:02+ MM cells and augmented tumoricidal activity. Finally, adoptive cell transfer of TCR-T cells showed objective responses in the xenograft model. We initiatively proposed the utility of tumor mutated antigen-specific TCR genes to suppress MM. Our unique strategy will facilitate further identification of neoantigen-specific TCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Okada
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kanako Shimizu
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nakazato
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoru Yamasaki
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shin-ichiro Fujii
- Laboratory for Immunotherapy, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
- RIKEN Program for Drug Discovery and Medical Technology Platforms, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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6
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Liu Q, Li J, Zheng H, Yang S, Hua Y, Huang N, Kleeff J, Liao Q, Wu W. Adoptive cellular immunotherapy for solid neoplasms beyond CAR-T. Mol Cancer 2023; 22:28. [PMID: 36750830 PMCID: PMC9903509 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-023-01735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, immune checkpoint blockade and chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapy are two milestone achievements in clinical immunotherapy. However, both show limited efficacies in most solid neoplasms, which necessitates the exploration of new immunotherapeutic modalities. The failure of CAR-T and immune checkpoint blockade in several solid neoplasms is attributed to multiple factors, including low antigenicity of tumor cells, low infiltration of effector T cells, and diverse mechanisms of immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. New adoptive cell therapies have been attempted for solid neoplasms, including TCR-T, CAR-natural killer cells (CAR-NK), and CAR-macrophages (CAR-M). Compared to CAR-T, these new adoptive cell therapies have certain advantages in treating solid neoplasms. In this review, we summarized the 40-year evolution of adoptive cell therapies, then focused on the advances of TCR-T, CAR-NK, and CAR-M in solid neoplasms and discussed their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofei Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jiayi Li
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Huaijin Zheng
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Sen Yang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yuze Hua
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Nan Huang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jorg Kleeff
- grid.9018.00000 0001 0679 2801Department of Visceral, Vascular and Endocrine Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Quan Liao
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Wenming Wu
- Department of General Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No.1 Shuai Fu Yuan, Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, China.
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7
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Martinov T, Greenberg PD. Targeting Driver Oncogenes and Other Public Neoantigens Using T Cell Receptor-Based Cellular Therapy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2023; 7:331-351. [PMID: 37655310 PMCID: PMC10470615 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-061521-082114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
T cell reactivity to tumor-specific neoantigens can drive endogenous and therapeutically induced antitumor immunity. However, most tumor-specific neoantigens are unique to each patient (private) and targeting them requires personalized therapy. A smaller subset of neoantigens includes epitopes that span recurrent mutation hotspots, translocations, or gene fusions in oncogenic drivers and tumor suppressors, as well as epitopes that arise from viral oncogenic proteins. Such antigens are likely to be shared across patients (public), uniformly expressed within a tumor, and required for cancer cell survival and fitness. Although a limited number of these public neoantigens are naturally immunogenic, recent studies affirm their clinical utility. In this review, we highlight efforts to target mutant KRAS, mutant p53, and epitopes derived from oncogenic viruses using T cells engineered with off-the-shelf T cell receptors. We also discuss the challenges and strategies to achieving more effective T cell therapies, particularly in the context of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Martinov
- Program in Immunology and Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Philip D Greenberg
- Program in Immunology and Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Immunology Department, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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8
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Li W, Duan X, Chen X, Zhan M, Peng H, Meng Y, Li X, Li XY, Pang G, Dou X. Immunotherapeutic approaches in EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1079515. [PMID: 36713430 PMCID: PMC9875085 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was the first tumor virus in humans. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) accounts for approximately 60% of the 200,000 new tumor cases caused by EBV infection worldwide each year. NPC has an insidious onset and is highly malignant, with more than 70% of patients having intermediate to advanced disease at the time of initial diagnosis, and is strongly implicated in epithelial cancers as well as malignant lymphoid and natural killer/T cell lymphomas. Over 90% of patients with confirmed undifferentiated NPC are infected with EBV. In recent decades, much progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms of NPC and developing therapeutic approaches. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are the main treatment options for NPC; however, they have a limited efficacy in patients with locally advanced or distant metastatic tumors. Tumor immunotherapy, including vaccination, adoptive cell therapy, and immune checkpoint blockade, represents a promising therapeutic approach for NPC. Significant breakthroughs have recently been made in the application of immunotherapy for patients with recurrent or metastatic NPC (RM-NPC), indicating a broad prospect for NPC immunotherapy. Here, we review important research findings regarding immunotherapy for NPC patients and provide insights for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xiaobing Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Meixiao Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Haichuan Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Ya Meng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Xiaobin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China
