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Malakar Y, Lacey J, Twine NA, McCrea R, Bauer DC. Balancing the safeguarding of privacy and data sharing: perceptions of genomic professionals on patient genomic data ownership in Australia. Eur J Hum Genet 2024; 32:506-512. [PMID: 36631540 PMCID: PMC11061115 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-022-01273-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
There are inherent complexities and tensions in achieving a responsible balance between safeguarding patients' privacy and sharing genomic data for advancing health and medical science. A growing body of literature suggests establishing patient genomic data ownership, enabled by blockchain technology, as one approach for managing these priorities. We conducted an online survey, applying a mixed methods approach to collect quantitative (using scale questions) and qualitative data (using open-ended questions). We explored the views of 117 genomic professionals (clinical geneticists, genetic counsellors, bioinformaticians, and researchers) towards patient data ownership in Australia. Data analysis revealed most professionals agreed that patients have rights to data ownership. However, there is a need for a clearer understanding of the nature and implications of data ownership in this context as genomic data often is subject to collective ownership (e.g., with family members and laboratories). This research finds that while the majority of genomic professionals acknowledge the desire for patient data ownership, bioinformaticians and researchers expressed more favourable views than clinical geneticists and genetic counsellors, suggesting that their views on this issue may be shaped by how closely they interact with patients as part of their professional duties. This research also confirms that stronger health system infrastructure is a prerequisite for enabling patient data ownership, which needs to be underpinned by appropriate digital infrastructure (e.g., central vs. decentralised data storage), patient identity ownership (e.g., limited vs. self-sovereign identity), and policy at both federal and state levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwan Malakar
- Responsible Innovation Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Justine Lacey
- Responsible Innovation Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Natalie A Twine
- Transformational Bioinformatics, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, Australia
- Applied BioSciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia
| | - Rod McCrea
- Responsible Innovation Future Science Platform, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Denis C Bauer
- Transformational Bioinformatics, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Sydney, Australia
- Applied BioSciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, Australia
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2
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Lajmi N, Alves-Vasconcelos S, Tsiachristas A, Haworth A, Woods K, Crichton C, Noble T, Salih H, Várnai KA, Branford-White H, Orrell L, Osman A, Bradley KM, Bonney L, McGowan DR, Davies J, Prime MS, Hassan AB. Challenges and solutions to system-wide use of precision oncology as the standard of care paradigm. CAMBRIDGE PRISMS. PRECISION MEDICINE 2024; 2:e4. [PMID: 38699518 PMCID: PMC11062796 DOI: 10.1017/pcm.2024.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
The personalised oncology paradigm remains challenging to deliver despite technological advances in genomics-based identification of actionable variants combined with the increasing focus of drug development on these specific targets. To ensure we continue to build concerted momentum to improve outcomes across all cancer types, financial, technological and operational barriers need to be addressed. For example, complete integration and certification of the 'molecular tumour board' into 'standard of care' ensures a unified clinical decision pathway that both counteracts fragmentation and is the cornerstone of evidence-based delivery inside and outside of a research setting. Generally, integrated delivery has been restricted to specific (common) cancer types either within major cancer centres or small regional networks. Here, we focus on solutions in real-world integration of genomics, pathology, surgery, oncological treatments, data from clinical source systems and analysis of whole-body imaging as digital data that can facilitate cost-effectiveness analysis, clinical trial recruitment, and outcome assessment. This urgent imperative for cancer also extends across the early diagnosis and adjuvant treatment interventions, individualised cancer vaccines, immune cell therapies, personalised synthetic lethal therapeutics and cancer screening and prevention. Oncology care systems worldwide require proactive step-changes in solutions that include inter-operative digital working that can solve patient centred challenges to ensure inclusive, quality, sustainable, fair and cost-effective adoption and efficient delivery. Here we highlight workforce, technical, clinical, regulatory and economic challenges that prevent the implementation of precision oncology at scale, and offer a systematic roadmap of integrated solutions for standard of care based on minimal essential digital tools. These include unified decision support tools, quality control, data flows within an ethical and legal data framework, training and certification, monitoring and feedback. Bridging the technical, operational, regulatory and economic gaps demands the joint actions from public and industry stakeholders across national and global boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine Lajmi
- Diagnostics Division, Roche Information Solutions, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sofia Alves-Vasconcelos
- Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Apostolos Tsiachristas
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Haworth
- Diagnostics Division, Roche Information Solutions, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kerrie Woods
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Theresa Noble
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Hizni Salih
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Kinga A. Várnai
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Liam Orrell
- Diagnostics Division, Roche Information Solutions, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Osman
- Roche Healthcare Consulting, Roche Diagnostics Limited, West Sussex, UK
| | - Kevin M. Bradley
- Wales Research and Diagnostic PET Imaging Centre, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Lara Bonney
- Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jim Davies
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew S. Prime
- Diagnostics Division, Roche Information Solutions, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Bassim Hassan
- Oxford Molecular Pathology Institute, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
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3
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Pearce A, Mitchell LA, Best S, Young MA, Terrill B. Publics' knowledge of, attitude to and motivation towards health-related genomics: a scoping review. Eur J Hum Genet 2024:10.1038/s41431-024-01547-5. [PMID: 38316954 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-024-01547-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The use of genomic data in research and genomic information in clinical care is increasing as technologies advance and sequencing costs decrease. Using Rogers' Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory as a framework we reviewed recent literature examining publics' current knowledge of, attitude to, and motivation towards health-related genomics in clinical and research settings. The population of interest was described as 'publics' to denote the heterogeneity of 'the public'. Eligible studies were published in English between 2016-2022. We retrieved 1657 records, with 278 full-text reviewed against the eligibility criteria and concept definitions. In total, 99 articles were included in the review and descriptive numerical summaries were collated. Knowledge literature was categorized using deductive thematic analysis. For attitude and motivation, literature was coded using an analytic framework developed by the authors. There was wide variability in concept definition and measurement across studies. Overall, there was general positivity about genomics, with high awareness but little familiarity or factual knowledge. Publics had high expectations of genomics and perceived that it could provide them with information for their future. Only a few key attitudes were found to be important as motivators or barriers for participation in genomics; these were related to personal and clinical utility of the information. Context was often missing from studies, decreasing the utility of findings for implementation or public engagement. Future research would benefit by using theory-driven approaches to assess relevant publics' knowledge and attitudes of specific contexts or applications to support genomic implementation and informed decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pearce
- Clinical Translation & Engagement, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Lucas A Mitchell
- Clinical Translation & Engagement, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephanie Best
- Department of Health Services Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre Alliance, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary-Anne Young
- Clinical Translation & Engagement, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Terrill
- Clinical Translation & Engagement, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia
- School of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Genomics Health Alliance, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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4
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Shingwenyana B, Rossouw B, Thom J, Louw N, Krause A, Lombard Z. Research participants' perspectives regarding the feedback of secondary findings-A cohort from the DDD-Africa study, South Africa. J Genet Couns 2023:10.1002/jgc4.1830. [PMID: 37965991 PMCID: PMC11093881 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Genomic researchers face an ethical dilemma regarding feedback of individual results generated from genomic studies. In the African setting, genomic research is still not widely implemented and, coupled with this, the limited African-specific guidelines on how to feedback on individual research findings. A qualitative study was performed to assess participants' expectations and preferences regarding the feedback of secondary findings from genomic research. Participants were parents of children with a developmental disorder, enrolled in the Deciphering Developmental Disorders in Africa (DDD-Africa) research project, and were purposefully selected. Three deliberative focus group discussions were conducted with 14 participants. Each deliberative focus group consisted of two separate audio-recorded interviews and presented different case scenarios for different types of secondary findings that could be theoretically detected during genomic research. We aimed to explore participants' preferences for the extent, nature, timing, and methods for receiving individual study results, specifically pertaining to secondary findings. Thematic content analysis was done, with a deductive approach to coding. Four themes emerged which included participants' perception of readiness to receive secondary findings, queries raised around who has access to research findings and feedback of findings consent, responsibilities of the researcher, and reasons for not wanting/wanting secondary findings. Overall, participants expressed that they want to receive feedback on secondary findings irrespective of disease severity and treatment availability. Lifestyle changes, early prevention or treatment, impact on future generations, and preparedness were strong motivations for wanting feedback on results. Participants felt that when the research involved minors, it was the parents' right to receive results on behalf of their children. This study provides new insights into participants' preferences around feedback on genomic research results and could serve as an important basis for creating guidelines and recommendations for feedback on genomic results in the African context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Shingwenyana
- Barry Shingwenyana and Bianca Rossouw should be considered joint first author
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bianca Rossouw
- Barry Shingwenyana and Bianca Rossouw should be considered joint first author
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jamey Thom
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Department, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Nadja Louw
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Amanda Krause
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Zané Lombard
- Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, The University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Cannon A, McMillan O, Kelley WV, East KM, Cochran ME, Miskell EL, Moss IP, Garner-Duckworth S, Redden DT, Might M, Barsh GS, Korf BR. Medical and psychosocial outcomes of state-funded population genomic screening. Clin Genet 2023; 104:434-442. [PMID: 37340305 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
As the uptake of population screening expands, assessment of medical and psychosocial outcomes is needed. Through the Alabama Genomic Health Initiative (AGHI), a state-funded genomic research program, individuals received screening for pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in 59 actionable genes via genotyping. Of the 3874 eligible participants that received screening results, 858 (22%) responded to an outcomes survey. The most commonly reported motivation for seeking testing through AGHI was contribution to genetic research (64%). Participants with positive results reported a higher median number of planned actions (median = 5) due to AGHI results as compared to negative results (median = 3). Interviews were conducted with survey participants with positive screening results. As determined by certified genetic counselors, 50% of interviewees took appropriate medical action based on their result. There were no negative or harmful actions taken. These findings indicate population genomic screening of an unselected adult population is feasible, is not harmful, and may have positive outcomes on participants now and in the future; however, further research is needed in order to assess clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Cannon
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Olivia McMillan
- School of Health Professions, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Whitley V Kelley
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Kelly M East
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Meagan E Cochran
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Edrika L Miskell
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Irene P Moss
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | | | - David T Redden
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Matthew Might
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Gregory S Barsh
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Bruce R Korf
