1
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Reuss DE, Downing SM, Camacho CV, Wang YD, Piro RM, Herold-Mende C, Wang ZQ, Hofmann TG, Sahm F, von Deimling A, McKinnon PJ, Frappart PO. Simultaneous Nbs1 and p53 inactivation in neural progenitors triggers high-grade gliomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2023; 49:e12915. [PMID: 37296499 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by hypomorphic mutations of NBS1. NBS1 is a member of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex that binds to DNA double-strand breaks and activates the DNA damage response (DDR). Nbs1 inactivation in neural progenitor cells leads to microcephaly and premature death. Interestingly, p53 homozygous deletion rescues the NBS1-deficient phenotype allowing long-term survival. The objective of this work was to determine whether simultaneous inactivation of Nbs1 and p53 in neural progenitors triggered brain tumorigenesis and if so in which category this tumour could be classified. METHODS We generated a mouse model with simultaneous genetic inactivation of Nbs1 and p53 in embryonic neural stem cells and analysed the arising tumours with in-depth molecular analyses including immunohistochemistry, array comparative genomic hybridisation (aCGH), whole exome-sequencing and RNA-sequencing. RESULTS NBS1/P53-deficient mice develop high-grade gliomas (HGG) arising in the olfactory bulbs and in the cortex along the rostral migratory stream. In-depth molecular analyses using immunohistochemistry, aCGH, whole exome-sequencing and RNA-sequencing revealed striking similarities to paediatric human HGG with shared features with radiation-induced gliomas (RIGs). CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that concomitant inactivation of Nbs1 and p53 in mice promotes HGG with RIG features. This model could be useful for preclinical studies to improve the prognosis of these deadly tumours, but it also highlights the singularity of NBS1 among the other DNA damage response proteins in the aetiology of brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Reuss
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Susanna M Downing
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Cristel V Camacho
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yong-Dong Wang
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rosario M Piro
- Dipartimento di Elettronica, Informazione e Bioingegneria (DEIB), Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Christel Herold-Mende
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Ageing-Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Sahm
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter J McKinnon
- Center for Pediatric Neurological Disease Research, St. Jude Translational Neuroscience, Departments of Genetics and Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pierre-Olivier Frappart
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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2
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Fitriasari S, Trainor PA. Gene-environment interactions in the pathogenesis of common craniofacial anomalies. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 152:139-168. [PMID: 36707210 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Craniofacial anomalies often exhibit phenotype variability and non-mendelian inheritance due to their multifactorial origin, involving both genetic and environmental factors. A combination of epidemiologic studies, genome-wide association, and analysis of animal models have provided insight into the effects of gene-environment interactions on craniofacial and brain development and the pathogenesis of congenital disorders. In this chapter, we briefly summarize the etiology and pathogenesis of common craniofacial anomalies, focusing on orofacial clefts, hemifacial microsomia, and microcephaly. We then discuss how environmental risk factors interact with genes to modulate the incidence and phenotype severity of craniofacial anomalies. Identifying environmental risk factors and dissecting their interaction with different genes and modifiers is central to improved strategies for preventing craniofacial anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.
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3
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Petroni M, Fabretti F, Giulio SD, Robilant VND, Monica VL, Moretti M, Belardinilli F, Bufalieri F, Anna C, Paci P, Corsi A, Smaele ED, Coni S, Canettieri G, Marcotullio LD, Wang ZQ, Giannini G. A gene dosage-dependent effect unveils NBS1 as both a haploinsufficient tumour suppressor and an essential gene for SHH-medulloblastoma. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2022; 48:e12837. [PMID: 35839783 PMCID: PMC9542137 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Inherited or somatic mutations in the MRE11, RAD50 and NBN genes increase the incidence of tumours, including medulloblastoma (MB). On the other hand, MRE11, RAD50 and NBS1 protein components of the MRN complex are often overexpressed and sometimes essential in cancer. In order to solve the apparent conundrum about the oncosuppressive or oncopromoting role of the MRN complex, we explored the functions of NBS1 in a MB prone animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS We generated and analysed mono- or biallelic deletion of the Nbn gene in the context of the SmoA1 transgenic mouse, a SHH-dependent MB prone animal model. We used normal and tumour tissue from these animal models, primary granule cell progenitors (GCPs) from genetically modified animals, and NBS1-depleted primary MB cells, to uncover the effects of NBS1-depletion by RNA-Seq, by biochemical characterization of the SHH-pathway and the DNA damage response (DDR) as well as on the growth and clonogenic properties of GCPs. RESULTS We found that monoallelic Nbn deletion increases SmoA1-dependent MB incidence. In addition to a defective DDR, Nbn+/- GCPs show increased clonogenicity compared to Nbn+/+ GCPs, dependent on an enhanced Notch signalling. In contrast, full NbnKO impairs MB development both in SmoA1 mice and in a SHH-driven tumour allograft. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that Nbn is haploinsufficient for SHH-MB development while full NbnKO is epistatic on SHH-driven MB development, thus revealing a gene dosage-dependent effect of Nbn inactivation on SHH-MB development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Petroni