| | - Xian-Yang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China,Department of R&D, OriCell Therapeutics Co. Ltd, Pudong, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Xiaohui Dou, ; Guofu Pang, ; Xian-Yang Li,
| | - Guofu Pang
- Department of Urology, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China,*Correspondence: Xiaohui Dou, ; Guofu Pang, ; Xian-Yang Li,
| | - Xiaohui Dou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Interventional Diagnosis and Treatment, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China,Health Management Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University), Zhuhai, China,*Correspondence: Xiaohui Dou, ; Guofu Pang, ; Xian-Yang Li,
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9
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Lei T, Li X, Wang F, Huang Q, Liu T, Liu C, Hu Q. Immune landscape of viral cancers: Insights from single-cell sequencing. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28348. [PMID: 36436921 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections trigger a wide range of immune responses thought to drive tumorigenesis and malignant progression. Dissecting virus-induced changes in the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) is therefore crucial to identify key leukocyte populations that may represent novel targets for cancer therapy. Single-cell sequencing approaches have now been widely applied to the analysis of various tumors, thus enabling multiomics characterization of the highly heterogeneous TIME that bulk-sequencing cannot fully elucidate. In this review, we summarized key recent findings from sequencing studies of the immune infiltrate and antitumor response in virus-associated cancers at single cell resolution. Additionally, we also reviewed recent developments in immunotherapy for virus-associated cancers. We anticipate that the strategic use of single-cell sequencing will advance our understanding of the TIME of viral cancers, leading to the development of more potent novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Lei
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Fuhao Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Qingyu Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Tianxing Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Qinyong Hu
- Department of Oncology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Hong CH, Pyo HS, Baek IC, Kim TG. Rapid identification of CMV-specific TCRs via reverse TCR cloning system based on bulk TCR repertoire data. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1021067. [PMID: 36466875 PMCID: PMC9716090 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1021067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) have improved the resolution of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis, and recent single-cell sequencing has made it possible to obtain information about TCR pairs. In our previous study, cytomegalovirus (CMV) pp65-specific T-cell response restricted by a single human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I allotype was observed in an individual. Therefore, to effectively clone an antigen-specific TCR from these T cells, we developed a TCR cloning system that does not require a single cell level. First, we established the improved Jurkat reporter cell line, which was TCRαβ double knock-out and expressed CD8αβ molecules. Furthermore, functional TCRs were directly obtained by reverse TCR cloning using unique CDR3-specific PCR primers after bulk TCR sequencing of activation marker-positive CD8 T cells by NGS. A total of 15 TCRα and 14 TCRβ strands were successfully amplified by PCR from cDNA of 4-1BB-positive CD8 T cells restricted by HLA-A*02:01, HLA-A*02:06, HLA-B*07:02, and HLA-B*40:06. The panels with combinations of TCRα and TCRβ genes were investigated using Jurkat reporter cell line and artificial antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In two TCR pairs restricted by HLA-A*02:01, one TCR pair by HLA-A*02:06, four TCR pairs by HLA-B*07:02, and one TCR pair by HLA-B*40:06, their specificity and affinity were confirmed. The TCR pair of A*02:01/1-1 showed alloreactivity to HLA-A*02:06. The one TCR pair showed a higher response to the naturally processed antigen than that of the peptide pool. This reverse TCR cloning system will not only provide functional information to TCR repertoire analysis by NGS but also help in the development of TCR-T therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Hwa Hong
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Seon Pyo
- Department of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In-Cheol Baek
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tai-Gyu Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
- Catholic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Bank, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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11
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Malpica L, Marques‐Piubelli ML, Beltran BE, Chavez JC, Miranda RN, Castillo JJ. EBV-positive diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified: 2022 update on diagnosis, risk-stratification, and management. Am J Hematol 2022; 97:951-965. [PMID: 35472248 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.26579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
DISEASE OVERVIEW Epstein Barr virus-positive (EBV+) diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), not otherwise specified (NOS) is an entity included in the WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms since 2016. EBV+ DLBCL, NOS, is an aggressive B-cell lymphoma associated with EBV infection, and a poor prognosis with standard chemotherapeutic approaches. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis is made through a careful pathological evaluation. Detection of EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) is considered standard for diagnosis; however, a clear cutoff for percentage of positive cells has not been defined. The differential diagnosis includes plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL), DLBCL associated with chronic inflammation, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), among others. RISK-STRATIFICATION The International Prognostic Index (IPI) and the Oyama score can be used for risk-stratification. The Oyama score includes age >70 years and presence of B symptoms. The expression of CD30 and PD-1/PD-L1 are emerging as potential adverse but targetable biomarkers. MANAGEMENT Patients with EBV+ DLBCL, NOS, should be staged and managed following similar guidelines than patients with EBV-negative DLBCL. EBV+ DLBCL, NOS, however, might have a worse prognosis than EBV-negative DLBCL in the era of chemoimmunotherapy. Therefore, the inclusion of patients in clinical trials when available is recommended. There is an opportunity to study and develop targeted therapy in the management of patients with EBV+ DLBCL, NOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Malpica