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Cakici JA, Dimmock D, Caylor S, Gaughran M, Clarke C, Triplett C, Clark MM, Kingsmore SF, Bloss CS. Assessing Diversity in Newborn Genomic Sequencing Research Recruitment: Race/Ethnicity and Primary Spoken Language Variation in Eligibility, Enrollment, and Reasons for Declining. Clin Ther 2023; 45:736-744. [PMID: 37429778 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diagnostic genomic research has the potential to directly benefit participants. This study sought to identify barriers to equitable enrollment of acutely ill newborns into a diagnostic genomic sequencing research study. METHODS We reviewed the 16-month recruitment process of a diagnostic genomic research study enrolling newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit at a regional pediatric hospital that primarily serves English- and Spanish-speaking families. Differences in eligibility, enrollment, and reasons for not enrolling were examined as functions of race/ethnicity and primary spoken language. FINDINGS Of the 1248 newborns admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, 46% (n = 580) were eligible, and 17% (n = 213) were enrolled. Of the 16 languages represented among the newborns' families, 4 (25%) had translated consent documents. Speaking a language other than English or Spanish increased a newborn's likelihood of being ineligible by 5.9 times (P < 0.001) after controlling for race/ethnicity. The main reason for ineligibility was documented as the clinical team declined having their patient recruited (41% [51 of 125]). This reason significantly affected families who spoke languages other than English or Spanish and was able to be remediated with training of the research staff. Stress (20% [18 of 90]) and the study intervention(s) (20% [18 of 90]) were the main reasons given for not enrolling. IMPLICATIONS This analysis of eligibility, enrollment, and reasons for not enrolling in a diagnostic genomic research study found that recruitment generally did not differ as a function of a newborn's race/ethnicity. However, differences were observed depending on the parent's primary spoken language. Regular monitoring and training can improve equitable enrollment into diagnostic genomic research. There are also opportunities at the federal level to improve access to those with limited English proficiency and thus decrease disparities in representation in research participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Cakici
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA; School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - David Dimmock
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sara Caylor
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Mary Gaughran
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Christina Clarke
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Michelle M Clark
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Stephen F Kingsmore
- Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Cinnamon S Bloss
- The Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
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7
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Tommel J, Kenis D, Lambrechts N, Brohet RM, Swysen J, Mollen L, Hoefmans MJF, Pusparum M, Evers AWM, Ertaylan G, Roos M, Hens K, Houwink EJF. Personal Genomes in Practice: Exploring Citizen and Healthcare Professionals’ Perspectives on Personalized Genomic Medicine and Personal Health Data Spaces Using a Mixed-Methods Design. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040786. [PMID: 37107544 PMCID: PMC10137790 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ongoing health challenges, such as the increased global burden of chronic disease, are increasingly answered by calls for personalized approaches to healthcare. Genomic medicine, a vital component of these personalization strategies, is applied in risk assessment, prevention, prognostication, and therapeutic targeting. However, several practical, ethical, and technological challenges remain. Across Europe, Personal Health Data Space (PHDS) projects are under development aiming to establish patient-centered, interoperable data ecosystems balancing data access, control, and use for individual citizens to complement the research and commercial focus of the European Health Data Space provisions. The current study explores healthcare users’ and health care professionals’ perspectives on personalized genomic medicine and PHDS solutions, in casu the Personal Genetic Locker (PGL). A mixed-methods design was used, including surveys, interviews, and focus groups. Several meta-themes were generated from the data: (i) participants were interested in genomic information; (ii) participants valued data control, robust infrastructure, and sharing data with non-commercial stakeholders; (iii) autonomy was a central concern for all participants; (iv) institutional and interpersonal trust were highly significant for genomic medicine; and (v) participants encouraged the implementation of PHDSs since PHDSs were thought to promote the use of genomic data and enhance patients’ control over their data. To conclude, we formulated several facilitators to implement genomic medicine in healthcare based on the perspectives of a diverse set of stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Tommel
- Health, Medical, and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (D.K.)
| | - Daan Kenis
- Department of Philosophy, University of Antwerp, Rodestraat 14, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
- Correspondence: (J.T.); (D.K.)
| | | | - Richard M. Brohet
- Department of Epidemiology and Statistics, Isala Hospital, Dokter van Heesweg 2, 8025 AB Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Murih Pusparum
- VITO Health, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
- Data Science Institute, I-Biostat, Hasselt University, 3500 Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Andrea W. M. Evers
- Health, Medical, and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marco Roos
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kristien Hens
- Department of Philosophy, University of Antwerp, Rodestraat 14, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elisa J. F. Houwink
- Department of Family Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 221 Fourth Avenue SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care (PHEG), Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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8
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Muller SHA, van Thiel GJMW, Mostert M, van Delden JJM. Dynamic consent, communication and return of results in large-scale health data reuse: Survey of public preferences. Digit Health 2023; 9:20552076231190997. [PMID: 37599899 PMCID: PMC10434987 DOI: 10.1177/20552076231190997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic consent forms a comprehensive, tailored approach for interacting with research participants. We conducted a survey study to inquire how research participants evaluate the elements of consent, information provision, communication and return of results within dynamic consent in a hypothetical health data reuse scenario. We distributed a digital questionnaire among a purposive sample of patient panel members. Data were analysed using descriptive and nonparametric inferential statistics. Respondents favoured the potential to manage changing consent preferences over time. There was much agreement between people favouring closer and more specific control over data reuse approval and those in favour of broader approval, facilitated by an opt-out system or an independent data reuse committee. People want to receive more information about reuse, outcomes and return of results. Respondents supported an interactive model of research participation, welcoming regular, diverse and interactive forms of communication, like a digital communication platform. Approval for reuse and providing meaningful information, including meaningful return of results, are intricately related to facilitating better communication. Respondents favoured return of actionable research results. These findings emphasize the potential of dynamic consent for enabling participants to maintain control over how their data are being used for which purposes by whom. Allowing different options to shape a dynamic consent interface in health data reuse in a personalized manner is pivotal to accommodate plurality in a flexible though robust manner. Interaction via dynamic consent enables participants to tailor the elements of participation they deem relevant to their own preferences, engaging diverse perspectives, interests and preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam HA Muller
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine JMW van Thiel
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Menno Mostert
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes JM van Delden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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9
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Motivations and Barriers to Participation in a Randomized Trial on Melanoma Genomic Risk: A Mixed-Methods Analysis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12101704. [PMID: 36294843 PMCID: PMC9605418 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of polygenic scores for use in for disease prevention and control compels the development of guidelines to optimize their effectiveness and promote equitable use. Understanding the motivations and barriers to participation in genomics research can assist in drafting these standards. We investigated these in a community-based randomized controlled trial that examined the health behavioral impact of receiving personalized melanoma genomic risk information. We examined participant responses in a baseline questionnaire and conducted interviews post-trial participation. Motivations differed in two ways: (1) by gender, with those identifying as women placing greater importance on learning about their personal risk or familial risk, and how to reduce risk; and (2) by age in relation to learning about personal risk, and fear of developing melanoma. A barrier to participation was distrust in the handling of genomic data. Our findings provide new insights into the motivations for participating in genomics research and highlight the need to better target population subgroups including younger men, which will aid in tailoring recruitment for future genomic studies.
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10
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Crowder SL, Buro AW, Lacson JCA, Kim Y, Sutton SK, Roetzheim RG, Vadaparampil ST, Stern M, Kanetsky PA. Retention and Evaluation of Precision and Generic Prevention Materials for Melanoma: A Qualitative Study Comparing Young Adults and Adults. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2022; 15:533-542. [PMID: 35665800 PMCID: PMC9357111 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-22-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A randomized trial was conducted to examine whether providing precision prevention materials incorporating melanocortin-1 receptor genetic risk information would increase intention to practice melanoma preventive behaviors. Here, we determine retention/evaluation of prevention materials for adolescent and young adults (AYA) 18 to 39 years old versus adults aged 40+ at 6 and 12 months as an a priori adjunct analysis to the primary research question. Using qualitative methodology, open-ended questions probing most important information from prevention materials and additional comments were collected at 6 and 12 months after baseline. Descriptive statistics were performed on demographic/self-reported characteristics. Two independent researchers applied qualitative thematic content analysis to identify major themes in open-ended questions. Of the 1,134 participants randomized, 906 completed at least one of the follow-up surveys and contributed to analyses of intervention efficacy. Five major thematic categories emerged from the open-ended response data: (i) tips and tricks for sun protection; (ii) cancer prevention; (iii) risk factors and genetics; (iv) general information; and (v) intervention comments. Across all ages, the most important information retained were sun protection techniques in the generic prevention materials group and identifying the importance of genetic risk factors/implementing lifestyle behavior changes in the precision prevention materials group. For additional comments, AYA participants in the generic prevention materials group preferred more scientific information including statistics and citations for references while adults were more likely to state they already knew cancer prevention techniques. Results provide unique qualitative evaluation of AYA versus adult retention of prevention materials for melanoma that enhance quantitative findings. PREVENTION RELEVANCE It is important to evaluate information within groups defined by periods of the life trajectory, e.g., AYA and adults, to best inform preferences, knowledge, and motivation for behavior change. By assessing retention, evidence-based interventions can be designed to better support public health messaging and encourage positive health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia L. Crowder
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Acadia W. Buro
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - John Charles A. Lacson
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Youngchul Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Steven K. Sutton
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Richard G. Roetzheim
- Department of Family Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Susan T. Vadaparampil
- Department of Health Outcomes and Behavior, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612
| | - Marilyn Stern
- College of Behavioral and Community Sciences, Department of Child and Family Studies, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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11
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Scarinci IC, Hansen B, Green BL, Sodeke SO, Price-Haywood EG, Kim YI. Willingness to participate in various nontherapeutic cancer research activities among urban and rural African American and Latinx healthy volunteers. Cancer Causes Control 2022; 33:1059-1069. [PMID: 35404020 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Inclusion of racial/ethnic minorities in cancer research can reduce disparities in health outcomes; however, data regarding barriers and motivators to participation are sparse. This study assessed African American (AA) and Latinx healthy volunteers' perspectives regarding willingness to participate in noninvasive and invasive research activities. METHODS Using a 38-item questionnaire adapted from the Tuskegee Legacy Project Questionnaire, we assessed willingness to participate in 12 research activities, offering 27 possible barriers and 14 motivators. The sample was segmented into four subgroups by AA/Latinx and rural/urban. RESULTS Across five states and Puerto Rico, 533 participants completed questionnaires. Overall, participants were more willing to participate in noninvasive versus invasive procedures, although, all subgroups were willing to participate in research if asked. Rural AA were most willing to complete a survey or saliva sample, while rural Latinx were least willing. Urban AA were least willing to provide cheek swab, while rural counterparts were most willing. Self-benefit and benefit to others were among the top three motivators for all subgroups. Curiosity was a primary motivator for urban AA while obtaining health information motivated rural Latinx. Primary barriers included fears of side effects and being experimented on, lack of information, and lack of confidentiality. CONCLUSIONS Latinx and AAs are willing to participate in the continuum of nontherapeutic research activities suggesting their lack of participation may be related to not being asked. Inclusive enrollment may be achieved by assessing needs of participants during the design phase of a study in order to reduce barriers to participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C Scarinci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, 10360F, Birmingham, Albama, 35249, USA.
