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Han XX, Jin S, Yu LM, Wang M, Hu XY, Hu DY, Ren J, Zhang MH, Huang W, Deng JJ, Chen QQ, Gao Z, He H, Cai C. Interferon-beta inhibits human glioma stem cell growth by modulating immune response and cell cycle related signaling pathways. CELL REGENERATION 2022; 11:23. [PMID: 35778531 PMCID: PMC9249963 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-022-00123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malignant Glioma is characterized by strong self-renewal potential and immature differentiation potential. The main reason is that malignant glioma holds key cluster cells, glioma stem cells (GSCs). GSCs contribute to tumorigenesis, tumor progression, recurrence, and treatment resistance. Interferon-beta (IFN-β) is well known for its anti-proliferative efficacy in diverse cancers. IFN-β also displayed potent antitumor effects in malignant glioma. IFN-β affect both GSCs and Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the treatment of gliomas. However, the functional comparison, similar or different effects of IFN-β on GSCs and NSCs are rarely reported. Here, we studied the similarities and differences of the responses to IFN-β between human GSCs and normal NSCs. We found that IFN-β preferentially inhibited GSCs over NSCs. The cell body and nucleus size of GSCs increased after IFN-β treatment, and the genomic analysis revealed the enrichment of the upregulated immune response, cell adhesion genes and down regulated cell cycle, ribosome pathways. Several typical cyclin genes, including cyclin A2 (CCNA2), cyclin B1 (CCNB1), cyclin B2 (CCNB2), and cyclin D1 (CCND1), were significantly downregulated in GSCs after IFN-β stimulation. We also found that continuous IFN-β stimulation after passage further enhanced the inhibitory effect. Our study revealed how genetic diversity resulted in differential effects in response to IFN-β treatment. These results may contribute to improve the applications of IFN-β in anti-cancer immunotherapy. In addition, these results may also help to design more effective pharmacological strategies to target cancer stem cells while protecting normal neural stem cells.
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2
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Niknam MR, Attari F. The Potential Applications of Stem Cells for Cancer Treatment. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 17:26-42. [DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666210810100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
:
Scientists encounter many obstacles in traditional cancer therapies, including the side effects
on the healthy cells, drug resistance, tumor relapse, the short half-life of employed drugs in
the blood circulation, and the improper delivery of drugs toward the tumor site. The unique traits of
stem cells (SCs) such as self-renewal, differentiation, tumor tropism, the release of bioactive
molecules, and immunosuppression have opened a new window for utilizing SCs as a novel tool in
cancer treatment. In this regard, engineered SCs can secrete anti-cancer proteins or express enzymes
used in suicide gene therapy which locally induce apoptosis in neoplastic cells via the bystander
effect. These cells also stand as proper candidates to serve as careers for drug-loaded nanoparticles
or to play suitable hosts for oncolytic viruses. Moreover, they harbor great potential to be
employed in immunotherapy and combination therapy. However, tactful strategies should be devised
to allow easier transplantation and protection of SCs from in vivo immune responses. In spite
of the great hope concerning SCs application in cancer therapy, there are shortcomings and challenges
to be addressed. This review tends to elaborate on recent advances on the various applications
of SCs in cancer therapy and existing challenges in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malikeh Rad Niknam
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Attari
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Hassanzadeh A, Shamlou S, Yousefi N, Nikoo M, Verdi J. Genetically-Modified Stem Cell in Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Therapy; A New Era. Curr Gene Ther 2021; 22:23-39. [PMID: 34238158 DOI: 10.2174/1566523221666210707125342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently, genetic engineering by various strategies to stimulate gene expression in a specific and controllable mode is a speedily growing therapeutic approach. Genetic modification of human stem or progenitor cells, such as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), neural progenitor cells (NPCs), mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs), and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) for direct delivery of specific therapeutic molecules or genes has been evidenced as an opportune plan in the context of regenerative medicine due to their supported viability, proliferative features, and metabolic qualities. On the other hand, a large number of studies have investigated the efficacy of modified stem cells in cancer therapy using cells from various sources, disparate transfection means for gene delivery, different transfected yields, and wide variability of tumor models. Accordingly, cell-based gene therapy holds substantial aptitude for the treatment of human malignancy as it could relieve signs or even cure cancer succeeding expression of therapeutic or suicide transgene products; however, there exist inconsistent results in this regard. Herein, we deliver a brief overview of stem cell potential to use in cancer therapy and regenerative medicine and importantly discuss stem cells based gene delivery competencies to stimulate tissue repair and replacement in concomitant with their potential to use as an anti-cancer therapeutic strategy, focusing on the last two decades in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Shamlou
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Yousefi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Nikoo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Mercer-Smith AR, Findlay IA, Bomba HN, Hingtgen SD. Intravenously Infused Stem Cells for Cancer Treatment. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:2025-2041. [PMID: 34138421 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent influx of immunotherapies and small molecule drugs to treat tumors, cancer remains a leading cause of death in the United States, in large part due to the difficulties of treating metastatic cancer. Stem cells, which are inherently tumoritropic, provide a useful drug delivery vehicle to target both primary and metastatic tumors. Intravenous infusions of stem cells carrying or secreting therapeutic payloads show significant promise in the treatment of cancer. Stem cells may be engineered to secrete cytotoxic products, loaded with oncolytic viruses or nanoparticles containing small molecule drugs, or conjugated with immunotherapies. Herein we describe these preclinical and clinical studies, discuss the distribution and migration of stem cells following intravenous infusion, and examine both the limitations of and the methods to improve the migration and therapeutic efficacy of tumoritropic, therapeutic stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Mercer-Smith
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
| | - Ingrid A Findlay
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
| | - Hunter N Bomba
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA
| | - Shawn D Hingtgen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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5