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Marta Moretti
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Coppa Anna
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Paci
- Dep. of Computer Engineering, Automation and Management, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Institute for Systems Analysis and Computer Science Antonio Ruberti, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Corsi
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico De Smaele
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Coni
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Canettieri
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI) Beutenbergstrasse 11, Jena, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Giannini
- Dept. of Molecular Medicine, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
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4
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Abstract
In this review, Phan et al. discuss the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development, and review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Last, they also extend their discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair Primary microcephaly is a brain growth disorder characterized by a severe reduction of brain size and thinning of the cerebral cortex. Many primary microcephaly mutations occur in genes that encode centrosome proteins, highlighting an important role for centrosomes in cortical development. Centrosomes are microtubule organizing centers that participate in several processes, including controlling polarity, catalyzing spindle assembly in mitosis, and building primary cilia. Understanding which of these processes are altered and how these disruptions contribute to microcephaly pathogenesis is a central unresolved question. In this review, we revisit the different models that have been proposed to explain how centrosome dysfunction impairs cortical development. We review the evidence supporting a unified model in which centrosome defects reduce cell proliferation in the developing cortex by prolonging mitosis and activating a mitotic surveillance pathway. Finally, we also extend our discussion to centrosome-independent microcephaly mutations, such as those involved in DNA replication and repair.
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5
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Matos-Rodrigues GE, Martins RAP. An Eye in the Replication Stress Response: Lessons From Tissue-Specific Studies in vivo. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731308. [PMID: 34805142 PMCID: PMC8599991 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several inherited human syndromes that severely affect organogenesis and other developmental processes are caused by mutations in replication stress response (RSR) genes. Although the molecular machinery of RSR is conserved, disease-causing mutations in RSR-genes may have distinct tissue-specific outcomes, indicating that progenitor cells may differ in their responses to RSR inactivation. Therefore, understanding how different cell types respond to replication stress is crucial to uncover the mechanisms of RSR-related human syndromes. Here, we review the ocular manifestations in RSR-related human syndromes and summarize recent findings investigating the mechanisms of RSR during eye development in vivo. We highlight a remarkable heterogeneity of progenitor cells responses to RSR inactivation and discuss its implications for RSR-related human syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E Matos-Rodrigues
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo A P Martins
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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6
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Schauerte M, Pozhydaieva N, Höfer K. Shaping the Bacterial Epitranscriptome-5'-Terminal and Internal RNA Modifications. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2100834. [PMID: 34121369 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
All domains of life utilize a diverse set of modified ribonucleotides that can impact the sequence, structure, function, stability, and the fate of RNAs, as well as their interactions with other molecules. Today, more than 160 different RNA modifications are known that decorate the RNA at the 5'-terminus or internal RNA positions. The boost of next-generation sequencing technologies sets the foundation to identify and study the functional role of RNA modifications. The recent advances in the field of RNA modifications reveal a novel regulatory layer between RNA modifications and proteins, which is central to developing a novel concept called "epitranscriptomics." The majority of RNA modifications studies focus on the eukaryotic epitranscriptome. In contrast, RNA modifications in prokaryotes are poorly characterized. This review outlines the current knowledge of the prokaryotic epitranscriptome focusing on mRNA modifications. Here, it is described that several internal and 5'-terminal RNA modifications either present or likely present in prokaryotic mRNA. Thereby, the individual techniques to identify these epitranscriptomic modifications, their writers, readers and erasers, and their proposed functions are explored. Besides that, still unanswered questions in the field of prokaryotic epitranscriptomics are pointed out, and its future perspectives in the dawn of next-generation sequencing technologies are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Schauerte
- Max-Planck-Institute for terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Hessen, 35043, Germany
| | - Nadiia Pozhydaieva
- Max-Planck-Institute for terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Hessen, 35043, Germany