| | - Barbara Hansen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, 10360F, Birmingham, Albama, 35249, USA
| | | | | | | | - Young-Il Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 619 19th Street South, 10360F, Birmingham, Albama, 35249, USA
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12
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Suckiel SA, Braganza GT, Aguiñiga KL, Odgis JA, Bonini KE, Kenny EE, Hamilton JG, Abul-Husn NS. Perspectives of diverse Spanish- and English-speaking patients on the clinical use of polygenic risk scores. Genet Med 2022; 24:1217-1226. [PMID: 35380538 PMCID: PMC10066541 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE As polygenic risk scores (PRS) emerge as promising tools to inform clinical care, there is a pressing need for patient-centered evidence to guide their implementation, particularly in diverse populations. Here, we conducted in-depth interviews of diverse Spanish- and English-speaking patients to explore their perspectives on clinical PRS. METHODS We enrolled 30 biobank participants aged 35-50 years through a purposive sampling strategy, ensuring that >75% self-reported as African/African American or Hispanic/Latinx and half were Spanish-speaking. Semistructured interviews in Spanish or English explored attitudes toward PRS, barriers to adoption, and communication preferences. Data were analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. RESULTS Perceived utility of clinical PRS focused on the potential for personal health benefits, and most participants stated that high-risk results would prompt physician consultations and health behavior changes. There was little concern among participants about the limited predictive power of PRS for non-European populations. Barriers to uptake of PRS testing and adoption of PRS-related recommendations included socioeconomic factors, insurance status, race, ethnicity, language, and inadequate understanding of PRS. Participants favored in-person PRS result disclosure by their physician. CONCLUSION Findings provide valuable insight into diverse patients' attitudes and potential barriers related to clinical PRS, guiding future research and patient-centered clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina A Suckiel
- The Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Giovanna T Braganza
- The Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Karla López Aguiñiga
- The Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jacqueline A Odgis
- The Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Katherine E Bonini
- The Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Eimear E Kenny
- The Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Jada G Hamilton
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Noura S Abul-Husn
- The Institute for Genomic Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
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13
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Madrid SD, Blum-Barnett E, Lemke AA, Pan V, Paolino V, McGlynn EA, Burnett-Hartman AN. "A Gift to My Family for Their Future": Attitudes about Genetic Research Participation. Public Health Genomics 2022; 25:1-10. [PMID: 35545013 DOI: 10.1159/000524462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Broad participation in genetic research is needed to promote equitable advances in disease treatment and prevention. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to assess motivations for, and concerns about, genetic research participation. METHODS The Genetics in Research and Health Care Survey was sent in winter 2017-2018 to 57,331 adult Kaiser Permanente (KP) members from 7 US regions to assess attitudes about genetic testing in health care and research. The survey included an open-ended question on why members would or would not participate in genetic research. Open text responses to this question were coded in the qualitative analysis software Dedoose and analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Code summaries were organized by major themes, subthemes, and exemplary quotes. RESULTS Of the 10,369 participants who completed the survey, 2,645 (25%) provided a comment describing reasons they would or would not participate in research involving genetic testing. Respondents who provided a text comment were 64% female, 49% non-Hispanic (NH) White, 17% Asian/Pacific Islander, 20% Hispanic, and 14% NH Black. The primary themes identified were (1) altruism; (2) decision-making and planning; (3) data use; and (4) data security. These major themes were consistent across each race and ethnic group. CONCLUSIONS To promote broad participation in genetic research, it is important that recruitment materials address the primary motivators for genetic research participation, including altruism and the potential use of results for personal decision-making. Study materials should also address concerns about possible misuse of genetic information and fears over potential data breaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Madrid
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Erica Blum-Barnett
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Amy A Lemke
- NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, Illinois, USA
- Norton Children's Research Institute, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Vivian Pan
- University of Illinois Cancer Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Valerie Paolino
- Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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14
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Spector-Bagdady K, Kent M, Krenz CD, Brummel C, Swiecicki PL, Brenner JC, Shuman AG. Patient and Provider Perspectives on Enrollment in Precision Oncology Research: Qualitative Ethical Analysis. JMIR Cancer 2022; 8:e35033. [PMID: 35503525 PMCID: PMC9115650 DOI: 10.2196/35033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The genomic frontier continues to revolutionize the practice of oncology. Advances in cancer biology from tumorigenesis to treatment resistance are driven by the molecular underpinnings of malignancy. The framing of precision oncology as both a clinical and research tool is constantly evolving and directly influences conversations between oncologists and their patients. Prior research has shown that patient-participants often have unmet or unrealistic expectations regarding the clinical utility of oncology research and genomic sequencing. This indicates the need for more in-depth investigation of how and why patients choose to participate in such research. Objective This study presents a qualitative ethical analysis to better understand patient and provider perspectives on enrollment in precision oncology research. Methods Paired semistructured interviews were conducted with patient-participants enrolled in a prospective head and neck precision oncology research platform, along with their oncology providers, at a National Cancer Institute–designated academic cancer center. Results There were three major themes that emerged from the analysis. (1) There are distinct and unique challenges with informed consent to precision medicine, chiefly involving the ability of both patient-participants and providers to effectively understand the science underlying the research. (2) The unique benefits of precision medicine enrollment are of paramount importance to patients considering enrollment. (3) Patient-participants have little concern for the risks of research enrollment, particularly in the context of a low-burden protocol. Conclusions Patient-participants and their providers offer complementary and nuanced perspectives on their motivation to engage in precision oncology research. This reflects both the inherent promise and enthusiasm within the field, as well as the limitations and challenges of ensuring that both patient-participants and clinicians understand the complexities of the science involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayte Spector-Bagdady
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Madison Kent
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Michigan Otolaryngology and Translational Oncology Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Chris D Krenz
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Collin Brummel
- Michigan Otolaryngology and Translational Oncology Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul L Swiecicki
- Michigan Otolaryngology and Translational Oncology Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - J Chad Brenner
- Michigan Otolaryngology and Translational Oncology Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Andrew G Shuman
- Center for Bioethics and Social Sciences in Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Michigan Otolaryngology and Translational Oncology Laboratory, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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15
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Return of genomic results does not motivate intent to participate in research for all: Perspectives across 22 countries. Genet Med 2022; 24:1120-1129. [PMID: 35125311 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine how attitudes toward the return of genomic research results vary internationally. METHODS We analyzed the "Your DNA, Your Say" online survey of public perspectives on genomic data sharing including responses from 36,268 individuals across 22 low-, middle-, and high-income countries, and these were gathered in 15 languages. We analyzed how participants responded when asked whether return of results (RoR) would motivate their decision to donate DNA or health data. We examined variation across the study countries and compared the responses of participants from other countries with those from the United States, which has been the subject of the majority of research on return of genomic results to date. RESULTS There was substantial variation in the extent to which respondents reported being influenced by RoR. However, only respondents from Russia were more influenced than those from the United States, and respondents from 20 countries had lower odds of being partially or wholly influenced than those from the United States. CONCLUSION There is substantial international variation in the extent to which the RoR may motivate people's intent to donate DNA or health data. The United States may not be a clear indicator of global attitudes. Participants' preferences for return of genomic results globally should be considered.
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16
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Kaphingst KA, Bather JR, Daly BM, Chavez-Yenter D, Vega A, Kohlmann WK. Interest in Cancer Predisposition Testing and Carrier Screening Offered as Part of Routine Healthcare Among an Ethnically Diverse Sample of Young Women. Front Genet 2022; 13:866062. [PMID: 35495140 PMCID: PMC9047995 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.866062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequencing technologies can inform individuals’ risks for multiple conditions, supporting population-level screening approaches. Prior research examining interest in genetic testing has not generally examined the context of population-based approaches offered in routine healthcare or among ethnically diverse populations. Cancer predisposition testing and carrier screening could be offered broadly to women of reproductive age. This study therefore examined interest in these tests when offered as part of routine care, and predictors of interest, among an ethnically diverse sample of women aged 20–35. We conducted an online English-language survey of 450 women; 39% identified as Latina. We examined predictors of interest for two outcomes, interest in testing in the next year and level of interest, in multivariable logistic regression models and stratified analyses by Latina ethnicity. More than half of respondents reported being interested in cancer predisposition testing (55%) and carrier screening (56%) in the next year; this did not differ by ethnicity. About 26% reported being very interested in cancer predisposition testing and 27% in carrier screening. Latina respondents (32%) were more likely to be very interested in cancer predisposition testing than non-Latina respondents (22%; p < 0.03). In multivariable models, having higher worry about genetic risks, higher genetic knowledge, and higher perceived importance of genetic information were associated with higher interest across multiple models. Predictors of interest were generally similar by ethnicity. Our findings show substantial interest in both cancer predisposition testing and carrier screening among young women as part of routine healthcare with similar interest between Latina and non-Latina women. Efforts to broadly offer such testing could be important in improving access to genetic information. It will be critical to develop tools to help healthcare providers communicate about genetic testing and to address the needs of those who have less prior knowledge about genetics to support informed decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A. Kaphingst
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- *Correspondence: Kimberly A. Kaphingst,
| | - Jemar R. Bather
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brianne M. Daly
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Daniel Chavez-Yenter
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Alexis Vega
- Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Wendy K. Kohlmann
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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17
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Goddard KAB, Lee K, Buchanan AH, Powell BC, Hunter JE. Establishing the Medical Actionability of Genomic Variants. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2022; 23:173-192. [PMID: 35363504 PMCID: PMC10184682 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-111021-032401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Actionability is an important concept in medicine that does not have a well-accepted standard definition, nor is there a general consensus on how to establish it. Medical actionability is often conflated with clinical utility, a related but distinct concept. This lack of clarity contributes to practice variation and inconsistent coverage decisions in genomic medicine, leading to the potential for systematic bias in the use of evidence-based interventions. We clarify how medical actionability and clinical utility are distinct and then discuss the spectrum of actionability, including benefits for the person, the family, and society. We also describe applications across the life course, including prediction, diagnosis, and treatment. Current challenges in assessing the medical actionability of identified genomic variants include gaps in the evidence, limited contexts with practice guidelines, and subjective aspects of medical actionability. A standardized and authoritative assessment of medical actionability is critical to implementing genomic medicine in a fashion that improves population health outcomes and reduces health disparities. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics, Volume 23 is October 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A B Goddard
- Department of Translational and Applied Genomics, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA; .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , .,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Genomics, Ethics, and Translational Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Kristy Lee
- Department of Translational and Applied Genomics, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA; .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , .,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Genomics, Ethics, and Translational Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Adam H Buchanan
- Department of Translational and Applied Genomics, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA; .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , .,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Genomics, Ethics, and Translational Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Bradford C Powell
- Department of Translational and Applied Genomics, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA; .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , .,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Genomics, Ethics, and Translational Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA;
| | - Jessica Ezzell Hunter
- Department of Translational and Applied Genomics, Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon, USA; .,Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA; , .,Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA; .,Genomics, Ethics, and Translational Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA;
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18
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Bottesini JG, Rhemtulla M, Vazire S. What do participants think of our research practices? An examination of behavioural psychology participants' preferences. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:200048. [PMID: 35425627 PMCID: PMC9006031 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
What research practices should be considered acceptable? Historically, scientists have set the standards for what constitutes acceptable research practices. However, there is value in considering non-scientists' perspectives, including research participants'. 1873 participants from MTurk and university subject pools were surveyed after their participation in one of eight minimal-risk studies. We asked participants how they would feel if (mostly) common research practices were applied to their data: p-hacking/cherry-picking results, selective reporting of studies, Hypothesizing After Results are Known (HARKing), committing fraud, conducting direct replications, sharing data, sharing methods, and open access publishing. An overwhelming majority of psychology research participants think questionable research practices (e.g. p-hacking, HARKing) are unacceptable (68.3-81.3%), and were supportive of practices to increase transparency and replicability (71.4-80.1%). A surprising number of participants expressed positive or neutral views toward scientific fraud (18.7%), raising concerns about data quality. We grapple with this concern and interpret our results in light of the limitations of our study. Despite the ambiguity in our results, we argue that there is evidence (from our study and others') that researchers may be violating participants' expectations and should be transparent with participants about how their data will be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G. Bottesini
- Department of Psychology, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Mijke Rhemtulla
- Department of Psychology, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Simine Vazire
- Department of Psychology, University of California—Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Duenas DM, Shipman KJ, Porter KM, Shuster E, Guerra C, Reyes A, Kauffman TL, Hunter JE, Goddard KAB, Wilfond BS, Kraft SA. Motivations and concerns of patients considering participation in an implementation study of a hereditary cancer risk assessment program in diverse primary care settings. Genet Med 2022; 24:610-621. [PMID: 34906471 PMCID: PMC8939763 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding the motivations and concerns of patients from diverse populations regarding participation in implementation research provides the needed evidence about how to design and conduct studies for facilitating access to genetics services. Within a hereditary cancer screening study assessing a multifaceted intervention, we examined primary care patients' motivations and concerns about participation. METHODS We surveyed and interviewed study participants after they enrolled, surveyed those who did not complete enrollment, and used descriptive qualitative and quantitative methods to identify motivations and concerns regarding participation. RESULTS Survey respondents' most common motivations included a desire to learn about their future risk (81%), receiving information that may help family (58%), and a desire to advance research (34%). Interviews revealed 3 additional important factors: affordability of testing, convenience of participation, and clinical relationships supporting research decision-making. Survey data of those who declined enrollment showed that the reasons for declining included concerns about privacy (38%), burdens of the research (19%), and their fear of not being able to cope with the genetic information (19%). CONCLUSION Understanding the facilitating factors and concerns that contribute to decisions about research may reveal ways to improve equity in access to care and research that could lead to greater uptake of genomic medicine across diverse primary care patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devan M Duenas
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, WA.