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Luo GF, Chen WH, Zeng X, Zhang XZ. Cell primitive-based biomimetic functional materials for enhanced cancer therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:945-985. [PMID: 33226037 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00152j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell primitive-based functional materials that combine the advantages of natural substances and nanotechnology have emerged as attractive therapeutic agents for cancer therapy. Cell primitives are characterized by distinctive biological functions, such as long-term circulation, tumor specific targeting, immune modulation etc. Moreover, synthetic nanomaterials featuring unique physical/chemical properties have been widely used as effective drug delivery vehicles or anticancer agents to treat cancer. The combination of these two kinds of materials will catalyze the generation of innovative biomaterials with multiple functions, high biocompatibility and negligible immunogenicity for precise cancer therapy. In this review, we summarize the most recent advances in the development of cell primitive-based functional materials for cancer therapy. Different cell primitives, including bacteria, phages, cells, cell membranes, and other bioactive substances are introduced with their unique bioactive functions, and strategies in combining with synthetic materials, especially nanoparticulate systems, for the construction of function-enhanced biomaterials are also summarized. Furthermore, foreseeable challenges and future perspectives are also included for the future research direction in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Feng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
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6
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Conniot J, Talebian S, Simões S, Ferreira L, Conde J. Revisiting gene delivery to the brain: silencing and editing. Biomater Sci 2020; 9:1065-1087. [PMID: 33315025 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01278e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders, ischemic brain diseases, and brain tumors are debilitating diseases that severely impact a person's life and could possibly lead to their demise if left untreated. Many of these diseases do not respond to small molecule therapeutics and have no effective long-term therapy. Gene therapy offers the promise of treatment or even a cure for both genetic and acquired brain diseases, mediated by either silencing or editing disease-specific genes. Indeed, in the last 5 years, significant progress has been made in the delivery of non-coding RNAs as well as gene-editing formulations to the brain. Unfortunately, the delivery is a major limiting factor for the success of gene therapies. Both viral and non-viral vectors have been used to deliver genetic information into a target cell, but they have limitations. Viral vectors provide excellent transduction efficiency but are associated with toxic effects and have limited packaging capacity; however, non-viral vectors are less toxic and show a high packaging capacity at the price of low transfection efficiency. Herein, we review the progress made in the field of brain gene therapy, particularly in the design of non-toxic and trackable non-viral vectors, capable of controlled release of genes in response to internal/external triggers, and in the delivery of formulations for gene editing. The application of these systems in the context of various brain diseases in pre-clinical and clinical tests will be discussed. Such promising approaches could potentially pave the way for clinical realization of brain gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Conniot
- NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal.
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7
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Song YH, Agrawal NK, Griffin JM, Schmidt CE. Recent advances in nanotherapeutic strategies for spinal cord injury repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 148:38-59. [PMID: 30582938 PMCID: PMC6959132 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating and complicated condition with no cure available. The initial mechanical trauma is followed by a secondary injury characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and inhibitory glial scar formation. Due to the limitations posed by the blood-spinal cord barrier, systemic delivery of therapeutics is challenging. Recent development of various nanoscale strategies provides exciting and promising new means of treating SCI by crossing the blood-spinal cord barrier and delivering therapeutics. As such, we discuss different nanomaterial fabrication methods and provide an overview of recent studies where nanomaterials were developed to modulate inflammatory signals, target inhibitory factors in the lesion, and promote axonal regeneration after SCI. We also review emerging areas of research such as optogenetics, immunotherapy and CRISPR-mediated genome editing where nanomaterials can provide synergistic effects in developing novel SCI therapy regimens, as well as current efforts and barriers to clinical translation of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hye Song
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nikunj K Agrawal
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jonathan M Griffin
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Christine E Schmidt
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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8
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Majumder J, Taratula O, Minko T. Nanocarrier-based systems for targeted and site specific therapeutic delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 144:57-77. [PMID: 31400350 PMCID: PMC6748653 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic drug delivery methods such as oral or parenteral administration of free drugs possess relatively low treatment efficiency and marked adverse side effects. The use of nanoparticles for drug delivery in most cases substantially enhances drug efficacy, improves pharmacokinetics and drug release and limits their side effects. However, further enhancement in drug efficacy and significant limitation of adverse side effects can be achieved by specific targeting of nanocarrier-based delivery systems especially in combination with local administration. The present review describes major advantages and limitations of organic and inorganic nanocarriers or living cell-based drug and nucleic acid delivery systems. Among these, different nanoparticles, supramolecular gels, therapeutic cells as living drug carriers etc. have emerged as a new frontier in modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydeb Majumder
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Oleh Taratula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Tamara Minko
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Environmental and Occupational Health Science Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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9
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Heo JR, Hwang KA, Kim SU, Choi KC. A Potential Therapy Using Engineered Stem Cells Prevented Malignant Melanoma in Cellular and Xenograft Mouse Models. Cancer Res Treat 2018; 51:797-811. [PMID: 30213181 PMCID: PMC6473263 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2018.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE In the present study, human neural stem cells (hNSCs) with tumor-tropic behavior were used as drug delivery vehicle to selectively target melanoma. A hNSC line (HB1.F3) was transduced into two types: one expressed only the cytosine deaminase (CD) gene (HB1.F3. CD) and the other expressed both CD and human interferon-β (IFN-β) genes (HB1.F3.CD. IFN-β). Materials and Methods This study verified the tumor-tropic migratory competence of engineered hNSCs on melanoma (A375SM) using a modified Boyden chamber assay in vitro and CM-DiI staining in vivo. The antitumor effect of HB1.F3.CD and HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β on melanoma was also confirmed using an MTT assay in vitro and xenograft mouse models. RESULTS A secreted form of IFN-β from the HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β cells modified the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process and metastasis of melanoma. 5-Fluorouracil treatment also accelerated the expression of the pro-apoptotic protein BAX and decelerated the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL on melanoma cell line. CONCLUSION Our results illustrate that engineered hNSCs prevented malignant melanoma cells from proliferating in the presence of the prodrug, and the form that secreted IFN-β intervened in the EMT process and melanoma metastasis. Hence, neural stem cell-directed enzyme/prodrug therapy is a plausible treatment for malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Rim Heo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hwang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seung U Kim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,Institute of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, TheraCell Bio & Science, Cheongju, Korea
