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Sutyagina OI, Beilin AK, Vorotelyak EA, Vasiliev AV. Immortalization Reversibility in the Context of Cell Therapy Biosafety. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:7738. [PMID: 37175444 PMCID: PMC10178325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Immortalization (genetically induced prevention of replicative senescence) is a promising approach to obtain cellular material for cell therapy or for bio-artificial organs aimed at overcoming the problem of donor material shortage. Immortalization is reversed before cells are used in vivo to allow cell differentiation into the mature phenotype and avoid tumorigenic effects of unlimited cell proliferation. However, there is no certainty that the process of de-immortalization is 100% effective and that it does not cause unwanted changes in the cell. In this review, we discuss various approaches to reversible immortalization, emphasizing their advantages and disadvantages in terms of biosafety. We describe the most promising approaches in improving the biosafety of reversibly immortalized cells: CRISPR/Cas9-mediated immortogene insertion, tamoxifen-mediated self-recombination, tools for selection of successfully immortalized cells, using a decellularized extracellular matrix, and ensuring post-transplant safety with the use of suicide genes. The last process may be used as an add-on for previously existing reversible immortalized cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana I. Sutyagina
- N.K. Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Vavilov Str. 26, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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2
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IMAI K, TANIGUCHI H. Therapeutic siRNA targeting the cancer cell stemness regulator PRDI-BF1 and RIZ domain zinc finger protein 14. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 98:325-335. [PMID: 35908955 PMCID: PMC9363597 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PRDI-BF1 and RIZ (PR) domain zinc finger protein 14 (PRDM14), first reported in 2007 to be overexpressed in breast cancer, plays an important role in breast cancer proliferation. Subsequent studies reported that PRDM14 is expressed in embryonic stem cells, primordial germ cells, and various cancers. PRDM14 was reported to confer stemness properties to cancer cells. These properties induce cancer initiation, cancer progression, therapeutic resistance, distant metastasis, and recurrence in refractory tumors. Therefore, PRDM14 may be an ideal therapeutic target for various types of tumors. Silencing PRDM14 expression using PRDM14-specific siRNA delivered through an innovative intravenous drug delivery system reduced the size of inoculated tumors, incidence of distant metastases, and increased overall survival in nude mice without causing adverse effects. Therapeutic siRNA targeting PRDM14 is now being evaluated in a human phase I clinical trial for patients with refractory breast cancer, including triple-negative breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohzoh IMAI
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroaki TANIGUCHI
- Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Taniguchi H, Natori Y, Miyagi Y, Hayashi K, Nagamura F, Kataoka K, Imai K. Treatment of primary and metastatic breast and pancreatic tumors upon intravenous delivery of a PRDM14-specific chimeric siRNA/nanocarrier complex. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:646-656. [PMID: 33783816 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PRDM14 is highly expressed in several cancers but is not detected in normal tissues. It confers cancer stem cell-like properties, including chemoresistance and distant metastasis, to cancer cells. Herein, we aimed to develop a highly effective therapy against advanced stage cancer based on intravenously delivered PRDM14-targeted siRNA. First, we examined PRDM14 expression and gene amplification in breast and pancreatic tumors and cell lines. PRDM14 was expressed in breast cancer, including the triple-negative subtype, and pancreatic cancer. PRDM14 was amplified in 23.8% of patients with PRDM14+ breast cancer. Next, we investigated the inoculated tumor growth and distant metastasis following PRDM14 depletion by administering mice with PRDM14-specific chimeric siRNA combined with a novel branched PEGylated poly-L-ornithine (PLO)-based intravenous drug delivery system, designated PRDM14 unit polyion complex (uPIC) (n = 6/group). Inhibition of PRDM14 expression with PRDM14 uPIC by systemic intravenous injection effectively reduced tumor size and metastasis in vivo, thereby improving survival. Finally, pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic analyses were performed on PRDM14 uPIC, which was intravenously administered to rats (n = 10-15/group) and cynomolgus monkeys (n = 3-5/group), twice weekly for 4 weeks. This revealed that PRDM14 uPIC was relatively nontoxic and the siRNA exposure in serum was greater than that predicted by the administered dose ratio when delivered as a uPIC. Taken together, our study indicated that PRDM14 uPIC is highly effective in suppressing malignant features of solid cancers and does not cause severe toxicity, making it a promising therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Taniguchi
