1
|
Tayal A, Daigavane S, Gupta N. An Interesting Case Report on a Myocysticercosis Cyst. Cureus 2024; 16:e58884. [PMID: 38800342 PMCID: PMC11117026 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.58884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the most dangerous parasite infections, cysticercosis, is found practically everywhere in the world. Cysticercus cellulosae is the larval stage of the swine tapeworm Taenia solium, which causes cysticercosis. Orbital or ocular cysticercosis (OOC) is an avoidable cause of blindness. There are two types of ocular cysticercosis: intraocular (in the anterior chamber, subretinal space, or vitreous) and extraocular (in the orbital tissues or subconjunctival space). Here, we report a rare case of extraocular muscle cysticercosis that presented as a solitary, well-defined lobulated mass near the medial canthus in the right eye and was well managed medically with antihelminthic drugs and corticosteroid therapy. The key to diagnosing myocysticercosis is orbital imaging. Although brain and ocular involvement in cysticercosis is common, extraocular muscle cysticercosis is extremely uncommon and mainly affects young people and children. Orbital pseudotumor, idiopathic myositis, and hydatid cysts are a few differential diagnoses for ocular cysticercosis. It is critical to recognize and treat such illnesses as early as feasible to avoid serious consequences. Public health measures are essential to eradicate this disease in the area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayushi Tayal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Sachin Daigavane
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| | - Nivesh Gupta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, IND
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Soman N, Khandelwal R, Maheshwari S. Case of Orbital Cysticercosis Presenting as Recurrent Cellulitis Diagnosed on Multi-Modality Imaging. Cureus 2021; 13:e18242. [PMID: 34722037 PMCID: PMC8544804 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.18242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysticercosis results in humans when infected with the larval stage of taenia solium which is called cysticercus cellulosae. The target organs usually involved are the brain, eyes, spine, and skeletal muscles. The ocular form of cysticercosis can affect the intra-ocular structures or involve the orbital adnexa. Intraocular involvement is relatively common and is readily diagnosed owing to its obvious visibility on a basic slit-lamp examination, however, affection of orbital adnexa is infrequent. Moreover, solitary involvement of one of the extraocular muscles is rare and difficult to diagnose as it presents with a spectrum of non-specific symptoms. We report a rare case of orbital cysticercosis with a solitary left superior rectus muscle involvement, who presented with recurrent on and off lid swelling extending for two years with double vision and restriction of downward gaze.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhith Soman
- Radiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Research Centre and Hospital, Pune, IND
| | - Rachit Khandelwal
- Radiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Research Centre and Hospital, Pune, IND
| | - Sagar Maheshwari
- Radiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Research Centre and Hospital, Pune, IND
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pujari A, Bhaskaran K, Modaboyina S, Das D, Saluja G, Samdani A, Singh P, Bajaj MS, Sharma N. Cysticercosis in ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 67:544-569. [PMID: 34339720 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cysticercosis is caused by Taenia solium, a cestode or tapeworm that preferentially affects the subcutaneous tissue, brain, muscle, and the eye. It is traditionally a disease of low socioeconomic regions, but large-scale population migration has made it a matter of global concern. Its ocular invasion is a potentially blinding disease. In the last two decades, there has been considerable discussion of cysticercosis; however, most comes from a limited number of case observations. Thus, to overcome this limitation, we summarize and analyse twenty years of medical literature (from 2000 to 2020) on cysticercosis in ophthalmology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amar Pujari
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, RPC-1, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
| | - Karthika Bhaskaran
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, RPC-1, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujeeth Modaboyina
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, RPC-1, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepshekhar Das
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, RPC-1, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Gunjan Saluja
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, RPC-1, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Asha Samdani
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, RPC-1, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, RPC-1, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Mandeep S Bajaj
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, RPC-1, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Namrata Sharma