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10
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Abstract
Objective: Gliomas are the most common neoplasm of the central nervous system (CNS); however, traditional imaging techniques do not show the boundaries of tumors well. Some researchers have found a new therapeutic mode to combine nanoparticles, which are nanosized particles with various properties for specific therapeutic purposes, and stem cells for tracing gliomas. This review provides an introduction of the basic understanding and clinical applications of the combination of stem cells and nanoparticles as a contrast agent for glioma imaging. Data Sources: Studies published in English up to and including 2017 were extracted from the PubMed database with the selected key words of “stem cell,” “glioma,” “nanoparticles,” “MRI,” “nuclear imaging,” and “Fluorescence imaging.” Study Selection: The selection of studies focused on both preclinical studies and basic studies of tracking glioma with nanoparticle-labeled stem cells. Results: Studies have demonstrated successful labeling of stem cells with multiple types of nanoparticles. These labeled stem cells efficiently migrated to gliomas of varies models and produced signals sensitively captured by different imaging modalities. Conclusion: The use of nanoparticle-labeled stem cells is a promising imaging platform for the tracking and treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang-Lin Deng
- Department of Neurosurgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Yun-Qian Li
- Department of Neurosurgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgical Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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11
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Park GT, Heo JR, Kim SU, Choi KC. The growth of K562 human leukemia cells was inhibited by therapeutic neural stem cells in cellular and xenograft mouse models. Cytotherapy 2018; 20:1191-1201. [PMID: 30078654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
To confirm the anti-tumor effect of engineered neural stem cells (NSCs) expressing cytosine deaminase (CD) and interferon-β (IFN-β) with prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (FC), K562 chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells were co-cultured with the neural stem cell lines HB1.F3.CD and HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β in 5-FC containing media. A significant decrease in the viability of K562 cells was observed by the treatment of the NSC lines, HB1.F3.CD and HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β, compared with the control. A modified trans-well assay showed that engineered human NSCs significantly migrated toward K562 CML cells more than human normal lung cells. In addition, the important chemoattractant factors involved in the specific migration ability of stem cells were found to be expressed in K562 CML cells. In a xenograft mouse model, NSC treatments via subcutaneous and intravenous injections resulted in significant inhibitions of tumor mass growth and extended survival dates of the mice. Taken together, these results suggest that gene therapy using genetically engineered stem cells expressing CD and IFN-β may be effective for treating CML in these mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Tae Park
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Rim Heo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung U Kim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea; Institute of Life Science and Bio-Engineering, TheraCell Bio & Science, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Choi SS, Yoon K, Choi SA, Yoon SB, Kim SU, Lee HJ. Tumor-specific gene therapy for pancreatic cancer using human neural stem cells encoding carboxylesterase. Oncotarget 2018; 7:75319-75327. [PMID: 27659534 PMCID: PMC5342743 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal malignant human diseases lacking effective treatment. Its extremely low survival rate necessitates development of novel therapeutic approach. Human neural stem cells (NSCs) are known to have tumor-tropic effect. We genetically engineered them to express rabbit carboxyl esterase (F3.CE), which activates prodrug CPT-11(irinotecan) into potent metabolite SN-38. We found significant inhibition of the growth of BxPC3 human pancreatic cancer cell line in vitro by F3.CE in presence of CPT-11. Apoptosis was also markedly increased in BxPC3 cells treated with F3.CE and CPT-11. The ligand VEGF and receptor VEGF-1(Flt1) were identified to be the relevant tumor-tropic chemoattractant. We confirmed in vivo that in mice injected with BxPC3 on their skin, there was significant reduction of tumor size in those treated with both F3.CE and BxPC3 adjacent to the cancer mass. Administration of F3.CE in conjunction with CPT-11 could be a new possibility as an effective treatment regimen for patients suffering from advanced pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung S Choi
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kichul Yoon
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Seoul Adventist Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-A Choi
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Korea
| | - Seung-Bin Yoon
- Futuristic Animal Resource & Research Center (FARRC), Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Ochang, Korea
| | - Seung U Kim
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UBC Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Hong J Lee
- Biomedical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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14
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Sakamoto N, Honma R, Sekino Y, Goto K, Sentani K, Ishikawa A, Oue N, Yasui W. Non-coding RNAs are promising targets for stem cell-based cancer therapy. Noncoding RNA Res 2017; 2:83-87. [PMID: 30159424 PMCID: PMC6096406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The term “non-coding RNA” (ncRNA) is generally used to indicate RNA that does not encode a protein and includes several classes of RNAs, such as microRNA and long non-coding RNA. Several lines of evidence suggest that ncRNAs appear to be involved in a hidden layer of biological procedures that control various levels of gene expression in physiology and development including stem cell biology. Stem cells have recently constituted a revolution in regenerative medicine by providing the possibility of generating suitable cell types for therapeutic use. Here, we review the recent progress that has been made in elaborating the interaction between ncRNAs and tissue/cancer stem cells, discuss related technical and biological challenges, and highlight plausible solutions to surmount these difficulties. This review particularly emphasises the involvement of ncRNAs in stem cell biology and in vivo modulation to treat and cure specific pathological disorders especially in cancer. We believe that a better understanding of the molecular machinery of ncRNAs as related to pluripotency, cellular reprogramming, and lineage-specific differentiation is essential for progress of cancer therapy.