- Department of Lymphoma and Myeloma The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas USA
| | - Mario L. Marques‐Piubelli
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas USA
| | - Brady E. Beltran
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Lima Peru
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas Universidad Ricardo Palma Lima Peru
| | - Julio C. Chavez
- Department of Malignant Hematology H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Tampa Florida USA
| | - Roberto N. Miranda
- Department of Hematopathology The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston Texas USA
| | - Jorge J. Castillo
- Division of Hematologic Malignancies, Dana‐Farber Cancer Institute Harvard Medical School Boston Massachusetts USA
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12
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Shafer P, Kelly LM, Hoyos V. Cancer Therapy With TCR-Engineered T Cells: Current Strategies, Challenges, and Prospects. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835762. [PMID: 35309357 PMCID: PMC8928448 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To redirect T cells against tumor cells, T cells can be engineered ex vivo to express cancer-antigen specific T cell receptors (TCRs), generating products known as TCR-engineered T cells (TCR T). Unlike chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), TCRs recognize HLA-presented peptides derived from proteins of all cellular compartments. The use of TCR T cells for adoptive cellular therapies (ACT) has gained increased attention, especially as efforts to treat solid cancers with ACTs have intensified. In this review, we describe the differing mechanisms of T cell antigen recognition and signal transduction mediated through CARs and TCRs. We describe the classes of cancer antigens recognized by current TCR T therapies and discuss both classical and emerging pre-clinical strategies for antigen-specific TCR discovery, enhancement, and validation. Finally, we review the current landscape of clinical trials for TCR T therapy and discuss what these current results indicate for the development of future engineered TCR approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Shafer
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Program in Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lauren M Kelly
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Program in Cancer & Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Valentina Hoyos
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital and Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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13
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Lammoglia Cobo MF, Ritter J, Gary R, Seitz V, Mautner J, Aigner M, Völkl S, Schaffer S, Moi S, Seegebarth A, Bruns H, Rösler W, Amann K, Büttner-Herold M, Hennig S, Mackensen A, Hummel M, Moosmann A, Gerbitz A. Reconstitution of EBV-directed T cell immunity by adoptive transfer of peptide-stimulated T cells in a patient after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for AITL. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010206. [PMID: 35452490 PMCID: PMC9067708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstitution of the T cell repertoire after allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a long and often incomplete process. As a result, reactivation of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a frequent complication that may be treated by adoptive transfer of donor-derived EBV-specific T cells. We generated donor-derived EBV-specific T cells by stimulation with peptides representing defined epitopes covering multiple HLA restrictions. T cells were adoptively transferred to a patient who had developed persisting high titers of EBV after allogeneic stem cell transplantation for angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). T cell receptor beta (TCRβ) deep sequencing showed that the T cell repertoire of the patient early after transplantation (day 60) was strongly reduced and only very low numbers of EBV-specific T cells were detectable. Manufacturing and in vitro expansion of donor-derived EBV-specific T cells resulted in enrichment of EBV epitope-specific, HLA-restricted T cells. Monitoring of T cell clonotypes at a molecular level after adoptive transfer revealed that the dominant TCR sequences from peptide-stimulated T cells persisted long-term and established an EBV-specific TCR clonotype repertoire in the host, with many of the EBV-specific TCRs present in the donor. This reconstituted repertoire was associated with immunological control of EBV and with lack of further AITL relapse. A characteristic feature of all herpesviruses is their persistence in the host’s body after primary infection. Hence, the host’s immune system is confronted with the problem to control these viruses life-long. When the immune system is severely compromised, for example after stem cell transplantation from a foreign (allogeneic) donor, these viruses can reappear, as they persist in the host’s body life-long after primary infection. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a herpesvirus that can cause life-threatening complications after stem cell transplantation and only reinforcement of the host’s immune system can reestablish control over the virus. Here we show that ex vivo manufactured EBV-specific T cells can reestablish long-term control of EBV and that these cells persist in the host’s body over months. These results give us a better understanding of viral immune reconstitution post-transplant and of clinically-relevant T cell populations against EBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Fernanda Lammoglia Cobo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Tumor Immunology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Ritter