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, RPC-1, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ganesh SK, Priyanka. Analysis of Clinical Profile, Investigation, and Management of Ocular Cysticercosis Seen at a Tertiary Referral Centre. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2018; 26:550-557. [DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2017.1413395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sudha K. Ganesh
- Uvea and Ocular Pathology, Medical Research Foundation, Nungambakkam, Chennai, India
| | - Priyanka
- Sankara Nethralya, Uvea, Medical Research Foundation, Nungambakkam, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jain RS, Kookna JC, Sisodia MS, Bhana I, Khan I. Retroorbital optic nerve cysticercosis. Am J Emerg Med 2016; 34:2461.e1-2461.e2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
|
6
|
Pujari A, Behera AK. Medial rectus muscle cysticercosis: an assessment using ultrasonography and CT. BMJ Case Rep 2016; 2016:bcr-2016-217953. [PMID: 27873764 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2016-217953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amar Pujari
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aswini Kumar Behera
- Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Verma R, Jaiswal A. Multiple brain parenchymal neurocysticercosis with extraocular muscle cysticercosis affecting levator palpebral superioris and superior rectus complex: an unusual association. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2012-007421. [PMID: 23355567 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-007421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An 8-year-old girl presented to the neurology department with a complaint of insidious onset of left-sided ptosis and restricted elevation of the left eye. A CT scan orbit and brain revealed a ring-enhancing lesion in the levator palpebral superioris (LPS) and superior rectus (SR) muscle complex of the left eye and left parietal and right temporal region. She was started on steroid, followed by albendazole with improvement. The LPS/SR complex is the least common site of involvement among extraocular muscles in ocular cysticercosis. Specially, with brain neurocysticercosis (NCC), it is extremely rare. We report an unusual association of multiple brain NCC with ocular cysticercosis involving LPS and SR muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Verma
- Department of Neurology, King George Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Damani M, Mehta VC, Baile RB, Nakwa B. Orbital cysticercosis: A case report. Saudi J Ophthalmol 2012; 26:457-8. [PMID: 23961034 PMCID: PMC3729805 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjopt.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A 22 years old male presented to us with a history of lid swelling and chemosis of conjunctiva since 2 days. The patient had a history of convulsions 4 days back and 2 months back. The patient had undergone a CT scan which showed granulomas in temporal and parietal lobes. The patient was started on Anti tuberculosis treatment by the Physician. The Patient underwent USG B scan which revealed cysticercosis cyst in the anterior orbit inferiorly .The patient was treated with albendazole and wysolone for a month. The patient was reviewed after 1 month .The lesion resolved with the treatment both clinically and on USG.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chan EW, Looi A. Cysticercosis of the Levator Palpebrae Superioris. ANNALS OF THE ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, SINGAPORE 2010. [DOI: 10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n12p938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
10
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extraocular muscle cysticercosis is rare and can be classified based on the stage of evolution as viable, degenerating, and inactive. A tailored approach to therapy using a combination of albendazole and steroids has been proposed. In this study, we have evaluated the clinical features and response of "viable" extraocular muscle cysticercosis to a tailored therapy with oral albendazole and steroids. METHODS A retrospective review of 32 patients with viable extraocular muscle cysticercosis was performed over a 3-year period. Ultrasound examination was performed at 3 weeks and 6 weeks for resolution of the cyst and clinical signs following treatment with oral albendazole and prednisolone. The clinical presentation, ocular alignment, motility restriction, and ultrasound examination details were recorded on serial visits. RESULTS The mean age was 19.5 years. The most common presenting signs included limitation of ocular motility in 75%, conjunctival mass in 37.5%, diplopia in 28.1%, and proptosis in 28.1% of the patients, respectively. Ocular alignment evaluation revealed esotropia in 3.1%, exotropia in 12.5%, and hypertropia in 6.25%. Restriction of abduction and abduction in elevation was present in two patients each. The average time for complete resolution was 65.9 days. All the patients had resolution, except four, who had residual motility limitation but were asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS Combination therapy with oral albendazole and steroids is effective in the management of viable extraocular muscle cysticercosis. However, residual motility restriction may persist despite treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Murthy
- Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, LVPrasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Singh U, Gupta P, Bansal R. Unusual presentation of orbital cysticercosis in subperiosteal space. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 2008; 45:379-80. [PMID: 19043954 DOI: 10.3928/01913913-20081101-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe a previously unreported case of subperiosteal orbital cysticercosis in a child. Surgical incision on the periosteum led to the extrusion of a cyst, which was confirmed histopathologically. Cysticercosis should also be considered in the differential diagnosis of subperiosteal abscess.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Usha Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Orbital cysticercosis is a rare condition and its management is controversial. We report 2 cases of orbital cellulitis associated with cysticercosis in which the treatment with antihelminthics was withheld. The 2 children had good evolution with spontaneous progressive resolution. The current literature is reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rita Sandes
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Chadha V, Pandey PK, Chauhan D, Das S. Simultaneous Intraocular and Bilateral Extraocular Muscle Involvement in a Case of Disseminated Cysticercosis. Int Ophthalmol 2006; 26:35-7. [PMID: 16779570 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-005-8248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 05/25/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report an unusual case of disseminated cysticercosis having simultaneous intraocular and extraocular involvement. This 21-year-old male presented with recent loss of vision in one eye and history of a single seizure. Examination revealed intravitreal cysticercosis with exudative retinal detachment. Computed tomographic scan showed disseminated neurocysticercosis and cysticercosis of the medial and inferior recti of both the eyes. The patient was started on albendazole and prednisolone under neurologist's supervision. Subsequent computed tomographic scan showed resolution of the extraocular muscle cysts and decrease in the number of neurocysticerci. The patient has had no further seizures. This is the first report of simultaneous intraocular and extraocular cysticercosis.
Collapse
|
14
|
Wong YC, Goh KY, Choo CT, Seah LL, Rootman J. An unusual cause of acquired horizontal diplopia in a young adult. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:390-1. [PMID: 15722329 PMCID: PMC1772552 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2004.052258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
15
|
Sundaram PM, Jayakumar N, Noronha V. Extraocular muscle cysticercosis - a clinical challenge to the ophthalmologists. Orbit 2005; 23:255-62. [PMID: 15590528 DOI: 10.1080/01676830590889866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report our experience with extraocular myocysticercosis, to highlight the role of ultrasound and orbital computerized tomography (CT) scan in these cases and to discuss the management. METHODS This is retrospective study of 35 cases of orbital myocysticercosis confirmed on ultrasound and CT scan of the orbit. RESULTS There were 18 males and 17 females. The average age of these patients was 19.6 years. The most common presenting feature was restricted ocular motility with diplopia and recurrent pain and redness. Ultrasound examination and CT scan of the orbit done for all these patients identified the cyst and the affected muscle. All extraocular muscles were noted to be involved in myocysticercosis. However the lateral rectus, medial rectus and the superior oblique were affected to a greater extent. All cases dramatically improved on treatment with albendazole and oral steroids. Surgical excision of cyst was done in 6 cases. CONCLUSION A high index of suspicion should be entertained for extraocular muscle cysticercosis, especially in cases of acquired ocular motility disorder with recurrent ocular congestion. Ultrasound and CT scans of orbit play a vital role in diagnosis. Medical therapy with albendazole under cover of steroids is effective in most of the cases.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Involvement of extraocular muscle by Cysticercus cellulosae is very rare. Rarer still is the isolated involvement of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle presenting clinically as ptosis. We report here such a presentation in an eleven years old girl.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raman Kundra
- Department of Pediatrics, Shankar Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
A retrospective study was conducted on all histopathologically proven cases of ocular cysticercosis spanning a decade in a tertiary referral centre of North India. The symptomatology, presentation, complications and treatment therapies of 18 of these patients are discussed. The most common age group to be affected was 11-20 years (50%), while the most common site involved was subconjunctival (78%), followed by lid (11%). Spontaneous extrusion was documented in three cases. Medical treatment with albendazole under the cover of corticosteroids was found to be a useful adjunct to surgical excision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Chowdhary
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Eye Centre, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