- The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Research and Development Center for Precision Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Innovation Medical Research Institute, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yukikazu Natori
- Keio Cancer Center, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,BioThinkTank Co. Ltd., Nishi-ku Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Miyagi
- Molecular Pathology and Genetics Division, Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kotaro Hayashi
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Nagamura
- Translational Research Center, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Innovation Center of NanoMedicine, Kawasaki Institute of Industrial Promotion, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan.,Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohzoh Imai
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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4
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Imanishi M, Yamamoto Y, Wang X, Sugaya A, Hirose M, Endo S, Natori Y, Yamato K, Hyodo I. Augmented antitumor activity of 5-fluorouracil by double knockdown of MDM4 and MDM2 in colon and gastric cancer cells. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:639-649. [PMID: 30488540 PMCID: PMC6361612 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivation of the TP53 tumor suppressor gene is essential during cancer development and progression. Mutations of TP53 are often missense and occur in various human cancers. In some fraction of wild‐type (wt) TP53 tumors, p53 is inactivated by upregulated murine double minute homolog 2 (MDM2) and MDM4. We previously reported that simultaneous knockdown of MDM4 and MDM2 using synthetic DNA‐modified siRNAs revived p53 activity and synergistically inhibited in vitro cell growth in cancer cells with wt TP53 and high MDM4 expression (wtTP53/highMDM4). In the present study, MDM4/MDM2 double knockdown with the siRNAs enhanced 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU)‐induced p53 activation, arrested the cell cycle at G1 phase, and potentiated the antitumor effect of 5‐FU in wtTP53/highMDM4 human colon (HCT116 and LoVo) and gastric (SNU‐1 and NUGC‐4) cancer cells. Exposure to 5‐FU alone induced MDM2 as well as p21 and PUMA by p53 activation. As p53‐MDM2 forms a negative feedback loop, enhancement of the antitumor effect of 5‐FU by MDM4/MDM2 double knockdown could be attributed to blocking of the feedback mechanism in addition to direct suppression of these p53 antagonists. Intratumor injection of the MDM4/MDM2 siRNAs suppressed in vivo tumor growth and boosted the antitumor effect of 5‐FU in an athymic mouse xenograft model using HCT116 cells. These results suggest that a combination of MDM4/MDM2 knockdown and conventional cytotoxic drugs could be a promising treatment strategy for wtTP53/highMDM4 gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamiko Imanishi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akinori Sugaya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kasumigaura Medical Center, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Hirose
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tsuchiura Clinical Education and Training Center, University of Tsukuba Hospital, Tsuchiura, Japan
| | - Shinji Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shinmatsudo Central General Hospital, Matsudo, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Yamato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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5
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Taniguchi H, Hoshino D, Moriya C, Zembutsu H, Nishiyama N, Yamamoto H, Kataoka K, Imai K. Silencing PRDM14 expression by an innovative RNAi therapy inhibits stemness, tumorigenicity, and metastasis of breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:46856-46874. [PMID: 28423353 PMCID: PMC5564528 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PR domain zinc finger protein 14 (PRDM14) maintains stemness in embryonic stem cells via epigenetic mechanisms. Although PRDM14 is elevated in several cancers, it is unclear if and how PRDM14 confers stem cell-like properties and epigenetic changes to cancer cells. Here, we examined the phenotypic characteristics and epigenetic and gene expression profiles of cancer cells that differentially express PRDM14, and assessed the potential of PRDM14-targeted cancer therapy. PRDM14 expression was markedly increased in many different cancer types and correlated with poor survival of breast cancer patients. PRDM14 conferred stem cell-like phenotypes to cancer