- Institute of Pathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Regina Gary
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Volkhard Seitz
- Institute of Pathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- HS Diagnomics GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Mautner
- Department of Medicine III, LMU-Klinikum, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Aigner
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Simon Völkl
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schaffer
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Moi
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anke Seegebarth
- Institute of Pathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wolf Rösler
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Amann
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maike Büttner-Herold
- Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Mackensen
- Department of Internal Medicine 5 –Hematology/Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Hummel
- Institute of Pathology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Moosmann
- Department of Medicine III, LMU-Klinikum, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Gerbitz
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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14
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Sooda A, Rwandamuriye F, Wanjalla CN, Jing L, Koelle DM, Peters B, Leary S, Chopra A, Calderwood MA, Mallal SA, Pavlos R, Watson M, Phillips EJ, Redwood AJ. Abacavir inhibits but does not cause self-reactivity to HLA-B*57:01-restricted EBV specific T cell receptors. Commun Biol 2022; 5:133. [PMID: 35173258 PMCID: PMC8850454 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03058-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-existing pathogen-specific memory T cell responses can contribute to multiple adverse outcomes including autoimmunity and drug hypersensitivity. How the specificity of the T cell receptor (TCR) is subverted or seconded in many of these diseases remains unclear. Here, we apply abacavir hypersensitivity (AHS) as a model to address this question because the disease is linked to memory T cell responses and the HLA risk allele, HLA-B*57:01, and the initiating insult, abacavir, are known. To investigate the role of pathogen-specific TCR specificity in mediating AHS we performed a genome-wide screen for HLA-B*57:01 restricted T cell responses to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), one of the most prevalent human pathogens. T cell epitope mapping revealed HLA-B*57:01 restricted responses to 17 EBV open reading frames and identified an epitope encoded by EBNA3C. Using these data, we cloned the dominant TCR for EBNA3C and a previously defined epitope within EBNA3B. TCR specificity to each epitope was confirmed, however, cloned TCRs did not cross-react with abacavir plus self-peptide. Nevertheless, abacavir inhibited TCR interactions with their cognate ligands, demonstrating that TCR specificity may be subverted by a drug molecule. These results provide an experimental road map for future studies addressing the heterologous immune responses of TCRs including T cell mediated adverse drug reactions. HLA-B*57:01 restricted EBV-specific T-cell receptor specificity is altered by abacavir, suggesting a potentially inhibitory effect of abacavir on HLA-B*57:01 restricted TCR recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Sooda
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Francois Rwandamuriye
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Celestine N Wanjalla
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.,Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shay Leary
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Abha Chopra
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Michael A Calderwood
- Department of Medicine, The Channing Laboratory, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Simon A Mallal
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca Pavlos
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Telethon Kids Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Mark Watson
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia. .,Center for Drug Safety & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia.,Institute for Respiratory Health, Level 2, 6 Verdun Street, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia.,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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15
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Chakravorty S, Afzali B, Kazemian M. EBV-associated diseases: Current therapeutics and emerging technologies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059133. [PMID: 36389670 PMCID: PMC9647127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
EBV is a prevalent virus, infecting >90% of the world's population. This is an oncogenic virus that causes ~200,000 cancer-related deaths annually. It is, in addition, a significant contributor to the burden of autoimmune diseases. Thus, EBV represents a significant public health burden. Upon infection, EBV remains dormant in host cells for long periods of time. However, the presence or episodic reactivation of the virus increases the risk of transforming healthy cells to malignant cells that routinely escape host immune surveillance or of producing pathogenic autoantibodies. Cancers caused by EBV display distinct molecular behaviors compared to those of the same tissue type that are not caused by EBV, presenting opportunities for targeted treatments. Despite some encouraging results from exploration of vaccines, antiviral agents and immune- and cell-based treatments, the efficacy and safety of most therapeutics remain unclear. Here, we provide an up-to-date review focusing on underlying immune and environmental mechanisms, current therapeutics and vaccines, animal models and emerging technologies to study EBV-associated diseases that may help provide insights for the development of novel effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srishti Chakravorty
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN, United States
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16