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Key Words
- CD, cytosine deaminase
- CSC, cancer stem cell
- EMT, epithelial to mesenchymal transition
- ESCs, embryonic stem cells
- MET, mesenchymal to epithelial transition
- MSCs, mesenchymal stem cells
- Non-coding RNA
- Stem cell-based therapy
- T-UCR, transcribed ultraconserved region
- Transcribed ultraconserved region
- iPSCs, induced pluripotent stem cells
- lincRNA, long inverting non-coding RNA
- lncRNA, long ncRNA
- miRNAs, microRNAs
- ncRNAs, non-coding RNAs
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Ririno Honma
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yohei Sekino
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Goto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, United States
| | - Kazuhiro Sentani
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naohide Oue
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Wataru Yasui
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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15
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Galani V, Papadatos SS, Alexiou G, Galani A, Kyritsis AP. In Vitro and In Vivo Preclinical Effects of Type I IFNs on Gliomas. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2017; 37:139-146. [PMID: 28387596 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2016.0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines with diverse cellular actions such as control of cell proliferation and regulation of immune responses; therefore, they have been extensively studied as antitumor agents for a variety of malignancies, including gliomas. Type I IFNs exert their antitumor effects either directly, by targeting the tumor cells or the tumor stem cells, or indirectly, by regulating the anticancer activities of the immune system. More specifically, IFN-beta and IFN-alpha exhibit antiproliferative effects by p53 induction, CD8+ T-lymphocyte and macrophage activation, chemokine secretion, and miR-21 downregulation. In vitro and in vivo studies provide evidence that immunotherapy could have a role in glioma treatment, especially when first-line therapeutic interventions fail to produce durable responses. These effects are more obvious when combining IFN-beta with classical antitumor therapies such as temozolamide, an oral chemotherapeutic, for both newly diagnosed and recurrent gliomas. However, further clinical studies are needed to determine whether IFNs will have a definite place in the management of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Galani
- 1 Department of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina , Ioannina, Greece
| | - Stamatis S Papadatos
- 2 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Athens School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Sotiria General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George Alexiou
- 3 Neurosurgical Institute, University of Ioannina , Ioannina, Greece
| | - Angeliki Galani
- 4 Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Management, University of Patras , Patra, Greece
| | - Athanasios P Kyritsis
- 3 Neurosurgical Institute, University of Ioannina , Ioannina, Greece .,5 Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ioannina , Ioannina, Greece
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16
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Effects of a Supernatant of Fetal Neurogenic Cells on Proliferative Activity in Glioma C6 Cell Culture. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-016-9594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Mangraviti A, Gullotti D, Tyler B, Brem H. Nanobiotechnology-based delivery strategies: New frontiers in brain tumor targeted therapies. J Control Release 2016; 240:443-453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Shah K. Stem cell-based therapies for tumors in the brain: are we there yet? Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:1066-78. [PMID: 27282399 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/now096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in understanding adult stem cell biology have facilitated the development of novel cell-based therapies for cancer. Recent developments in conventional therapies (eg, tumor resection techniques, chemotherapy strategies, and radiation therapy) for treating both metastatic and primary tumors in the brain, particularly glioblastoma have not resulted in a marked increase in patient survival. Preclinical studies have shown that multiple stem cell types exhibit inherent tropism and migrate to the sites of malignancy. Recent studies have validated the feasibility potential of using engineered stem cells as therapeutic agents to target and eliminate malignant tumor cells in the brain. This review will discuss the recent progress in the therapeutic potential of stem cells for tumors in the brain and also provide perspectives for future preclinical studies and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Shah
- Stem Cell Therapeutics and Imaging Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.S.); Molecular Neurotherapy and Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.S.); Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.S.); Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (K.S.); Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts (K.S.)
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19
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Park GT, Kim SU, Choi KC. Anti-proliferative Effect of Engineered Neural Stem Cells Expressing Cytosine Deaminase and Interferon-β against Lymph Node-Derived Metastatic Colorectal Adenocarcinoma in Cellular and Xenograft Mouse Models. Cancer Res Treat 2016; 49:79-91. [PMID: 27188205 PMCID: PMC5266401 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2015.503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Genetically engineered stem cells may be advantageous for gene therapy against various human cancers due to their inherent tumor-tropic properties. In this study, genetically engineered human neural stem cells (HB1.F3) expressing Escherichia coli cytosine deaminase (CD) (HB1.F3.CD) and human interferon-β (IFN-β) (HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β) were employed against lymph node–derived metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods CD can convert a prodrug, 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), to active 5-fluorouracil, which inhibits tumor growth through the inhibition of DNA synthesis,while IFN-β also strongly inhibits tumor growth by inducing the apoptotic process. In reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis, we confirmed that HB1.F3.CD cells expressed the CD gene and HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β cells expressed both CD and IFN-β genes. Results In results of a modified trans-well migration assay, HB1.F3.CD and HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β cells selectively migrated toward SW-620, human lymph node–derived metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. The viability of SW-620 cells was significantly reduced when co-cultured with HB1.F3.CD or HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β cells in the presence of 5-FC. In addition, it was found that the tumor-tropic properties of these engineered human neural stem cells (hNSCs) were attributed to chemoattractant molecules including stromal cell-derived factor 1, c-Kit, urokinase receptor, urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and C-C chemokine receptor type 2 secreted by SW-620 cells. In a xenograft mouse model, treatment with hNSC resulted in significantly inhibited growth of the tumor mass without virulent effects on the animals. Conclusion The current results indicate that engineered hNSCs and a prodrug treatment inhibited the growth of SW-620 cells. Therefore, hNSC therapy may be a clinically effective tool for the treatment of lymph node metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon-Tae Park
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Seung U Kim
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kyung-Chul Choi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea.,TheraCell Bio & Science, Cheongju, Korea
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20
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Truong SN, Van Pham P. Stem cell technology and engineering for cancer treatment. BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH AND THERAPY 2015. [DOI: 10.7603/s40730-015-0013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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21