cells and regulated the expression of genes involved in cancer stemness, metastasis, and chemoresistance. PRDM14 also reduced the methylation of proto-oncogene and stemness gene promoters and PRDM14-binding regions were primarily occupied by histone H3 Lys-4 trimethylation (H3K4me3), both of which are positively correlated with gene expression. Moreover, strong PRDM14 binding sites coincided with promoters containing both H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 histone marks. Using calcium phosphate hybrid micelles as an RNAi delivery system, silencing of PRDM14 expression by chimera RNAi reduced tumor size and metastasis in vivo without causing adverse effects. Conditional loss of PRDM14 function also improved survival of MMTV-Wnt-1 transgenic mice, a spontaneous model of murine breast cancer. Our findings suggest that PRDM14 inhibition may be an effective and novel therapy for cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Taniguchi
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hoshino
- Cancer Biology Department, The Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Kanagawa 241-0815, Japan
| | - Chiharu Moriya
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Zembutsu
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Polymer Chemistry Division, Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, School of Medicine, St. Marianna Medical University, Kanagawa 216-0015, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kohzoh Imai
- The Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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6
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Togtema M, Jackson R, Grochowski J, Villa PL, Mellerup M, Chattopadhyaya J, Zehbe I. Synthetic siRNA targeting human papillomavirus 16 E6: a perspective on in vitro nanotherapeutic approaches. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2018; 13:455-474. [PMID: 29382252 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2017-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
High-risk human papillomaviruses infect skin and mucosa, causing approximately 5% of cancers worldwide. In the search for targeted nanotherapeutic approaches, siRNAs against the viral E6 transcript have been molecules of interest but have not yet seen successful translation into the clinic. By reviewing the past approximately 15 years of in vitro literature, we identify the need for siRNA validation protocols which concurrently evaluate ranges of key treatment parameters as well as characterize downstream process restoration in a methodical, quantitative manner and demonstrate their implementation using our own data. We also reflect on the future need for more appropriate cell culture models to represent patient lesions as well as the application of personalized approaches to identify optimal treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Togtema
- Probe Development & Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 6V4, Canada.,Biotechnology Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Robert Jackson
- Probe Development & Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 6V4, Canada.,Biotechnology Program, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Jessica Grochowski
- Probe Development & Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Peter L Villa
- Probe Development & Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 6V4, Canada.,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Miranda Mellerup
- Probe Development & Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 6V4, Canada
| | - Jyoti Chattopadhyaya
- Program of Chemical Biology, Institute of Cell & Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SE-75123, Sweden
| | - Ingeborg Zehbe
- Probe Development & Biomarker Exploration, Thunder Bay Regional Health Research Institute, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 6V4, Canada.,Department of Biology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
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7
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Moriya C, Taniguchi H, Miyata K, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K, Imai K. Inhibition of PRDM14 expression in pancreatic cancer suppresses cancer stem-like properties and liver metastasis in mice. Carcinogenesis 2017; 38:638-648. [PMID: 28498896 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal types of cancer, with aggressive properties characterized by metastasis, recurrence and drug resistance. Cancer stem cells are considered to be responsible for these properties. PRDM14, a transcriptional regulator that maintains pluripotency in embryonic stem cells, is overexpressed in some cancers. Here, we assessed PRDM14 expression and the effects of PRDM14 knockdown on cancer stem-like phenotypes in pancreatic cancer. We observed that PRDM14 protein was overexpressed in pancreatic cancer tissues compared with normal pancreatic tissues. Using lentiviral shRNA-transduced pancreatic cancer cells, we found