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Verdu-Bou M, Tapia G, Hernandez-Rodriguez A, Navarro JT. Clinical and Therapeutic Implications of Epstein-Barr Virus in HIV-Related Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5534. [PMID: 34771697 PMCID: PMC8583310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of lymphomas is increased in people living with HIV (PLWH). Aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are the most common and are considered an AIDS-defining cancer (ADC). Although Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is not considered an ADC, its incidence is also increased in PLWH. Among all HIV-related lymphomas (HRL), the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is high. It has been shown that EBV is involved in different lymphomagenic mechanisms mediated by some of its proteins, contributing to the development of different lymphoma subtypes. Additionally, cooperation between both HIV and EBV can lead to the proliferation of aberrant B-cells, thereby being an additional lymphomagenic mechanism in EBV-associated HRL. Despite the close relationship between EBV and HRL, the impact of EBV on clinical aspects has not been extensively studied. These lymphomas are treated with the same therapeutic regimens as the general population in combination with cART. Nevertheless, new therapeutic strategies targeting EBV are promising for these lymphomas. In this article, the different types of HRL are extensively reviewed, focusing on the influence of EBV on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and pathological characteristics of each lymphoma subtype. Moreover, novel therapies targeting EBV and future strategies to treat HRL harboring EBV are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Verdu-Bou
- Lymphoid Neoplasms Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Gustavo Tapia
- Department of Pathology, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Agueda Hernandez-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Jose-Tomas Navarro
- Lymphoid Neoplasms Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Department of Hematology, Institut Català d’Oncologia-Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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17
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Cui X, Snapper CM. Epstein Barr Virus: Development of Vaccines and Immune Cell Therapy for EBV-Associated Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734471. [PMID: 34691042 PMCID: PMC8532523 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first human tumor virus discovered and is strongly implicated in the etiology of multiple lymphoid and epithelial cancers. Each year EBV associated cancers account for over 200,000 new cases of cancer and cause 150,000 deaths world-wide. EBV is also the primary cause of infectious mononucleosis, and up to 70% of adolescents and young adults in developed countries suffer from infectious mononucleosis. In addition, EBV has been shown to play a critical role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. An EBV prophylactic vaccine that induces neutralizing antibodies holds great promise for prevention of EBV associated diseases. EBV envelope proteins including gH/gL, gB and gp350 play key roles in EBV entry and infection of target cells, and neutralizing antibodies elicited by each of these proteins have shown to prevent EBV infection of target cells and markedly decrease EBV titers in the peripheral blood of humanized mice challenged with lethal dose EBV. Recent studies demonstrated that immunization with the combination of gH/gL, gB and/or gp350 induced markedly increased synergistic EBV neutralizing activity compared to immunization with individual proteins. As previous clinical trials focused on gp350 alone were partially successful, the inclusion of gH/gL and gB in a vaccine formulation with gp350 represents a promising approach of EBV prophylactic vaccine development. Therapeutic EBV vaccines have also been tested clinically with encouraging results. Immunization with various vaccine platforms expressing the EBV latent proteins EBNA1, LMP1, and/or LMP2 promoted specific CD4+ and CD8+ cytotoxic responses with anti-tumor activity. The addition of EBV envelope proteins gH/gL, gB and gp350 has the potential to increase the efficacy of a therapeutic EBV vaccine. The immune system plays a critical role in the control of tumors, and immune cell therapy has emerged as a promising treatment of cancers. Adoptive T-cell therapy has been successfully used in the prevention and treatment of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy and T cell receptor engineered T cell therapy targeting EBV latent proteins LMP1, LMP2 and/or EBNA1 have been in development, with the goal to increase the specificity and efficacy of treatment of EBV associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinle Cui
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,The Institute for Vaccine Research and Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clifford M Snapper
- The Institute for Vaccine Research and Department of Pathology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Citranvi Biosciences LLC, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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18
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Dudaniec K, Westendorf K, Nössner E, Uckert W. Generation of Epstein-Barr Virus Antigen-Specific T Cell Receptors Recognizing Immunodominant Epitopes of LMP1, LMP2A, and EBNA3C for Immunotherapy. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:919-935. [PMID: 33798008 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections in healthy individuals are usually cleared by immune cells, wherein CD8+ T lymphocytes play the most important role. However, in some immunocompromised individuals, EBV infections can lead to the development of cancer in B, T, natural killer (NK) cells and epithelial cells. Most EBV-associated cancers express a limited number of virus-specific antigens such as latent membrane proteins (LMP1 and LMP2) and nuclear proteins (EBNA1, -2, EBNA3A, -B, -C, and EBNA-LP). These antigens represent true tumor-specific antigens and can be considered useful targets for T cell receptor (TCR) gene therapy to treat EBV-associated diseases. We used a TCR isolation platform based on a single major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) K562 cell library for the detection, isolation, and re-expression of TCRs targeting immunodominant peptide MHC (pMHC). Mature dendritic cells (mDCs) were pulsed with in vitro-transcribed (ivt) RNA encoding for the selected antigen to stimulate autologous T cells. The procedure allowed the mDCs to select an immunogenic epitope of the antigen for processing and presentation on the cell surface in combination with the most suitable MHC I molecule. We isolated eight EBV-specific TCRs. They recognize various pMHCs of EBV antigens LMP1, LMP2A, and EBNA3C, some of them described previously and some newly identified in this study. The TCR genes were molecularly cloned into retroviral vectors and the resultant TCR-engineered T cells secreted interferon-γ after antigen contact and were able to lyse tumor cells. The EBV-specific TCRs can be used as a basis for the generation of a TCR library, which provides a valuable source of TCRs for the production of EBV-specific T cells to treat EBV-associated diseases in patients with different MHC I types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Dudaniec