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Tan S, Wu T, Zhang D, Zhang Z. Cell or cell membrane-based drug delivery systems. Theranostics 2015; 5:863-81. [PMID: 26000058 PMCID: PMC4440443 DOI: 10.7150/thno.11852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural cells have been explored as drug carriers for a long period. They have received growing interest as a promising drug delivery system (DDS) until recently along with the development of biology and medical science. The synthetic materials, either organic or inorganic, are found to be with more or less immunogenicity and/or toxicity. The cells and extracellular vesicles (EVs), are endogenous and thought to be much safer and friendlier. Furthermore, in view of their host attributes, they may achieve different biological effects and/or targeting specificity, which can meet the needs of personalized medicine as the next generation of DDS. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in cell or cell membrane-based DDS and their fabrication processes, unique properties and applications, including the whole cells, EVs and cell membrane coated nanoparticles. We expect the continuing development of this cell or cell membrane-based DDS will promote their clinic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songwei Tan
- 1. Tongji School of Pharmacy
- 2. National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- 3. Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel DDS, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P R China
| | | | | | - Zhiping Zhang
- 1. Tongji School of Pharmacy
- 2. National Engineering Research Center for Nanomedicine
- 3. Hubei Engineering Research Center for Novel DDS, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, P R China
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22
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Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies are emerging as a promising strategy to tackle cancer. Multiple stem cell types have been shown to exhibit inherent tropism towards tumours. Moreover, when engineered to express therapeutic agents, these pathotropic delivery vehicles can effectively target sites of malignancy. This perspective considers the current status of stem cell-based treatments for cancer and provides a rationale for translating the most promising preclinical studies into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Stuckey
- Molecular Neurotherapy and Imaging Laboratory and the Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Khalid Shah
- Molecular Neurotherapy and Imaging Laboratory and the Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA; and the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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23
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Young JS, Morshed RA, Kim JW, Balyasnikova IV, Ahmed AU, Lesniak MS. Advances in stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and engineered cells: delivery vehicles for anti-glioma therapy. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2014; 11:1733-46. [PMID: 25005767 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2014.937420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A limitation of small molecule inhibitors, nanoparticles (NPs) and therapeutic adenoviruses is their incomplete distribution within the entirety of solid tumors such as malignant gliomas. Currently, cell-based carriers are making their way into the clinical setting as they offer the potential to selectively deliver many types of therapies to cancer cells. AREAS COVERED Here, we review the properties of stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and engineered cells that possess the tumor-tropic behavior necessary to serve as cell carriers. We also report on the different types of therapeutic agents that have been delivered to tumors by these cell carriers, including: i) therapeutic genes; ii) oncolytic viruses; iii) NPs; and iv) antibodies. The current challenges and future promises of cell-based drug delivery are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION While the emergence of stem cell-mediated therapy has resulted in promising preclinical results and a human clinical trial utilizing this approach is currently underway, there is still a need to optimize these delivery platforms. By improving the loading of therapeutic agents into stem cells and enhancing their migratory ability and persistence, significant improvements in targeted cancer therapy may be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S Young
- The University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine , 5841 South Maryland Ave., M/C 3026, Chicago, IL 60637 , USA
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24
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Okura H, Smith CA, Rutka JT. Gene therapy for malignant glioma. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:21. [PMID: 26056588 PMCID: PMC4451964 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most frequent and devastating primary brain tumor in adults. Despite current treatment modalities, such as surgical resection followed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, only modest improvements in median survival have been achieved. Frequent recurrence and invasiveness of GBM are likely due to the resistance of glioma stem cells to conventional treatments; therefore, novel alternative treatment strategies are desperately needed. Recent advancements in molecular biology and gene technology have provided attractive novel treatment possibilities for patients with GBM. Gene therapy is defined as a technology that aims to modify the genetic complement of cells to obtain therapeutic benefit. To date, gene therapy for the treatment of GBM has demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy in pre-clinical studies and promising safety profiles in clinical studies. However, while this approach is obviously promising, concerns still exist regarding issues associated with transduction efficiency, viral delivery, the pathologic response of the brain, and treatment efficacy. Tumor development and progression involve alterations in a wide spectrum of genes, therefore a variety of gene therapy approaches for GBM have been proposed. Improved viral vectors are being evaluated, and the potential use of gene therapy alone or in synergy with other treatments against GBM are being studied. In this review, we will discuss the most commonly studied gene therapy approaches for the treatment of GBM in preclinical and clinical studies including: prodrug/suicide gene therapy; oncolytic gene therapy; cytokine mediated gene therapy; and tumor suppressor gene therapy. In addition, we review the principles and mechanisms of current gene therapy strategies as well as advantages and disadvantages of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiro Okura
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 17th Floor, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada ; Department of Neurosurgery, Juntendo University School of Medicine, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421 Japan
| | - Christian A Smith
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 17th Floor, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
| | - James T Rutka
- The Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumour Research Centre, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, 17th Floor, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada ; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, 5th Floor, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5 Canada ; Division of Neurosurgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Suite 1503, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8 Canada
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25
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Nishimura Y, Natsume A, Ito M, Hara M, Motomura K, Fukuyama R, Sumiyoshi N, Aoki I, Saga T, Lee HJ, Wakabayashi T, Kim SU. Interferon-β Delivery via Human Neural Stem Cell Abates Glial Scar Formation in Spinal Cord Injury. Cell Transplant 2013; 22:2187-201. [DOI: 10.3727/096368912x657882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial scar formation is the major impedance to axonal regrowth after spinal cord injury (SCI), and scar-modulating treatments have become a leading therapeutic goal for SCI treatment. In this study, human neural stem cells (NSCs) encoding interferon-β (INF-β) gene were administered intravenously to mice 1 week after SCI. Animals receiving NSCs encoding IFN-β exhibited significant neurobehavioral improvement, electrophysiological recovery, suppressed glial scar formation, and preservation of nerve fibers in lesioned spinal cord. Systemic evaluation of SCI gliosis lesion site with lesion-specific microdissection, genome-wide microarray, and MetaCore pathway analysis identified upregulation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in SCI gliosis lesion site, and this led us to focus on TLR4 signaling in reactive astrocytes. Examination of primary astrocytes from TLR4 knockout mice, and in vivo inhibition of TLR4, revealed that the effect of IFN-β on the suppression of glial scar formation in SCI requires TLR4 stimulation. These results suggest that IFN-β delivery via intravenous injection of NSCs following SCI inhibits glial scar formation in spinal cord through stimulation of TLR4 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Atsushi Natsume
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Motokazu Ito
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masahito Hara