| | - Kelly J Shipman
- Palliative Care and Resilience Research Program, Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Kathryn M Porter
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Elizabeth Shuster
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR
| | - Claudia Guerra
- Department of Anthropology, History and Social Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ana Reyes
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR
| | - Tia L Kauffman
- Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, OR
| | | | - Katrina A B Goddard
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Benjamin S Wilfond
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephanie A Kraft
- Treuman Katz Center for Pediatric Bioethics, Seattle Children's Hospital and Research Institute, Seattle, WA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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20
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Shen EC, Srinivasan S, Passero LE, Allen CG, Dixon M, Foss K, Halliburton B, Milko LV, Smit AK, Carlson R, Roberts MC. Barriers and Facilitators for Population Genetic Screening in Healthy Populations: A Systematic Review. Front Genet 2022; 13:865384. [PMID: 35860476 PMCID: PMC9289280 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.865384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest that 1-3% of the general population in the United States unknowingly carry a genetic risk factor for a common hereditary disease. Population genetic screening is the process of offering otherwise healthy patients in the general population testing for genomic variants that predispose them to diseases that are clinically actionable, meaning that they can be prevented or mitigated if they are detected early. Population genetic screening may significantly reduce morbidity and mortality from these diseases by informing risk-specific prevention or treatment strategies and facilitating appropriate participation in early detection. To better understand current barriers, facilitators, perceptions, and outcomes related to the implementation of population genetic screening, we conducted a systematic review and searched PubMed, Embase, and Scopus for articles published from date of database inception to May 2020. We included articles that 1) detailed the perspectives of participants in population genetic screening programs and 2) described the barriers, facilitators, perceptions, and outcomes related to population genetic screening programs among patients, healthcare providers, and the public. We excluded articles that 1) focused on direct-to-consumer or risk-based genetic testing and 2) were published before January 2000. Thirty articles met these criteria. Barriers and facilitators to population genetic screening were organized by the Social Ecological Model and further categorized by themes. We found that research in population genetic screening has focused on stakeholder attitudes with all included studies designed to elucidate individuals' perceptions. Additionally, inadequate knowledge and perceived limited clinical utility presented a barrier for healthcare provider uptake. There were very few studies that conducted long-term follow-up and evaluation of population genetic screening. Our findings suggest that these and other factors, such as prescreen counseling and education, may play a role in the adoption and implementation of population genetic screening. Future studies to investigate macro-level determinants, strategies to increase provider buy-in and knowledge, delivery models for prescreen counseling, and long-term outcomes of population genetic screening are needed for the effective design and implementation of such programs. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020198198.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Shen
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Swetha Srinivasan
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lauren E Passero
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Caitlin G Allen
- Department of Public Health Science, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Madison Dixon
- Department of Behavioral, Social, and Health Education Science, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Kimberly Foss
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Brianna Halliburton
- College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Laura V Milko
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Amelia K Smit
- The Daffodil Centre, University of Sydney, A Joint Venture with Cancer Council NSW, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Rebecca Carlson
- Health Sciences Library, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Megan C Roberts
- Division of Pharmaceutical Outcomes and Policy, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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21
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Return of individual research results from genomic research: A systematic review of stakeholder perspectives. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258646. [PMID: 34748551 PMCID: PMC8575249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the plethora of empirical studies conducted to date, debate continues about whether and to what extent results should be returned to participants of genomic research. We aimed to systematically review the empirical literature exploring stakeholders’ perspectives on return of individual research results (IRR) from genomic research. We examined preferences for receiving or willingness to return IRR, and experiences with either receiving or returning them. The systematic searches were conducted across five major databases in August 2018 and repeated in April 2020, and included studies reporting findings from primary research regardless of method (quantitative, qualitative, mixed). Articles that related to the clinical setting were excluded. Our search identified 221 articles that met our search criteria. This included 118 quantitative, 69 qualitative and 34 mixed methods studies. These articles included a total number of 118,874 stakeholders with research participants (85,270/72%) and members of the general public (40,967/35%) being the largest groups represented. The articles spanned at least 22 different countries with most (144/65%) being from the USA. Most (76%) discussed clinical research projects, rather than biobanks. More than half (58%) gauged views that were hypothetical. We found overwhelming evidence of high interest in return of IRR from potential and actual genomic research participants. There is also a general willingness to provide such results by researchers and health professionals, although they tend to adopt a more cautious stance. While all results are desired to some degree, those that have the potential to change clinical management are generally prioritized by all stakeholders. Professional stakeholders appear more willing to return results that are reliable and clinically relevant than those that are less reliable and lack clinical relevance. The lack of evidence for significant enduring psychological harm and the clear benefits to some research participants suggest that researchers should be returning actionable IRRs to participants.
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22
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Ralefala D, Kasule M, Matshabane OP, Wonkam A, Matshaba M, de Vries J. Participants' Preferences and Reasons for Wanting Feedback of Individual Genetic Research Results From an HIV-TB Genomic Study: A Case Study From Botswana. J Empir Res Hum Res Ethics 2021; 16:525-536. [PMID: 34662218 PMCID: PMC8642165 DOI: 10.1177/15562646211043985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The feedback of individual results of genomics research is an ethical issue. However, which genetic results African participants would like to receive and why, remains unclear. A qualitative study was conducted to collect data from 44 adolescents and 49 parents/caregivers of adolescents enrolled in a genomic study in Botswana. Almost all the participants wanted to receive genetic results. Parents and caregivers wanted to receive results across all categories of genetic conditions discussed in the study, while adolescents were reluctant to receive results for severe, non-preventable, and unactionable conditions. Participants expressed different reasons for wanting feedback of results, including for awareness, improving lifestyle, accepting one' situation, and preparing for the future. Our findings also reveal that participants' context, relations, and empowerment are important to consider in interpreting their preferences for feedback of results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpho Ralefala
- 37716University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,54547University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mary Kasule
- Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | | | - Mogomotsi Matshaba
- Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana.,3989Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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23
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Taher J, Mighton C, Chowdhary S, Casalino S, Frangione E, Arnoldo S, Bearss E, Binnie A, Bombard Y, Borgundvaag B, Chertkow H, Clausen M, Devine L, Faghfoury H, Friedman SM, Gingras AC, Khan Z, Mazzulli T, McGeer A, McLeod SL, Pugh TJ, Richardson D, Simpson J, Stern S, Strug L, Taher A, Lerner-Ellis J. Implementation of serological and molecular tools to inform COVID-19 patient management: protocol for the GENCOV prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e052842. [PMID: 34593505 PMCID: PMC8487020 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-052842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is considerable variability in symptoms and severity of COVID-19 among patients infected by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Linking host and virus genome sequence information to antibody response and biological information may identify patient or viral characteristics associated with poor and favourable outcomes. This study aims to (1) identify characteristics of the antibody response that result in maintained immune response and better outcomes, (2) determine the impact of genetic differences on infection severity and immune response, (3) determine the impact of viral lineage on antibody response and patient outcomes and (4) evaluate patient-reported outcomes of receiving host genome, antibody and viral lineage results. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A prospective, observational cohort study is being conducted among adult patients with COVID-19 in the Greater Toronto Area. Blood samples are collected at baseline (during infection) and 1, 6 and 12 months after diagnosis. Serial antibody titres, isotype, antigen target and viral neutralisation will be assessed. Clinical data will be collected from chart reviews and patient surveys. Host genomes and T-cell and B-cell receptors will be sequenced. Viral genomes will be sequenced to identify viral lineage. Regression models will be used to test associations between antibody response, physiological response, genetic markers and patient outcomes. Pathogenic genomic variants related to disease severity, or negative outcomes will be identified and genome wide association will be conducted. Immune repertoire diversity during infection will be correlated with severity of COVID-19 symptoms and human leucocyte antigen-type associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants can learn their genome sequencing, antibody and viral sequencing results; patient-reported outcomes of receiving this information will be assessed through surveys and qualitative interviews. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by Clinical Trials Ontario Streamlined Ethics Review System (CTO Project ID: 3302) and the research ethics boards at participating hospitals. Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications, conference presentations and end-users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Taher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chloe Mighton
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sunakshi Chowdhary
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Selina Casalino
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Frangione
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saranya Arnoldo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- William Osler Health System, Brampton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erin Bearss
- Mount Sinai Academic Family Health Team, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yvonne Bombard
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bjug Borgundvaag
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Marc Clausen
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Luke Devine
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hanna Faghfoury
- Fred A Litwin and Family Centre in Genetic Medicine, University Health Network & Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Marc Friedman
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Emergency Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zeeshan Khan
- Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tony Mazzulli
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Allison McGeer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shelley L McLeod
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Schwartz/Reisman Emergency Medicine Institute, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jared Simpson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Seth Stern
- Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa Strug
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Taher
- Emergency Medicine, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mackenzie Health, Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan Lerner-Ellis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Sinai Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Cascade health service use in family members following genetic testing in children: a scoping literature review. Eur J Hum Genet 2021; 29:1601-1610. [PMID: 34446836 PMCID: PMC8560854 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-021-00952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cascade genetic testing is the identification of individuals at risk for a hereditary condition by genetic testing in relatives of people known to possess particular genetic variants. Cascade testing has health system implications, however cascade costs and health effects are not considered in health technology assessments (HTAs) that focus on costs and health consequences in individual patients. Cascade health service use must be better understood to be incorporated in HTA of emerging genetic tests for children. The purpose of this review was to characterise published research related to patterns and costs of cascade health service use by relatives of children with any condition diagnosed through genetic testing. To this end, a scoping literature review was conducted. Citation databases were searched for English-language papers reporting uptake, costs, downstream health service use, or cost-effectiveness of cascade investigations of relatives of children who receive a genetic diagnosis. Included publications were critically appraised, and findings were synthesised. Twenty publications were included. Sixteen had a paediatric proband population; four had a combined paediatric and adult proband population. Uptake of cascade testing varied across diseases, from 37% for cystic fibrosis, 39% to 65% for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and 90% for rare monogenic conditions. Two studies evaluated costs. It was concluded that cascade testing in the child-to-parent direction has been reported in a variety of diseases, and that understanding the scope of cascade testing will aid in the design and conduct of HTA of emerging genetic technologies to better inform funding and policy decisions.