- Molecular Cell Biology and Gene Therapy, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Westendorf
- Molecular Cell Biology and Gene Therapy, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Uckert
- Molecular Cell Biology and Gene Therapy, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Abstract
Purpose of Review Virus-associated malignancies are a global health burden, constituting 10-12% of cancers worldwide. As these tumors express foreign viral antigens that can elicit specific T cell responses, virus-directed immunotherapies are a promising treatment strategy. Specifically, adoptive cell transfer of virus-specific T cells (VSTs) has demonstrated the potential to eradicate cancers associated with certain viruses. Recent Findings Initial studies in 1990s first showed that VSTs specific for the Epstein-Barr virus (EBVSTs) can induce complete remissions in patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease. Since then, studies have validated the specificity and safety of VSTs in multiple lymphomas and solid malignancies. However, challenges remain to optimize this platform for widespread use, including enhancing potency and persistence, overcoming the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, and streamlining manufacturing processes that comply with regulatory requirements. Summary This review focuses on data from clinical trials evaluating VSTs directed against three viruses (EBV, HPV and MCPyV), as well as recent preclinical and clinical advances, and potential future directions.
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20
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Luo Y, Liu Y, Wang C, Gan R. Signaling pathways of EBV-induced oncogenesis. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:93. [PMID: 33549103 PMCID: PMC7868022 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01793-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is closely associated with multiple human cancers. EBV-associated cancers are mainly lymphomas derived from B cells and T cells (Hodgkin lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, NK/T-cell lymphoma, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)) and carcinomas derived from epithelial cells (nasopharyngeal carcinoma and gastric carcinoma). EBV can induce oncogenesis in its host cell by activating various signaling pathways, such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), Janus kinase/signal transducer and transcription activator (JAK/STAT), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and Wnt/β-catenin, which are regulated by EBV-encoded proteins and noncoding RNA. In this review, we focus on the oncogenic roles of EBV that are mediated through the aforementioned signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Luo
- Cancer Research Institute, Medical School, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yitong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Medical School, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengkun Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Medical School, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Runliang Gan
- Cancer Research Institute, Medical School, University of South China, Chang Sheng Xi Avenue 28, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Heslop HE, Sharma S, Rooney CM. Adoptive T-Cell Therapy for Epstein-Barr Virus-Related Lymphomas. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:514-524. [PMID: 33434061 DOI: 10.1200/jco.20.01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Heslop
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Sandhya Sharma
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
| | - Cliona M Rooney
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX
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22
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Targeted Therapies for Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092565. [PMID: 32916819 PMCID: PMC7564798 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first-discovered and important human tumor virus. It infects more than 90% of human population and induces various lymphomas. Development of specific targeted therapies is very critical for treatment of EBV-induced lymphomas, but it remains a great challenge. In this review, we introduced the current progress of EBV-specific therapies and the promising approaches that can be developed as novel targeted therapies, which involve protective or therapeutic strategies to target these lymphomas on different levels. This work will provide new insights into the development of new targeted therapies against EBV-associated lymphomas. Abstract The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the first human tumor virus identified that can transform quiescent B lymphocytes into lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) in vitro. EBV can establish asymptomatic life-long persistence and is associated with multiple human malignancies, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma, as well as infectious mononucleosis. Although EBV-associated lymphomagenesis has been investigated for over 50 years, viral-mediated transformation is not completely understood, and the development of EBV-specific therapeutic strategies to treat the associated cancers is still a major challenge. However, the rapid development of several novel therapies offers exciting possibilities to target EBV-induced lymphomas. This review highlights targeted therapies with potential for treating EBV-associated lymphomas, including small molecule inhibitors, immunotherapy, cell therapy, preventative and therapeutic vaccines, and other potent approaches, which are novel strategies for controlling, preventing, and treating these viral-induced malignances.