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuya Motomura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | | | - Ichio Aoki
- MR Molecular Imaging Team, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Saga
- MR Molecular Imaging Team, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hong J. Lee
- Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Seung U. Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, UBC Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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26
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Kwiatkowska A, Nandhu MS, Behera P, Chiocca EA, Viapiano MS. Strategies in gene therapy for glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1271-305. [PMID: 24202446 PMCID: PMC3875940 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive form of brain cancer, with a dismal prognosis and extremely low percentage of survivors. Novel therapies are in dire need to improve the clinical management of these tumors and extend patient survival. Genetic therapies for GBM have been postulated and attempted for the past twenty years, with variable degrees of success in pre-clinical models and clinical trials. Here we review the most common approaches to treat GBM by gene therapy, including strategies to deliver tumor-suppressor genes, suicide genes, immunomodulatory cytokines to improve immune response, and conditionally-replicating oncolytic viruses. The review focuses on the strategies used for gene delivery, including the most common and widely used vehicles (i.e., replicating and non-replicating viruses) as well as novel therapeutic approaches such as stem cell-mediated therapy and nanotechnologies used for gene delivery. We present an overview of these strategies, their targets, different advantages, and challenges for success. Finally, we discuss the potential of gene therapy-based strategies to effectively attack such a complex genetic target as GBM, alone or in combination with conventional therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Kwiatkowska
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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27
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Martinez-Quintanilla J, Bhere D, Heidari P, He D, Mahmood U, Shah K. Therapeutic efficacy and fate of bimodal engineered stem cells in malignant brain tumors. Stem Cells 2013; 31:1706-14. [PMID: 23389839 PMCID: PMC3775922 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutically engineered stem cells (SC) are emerging as an effective tumor-targeted approach for different cancer types. However, the assessment of the long-term fate of therapeutic SC post-tumor treatment is critical if such promising therapies are to be translated into clinical practice. In this study, we have developed an efficient SC-based therapeutic strategy that simultaneously allows killing of tumor cells and assessment and eradication of SC after treatment of highly malignant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) engineered to co-express the prodrug converting enzyme, herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) and a potent and secretable variant of tumor necrosis factor apoptosis-inducing ligand (S-TRAIL) induced caspase-mediated GBM cell death and showed selective MSC sensitization to the prodrug ganciclovir (GCV). A significant decrease in tumor growth and a subsequent increase in survival were observed when mice bearing highly aggressive GBM were treated with MSC coexpressing S-TRAIL and HSV-TK. Furthermore, the systemic administration of GCV post-tumor treatment selectively eliminated therapeutic MSC expressing HSV-TK in vitro and in vivo, which was monitored in real time by positron emission-computed tomography imaging using 18F-FHBG, a substrate for HSV-TK. These findings demonstrate the development and validation of a novel therapeutic strategy that has implications in translating SC-based therapies in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Martinez-Quintanilla
- Molecular Neurotherapy and Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Deepak Bhere
- Molecular Neurotherapy and Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Pedram Heidari
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Derek He
- Molecular Neurotherapy and Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Umar Mahmood
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
| | - Khalid Shah
- Molecular Neurotherapy and Imaging Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02114
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
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Kang W, Seol HJ, Seong DH, Kim J, Kim Y, Kim SU, Nam DH, Joo KM. Adenosine potentiates the therapeutic effects of neural stem cells expressing cytosine deaminase against metastatic brain tumors. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:1101-6. [PMID: 23828015 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-tropic properties of neural stem cells (NSCs) provide a novel approach with which to deliver targeting therapeutic genes to brain tumors. Previously, we developed a therapeutic strategy against metastatic brain tumors using a human NSC line (F3) expressing cytosine deaminase (F3.CD). F3.CD converts systemically administered 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC), a blood-brain barrier permeable nontoxic prodrug, into the anticancer agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). In this study, we potentiated a therapeutic strategy of treatment with nucleosides in order to chemically facilitate the endogenous conversion of 5-FU to its toxic metabolite 5-FU ribonucleoside (5-FUR). In vitro, 5-FUR showed superior cytotoxic activity against MDA-MB-435 cancer cells when compared to 5-FU. Although adenosine had little cytotoxic activity, the addition of adenosine significantly potentiated the in vitro cytotoxicity of 5-FU. When MDA-MB‑435 cells were co-cultured with F3.CD cells, F3.CD cells and 5-FC inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-435 cells more significantly in the presence of adenosine. Facilitated 5-FUR production by F3.CD was confirmed by an HPLC analysis of the conditioned media derived from F3.CD cells treated with 5-FC and adenosine. In vivo systemic adenosine treatment also significantly potentiated the therapeutic effects of F3.CD cells and 5-FC in an MDA-MB-435 metastatic brain tumor model. Simple adenosine addition improved the antitumor activity of the NSCs carrying the therapeutic gene. Our results demonstrated an increased therapeutic potential, and thereby, clinical applicability of NSC-based gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonyoung Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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29
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Niu J, Xing C, Yan C, Liu H, Cui Y, Peng H, Chen Y, Li D, Jiang C, Li N, Yang H. Lentivirus-mediated CD/TK fusion gene transfection neural stem cell therapy for C6 glioblastoma. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:3731-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0957-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Guo Y, Wang G, Gao WW, Cheng SW, Wang R, Ju SM, Cao HL, Tian HL. Induction of apoptosis in glioma cells and upregulation of Fas expression using the human interferon-β gene. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2837-40. [PMID: 22938469 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether IFN-β inhibits the growth of human malignant glioma and induces glioma cell apoptosis using the human IFN-β gene transfected into glioma cells. A eukaryonic expression vector (pSV2IFNβ) for IFN-β was transfected into the glioma cell line SHG44 using liposome transfection. Stable transfection and IFN-β expression were confirmed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cell apoptosis was also assessed by Hoechst staining and electron microscopy. In vivo experiments were used to establish a SHG44 glioma model in nude mice. Liposomes containing the human IFN-β gene were injected into the SHG44 glioma of nude mice to observe glioma growth and calculate tumor size. Fas expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. The IFN-β gene was successfully transfected and expressed in the SHG44 glioma cells in vitro. A significant difference in the number of apoptotic cells was observed between transfected and non- transfected cells. Glioma growth in nude mice was inhibited in vivo, with significant induction of apoptosis. Fas expression was also elevated. The IFN-β gene induces apoptosis in glioma cells, possibly through upregulation of Fas. The IFN-β gene modulation in the Fas pathway and apoptosis in glioma cells may be important for the treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, the 6th Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
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31
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32