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25
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Return of individual research results: What do participants prefer and expect? PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254153. [PMID: 34324495 PMCID: PMC8320928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Newer data platforms offer increased opportunity to share multidimensional health data with research participants, but the preferences of participants for which data to receive and how is evolving. Our objective is to describe the preferences and expectations of participants for the return of individual research results within Project Baseline Health Study (PBHS). The PBHS is an ongoing, multicenter, longitudinal cohort study with data from four initial enrollment sites. PBHS participants are recruited from the general population along with groups enriched for heart disease and cancer disease risk. Cross-sectional data on return of results were collected in 2017–2018 from an (1) in-person enrollment survey (n = 1,890), (2) benchmark online survey (n = 1,059), and (3) participant interviews (n = 21). The main outcomes included (1) preferences for type of information to be added next to returned results, (2) participant plans for sharing returned results with a non-study clinician, and (3) choice to opt-out of receiving genetic results. Results were compared by sociodemographic characteristics. Enrollment and benchmark survey respondents were 57.1% and 53.5% female, and 60.0% and 66.2% white, respectively. Participants preferred the following data types be added to returned results in the future: genetics (29.9%), heart imaging, (16.4%), study watch (15.8%), and microbiome (13.3%). Older adults (OR 0.60, 95% CI: 0.41–0.87) were less likely to want their genetic results returned next. Forty percent of participants reported that they would not share all returned results with their non–study clinicians. Black (OR 0.64, 95% CI 0.43–0.95) and Asian (OR 0.47, 95% CI 0.30–0.73) participants were less likely, and older participants more likely (OR 1.45–1.61), to plan to share all results with their clinician than their counterparts. At enrollment, 5.8% of participants opted out of receiving their genetics results. The study showed that substantial heterogeneity existed in participant’s preferences and expectations for return of results, and variations were related to sociodemographic characteristics.
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26
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Cochran M, East K, Greve V, Kelly M, Kelley W, Moore T, Myers RM, Odom K, Schroeder MC, Bick D. A study of elective genome sequencing and pharmacogenetic testing in an unselected population. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1766. [PMID: 34313030 PMCID: PMC8457704 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genome sequencing (GS) of individuals without a medical indication, known as elective GS, is now available at a number of centers around the United States. Here we report the results of elective GS and pharmacogenetic panel testing in 52 individuals at a private genomics clinic in Alabama. METHODS Individuals seeking elective genomic testing and pharmacogenetic testing were recruited through a private genomics clinic in Huntsville, AL. Individuals underwent clinical genome sequencing with a separate pharmacogenetic testing panel. RESULTS Six participants (11.5%) had pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants that may explain one or more aspects of their medical history. Ten participants (19%) had variants that altered the risk of disease in the future, including two individuals with clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential. Forty-four participants (85%) were carriers of a recessive or X-linked disorder. All individuals with pharmacogenetic testing had variants that affected current and/or future medications. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the importance of collecting detailed phenotype information to interpret results in elective GS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meagan Cochran
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Kelly East
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Veronica Greve
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Melissa Kelly
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Whitley Kelley
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Troy Moore
- Kailos Genetics, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Katherine Odom
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
| | - Molly C Schroeder
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - David Bick
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama, USA
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27
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Kawame H, Fukushima A, Fuse N, Nagami F, Suzuki Y, Sakurai-Yageta M, Yasuda J, Yamaguchi-Kabata Y, Kinoshita K, Ogishima S, Takai T, Kuriyama S, Hozawa A, Nakaya N, Nakamura T, Minegishi N, Sugawara J, Suzuki K, Tomita H, Uruno A, Kobayashi T, Aizawa Y, Tokutomi T, Yamamoto K, Ohneda K, Kure S, Aoki Y, Katagiri H, Ishigaki Y, Sawada S, Sasaki M, Yamamoto M. The return of individual genomic results to research participants: design and pilot study of Tohoku Medical Megabank Project. J Hum Genet 2021; 67:9-17. [PMID: 34234266 DOI: 10.1038/s10038-021-00952-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Certain large genome cohort studies attempt to return the individual genomic results to the participants; however, the implementation process and psychosocial impacts remain largely unknown. The Tohoku Medical Megabank Project has conducted large genome cohort studies of general residents. To implement the disclosure of individual genomic results, we extracted the potential challenges and obstacles. Major challenges include the determination of genes/disorders based on the current medical system in Japan, the storage of results, prevention of misunderstanding, and collaboration of medical professionals. To overcome these challenges, we plan to conduct multilayer pilot studies, which deal with different disorders/genes. We finally chose familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) as a target disease for the first pilot study. Of the 665 eligible candidates, 33.5% were interested in the pilot study and provided consent after an educational "genetics workshop" on the basic genetics and medical facts of FH. The genetics professionals disclosed the results to the participants. All positive participants were referred to medical care, and a serial questionnaire revealed no significant psychosocial distress after the disclosure. Return of genomic results to research participants was implemented using a well-prepared protocol. To further elucidate the impact of different disorders, we will perform multilayer pilot studies with different disorders, including actionable pharmacogenomics and hereditary tumor syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kawame
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Akimune Fukushima
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Nobuo Fuse
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Fuji Nagami
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoichi Suzuki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Jun Yasuda
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | | | - Kengo Kinoshita
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Soichi Ogishima
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takako Takai
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kuriyama
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hozawa
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakaya
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Nakamura
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Naoko Minegishi
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Junichi Sugawara
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Kichiya Suzuki
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tomita
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akira Uruno
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kobayashi
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yayoi Aizawa
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Tokutomi
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kayono Yamamoto
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kinuko Ohneda
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Shigeo Kure
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hideki Katagiri
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ishigaki
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shojiro Sawada
- Department of Metabolism and Diabetes, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Makoto Sasaki
- Iwate Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
| | - Masayuki Yamamoto
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan.
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28
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Ralefala D, Kasule M, Wonkam A, Matshaba M, de Vries J. Should Feedback of Individual Results be Integrated into the Consent Process in African Genomics? Participants' Views from an HIV-TB Genomics Research Project in Botswana. AJOB Empir Bioeth 2021; 13:48-56. [PMID: 34197280 DOI: 10.1080/23294515.2021.1941414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Whilst informed consent is a key component of considering whether individual genomic research results could or should be fed back to research participants, little is known about the views of African research participants on its role. METHODS We carried out a qualitative study to explore views of adolescents and parents or caregivers regarding informed consent for feedback of individual results from a genomics research project in Botswana. We conducted 24 deliberative focus group discussions with 93 participants (44 adolescents and 49 parents or caregivers) and 12 in-depth interviews (6 adolescents and 6 parents). RESULTS Our findings revealed that most participants would like to be informed about the possibility of discovering individual genetic results during the consent process and that consent be obtained for feedback during the enrollment process. They further expressed that in cases where prior consent to feedback was not obtained, then participants should be re-contacted where life-saving genetic information is discovered. Participants emphasized the need for researchers to ensure that participants' decisions regarding feedback of results are well-informed. Autonomy, transparency, and communication were identified as key values to uphold during the consent process. CONCLUSION In conclusion, obtaining participants' consent for feedback of results is important to ensure that their rights and wellbeing are protected in research. This is critical in building trust relationships between participants and researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimpho Ralefala
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Office of Research and Development, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Mary Kasule
- Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Ambroise Wonkam
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Deputy Dean's Office, Faculty of Health Sciences and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mogomotsi Matshaba
- Botswana-Baylor Children's Clinical Centre of Excellence, Gaborone, Botswana.,Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jantina de Vries
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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29
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Lewis KL, Turbitt E, Chan PA, Epps S, Biesecker BB, Erby LAH, Fasaye GA, Biesecker LG. Engagement and return of results preferences among a primarily African American genomic sequencing research cohort. Am J Hum Genet 2021; 108:894-902. [PMID: 33887195 PMCID: PMC8206196 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomics researchers are increasingly interested in what constitutes effective engagement of individuals from underrepresented groups. This is critical for longitudinal projects needed to inform the implementation of precision medicine. Return of results is one opportunity for engagement. The aims of this study were to determine participant perspectives on optimal engagement strategies and priorities for return of results and the extent to which focus groups were an effective modality for gathering input on these topics. We conducted six professionally moderated focus groups with 49 participants in a genomics research study. Transcripts from audio-recorded sessions were coded by two researchers and themes were discussed with the wider research team. All groups raised the issue of mistrust. Individuals participated nonetheless to contribute their perspectives and benefit their community. Many group members preferred engagement modalities that are offered to all participants and allow them to share the nuances of their perspectives over the use of participant representatives and surveys. All groups created a consensus ranking for result return priorities. Results for life-threatening conditions were the highest priority to return, followed by those related to treatable conditions that affect physical or mental health. We advocate for engagement strategies that reach as many participants as possible and allow them to share their perspectives in detail. Such strategies are valued by participants, can be effective for developing return of results policies, and may help institutions become more trustworthy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Lewis
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Erin Turbitt
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Priscilla A Chan
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sandra Epps
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Lori A H Erby
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Grace-Ann Fasaye
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Leslie G Biesecker
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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30
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Vears DF, Minion JT, Roberts SJ, Cummings J, Machirori M, Murtagh MJ. Views on genomic research result delivery methods and informed consent: a review. Per Med 2021; 18:295-310. [PMID: 33822658 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2020-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
There has been little discussion of the way genomic research results should be returned and how to obtain informed consent for this. We systematically searched the empirical literature, identifying 63 articles exploring stakeholder perspectives on processes for obtaining informed consent about return of results and/or result delivery. Participants, patients and members of the public generally felt they should choose which results are returned to them and how, ranging from direct (face-to-face, telephone) to indirect (letters, emails, web-based delivery) communication. Professionals identified inadequacies in result delivery processes in the research context. Our findings have important implications for ensuring participants are supported in deciding which results they wish to receive or, if no choice is offered, preparing them for potential research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danya F Vears
- Melbourne Law School, University of Melbourne, Carlton 3052, Australia.,Biomedical Ethics Research Group, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Australia.,Center for Biomedical Ethics & Law, Department of Public Health & Primary Care, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Leuven Institute for Human Genetics & Society, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Joel T Minion
- Policy, Ethics & Life Sciences (PEALS) Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Stephanie J Roberts
- Policy, Ethics & Life Sciences (PEALS) Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK
| | - James Cummings
- School of Art, Media & American Studies, University of East Anglia, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Mavis Machirori
- School of Social & Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Madeleine J Murtagh
- Policy, Ethics & Life Sciences (PEALS) Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle NE1 7RU, UK.,School of Social & Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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Lemieux VL, Hofman D, Hamouda H, Batista D, Kaur R, Pan W, Costanzo I, Regier D, Pollard S, Weymann D, Fraser R. Having Our “Omic” Cake and Eating It Too?: Evaluating User Response to Using Blockchain Technology for Private and Secure Health Data Management and Sharing. FRONTIERS IN BLOCKCHAIN 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fbloc.2020.558705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on end users' perspectives on the use of a blockchain solution for private and secure individual “omics” health data management and sharing. This solution is one output of a multidisciplinary project investigating the social, data, and technical issues surrounding application of blockchain technology in the context of personalized healthcare research. The project studies potential ethical, legal, social, and cognitive constraints of self-sovereign healthcare data management and sharing, and whether such constraints can be addressed through careful design of a blockchain solution.