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Simoni Y, Becht E, Li S, Loh CY, Yeong JPS, Lim TKH, Takano A, Tan DSW, Newell EW. Partial absence of PD-1 expression by tumor-infiltrating EBV-specific CD8 + T cells in EBV-driven lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1175. [PMID: 32995000 PMCID: PMC7503213 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma (LELC) is an uncommon lung cancer, typically observed in young, non‐smoking Asian populations. LELC is associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection of lung tumor cells of epithelial origin, suggesting a carcinogenic role of EBV as observed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here, we studied the antigen specificity and phenotype of EBV‐specific CD8+ T cells in blood and tumor of one LELC patient positive for EBV infection in lung tumor cells. Methods Using multiplex MHC class I tetramers, mass cytometry and mRNA sequencing, we studied EBV‐specific CD8+ T cells at the transcriptomic and phenotypic levels in blood and tumor tissues of the LELC patient. Results Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma lung tumor cells were positive for EBV infection. In both blood and tumor tissues, we detected two populations of EBV‐specific CD8+ T cells targeting the EBV lytic cycle proteins: BRLF1 and BMLF1. Transcriptomic analyses of these two populations in the tumor, which can be considered as tumor‐specific, revealed their distinct exhausted profile and polyclonal TCR repertoire. High‐dimensional phenotypical analysis revealed the distinct phenotype of these cells between blood and tumor tissues. In tumor tissue, EBV‐specific CD8+ TILs were phenotypically heterogeneous, but consistently expressed CD39. Unexpectedly, although the LELC tumor cells expressed abundant PD‐L1, these tumor‐specific CD8+ tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) mostly did not express PD‐1. Conclusion Epstein–Barr virus‐specific CD8+ TILs in EBV‐driven tumor are heterogeneous and partially lack PD‐1 expression, suggesting that anti‐PD1/PD‐L1 immunotherapy may not be an appropriate strategy for disinhibiting EBV‐specific cells in the treatment of LELC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Simoni
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA USA.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (ASTAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Singapore.,ImmunoScape Pte Ltd Singapore
| | - Etienne Becht
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA USA.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (ASTAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Singapore
| | - Shamin Li
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA USA.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (ASTAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Singapore
| | - Chiew Yee Loh
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (ASTAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Singapore
| | - Joe Poh Sheng Yeong
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (ASTAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Singapore.,Department of Anatomical Pathology Singapore General Hospital Singapore General Hospital Singapore
| | - Tony Kiat Hon Lim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology Singapore General Hospital Singapore General Hospital Singapore
| | - Angela Takano
- Department of Anatomical Pathology Singapore General Hospital Singapore General Hospital Singapore
| | - Daniel Shao Weng Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology National Cancer Centre Singapore (NCCS) Singapore.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS) Singapore
| | - Evan W Newell
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle WA USA.,Agency for Science, Technology and Research Singapore (ASTAR) Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN) Singapore.,Senior Corresponding Author
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Huisman W, Gille I, van der Maarel LE, Hageman L, Morton LT, de Jong RCM, Heemskerk MHM, Amsen D, Falkenburg JHF, Jedema I. Identification of Functional HLA-A*01 :01-Restricted EBV-LMP2-Specific T-cell Receptors. J Infect Dis 2020; 226:833-842. [PMID: 32808978 PMCID: PMC9470112 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adoptive transfer of genetically engineered T cells expressing antigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs), is an appealing therapeutic approach for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancies of latency type II/III that express EBV-antigens (LMP1/2). Patients who are HLA-A*01:01pos could benefit from such products, since no T cells recognizing any EBV-derived peptide in this common HLA allele have been found thus far. METHODS HLA-A*01:01-restricted EBV-(LMP2)-specific T-cells were isolated using peptide-MHC-tetramers. Functionality was assessed by production of IFNγ and cytotoxicity when stimulated with EBV-LMP2-expressing cell-lines. Functionality of primary T cells transduced with HLA-A*01:01-restricted EBV-LMP2-specific TCRs was optimized by knocking out the endogenous TCR of primary T cells (ΔTCR) using CRISPR-Cas9 technology. RESULTS EBV-LMP2-specific T cells were successfully isolated and their TCRs were characterized. TCR gene-transfer in primary T cells resulted in specific peptide-MHC-tetramer binding and reactivity against EBV-LMP2-expressing cell-lines. The mean-fluorescence intensity of peptide-MHC-tetramer binding was increased 1.5-2 fold when the endogenous TCR of CD8pos T cells was knocked out. CD8pos/ΔTCR T cells modified to express EBV-LMP2-specific TCRs showed IFNγ secretion and cytotoxicity towards EBV-LMP2-expressing malignant cell-lines. DISCUSSION We isolated the first functional HLA-A*01:01-restricted EBV-LMP2-specific T-cell populations and TCRs, which can potentially be used in future TCR gene-therapy to treat EBV-associated latency type II/III malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley Huisman
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory for Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilse Gille
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lois Hageman
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Laura T Morton
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Rob C M de Jong