| | - Katharina Höfer
- Max-Planck-Institute for terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Hessen, 35043, Germany
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7
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Zhou ZW, Kirtay M, Schneble N, Yakoub G, Ding M, Rüdiger T, Siniuk K, Lu R, Jiang YN, Li TL, Kaether C, Barzilai A, Wang ZQ. NBS1 interacts with Notch signaling in neuronal homeostasis. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:10924-10939. [PMID: 33010171 PMCID: PMC7641754 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
NBS1 is a critical component of the MRN (MRE11/RAD50/NBS1) complex, which regulates ATM- and ATR-mediated DNA damage response (DDR) pathways. Mutations in NBS1 cause the human genomic instability syndrome Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS), of which neuronal deficits, including microcephaly and intellectual disability, are classical hallmarks. Given its function in the DDR to ensure proper proliferation and prevent death of replicating cells, NBS1 is essential for life. Here we show that, unexpectedly, Nbs1 deletion is dispensable for postmitotic neurons, but compromises their arborization and migration due to dysregulated Notch signaling. We find that Nbs1 interacts with NICD-RBPJ, the effector of Notch signaling, and inhibits Notch activity. Genetic ablation or pharmaceutical inhibition of Notch signaling rescues the maturation and migration defects of Nbs1-deficient neurons in vitro and in vivo. Upregulation of Notch by Nbs1 deletion is independent of the key DDR downstream effector p53 and inactivation of each MRN component produces a different pattern of Notch activity and distinct neuronal defects. These data indicate that neuronal defects and aberrant Notch activity in Nbs1-deficient cells are unlikely to be a direct consequence of loss of MRN-mediated DDR function. This study discloses a novel function of NBS1 in crosstalk with the Notch pathway in neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Wei Zhou
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.,School of Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Murat Kirtay
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Nadine Schneble
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - George Yakoub
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Mingmei Ding
- School of Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tina Rüdiger
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Kanstantsin Siniuk
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ruiqing Lu
- School of Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Nan Jiang
- School of Medicine (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tang-Liang Li
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Aging Research, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Christoph Kaether
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Zhao-Qi Wang
- Leibniz Institute on Aging - Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany.,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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8
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Matos-Rodrigues GE, Tan PB, Rocha-Martins M, Charlier CF, Gomes AL, Cabral-Miranda F, Grigaravicius P, Hofmann TG, Frappart PO, Martins RAP. Progenitor death drives retinal dysplasia and neuronal degeneration in a mouse model of ATRIP-Seckel syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm045807. [PMID: 32994318 PMCID: PMC7648607 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Seckel syndrome is a type of microcephalic primordial dwarfism (MPD) that is characterized by growth retardation and neurodevelopmental defects, including reports of retinopathy. Mutations in key mediators of the replication stress response, the mutually dependent partners ATR and ATRIP, are among the known causes of Seckel syndrome. However, it remains unclear how their deficiency disrupts the development and function of the central nervous system (CNS). Here, we investigated the cellular and molecular consequences of ATRIP deficiency in different cell populations of the developing murine neural retina. We discovered that conditional inactivation of Atrip in photoreceptor neurons did not affect their survival or function. In contrast, Atrip deficiency in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) led to severe lamination defects followed by secondary photoreceptor degeneration and loss of vision. Furthermore, we showed that RPCs lacking functional ATRIP exhibited higher levels of replicative stress and accumulated endogenous DNA damage that was accompanied by stabilization of TRP53. Notably, inactivation of Trp53 prevented apoptosis of Atrip-deficient progenitor cells and was sufficient to rescue retinal dysplasia, neurodegeneration and loss of vision. Together, these results reveal an essential role of ATRIP-mediated replication stress response in CNS development and suggest that the TRP53-mediated apoptosis of progenitor cells might contribute to retinal malformations in Seckel syndrome and other MPD disorders.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E Matos-Rodrigues
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941902, Brazil
| | - Pedro B Tan
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941902, Brazil
| | - Maurício Rocha-Martins
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Clara F Charlier
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941902, Brazil
| | - Anielle L Gomes
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941902, Brazil
| | - Felipe Cabral-Miranda
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941902, Brazil
| | | | - Thomas G Hofmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, 55131 Germany
| | - Pierre-Olivier Frappart
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, 55131 Germany
| | - Rodrigo A P Martins
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941902, Brazil
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9