that PRDM14 knockdown decreased sphere formation, number of side population and cell surface marker-positive cells and subcutaneous xenograft tumors and liver metastasis in mice. This was accompanied by upregulation of some microRNAs (miRNAs), including miR-125a-3p. miR-125a-3p, a tumor suppressor that is down-regulated in pancreatic cancer, has been suggested to regulate the expression of the Src-family kinase, Fyn. In PRDM14-knockdown cells, Fyn was expressed at lower levels and downstream proteins were less activated. These changes were considered to cause suppression of the above cancer phenotypes. In addition, we used small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based therapy targeting PRDM14 in a mouse model of liver metastasis induced using MIA-PaCa2 cells, and this treatment significantly decreased metastasis and in vitro migration. Taken together, these results suggest that targeting the overexpression of PRDM14 suppresses cancer stem-like phenotypes, including liver metastasis, via miRNA regulation and siRNA-based therapy targeting it shows promise as a treatment for patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kanjiro Miyata
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nishiyama
- Polymer Chemistry Division, Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan and
| | - Kazunori Kataoka
- Center for Antibody and Vaccine Therapy, Research Hospital, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan, Department of Materials Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kohzoh Imai
- Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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8
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Human Papillomavirus E6/E7-Specific siRNA Potentiates the Effect of Radiotherapy for Cervical Cancer in Vitro and in Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:12243-60. [PMID: 26035754 PMCID: PMC4490442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160612243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The functional inactivation of TP53 and Rb tumor suppressor proteins by the HPV-derived E6 and E7 oncoproteins is likely an important step in cervical carcinogenesis. We have previously shown siRNA technology to selectively silence both E6/E7 oncogenes and demonstrated that the synthetic siRNAs could specifically block its expression in HPV-positive cervical cancer cells. Herein, we investigated the potentiality of E6/E7 siRNA candidates as radiosensitizers of radiotherapy for the human cervical carcinomas. HeLa and SiHa cells were transfected with HPV E6/E7 siRNA; the combined cytotoxic effect of E6/E7 siRNA and radiation was assessed by using the cell viability assay, flow cytometric analysis and the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) assay. In addition, we also investigated the effect of combined therapy with irradiation and E6/E7 siRNA intravenous injection in an in vivo xenograft model. Combination therapy with siRNA and irradiation efficiently retarded tumor growth in established tumors of human cervical cancer cell xenografted mice. In addition, the chemically-modified HPV16 and 18 E6/E7 pooled siRNA in combination with irradiation strongly inhibited the growth of cervical cancer cells. Our results indicated that simultaneous inhibition of HPV E6/E7 oncogene expression with radiotherapy can promote potent antitumor activity and radiosensitizing activity in human cervical carcinomas.
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Human Papillomavirus: Current and Future RNAi Therapeutic Strategies for Cervical Cancer. J Clin Med 2015; 4:1126-55. [PMID: 26239469 PMCID: PMC4470221 DOI: 10.3390/jcm4051126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses; some oncogenic ones can cause different types of cancer, in particular cervical cancer. HPV-associated carcinogenesis provides a classical model system for RNA interference (RNAi) based cancer therapies, because the viral oncogenes E6 and E7 that cause cervical cancer are expressed only in cancerous cells. Previous studies on the development of therapeutic RNAi facilitated the advancement of therapeutic siRNAs and demonstrated its versatility by siRNA-mediated depletion of single or multiple cellular/viral targets. Sequence-specific gene silencing using RNAi shows promise as a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of a variety of diseases that currently lack effective treatments. However, siRNA-based targeting requires further validation of its efficacy in vitro and in vivo, for its potential off-target effects, and of the design of conventional therapies to be used in combination with siRNAs and their drug delivery vehicles. In this review we discuss what is currently known about HPV-associated carcinogenesis and the potential for combining siRNA with other treatment strategies for the development of future therapies. Finally, we present our assessment of the most promising path to the development of RNAi therapeutic strategies for clinical settings.