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Dufva YE, Westman H, Khilbom U, Sullivan PF, Johansson V. Swedish large-scale schizophrenia study: Why do patients and healthy controls participate? Schizophr Res 2021; 228:360-366. [PMID: 33548836 PMCID: PMC8358980 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Insights into determination of study participation are useful for researchers, clinicians and for ethical considerations. Few large-scale genomic studies have involved motives for enrollment, in schizophrenia patients and unaffected controls. In a case-control study with participants recruited nation-wide in Sweden between 2005 and 2010, semi-structured interviews on motives and attitudes towards future studies were explored in 2767 schizophrenia cases and 4466 controls. In qualitative and quantitative analyses, we identified altruism as a major determinant in 84% of the cases and in 97% of the controls. Among pre-defined subcategories of altruism, cases with schizophrenia were more often referring to science for example, 'I want to help science move forward' or 'I want better medications for future generations' in relation to unaffected controls that were more often referring to common humanity such as 'It is my duty and responsibility to help'. In schizophrenia, motives related to personal benefit and social influence were reported by 9% and 5%. We conclude that individuals with schizophrenia frequently report altruistic motives for study participation, almost to the same extent as unaffected controls. In contrast to unfortunate stereotypes, people with schizophrenia wish others to benefit from their experiences with severe mental illness and should not be refrained from participating in genomic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Eriksson Dufva
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Henrietta Westman
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Ulrik Khilbom
- Centre for Research Ethics & Bioethics (CRB), Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Viktoria Johansson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Psychiatric Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Tibben A, Dondorp W, Cornelis C, Knoers N, Brilstra E, van Summeren M, Bolt I. Parents, their children, whole exome sequencing and unsolicited findings: growing towards the child's future autonomy. Eur J Hum Genet 2021; 29:911-919. [PMID: 33456055 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-00794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In a previous study we found that parents of children with developmental delay (DD) favoured acceptance of unsolicited findings (UFs) for medically actionable conditions in childhood, but that preferences diverged for UFs with no medical actionability, or only in adulthood, and regarding carrier status. Sometimes the child's future autonomy formed a reason for withholding UFs for the present, despite an unfavourable prognosis concerning the child's cognitive capabilities. This might be different for children undergoing whole exome sequencing (WES) for reasons other than DD and who are expected to exert future autonomy. This is the focus of the current study. We conducted nine qualitative, semi-structured interviews with parents of children, ages <1-15, after consenting to WES, but prior to feedback of results, and with three adolescent children. Several parents wished to receive any information that might in whatever way be relevant to the health and well-being of their child, and to a lesser extent wished the inclusion of information about non-actionable disorders and information concerning carrier status of autosomal recessive disorders. Although parents understood the rationale behind the centre's UFs disclosure policy, they also felt that they needed this information in order to be able to exert their parental responsibility and take good care of a child still dependent on them. Parents reason from their notion of parental responsibility but are also inclined to take adolescent children's preferences seriously and acknowledge the child's incipient autonomy as a ground for granting an increasing degree of self-determination on the road to adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aad Tibben
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Wybo Dondorp
- Department of Health, Ethics & Society, Research School for Public Health & Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Candice Cornelis
- Ethics Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Nine Knoers
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eva Brilstra
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke van Summeren
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ineke Bolt
- Ethics Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Ethics, Philosophy and History of Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Edgar J, Bao A, Maga T, Schwartz M, Yates C, Spencer S. Adopted individuals' interest in elective genomic testing. J Med Genet 2021; 59:197-203. [PMID: 33443090 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2020-107503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Adoptees are a population that could benefit from genetic testing to fill gaps in family health history (FHH). Elective genomic testing (EGT) provides adoptees with clinical genetic testing options to learn about genetic health risks in the absence of FHH. We assessed adoptees' interests in, motivations for and perceived utility of EGT. METHODS Adult adoptees and non-adoptees completed an anonymous, online survey regarding their interest and motivations for EGT, perceived utility of potential results and willingness to pay for EGT. A validated measure of social identity was included to measure the effects of social identity on testing interest. RESULTS There were 112 adoptees and 229 non-adoptees included in the study. Adoptees reported greater interest in EGT (OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.2 to 11.3) than non-adoptees. They were motivated by curiosity and a desire to learn information about risks to children and grandchildren more than non-adoptees. Adoptees with higher education and non-adoptees with higher incomes were significantly more likely to spend more on EGT. Adoptees with higher incomes and non-adoptees with higher education were not significantly more likely to spend more. Social identity was a significant mediator between adoption and testing motivation. CONCLUSION Understanding adoptees' unique motivations and interests in EGT will allow healthcare providers to better address the informational needs and desires of this population. Social identity provides a foundation for recognising adoptees' universal experiences that influence motivations for genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Edgar
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Annie Bao
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Tara Maga
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Hereditary Cancer Program, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Marci Schwartz
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Geisinger, Danville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Sara Spencer
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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35
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Milo Rasouly H, Cuneo N, Marasa M, DeMaria N, Chatterjee D, Thompson JJ, Fasel DA, Wynn J, Chung WK, Appelbaum P, Weng C, Bakken S, Gharavi AG. GeneLiFT: A novel test to facilitate rapid screening of genetic literacy in a diverse population undergoing genetic testing. J Genet Couns 2020; 30:742-754. [PMID: 33368851 PMCID: PMC8246865 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
With the broader introduction of genomic medicine in research and clinical care, an increasing number of persons are offered genetic testing. Many factors, including genetic literacy, may impact the utilization of genetic results by patients and their families. We developed a rapid, self-administered measure of genetic literacy, called Genetic Literacy Fast Test (GeneLiFT). We next evaluated the association of GeneLiFT scores with the comprehension of limitations of genomic medicine in participants undergoing genetic testing in the NIH-sponsored eMERGE III study at Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York. All participants underwent genetic screening for variants in 74 actionable genes associated with adult-onset disorders. A diverse cohort of 724 participants completed the survey (60% women, 45% less than 40 years old, and 53% self-reported White non-Hispanic ancestry). The GeneLiFT was validated using known group differences based on education, health literacy, and numeracy, and with questions assessing genetic knowledge. GeneLiFT identified multiple standard genetics terms, that is, jargon, not recognized by more than 50% of participants (including actionability and pathogenicity). Low genetic literacy, identified in 210 participants (29%), was significantly associated with poor understanding of the limitations of genetic testing (p-values < 10-9 ). This association was independent of education, health literacy, and numeracy levels, highlighting the importance of directly measuring genetic literacy. Low genetic literacy was also associated with low satisfaction with the informed consent process. GeneLiFT is a practical tool for rapid assessment of genetic literacy in large studies or clinical care. GeneLiFT will allow future research to efficiently assess the role of genetic literacy on the clinical impact of genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Milo Rasouly
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Precision Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicole Cuneo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maddalena Marasa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Precision Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Natalia DeMaria
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Debanjana Chatterjee
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Precision Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacqueline J Thompson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Fasel
- Center for Precision Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Wynn
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wendy K Chung
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Appelbaum
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chunhua Weng
- Department of Biomedical informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suzanne Bakken
- School of Nursing and Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ali G Gharavi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Precision Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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36
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Guerra-Assunção JA, Conde L, Moghul I, Webster AP, Ecker S, Chervova O, Chatzipantsiou C, Prieto PP, Beck S, Herrero J. GenomeChronicler: The Personal Genome Project UK Genomic Report Generator Pipeline. Front Genet 2020; 11:518644. [PMID: 33193602 PMCID: PMC7541957 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.518644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant increase in whole genome sequencing data of individual genomes produced by research projects as well as direct to consumer service providers. While many of these sources provide their users with an interpretation of the data, there is a lack of free, open tools for generating reports exploring the data in an easy to understand manner. GenomeChronicler was developed as part of the Personal Genome Project UK (PGP-UK) to address this need. PGP-UK provides genomic, transcriptomic, epigenomic and self-reported phenotypic data under an open-access model with full ethical approval. As a result, the reports generated by GenomeChronicler are intended for research purposes only and include information relating to potentially beneficial and potentially harmful variants, but without clinical curation. GenomeChronicler can be used with data from whole genome or whole exome sequencing, producing a genome report containing information on variant statistics, ancestry and known associated phenotypic traits. Example reports are available from the PGP-UK data page (personalgenomes.org.uk/data). The objective of this method is to leverage existing resources to find known phenotypes associated with the genotypes detected in each sample. The provided trait data is based primarily upon information available in SNPedia, but also collates data from ClinVar, GETevidence, and gnomAD to provide additional details on potential health implications, presence of genotype in other PGP participants and population frequency of each genotype. The analysis can be run in a self-contained environment without requiring internet access, making it a good choice for cases where privacy is essential or desired: any third party project can embed GenomeChronicler within their off-line safe-haven environments. GenomeChronicler can be run for one sample at a time, or in parallel making use of the Nextflow workflow manager. The source code is available from GitHub (https://github.com/PGP-UK/GenomeChronicler), container recipes are available for Docker and Singularity, as well as a pre-built container from SingularityHub (https://singularity-hub.org/collections/3664) enabling easy deployment in a variety of settings. Users without access to computational resources to run GenomeChronicler can access the software from the Lifebit CloudOS platform (https://lifebit.ai/cloudos) enabling the production of reports and variant calls from raw sequencing data in a scalable fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Afonso Guerra-Assunção
- Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lucia Conde
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ismail Moghul
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amy P Webster
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Ecker
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Olga Chervova
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Stephan Beck
- Medical Genomics, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Herrero
- Bill Lyons Informatics Centre, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Lewis C, Hammond J, Hill M, Searle B, Hunter A, Patch C, Chitty LS, Sanderson SC. Young people's understanding, attitudes and involvement in decision-making about genome sequencing for rare diseases: A qualitative study with participants in the UK 100, 000 Genomes Project. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:104043. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.104043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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38
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East KM, Cochran M, Kelley WV, Greve V, Emmerson K, Raines G, Cochran JN, Hott AM, Bick D. Understanding the present and preparing for the future: Exploring the needs of diagnostic and elective genomic medicine patients. J Genet Couns 2020; 28:438-448. [PMID: 30964585 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genomic knowledge and technology have increased the use of comprehensive clinical sequencing tests. Genome sequencing has established utility for diagnosing patients with rare, undiagnosed diseases as well as interest in an elective context, without a clinical indication for testing. The Smith Family Clinic for Genomic Medicine, LLC in Huntsville, AL is a private practice genomic medicine clinic caring for both diagnostic (79%) and elective (21%) patients. Diagnostic and elective patients are seen on a clinical basis and receive standard care. Genome sequencing is provided on a self-pay basis, with assistance available for diagnostic patients who have financial need. Here, we describe demographics and motivations of the distinct patient populations and our experiences engaging patients in online education. Diagnostic patients were motivated by the possibility of receiving an explanation for symptoms (96%) while elective patients were motivated by the chance to learn about future disease risk (57%). Elective patients were less likely to engage with online education, with only 28% reading all assigned topics compared to 54% of diagnostic patients. Understanding the needs, interests, and barriers unique to diagnostic and elective patients is critical to inform individualized and scalable best practices in patient education and engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M East
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - Meagan Cochran
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | | | - Veronica Greve
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | | | - Grace Raines
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | | | - Adam M Hott
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
| | - David Bick
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, Alabama
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39
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Sabatello M, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Appelbaum PS. In Different Voices: The Views of People with Disabilities about Return of Results from Precision Medicine Research. Public Health Genomics 2020; 23:42-53. [PMID: 32294660 DOI: 10.1159/000506599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Returning genetic results to research participants is gaining momentum in the USA. It is believed to be an important step in exploring the impact of efforts to translate findings from research to bedside and public health benefits. Some also hope that this practice will incentivize research participation, especially among people from historically marginalized communities who are commonly underrepresented in research. However, research participants' interest in receiving nongenomic medical and nonmedical results that may emerge from precision medicine research (PMR) is understudied and no study to date has explored the views of people with disabilities about return of genomic and nongenomic results from PMR. METHODS In a national online survey of people with disabilities, participants were queried about their interest in receiving biological, environmental, and lifestyle results from PMR (n = 1,294). Analyses describe findings for all of the participants and comparisons for key demographic characteristics and disability subgroups. RESULTS The participants expressed high interest in biological and health-related results and less interest in other findings. However, the interest among the study participants was lower than that found in comparable studies of the general population. Moreover, this interest varied significantly across gender, race/ethnicity, and disability subgroups. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed. CONCLUSION Insofar as return of results from PMR may impact translational efforts, it is important to better understand the role of sociomedical marginalization in decisions about return of results from PMR and to develop strategies to address existing barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sabatello
- Center for Research on Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Psychiatric, Neurologic and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA,
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Research Scientist and Biostatistician, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Paul S Appelbaum
- Center for Research on Ethical, Legal and Social Implications of Psychiatric, Neurologic and Behavioral Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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40
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Petersen C. User-focused data sharing agreements: a foundation for the genomic future. JAMIA Open 2020; 2:402-406. [PMID: 32025634 PMCID: PMC6993993 DOI: 10.1093/jamiaopen/ooz043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Data sharing agreements that clearly describe what individuals are agreeing to and what responsibilities data stewards will undertake are crucial for the establishment, maintenance, and flourishing of genomic datasets. To optimize genomic data resources, researchers, care professionals, and informaticians must regard system design, user objectives, and environmental considerations through users' eyes, identifying fundamental values on which to build and potential barriers to success that must be avoided. Design of agreements that promote desired data sharing and protect valuable data resources as necessary begins with a review of user interests and concerns. Nontraditional approaches for informed consent (eg, abbreviated informed consent, electronic informed consent, and dynamic consent) can facilitate achievement of data donors' privacy-related goals while making data available to researchers. Transparency in individual-researcher interactions, recognition and accommodation of cultural differences, and identification of shared needs and goals create a foundation for data sharing agreements that work over short and long terms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Petersen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Global Business Solutions, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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41
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Parents' motivations, concerns and understanding of genome sequencing: a qualitative interview study. Eur J Hum Genet 2020; 28:874-884. [PMID: 32001839 PMCID: PMC7316711 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-020-0575-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The 100,000 Genomes Project is a hybrid clinical and research project in which patients and parents are offered genome sequencing for cancer and rare and inherited disease diagnosis; all participants receive their main findings and contribute their data for research, and are offered optional secondary findings. Our aim was to explore participating parents' attitudes towards and understanding of genome sequencing in this hybrid context. We conducted in-depth telephone interviews with 20 parents of children with rare diseases participating in the 100,000 Genomes Project. Parents were positive about contributing to research, although some had needed reassurance about data protections. Although most felt positive about secondary findings, some could not recall or misunderstood key aspects. Some were also concerned about potential emotional impact of results and a few raised concerns about life insurance implications, and the impact of future legal changes. Participants were generally positive about consent appointments, but several raised concerns about 'information overload' because of deciding about secondary findings at the same time as about the main diagnostic genome sequencing and data contribution. Additional information resources, particularly online tools, were highlighted as potentially useful ways of supporting the consent process. We conclude that parents offered genome sequencing as part of a national hybrid clinical and research project report many positive attitudes and experiences, but also concerns and misunderstandings. Further research is needed on how best to support informed consent, particularly about secondary findings. Additional resources such as online tools might usefully support future genome sequencing consent processes.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Identifying pathogenic variation underlying pediatric developmental disease is critical for medical management, therapeutic development, and family planning. This review summarizes current genetic testing options along with their potential benefits and limitations. We also describe results from large-scale genomic sequencing projects in pediatric and neonatal populations with a focus on clinical utility. RECENT FINDINGS Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have made genomic sequencing a feasible and effective testing option in a variety of clinical settings. These cutting-edge tests offer much promise to both medical providers and patients as it has been demonstrated to detect causal genetic variation in ∼25% or more of previously unresolved cases. Efforts aimed at promoting data sharing across clinical genetics laboratories and systematic reanalysis of existing genomic sequencing data have further improved diagnostic rates and reduced the number of unsolved cases. SUMMARY Genomic sequencing is a powerful and increasingly cost-effective alternative to current genetic tests and will continue to grow in clinical utility as more of the genome is understood and as analytical methods are improved. The evolution of genomic sequencing is changing the landscape of clinical testing and requires medical professionals who are adept at understanding and returning genomic results to patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Neu
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- University of Alabama at Birmingham Medical Scientist Training Program, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Exome sequencing in clinical settings: preferences and experiences of parents of children with rare diseases (SEQUAPRE study). Eur J Hum Genet 2019; 27:701-710. [PMID: 30710147 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-018-0332-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exome sequencing (ES) has revolutionized diagnostic procedures in medical genetics, particularly for developmental diseases. The variety and complexity of the information produced has raised issues regarding its use in a clinical setting. Of particular interest are patients' expectations regarding the information disclosed, the accompaniment provided, and the value patients place on these. To explore these issues in parents of children with developmental disorders and no diagnosis with known etiology, a multidisciplinary group of researchers from social and behavioral sciences and patient organizations conducted a mixed-methodology study (quantitative and qualitative) in two centers of expertise for rare diseases in France. The quantitative study aimed to determine the preferences of 513 parents regarding the disclosure of ES results. It showed that parents wished to have exhaustive information, including variants of unknown significance possibly linked to their child's disorder and secondary findings. This desire for information could be a strategy to maximize the chances of obtaining a diagnosis. The qualitative study aimed to understand the expectations and reactions of 57 parents interviewed just after the return of ES results. In-depth analysis showed that parents had ambivalent feelings about the findings whatever the results returned. The contrasting results from these studies raise questions about the value of the information provided and parents' high expectations regarding the results. The nature of parental expectations has emerged as an important topic in efforts to optimize accompaniment and support for families during the informed decision-making process and after disclosure of the results in an overall context of uncertainty.