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Chen HR, Juan HC, Wong YH, Tsai JW, Fann MJ. Cdk12 Regulates Neurogenesis and Late-Arising Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2289-2302. [PMID: 27073218 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are critical for ensuring that replication stress and various types of DNA lesion do not perturb production of neural cells during development. Cdk12 maintains genomic stability by regulating expression of DDR genes. Mutant mice in which Cdk12 is conditionally deleted in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) die after birth and exhibit microcephaly with a thinner cortical plate and an aberrant corpus callosum. We show that NPCs of mutant mice accumulate at G2 and M phase, and have lower expression of DDR genes, more DNA double-strand breaks and increased apoptosis. In addition to there being fewer neurons, there is misalignment of layers IV-II neurons and the presence of abnormal axonal tracts of these neurons, suggesting that Cdk12 is also required for the migration of late-arising cortical neurons. Using in utero electroporation, we demonstrate that the migrating mutant cells remain within the intermediate zone and fail to adopt a bipolar morphology. Overexpression of Cdk5 brings about a partially restoration of the neurons reaching layers IV-II in the mutant mice. Thus, Cdk12 is crucial to the repair of DNA damage during the proliferation of NPCs and is also central to the proper migration of late-arising neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences.,Brain Research Center
| | - Hsien-Chia Juan
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences
| | | | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Brain Research Center.,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 11221, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ji Fann
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences.,Brain Research Center
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10
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Shimada M, Matsuzaki F, Kato A, Kobayashi J, Matsumoto T, Komatsu K. Induction of Excess Centrosomes in Neural Progenitor Cells during the Development of Radiation-Induced Microcephaly. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158236. [PMID: 27367050 PMCID: PMC4930206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic brain is one of the tissues most vulnerable to ionizing radiation. In this study, we showed that ionizing radiation induces apoptosis in the neural progenitors of the mouse cerebral cortex, and that the surviving progenitor cells subsequently develop a considerable amount of supernumerary centrosomes. When mouse embryos at Day 13.5 were exposed to γ-rays, brains sizes were reduced markedly in a dose-dependent manner, and these size reductions persisted until birth. Immunostaining with caspase-3 antibodies showed that apoptosis occurred in 35% and 40% of neural progenitor cells at 4 h after exposure to 1 and 2 Gy, respectively, and this was accompanied by a disruption of the apical layer in which mitotic spindles were positioned in unirradiated mice. At 24 h after 1 Gy irradiation, the apoptotic cells were completely eliminated and proliferation was restored to a level similar to that of unirradiated cells, but numerous spindles were localized outside the apical layer. Similarly, abnormal cytokinesis, which included multipolar division and centrosome clustering, was observed in 19% and 24% of the surviving neural progenitor cells at 48 h after irradiation with 1 and 2 Gy, respectively. Because these cytokinesis aberrations derived from excess centrosomes result in growth delay and mitotic catastrophe-mediated cell elimination, our findings suggest that, in addition to apoptosis at an early stage of radiation exposure, radiation-induced centrosome overduplication could contribute to the depletion of neural progenitors and thereby lead to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikio Shimada
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumio Matsuzaki
- Laboratory for Cell Asymmetry, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akihiro Kato
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Matsumoto
- Department of Radiation System Biology, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kenshi Komatsu
- Department of Genome Repair Dynamics, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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11
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Upregulated Expression of Karyopherin α2 is Involved in Neuronal Apoptosis Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Adult Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 36:755-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0258-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Deng X, Chen K, Luo GZ, Weng X, Ji Q, Zhou T, He C. Widespread occurrence of N6-methyladenosine in bacterial mRNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:6557-67. [PMID: 26068471 PMCID: PMC4513869 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant internal modification in eukaryotic messenger RNA (mRNA). Recent discoveries of demethylases and specific binding proteins of m6A as well as m6A methylomes obtained in mammals, yeast and plants have revealed regulatory functions of this RNA modification. Although m6A is present in the ribosomal RNA of bacteria, its occurrence in mRNA still remains elusive. Here, we have employed ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ-MS/MS) to calculate the m6A/A ratio in mRNA from a wide range of bacterial species, which demonstrates that m6A is an abundant mRNA modification in tested bacteria. Subsequent transcriptome-wide m6A profiling in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa revealed a conserved m6A pattern that is distinct from those in eukaryotes. Most m6A peaks are located inside open reading frames and carry a unique consensus motif of GCCAU. Functional enrichment analysis of bacterial m6A peaks indicates that the majority of m6A-modified genes are associated with respiration, amino acids metabolism, stress response and small RNAs, suggesting potential functional roles of m6A in these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Deng