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Wang C, Natsume A, Lee HJ, Motomura K, Nishimira Y, Ohno M, Ito M, Kinjo S, Momota H, Iwami K, Ohka F, Wakabayashi T, Kim SU. Neural stem cell-based dual suicide gene delivery for metastatic brain tumors. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:796-801. [DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Investigation on The Inhibition Effects of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells With CD Gene on Glioma in C6 Rat*. PROG BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1206.2011.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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34
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Yi BR, Hwang KA, Kang NH, Kim SU, Jeung EB, Kim HC, Choi KC. Synergistic effects of genetically engineered stem cells expressing cytosine deaminase and interferon-β via their tumor tropism to selectively target human hepatocarcinoma cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2012; 19:644-51. [PMID: 22790964 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2012.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells have received a great deal of attention for their clinical and therapeutic potential for treating human diseases and disorders. Recent studies have shown that it is possible to genetically engineered stem cells (GESTECs) to produce suicide enzymes that convert non-toxic prodrugs to toxic metabolites, selectively migrate toward tumor sites and reduce tumor growth. In this study, we evaluated whether these GESTECs are capable of migrating to hepatocarcinoma cells and examined the potential therapeutic efficacy of gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy against liver cancer cells in cellular and animal models. A modified transwell migration assay was performed to determine the migratory capacity of GESTECs to Hep3B hepatocarcinoma cells. GESTECs, that is, HB1.F3.CD or HB1.F3.CD.interferon-β (IFN-β) cells, engineered to express a suicide gene, cytosine deaminase (CD), selectively migrated toward liver cancer cells. Treatment of Hep3B, human liver cancer cells, with the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) in the presence of HB1.F3.CD or HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β cells resulted in the inhibition of Hep3B cell growth. In a xenografted mouse model injected with hepatocarcinoma, we investigated the therapeutic effect of these stem cells. For 9 weeks, the xenografted mice were treated with HB1.F3.CD or HB1.F3.CD.IFN-β in the presence of 5-FC. A growth of tumor mass was inhibited about 40-50% in the mice treated with GESTECs and a prodrug. In addition, we further confirmed the cytotoxic effect on tumor cells by histological analysis and migratory effect of therapeutic stem cells. Taken together, GESTECs expressing a fusion gene encoding CD and IFN-β may exert a synergistic antitumor effect on this type of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- B-R Yi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
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35
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Binello E, Germano IM. Stem cells as therapeutic vehicles for the treatment of high-grade gliomas. Neuro Oncol 2011; 14:256-65. [PMID: 22166262 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nor204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells have generated great interest in the past decade as potential tools for cell-based treatment of human high-grade gliomas. Thus far, 3 types of stem cells have been tested as vehicles for various therapeutic agents: embryonic, neural, and mesenchymal. The types of therapeutic approaches and/or agents examined in the context of stem cell-based delivery include cytokines, enzyme/prodrug suicide combinations, viral particles, matrix metalloproteinases, and antibodies. Each strategy has specific advantages and disadvantages. Irrespective of the source and/or type of stem cell, there are several areas of concern for their translation to the clinical setting, such as migration in the adult human brain, potential teratogenesis, immune rejection, and regulatory and ethical issues. Nonetheless, a clinical trial is under way using neural stem cell-based delivery of an enzyme/prodrug suicide combination for recurrent high-grade glioma. A proposed future direction could encompass the use of stem cells as vehicles for delivery of agents targeting glioma stem cells, which have been implicated in the resistance of high-grade glioma to treatment. Overall, stem cells are providing an unprecedented opportunity for cell-based approaches in the treatment of high-grade gliomas, which have a persistently dismal prognosis and mandate a continued search for therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Binello
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1136, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Castro MG, Candolfi M, Kroeger K, King GD, Curtin JF, Yagiz K, Mineharu Y, Assi H, Wibowo M, Ghulam Muhammad AKM, Foulad D, Puntel M, Lowenstein PR. Gene therapy and targeted toxins for glioma. Curr Gene Ther 2011; 11:155-80. [PMID: 21453286 DOI: 10.2174/156652311795684722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The most common primary brain tumor in adults is glioblastoma. These tumors are highly invasive and aggressive with a mean survival time of 15-18 months from diagnosis to death. Current treatment modalities are unable to significantly prolong survival in patients diagnosed with glioblastoma. As such, glioma is an attractive target for developing novel therapeutic approaches utilizing gene therapy. This review will examine the available preclinical models for glioma including xenographs, syngeneic and genetic models. Several promising therapeutic targets are currently being pursued in pre-clinical investigations. These targets will be reviewed by mechanism of action, i.e., conditional cytotoxic, targeted toxins, oncolytic viruses, tumor suppressors/oncogenes, and immune stimulatory approaches. Preclinical gene therapy paradigms aim to determine which strategies will provide rapid tumor regression and long-term protection from recurrence. While a wide range of potential targets are being investigated preclinically, only the most efficacious are further transitioned into clinical trial paradigms. Clinical trials reported to date are summarized including results from conditionally cytotoxic, targeted toxins, oncolytic viruses and oncogene targeting approaches. Clinical trial results have not been as robust as preclinical models predicted; this could be due to the limitations of the GBM models employed. Once this is addressed, and we develop effective gene therapies in models that better replicate the clinical scenario, gene therapy will provide a powerful approach to treat and manage brain tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G Castro
- Gene Therapeutics Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Abstract
The attractiveness of prodrug cancer gene therapy by stem cells targeted to tumors lies in activating the prodrug directly within the tumor mass, thus avoiding systemic toxicity. Suicide gene therapy using genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells has the advantage of being safe, because prodrug administration not only eliminates tumor cells but consequently kills the more resistant therapeutic stem cells as well. This review provides an explanation of the stem cell-targeted prodrug cancer gene therapy principle, with focus on the choice of prodrug, properties of bone marrow and adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem and neural stem cells as well as the mechanisms of their tumor homing ability. Therapeutic achievements of the cytosine deaminase/5-fluorocytosine prodrug system and Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir are discussed. In addition, delivery of immunostimulatory cytokines, apoptosis inducing genes, nanoparticles and antiangiogenic proteins by stem cells to tumors and metastases is discussed as a promising approach for antitumor therapy. Combinations of traditional, targeted and stem cell-directed gene therapy could significantly advance the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Cihova
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
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Eskandary H, Basiri M, Nematollahi-Mahani SN, Mehravaran S. The role of stem cells in tumor targeting and growth suppression of gliomas. Biologics 2011; 5:61-70. [PMID: 21637731 PMCID: PMC3104605 DOI: 10.2147/btt.s17838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glioma remains the most challenging solid organ tumor to treat successfully. Based on the capacity of stem cells to migrate extensively and target invading glioma cells, the transplantation of stem cells as a cell-based delivery system may provide additional tools for the treatment of gliomas. In addition to the use of modified stem cells for the delivery of therapeutic agents, unmodified stem cells have been shown to have growth-suppressing effects on tumors in vitro and in vivo. This review outlines the probable factors involved in tumor tropism and tumor growth suppression, with a specific focus on the use of unmodified stem cells in the treatment of gliomas. Based on these and further future data, clinical trials may be justified.