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Hong SJ, Biesecker B, Ivanovich J, Goodman M, Kaphingst KA. Factors affecting breast cancer patients' need for genetic risk information: From information insufficiency to information need. J Genet Couns 2019; 28:543-557. [PMID: 30675956 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Information-seeking models typically focus on information-seeking behaviors based on individuals' interest in information, because their current level is perceived to be insufficient. In the context of genetic risk information (GRI), however, information insufficiency is difficult to measure and thus can limit understanding of information behavior in the context of GRI. We propose that an individual's need for information might be a more direct and conceptually clearer alternative to predicting their information-seeking behavior. To test this hypothesis, this study investigates the extent to which previously identified factors affecting interest in GRI are also predictors of need for GRI among women diagnosed with breast cancer at the age of 40 or younger (N = 1,069). As hypothesized, there was a positive association between interest in and need for GRI. Furthermore, hypothesized factors of numeracy, information orientation, and genetic knowledge were significant predictors of increased interest in and need for GRI. In contrast, hypothesized factors of genetic worry and genetic causal belief predicted increased interest in GRI only, while genetic self-efficacy predicted increased need for GRI only. As hypothesized, BRCA status significantly moderated associations between informational norm and both interest in and need for GRI. Collectively, the findings support inclusion of need for GRI in theoretical information-seeking models in the context of genomic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jung Hong
- Department of Communications and New Media, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Kimberly A Kaphingst
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Communication, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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Lewis KL, Facio FM, Berrios CD. Using the diffusion of innovations model to guide participant engagement in the genomics era. J Genet Couns 2019; 28:419-427. [PMID: 30653790 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exome and genome sequencing (EGS) are increasingly the genetic testing modalities of choice among researchers owing to their ready availability, low cost, and large data output. Recruitment of larger, more diverse cohorts into long-term studies with extensive data collection is fundamental to the success of EGS research and to the widespread benefit of genomic medicine to various populations. Effective engagement will be critical to meeting this demand. The Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) model provides a framework for how new technologies are adopted in communities, including antecedents of an individual's decision to adopt the technology, how the technology's attributes influence its acceptability, the predictors of sustained use of that technology, and its diffusion through society. We apply the DOI model to frame participant engagement in EGS research and to guide the proposal of potential strategies that aim to overcome forecasted challenges. Finally, we suggest a variety of ways genetic counselors can apply their skills and training to the development and implementation of these strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Lewis
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Flavia M Facio
- Medical Genomics and Metabolic Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Courtney D Berrios
- Center for Pediatric Genomic Medicine, Children's Mercy Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
- School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
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Weitzman ER, Magane KM, Wisk LE. How Returning Aggregate Research Results Impacts Interest in Research Engagement and Planned Actions Relevant to Health Care Decision Making: Cohort Study. J Med Internet Res 2018; 20:e10647. [PMID: 30578228 PMCID: PMC6320417 DOI: 10.2196/10647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Collection of patient-reported outcomes measures (PROs) may augment clinical data and inform health research, improving care, yet approaches to sustaining interest among patient cohorts in research participation are needed. One approach may involve returning aggregate research results (ARRs), which may help patients contextualize personal experiences, prompt conversations with providers or family, and encourage information seeking. This model has been demonstrated for Web-based patient-centered registries. Studies with clinical cohorts may further elucidate the model, its impacts on interest in research participation and planned actions, and potential for participants to experience this as helpful or harmful—gap areas. Objective We sought to investigate the impacts of returning ARRs comprising summaries of PROs and clinical metrics to parents of children with rheumatic disease, assessing interest in future research participation among parents who viewed ARRs and plans for acting on returned information. Further, we sought to investigate reactions to viewing ARRs and how these reactions impacted planned actions. Methods Clinical and PRO data were obtained about children in a national clinical disease registry, summarized, and processed into annotated infographics, comprising ARRs for children’s parents. Parents who viewed ARRs (n=111) were surveyed about the information’s perceived value and their reactions. Reaction patterns were summarized using principal components analysis (PCA), and associations among reaction patterns and interest in research participation and planned actions were estimated using multivariate logistic regression. Results Parental endorsement of the value of ARRs for understanding their child’s condition and making care decisions was high (across 10 topics for which ARRs were shared, 42.2%-77.3% of the parents reported information was “very valuable”). Most (58/111, 52.3%) parents reported being more interested in participating in research after viewing ARRs, with the remainder reporting that their interest levels were unchanged. Reactions to viewing ARRs reflected experiencing validation/affirmation and information burden based on PCA. Reactions were not associated with child demographic or clinical characteristics and PROs, except that parents from households with less education reported greater information burden than those from more educated households (P=.007). In adjusted models, parents with higher validation/affirmation scores had increased odds of reporting heightened interest in research participation (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 1.97, 95% CI 1.18-3.30), while higher information burden scores were associated with decreased odds of planned discussions with their child (AOR 0.59, 95% CI 0.36-0.95) and increased odds of planned discussions with providers (AOR 1.75, 95% CI 1.02-3.00). Conclusions Returning ARRs may foster a “virtuous cycle” of research engagement, especially where ARRs are experienced favorably and affect plans to share and discuss ARRs in support of a child’s chronic disease care and treatment. Reactions to ARRs vary with education level, underscoring the need for attention to equity for this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa R Weitzman
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Kara M Magane
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lauren E Wisk
- Division of Adolescent/Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Lewis KL, Heidlebaugh AR, Epps S, Han PKJ, Fishler KP, Klein WMP, Miller IM, Ng D, Hepler C, Biesecker BB, Biesecker LG. Knowledge, motivations, expectations, and traits of an African, African-American, and Afro-Caribbean sequencing cohort and comparisons to the original ClinSeq ® cohort. Genet Med 2018; 21:1355-1362. [PMID: 30382154 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-018-0341-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Racial minority populations are underrepresented in genomics research. This study enrolled African-descended individuals in a sequencing study and reported their characteristics. METHODS We purposively recruited 467 individuals self-identified as African, African American, or Afro-Caribbean to the ClinSeq® study and surveyed them about knowledge, motivations, expectations, and traits. Summary statistics were calculated and compared with data from the study's original cohort, which was primarily White and self-referred. RESULTS Recruitment took five years and 83% of enrollees completed the survey. Participants had modest knowledge about benefits and limitations of sequencing (x̅s = 5.1, ranges: 0-10), and less than the original cohort (x̅ = 7.5 and 7.7, respectively). Common motivations to enroll were learning information relevant to personal health (49%) or family members' health (33%), and most had realistic expectations of sequencing. Like the original cohort, they had high levels of optimism, openness, and resilience. CONCLUSION Early adopters may have relatively consistent personality traits irrespective of majority/minority status and recruitment methods, but high levels of genomics knowledge are not universal. Research should determine whether recruitment and consent procedures provide adequate education to promote informed choices and realistic expectations, which are vital to ethical research and increasing genomics research participation in underrepresented communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Lewis
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Sandra Epps
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul K J Han
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, Portland, ME, USA
| | | | - William M P Klein
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ilana M Miller
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David Ng
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Barbara B Biesecker
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Research Triangle Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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Clayton EW, Halverson CM, Sathe NA, Malin BA. A systematic literature review of individuals' perspectives on privacy and genetic information in the United States. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204417. [PMID: 30379944 PMCID: PMC6209148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns about genetic privacy affect individuals' willingness to accept genetic testing in clinical care and to participate in genomics research. To learn what is already known about these views, we conducted a systematic review, which ultimately analyzed 53 studies involving the perspectives of 47,974 participants on real or hypothetical privacy issues related to human genetic data. Bibliographic databases included MEDLINE, Web of Knowledge, and Sociological Abstracts. Three investigators independently screened studies against predetermined criteria and assessed risk of bias. The picture of genetic privacy that emerges from this systematic literature review is complex and riddled with gaps. When asked specifically "are you worried about genetic privacy," the general public, patients, and professionals frequently said yes. In many cases, however, that question was posed poorly or only in the most general terms. While many participants expressed concern that genomic and medical information would be revealed to others, respondents frequently seemed to conflate privacy, confidentiality, control, and security. People varied widely in how much control they wanted over the use of data. They were more concerned about use by employers, insurers, and the government than they were about researchers and commercial entities. In addition, people are often willing to give up some privacy to obtain other goods. Importantly, little attention was paid to understanding the factors-sociocultural, relational, and media-that influence people's opinions and decisions. Future investigations should explore in greater depth which concerns about genetic privacy are most salient to people and the social forces and contexts that influence those perceptions. It is also critical to identify the social practices that will make the collection and use of these data more trustworthy for participants as well as to identify the circumstances that lead people to set aside worries and decide to participate in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen W. Clayton
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Privacy & Identity in Community Settings, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Colin M. Halverson
- Center for Biomedical Ethics and Society, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Nila A. Sathe
- Vanderbilt Evidence-Based Practice Center, Institute for Medicine and Public Health, and Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
| | - Bradley A. Malin
- Center for Genetic Privacy & Identity in Community Settings, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics and Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States of America
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States of America
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Australia: regulating genomic data sharing to promote public trust. Hum Genet 2018; 137:583-591. [PMID: 30116956 PMCID: PMC6132638 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-018-1914-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of genomic data sharing in Australia is a confusing mix of common law, legislation, ethical guidelines, and codes of practice. Beyond privacy laws, which only apply to genomic data that meets the definition of personal information, the key regulatory lever is the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) National Statement for Ethical Conduct in Human Research (“National Statement”) (2007). Compliance with the National Statement is a requirement for institutions to apply to the NHMRC for funding, and includes—among other things—requirements for review of most genomic research by Human Research Ethics Committees. The sections of the National Statement specifying requirements for research with human genomic data are currently under review, including proposed new requirements addressing the return of genetic research findings and oversight of transfer agreements. Ensuring the willingness of Australians to donate their genomic information and participate in medical research will require clarification and harmonisation of the applicable regulatory framework, along with reforms to ensure that these regulations reflect the conditions necessary to promote ongoing public trust in researchers and institutions.
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Scherr CL, Aufox S, Ross AA, Ramesh S, Wicklund CA, Smith M. What People Want to Know About Their Genes: A Critical Review of the Literature on Large-Scale Genome Sequencing Studies. Healthcare (Basel) 2018; 6:healthcare6030096. [PMID: 30096823 PMCID: PMC6165341 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare6030096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
From a public health perspective, the “All of Us” study provides an opportunity to isolate targeted and cost-effective prevention and early-detection strategies. Identifying motivations for participation in large-scale genomic sequencing (LSGS) studies, and motivations and preferences to receive results will help determine effective strategies for “All of Us” study implementation. This paper offers a critical review of the literature regarding LSGS for adult onset hereditary conditions where results could indicate an increased risk to develop disease. The purpose of this review is to synthesize studies which explored peoples’ motivations for participating in LSGS studies, and their desire to receive different types of genetic results. Participants were primarily motivated by altruism, desire to know more about their health, and curiosity. When asked about hypothetically receiving results, most participants in hypothetical studies wanted all results except those which were uncertain (i.e., a variant of uncertain significance (VUS)). However, participants in studies where results were returned preferred to receive only results for which an intervention was available, but also wanted VUS. Concerns about peoples’ understanding of results and possible psychosocial implications are noted. Most studies examined populations classified as “early adopters,” therefore, additional research on motivations and expectations among the general public, minority, and underserved populations is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Scherr
- Center for Communication and Health, Department of Communication Studies, Northwestern University, 710 North Lake Shore Drive, 15th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611; USA.
| | - Sharon Aufox
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N Michigan Ave, Suite 630, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Amy A Ross
- Center for Communication and Health, Department of Communication Studies, Northwestern University, 710 North Lake Shore Drive, 15th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611; USA.
| | - Sanjana Ramesh
- Center for Communication and Health, Department of Communication Studies, Northwestern University, 710 North Lake Shore Drive, 15th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611; USA.
| | - Catherine A Wicklund
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N Michigan Ave, Suite 630, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
| | - Maureen Smith
- Center for Genetic Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 645 N Michigan Ave, Suite 630, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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