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Guan-Zheng Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Xiaocheng Weng
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Quanjiang Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Tianhong Zhou
- TEDA Institute of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Nankai University, 23 Hongda Street, Tianjin 300457, P.R. China Key Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin 300071, P.R. China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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13
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Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is a master regulator of the DNA damage response, and it coordinates checkpoint activation, DNA repair, and metabolic changes in eukaryotic cells in response to DNA double-strand breaks and oxidative stress. Loss of ATM activity in humans results in the pleiotropic neurodegeneration disorder ataxia-telangiectasia. ATM exists in an inactive state in resting cells but can be activated by the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex and other factors at sites of DNA breaks. In addition, oxidation of ATM activates the kinase independently of the MRN complex. This review discusses these mechanisms of activation, as well as the posttranslational modifications that affect this process and the cellular factors that affect the efficiency and specificity of ATM activation and substrate phosphorylation. I highlight functional similarities between the activation mechanisms of ATM, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks), and the other PI3K-like kinases, as well as recent structural insights into their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Paull
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712;
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14
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Liu B, Chen X, Wang ZQ, Tong WM. Nbn gene inactivation in the CNS of mouse inhibits the myelinating ability of the mature cortical oligodendrocytes. Glia 2014; 62:133-44. [PMID: 24272708 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome (NBS) is a recessive genetic disorder characterized by immunodeficiency, elevated sensitivity to ionizing radiation, chromosomal instability, microcephaly, and high predisposition to malignancies. Since the underlying molecular mechanisms of the NBS microcephaly are still obscure, thus our group previously inactivated the Nbn gene in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice by nestin-Cre targeting gene system, and generated Nbn(CNS-del) mice. Interestingly, the newborn Nbn(CNS-del) mice exhibit obvious microcephaly, which is accompanied by severe ataxia and balance deficiency. In this study presented here, we report that Nbn-deficiency induces the enhanced apoptosis of the mature oligodendrocytes at postnatal day 7, which further affects the myelination of the nerve fibers of cerebrum and corpus callosum.The distinct regulatory roles of Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling and protein kinase B(Akt)/the mammalian target of Rapamycin (AKT/mTOR) signaling are responsible for the enhanced apoptosis of the Nbn-deficient oligodendrocytes. In addition, a series of transcriptional factors including histonedeacetylase (HDAC), zinc finger protein 191 (ZFP-191) and myelin sheath regulatory factor (MRF) play distinct roles in regulating the myelination of the Nbn-deficient oligodendrocytes. Based on these results, it concludes that ATM-Chk2-P53-P21 signaling pathway and the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway are both responsible for the enhanced apoptosis of the Nbn-deficient oligodendrocytes. HDAC, ZFP-191, and MRF are also involved in the pathogenesis of the hypomyelination of the Nbn-deficient oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Pathology, Center for Experimental Animal Research, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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15
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Abstract
An increasing number of proteins involved in genome organization have been implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, highlighting the importance of chromatin architecture in the developing CNS. The CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a zinc finger DNA binding protein involved in higher-order chromatin organization, and mutations in the human CTCF gene cause an intellectual disability syndrome associated with microcephaly. However, information on CTCF function in vivo in the developing brain is lacking. To address this gap, we conditionally inactivated the Ctcf gene at early stages of mouse brain development. Cre-mediated Ctcf deletion in the telencephalon and anterior retina at embryonic day 8.5 triggered upregulation of the p53 effector PUMA (p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis), resulting in massive apoptosis and profound ablation of telencephalic structures. Inactivation of Ctcf several days later at E11 also resulted in PUMA upregulation and increased apoptotic cell death, and the Ctcf-null forebrain was hypocellular and disorganized at birth. Although deletion of both Ctcf and Puma in the embryonic brain efficiently rescued Ctcf-null progenitor cell apoptosis, it failed to improve neonatal hypocellularity due to decreased proliferative capacity of rescued apical and outer radial glia progenitor cells. This was exacerbated by an independent effect of CTCF loss that resulted in depletion of the progenitor pool due to premature neurogenesis earlier in development. Our findings demonstrate that CTCF activities are required for two distinct events in early cortex formation: first, to correctly regulate the balance between neuroprogenitor cell proliferation and differentiation, and second, for the survival of neuroprogenitor cells, providing new clues regarding the contributions of CTCF in microcephaly/intellectual disability syndrome pathologies.