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van Putten EH, Dirven CM, van den Bent MJ, Lamfers ML. Sitimagene ceradenovec: a gene-based drug for the treatment of operable high-grade glioma. Future Oncol 2011; 6:1691-710. [PMID: 21142657 DOI: 10.2217/fon.10.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of gene therapy for malignant glioma has made important advances since the first gene transfer studies were performed 20 years ago. Multiple Phase I/II trials and two Phase III trials have been performed and have demonstrated the feasibility and safety of intratumoral vector delivery in the brain. Sitimagene ceradenovec is an adenoviral vector encoding the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene, developed by Ark Therapeutics Group plc (UK and Finland) for the treatment of patients with operable high-grade glioma. In preclinical and Phase I/II clinical studies, sitimagene ceradenovec exhibited a significant increase in survival. Although the preliminary results of a Phase III clinical study demonstrated a significant positive effect of sitimagene ceradenovec treatment on time to reintervention or death when compared with standard care treatment (hazard ratio: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.06-1.93; p < 0.05), the European Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use did not consider the data to provide sufficient evidence of clinical benefit. Further clinical evaluation, powered to demonstrate a benefit on a robust end point, is required. This article focuses on sitimagene ceradenovec and provides an overview of the developments in the field of gene therapy for malignant glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hp van Putten
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Johnson AJ, Ardiani A, Sanchez-Bonilla M, Black ME. Comparative analysis of enzyme and pathway engineering strategies for 5FC-mediated suicide gene therapy applications. Cancer Gene Ther 2011; 18:533-42. [PMID: 21394105 PMCID: PMC3139007 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2011.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial- and yeast- encoded cytosine deaminases (bCD and yCD, respectively) are widely investigated suicide enzymes used in combination with the prodrug 5-fluorocytosine (5FC) to achieve localized cytotoxicity. Yet characteristics such as poor turnover rates of 5FC (bCD) and enzyme thermolability (yCD) preclude their full therapeutic potential. We previously applied regio-specific random mutagenesis and computational design to create novel bCD and yCD variants with altered substrate preference (bCD(1525)) or increased thermostability (yCD(double), yCD(triple)) to aid in overcoming these limitations. Others have utilized pathway engineering in which the microbial enzyme uracil phosphoribosyltransferase (UPRT) is fused with its respective CD, creating bCD/bUPRT or yCD/yUPRT. In this study, we evaluated whether the overlay of CD mutants onto their respective CD/UPRT fusion construct would further enhance 5FC activation, cancer cell prodrug sensitivity and bystander activity in vitro and in vivo. We show that all mutant fusion enzymes allowed for significant reductions in IC(50) values relative to their mutant CD counterparts. However, in vivo the CD mutants displayed enhanced tumor growth inhibition capacity relative to the mutant fusions, with bCD(1525) displaying the greatest tumor growth inhibition and bystander activity. In summary, mutant bCD(1525) appears to be the most effective of all bacterial or yeast CD or CD/UPRT enzymes examined and as such is likely to be the best choice to significantly improve the clinical outcome of CD/5FC suicide gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Johnson
- College of Veterinary Medicine, School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, USA
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Roger M, Clavreul A, Venier-Julienne MC, Passirani C, Montero-Menei C, Menei P. The potential of combinations of drug-loaded nanoparticle systems and adult stem cells for glioma therapy. Biomaterials 2011; 32:2106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Patel S, King C, Lim P, Habiba U, Dave M, Porecha R, Rameshwar P. Personalizing Stem Cell Research and Therapy: The Arduous Road Ahead or Missed Opportunity? CURRENT PHARMACOGENOMICS AND PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2010; 8:25-36. [PMID: 20563265 PMCID: PMC2886988 DOI: 10.2174/1875692111008010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The euphoria of stem cell therapy has diminished, allowing scientists, clinicians and the general public to seriously re-examine how and what types of stem cells would effectively repair damaged tissue, prevent further tissue damage and/or replace lost cells. Importantly, there is a growing recognition that there are substantial person-to-person differences in the outcome of stem cell therapy. Even though the small molecule pharmaceuticals have long remained a primary focus of the personalized medicine research, individualized or targeted use of stem cells to suit a particular individual could help forecast potential failures of the therapy or identify, early on, the individuals who might benefit from stem cell interventions. This would however demand collaboration among several specialties such as pharmacology, immunology, genomics and transplantation medicine. Such transdisciplinary work could also inform how best to achieve efficient and predictable stem cell migration to sites of tissue damage, thereby facilitating tissue repair. This paper discusses the possibility of polarizing immune responses to rationalize and individualize therapy with stem cell interventions, since generalized "one-size-fits-all" therapy is difficult to achieve in the face of the diverse complexities posed by stem cell biology. We also present the challenges to stem cell delivery in the context of the host related factors. Although we focus on the mesenchymal stem cells in this paper, the overarching rationale can be extrapolated to other types of stem cells as well. Hence, the broader purpose of this paper is to initiate a dialogue within the personalized medicine community by expanding the scope of inquiry in the field from pharmaceuticals to stem cells and related cell-based health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Patel
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - C.C. King
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - P.K. Lim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - U. Habiba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - M. Dave
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - R. Porecha
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - P. Rameshwar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
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