A 55-year-old woman who underwent orbital fat excision for cosmesis was incidentally found to have an isolated orbital cysticercus identified by histopathologic examination. The ensuing workup was negative for disseminated cysticercal infection and further treatment was deferred. Although uncommon, orbital cysticercosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of an asymptomatic orbital mass. Symptomatic orbital myocysticercosis has been effectively treated with albendazole at a dosage of 30 mg/kg for 15 days combined with simultaneous low-dose steroids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Walrath
- The Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, New York, New York 10032, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rauniyar RK, Thakur SKD, Panda A. CT in the diagnosis of isolated cysticercal infestation of extraocular muscle. Clin Radiol 2003; 58:154-6. [PMID: 12623046 DOI: 10.1053/crad.2002.1101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the use of computed tomography (CT) and ultrasound (US) to diagnose orbital cysticercosis, and present the diagnostic features. METHOD US and CT were used to evaluate patients with proptosis. Four patients were diagnosed as having orbital myocysticercosis and treated with oral albendazole and corticosteroid. Follow-up was undertaken with US and CT. RESULT US features were confirmatory of myocysticercosis in two eyes where as CT was effective in diagnosing the condition in all four eyes. In two patients the medial rectus was involved, in one the superior rectus and, in the other, the inferior rectus muscles. Serial US and CT revealed complete resolution of the lesions in 3 months. CONCLUSION CT is useful method in diagnosing isolated orbital myocysticercosis. Our report demonstrated that ophthalmic signs and symptoms in the presence of proptosis, especially in an endemic region, should alert the clinician to the possibility of myocysticercosis. Though CT is superior, US can be used as a economical follow-up investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Rauniyar
- Department of Radio-diagnosis, B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bajaj MS, Pushker N, Sen S, Balasubramanya R. Cysticercosis of superior oblique muscle: surgical excision and reconstruction of superior oblique tendon. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2002; 37:423-6. [PMID: 12516725 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-4182(02)80047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep S Bajaj
- Oculoplastic and Paediatric Ophthalmology Services Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Orbital and adnexal cysticercosis is emerging as a far commoner disease than previously considered, both in endemic and nonendemic areas of cysticercosis. A review of the literature on orbital and adnexal cysticercosis found that it has a predilection for children and young adults with no definite sex predilection. The extraocular muscle form is the commonest type of orbital and adnexal cysticercosis. Lodgement of cysts in the subconjunctival space is another common site, followed by the eyelid, optic nerve, retro-orbital space and lacrimal gland. Association of orbital cysticercosis with systemic cysticercosis is quite rare. The clinical manifestations of orbital or adnexal cysticercosis are entirely different and depend on the location, size, relation to adjacent structures and stage of evolution of the cyst. Diagnosis of cysticercosis is based mainly on orbital imaging because of its highly specific appearance. Tissue diagnosis is not essential for initiating treatment. Medical therapy is the recommended treatment for the extraocular muscle form and retro-orbital cysticer-cosis. Surgical removal is advocated for subconjunctival and eyelid cysticercosis. Because of the limited number of cases of optic nerve and lacrimal gland cysticercosis, their treatment is controversial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neelam Pushker
- Oculoplastic and Paediatric Ophthalmology Services, Dr Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the demographic factors, clinical diagnosis, results of investigation, modalities of treatment and their outcome in ocular and extraocular cysticercosis. METHOD A total of 20 patients were recruited for the study. Ultrasonography and computed tomography were done for all the patients. Serial ultrasound was obtained in patients receiving medical treatment. Therapy was individualized according to the location of the cyst. RESULTS The commonest clinical presentation was proptosis (9 of 20) with restriction of ocular movements, followed by subconjunctival cyst, subretinal cyst, papilloedema, atypical optic neuritis, lid nodule and intraretinal cyst. Ultrasonography was comparable with computed tomographic scan for detection of scolex. Two of the twenty patients had associated cysts in the brain parenchyma. Medical or surgical therapy as indicated, had a satisfactory outcome. CONCLUSION Cysticerci can lodge themselves in any part of the ocular and extra ocular tissue. Associated brain parenchyma involvement is quite rare. The clinical presentation, treatment and outcome mainly depends on the location of the cyst.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Pushker
- The Oculoplastic Service, Dr. R.P. Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi - 110 029, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|