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16
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Liu B, Chen X, Wang ZQ, Tong WM. DNA damage and oxidative injury are associated with hypomyelination in the corpus callosum of newborn Nbn(CNS-del) mice. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:254-66. [PMID: 24272991 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS), caused by mutation of the Nbn gene, is a recessive genetic disorder characterized by immunodeficiency, elevated sensitivity to ionizing radiation, chromosomal instability, microcephaly, and high predisposition to malignancies. To explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of NBS microcephaly, Frappart et al. previously inactivated Nbn gene in the central nervous system (CNS) of mice by the nestin-Cre targeting gene system and generated Nbn(CNS-del) mice. Here we first report that Nbn gene inactivation induces the defective proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of the oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), contributing to the severe hypomyelination of the nerve fibers of the corpus callosum. Under conditions of DNA damage and oxidative stress, the distinct regulatory roles of ATM-Chk2 signaling and AKT/mTOR signaling are responsible for the defective proliferation and enhanced apoptosis of the Nbn-deficient OPCs. In addition, specific HDAC isoforms may play distinctive roles in regulating the myelination of the Nbn-deficient OPCs. However, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and nerve growth factor stimulation attenuates the oxidative stress and thereby increases the proliferation of the Nbn-deficient OPCs, which is accompanied by upregulation of the AKT/mTOR/P70S6K signaling pathway. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that DNA damage and oxidative stress resulting from Nbn gene inactivation are associated with hypomyelination of the nerve fibers of corpus callosum.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Liu
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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17
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Liu B, Chen X. The distinct signaling regulatory roles in the cortical atrophy and cerebellar apoptosis of newborn Nbn-deficient mice. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 33:1043-53. [PMID: 23934213 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9971-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human Nijmegen breakage syndrome, caused by the hypomorphic mutation of Nbn gene, is a hereditary instability disease, characterized by chromosomal instability, immunodeficiency, radiosensitivity, cancer predisposition and microcephaly. To study the roles of Nbn protein in microcephaly, Nbn gene was specifically deleted in the central nervous system of mice by nestin-Cre targeting gene system (Frappart et al. in Nat Med 11:538-544, 2005). Strikingly, newborn Nbn-deficient mice exhibit the evident microcephalic cerebellum, which contributes to severe ataxia and balance deficiency. In this study, we first report that PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway that performs neurotrophic-protecting role in neuronal growth is significantly inhibited in newborn Nbn-deficient cortex and cerebellum. In addition, JNK signaling and ATR signaling are likely to converge to regulate the cerebellar apoptosis of newborn Nbn-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- The Department of Pathology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 5 DongDan SanTiao, Beijing, 100005, China,
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18
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19
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Rodrigues PMG, Grigaravicius P, Remus M, Cavalheiro GR, Gomes AL, Martins MR, Frappart L, Reuss D, McKinnon PJ, von Deimling A, Martins RAP, Frappart PO. Nbn and atm cooperate in a tissue and developmental stage-specific manner to prevent double strand breaks and apoptosis in developing brain and eye. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69209. [PMID: 23935957 PMCID: PMC3728324 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nibrin (NBN or NBS1) and ATM are key factors for DNA Double Strand Break (DSB) signaling and repair. Mutations in NBN or ATM result in Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome and Ataxia telangiectasia. These syndromes share common features such as radiosensitivity, neurological developmental defects and cancer predisposition. However, the functional synergy of Nbn and Atm in different tissues and developmental stages is not yet understood. Here, we show in vivo consequences of conditional inactivation of both genes in neural stem/progenitor cells using Nestin-Cre mice. Genetic inactivation of Atm in the central nervous system of Nbn-deficient mice led to reduced life span and increased DSBs, resulting in increased apoptosis during neural development. Surprisingly, the increase of DSBs and apoptosis was found only in few tissues including cerebellum, ganglionic eminences and lens. In sharp contrast, we showed that apoptosis associated with Nbn deletion was prevented by simultaneous inactivation of Atm in developing retina. Therefore, we propose that Nbn and Atm collaborate to prevent DSB accumulation and apoptosis during development in a tissue- and developmental stage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo M. G. Rodrigues
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paulius Grigaravicius
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Remus
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gabriel R. Cavalheiro
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Anielle L. Gomes
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio R. Martins
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Biofísica, IBCCF, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, CCS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucien Frappart
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research – Fritz Lipmann Institute (FLI), Jena, Germany
| | - David Reuss
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter J. McKinnon
- Department of Genetics, St.Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Andreas von Deimling
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo A. P. Martins
- Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail: (POF); (RAPM)
| | - Pierre-Olivier Frappart
- Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuropathology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (POF); (RAPM)
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