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | | | - Derk Amsen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory for Blood Cell Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Inge Jedema
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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Münz C. Redirecting T Cells against Epstein-Barr Virus Infection and Associated Oncogenesis. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061400. [PMID: 32512847 PMCID: PMC7349826 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with lymphomas and carcinomas. For some of these, the adoptive transfer of EBV specific T cells has been therapeutically explored, with clinical success. In order to avoid naturally occurring EBV specific autologous T cell selection from every patient, the transgenic expression of latent and early lytic viral antigen specific T cell receptors (TCRs) to redirect T cells, to target the respective tumors, is being developed. Recent evidence suggests that not only TCRs against transforming latent EBV antigens, but also against early lytic viral gene products, might be protective for the control of EBV infection and associated oncogenesis. At the same time, these approaches might be more selective and cause less collateral damage than targeting general B cell markers with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Thus, EBV specific TCR transgenic T cells constitute a promising therapeutic strategy against EBV associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Münz
- Viral Immunobiology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Immune Control and Vaccination against the Epstein-Barr Virus in Humanized Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:vaccines7040217. [PMID: 31861045 PMCID: PMC6963577 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7040217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice with reconstituted human immune system components (humanized mice) offer the unique opportunity to test vaccines preclinically in the context of vaccine adjuvant sensing by human antigen presenting cells and priming of human cytotoxic lymphocyte populations. These features are particularly attractive for immune control of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), which represents the most potent growth-transforming pathogen in man and exclusively relies on cytotoxic lymphocytes for its asymptomatic persistence in the vast majority of healthy virus carriers. This immune control is particularly impressive because EBV infects more than 95% of the human adult population and persists without pathology for more than 50 years in most of them. This review will discuss the pathologies that EBV elicits in humanized mice, which immune responses control it in this model, as well as which passive and active vaccination schemes with adoptive T cell transfer and with virus-like particles or individual antigens, respectively, have been explored in this model so far. EBV-specific CD8+ T cell priming in humanized mice could provide crucial insights into how cytotoxic lymphocytes against other viruses and tumors might be elicited by vaccination in humans.
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Li G, Ding L, Ma X, Cai Q, Ying T, Wei F. Establishment of Novel Monoclonal Fabs Specific for Epstein-Barr Virus Encoded Latent Membrane Protein 1. Virol Sin 2019; 34:467-470. [PMID: 30949961 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxin Li
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Ling Ding
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaojing Ma
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Qiliang Cai
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tianlei Ying
- MOE & MOH Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Fang Wei
- Sheng Yushou Center of Cell Biology and Immunology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Migliori E, Chang M, Muranski P. Restoring antiviral immunity with adoptive transfer of ex-vivo generated T cells. Curr Opin Hematol 2018; 25:486-493. [PMID: 30281036 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Latent viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and adenovirus (ADV) often reactivate in immunocompromised patients, contributing to poor clinical outcomes. A rapid reconstitution of antiviral responses via adoptive transfer of virus-specific T cells (VSTs) can prevent or eradicate even refractory infections. Here, we evaluate this strategy and the associated methodological, manufacturing and clinical advances. RECENT FINDINGS From the early pioneering but cumbersome efforts to isolate CMV-specific T cell clones, new approaches and techniques have been developed to provide quicker, safer and broader-aimed ex-vivo antigen-specific cells. New manufacturing strategies, such as the use of G-Rex flasks or 'priming' with a library of overlapping viral peptides, allow for culturing greater numbers of cells that could be patient-specific or stored in cell banks for off-the-shelf applications. Rapid isolation of T cells using major histocompatibility complex tetramer or cytokine capture approaches, or genetic reprogramming of cells to target viral antigens can accelerate the generation of potent cellular products. SUMMARY Advances in the ex-vivo generation of VSTs in academic medical centres and as off-the-shelf blood bank-based or commercially produced reagents are likely to result in broader accessibility and possible manufacturing cost reduction of these cell products, and will open new therapeutic prospects for vulnerable and critically ill immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Migliori
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology (CCTI), Division of Hematology/Oncology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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DeStefano CB, Desai SH, Shenoy AG, Catlett JP. Management of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Br J Haematol 2018; 182:330-343. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjal H. Desai
- Department of Hematology; MedStar Washington Hospital Center; Washington DC USA
| | - Aarthi G. Shenoy
- Department of Hematology; MedStar Washington Hospital Center; Washington DC USA
| | - Joseph P. Catlett
- Department of Hematology; MedStar Washington Hospital Center; Washington DC USA
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