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10
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Hirose M, Yamato K, Endo S, Saito R, Ueno T, Hirai S, Suzuki H, Abei M, Natori Y, Hyodo I. MDM4 expression as an indicator of TP53 reactivation by combined targeting of MDM2 and MDM4 in cancer cells without TP53 mutation. Oncoscience 2014; 1:830-43. [PMID: 25621298 PMCID: PMC4303891 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 and MDM4, a structurally related MDM2 homolog, negatively regulates expression and functions of TP53 tumor suppressor gene. To explore the precise expression patterns and function of MDM2 and MDM4 in wild-type (wt) TP53 cancer cells, we analyzed 11 various cancer cell lines with wt TP53. All cell lines exhibited deregulated expression of MDM2 and MDM4, and were divided into two distinct types; the one expressing high levels of MDM4 and another expressing low levels of MDM4. The low MDM4 type expressed higher MDM2 levels than the high MDM4 type. In cells with high MDM4 expression, knockdown of MDM4 or MDM2 reactivated TP53, and simultaneous knockdown of MDM2 and MDM4 synergistically reactivated TP53. In contrast, in cells with low MDM4 expression, knockdown of only MDM2 reactivated TP53. These results suggest that both MDM2 and MDM4 are closely involved in TP53 inactivation in cancer cells with high MDM4 expression, whereas only MDM2, and not MDM4, is a regulator of TP53 in cells with low MDM4 expression. MDM4 expression in wt TP53-tumors is a potential indicator for TP53 reactivation cancer therapy by simultaneous targeting of MDM4 and MDM2. Specific knockdown of MDM2 and MDM4 might be applicable for TP53 restoration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Hirose
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rie Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takunori Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideo Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masato Abei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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11
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Hillemanns P, Jentschke M, Evans TG, Soergel P, Hass R. Detection of E6-AP as a potential therapeutic target in cervical specimen of HPV-infected women. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2013; 289:1281-6. [PMID: 24346120 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-013-3120-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Silencing of HPV oncogenes or their human host client proteins using topically applied small interfering RNA (siRNA) may be an attractive nonsurgical strategy for CIN treatment. An exploratory clinical investigation was designed to evaluate E6-AP mRNA expression levels in different stages of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and during the menstrual cycle. METHODS In 38 premenopausal women aged 18-45 years referred to colposcopy clinic, analysis of serum hormones, cervical smears for cytology and HPV DNA, cervical biopsy, p16 immunohistochemistry and E6-AP mRNA expression levels in cervical smears and biopsies were performed. The intra-subject variability in E6-AP mRNA expression of vaginal smears was assessed and compared to cervical biopsy specimens. RESULTS RNA of sufficient quantity and quality was available for E6-AP expression analysis from 97 % of the collected cervical smears and from 56 % of the collected biopsy samples. The normalized RNA levels from cervical smears were approximately tenfold higher compared to biopsies. There was little influence by the phase of the menstrual cycle or by CIN stage. Real-time PCR showed that the expression level of E6-AP is in a range (<28 C t) that would allow for detection of at least 100-fold modulation by a therapeutic agent (based on an assay LOD of C t = 36). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a potential therapeutic approach using E6-AP siRNA as a specific molecular target in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hillemanns
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Germany,
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12
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Lack of correlation between predicted and actual off-target effects of short-interfering RNAs targeting the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncogene. Br J Cancer 2013; 108:450-60. [PMID: 23299538 PMCID: PMC3566827 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: When designing therapeutic short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), off-target effects (OTEs) are usually predicted by computational quantification of messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that contain matches to the siRNA seed sequence in their 3′ UTRs. It is assumed that the higher the number of predicted transcriptional OTEs, the greater the size of the actual OTE signature and the more detrimental the phenotypic consequences in target-negative cells. Methods: We tested this general assumption by investigating the OTEs of potential therapeutic siRNAs targeting the human papillomavirus (HPV) type-16 E7 oncogene. We studied HPV-negative squamous epithelial cells, from normal cervix (NCx) and skin (HaCaT), which would be vulnerable to ‘bystander' OTEs following transfection in vivo. Results: We observed no correlation between the number of computationally predicted OTEs and the actual number of seed-dependent OTEs (P=0.76). On average only 20.5% of actual transcriptional OTEs were seed-dependent (i.e., predicted). The unpredicted OTEs included stimulation of innate immune pathways, as well as indirect (downstream) effects of other OTEs, which affected important cancer-associated pathways. Although most significant OTEs observed were seen in both NCx and HaCaT cells, only 0–5.9% of differentially expressed genes overlapped between the two cell types. Conclusion: These data do not support the assumption that actual OTEs correlate well with predicted OTEs.
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