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Guillemaud T, Lenormand T, Bourguet D, Chevillon C, Pasteur N, Raymond M. EVOLUTION OF RESISTANCE IN CULEX PIPIENS: ALLELE REPLACEMENT AND CHANGING ENVIRONMENT. Evolution 2017; 52:443-453. [PMID: 28568346 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1998.tb01644.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/1997] [Accepted: 11/12/1997] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fixation of adaptive mutations in populations is often constrained by pleiotropic fitness costs. The evolutionary pathways that compensate such fitness disadvantages are either the occurrence of modifier genes or replacement of the adaptive allele by less costly ones. In this context, 23 years of evolution of insecticide resistance genes in the mosquito Culex pipiens from southern France are analyzed. The aim of this study is to answer the following points. Is there a fitness cost associated with these resistance genes in natural populations? Does evolution proceed through allele replacement or through selection of modifiers? And finally, how do environmental changes affect the evolution of resistance genes? Samples from the same transect, crossing the boundary between an insecticide-treated and a nontreated area, are analyzed. Clinal analyses indicate a variable fitness cost among the resistance genes and show that allele replacement has been the primary mechanism of resistance evolution in this area. It is also shown that replacement was probably due to environmental changes corresponding to modification in pesticide-treatment intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Guillemaud
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement (C.C. 065), UMR CNRS 5554, Université de Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Lenormand
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement (C.C. 065), UMR CNRS 5554, Université de Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Denis Bourguet
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement (C.C. 065), UMR CNRS 5554, Université de Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Chevillon
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement (C.C. 065), UMR CNRS 5554, Université de Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Pasteur
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement (C.C. 065), UMR CNRS 5554, Université de Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Raymond
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement (C.C. 065), UMR CNRS 5554, Université de Montpellier II, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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Scott JG. Evolution of resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in Musca domestica. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2017; 73:716-722. [PMID: 27241012 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Houseflies, Musca domestica L., are a significant pest because of the numerous diseases they transmit. Control of housefly populations, particularly at animal production facilities, is frequently done using pyrethroid insecticides which kill insects by prolonging the open time of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel (VSSC). Houseflies have evolved resistance to pyrethroids owing to mutations in Vssc and by cytochrome-P450-mediated detoxification. Three Vssc mutations are known: kdr (L1014F), kdr-his (L1014H) and super-kdr (M918T + L1014F). Generally, the levels of resistance conferred by these mutations are kdr-his < kdr < super-kdr, but this pattern does not hold for multihalogenated benzyl pyrethroids, for which super-kdr confers less resistance than kdr. P450-mediated resistance can result from overexpression of CYP6D1 or another P450 (unidentified) whose overexpression is linked to autosomes II or V. The initial use of field-stable pyrethroids resulted in different patterns of evolution across the globe, but with time these mutations have become more widespread in their distribution. What is known about the fitness costs of the resistance alleles in the absence of insecticide is discussed, particularly with respect to the current and future utility of pyrethroid insecticides. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G Scott
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Stowe KA, Hochwender CG, Fleck K, Duvall N, Lewkiewicz D, Trimble S, Peters S. Costs of glucosinolates in <i>Brassica rapa</i>: Are they context dependent? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/oje.2013.32022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Lee SF, Chen Z, McGrath A, Good RT, Batterham P. Identification, analysis, and linkage mapping of expressed sequence tags from the Australian sheep blowfly. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:406. [PMID: 21827708 PMCID: PMC3176259 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Australian sheep blowfly Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a destructive pest of the sheep, a model organism for insecticide resistance research, and a valuable tool for medical and forensic professionals. However, genomic information on L. cuprina is still sparse. Results We report here the construction of an embryonic and 2 larval cDNA libraries for L. cuprina. A total of 29,816 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were obtained and assembled into 7,464 unique clusters. The sequence collection captures a great diversity of genes, including those related to insecticide resistance (e.g., 12 cytochrome P450s, 2 glutathione S transferases, and 6 esterases). Compared to Drosophila melanogaster, codon preference is different in 13 of the 18 amino acids encoded by redundant codons, reflecting the lower overall GC content in L. cuprina. In addition, we demonstrated that the ESTs could be converted into informative gene markers by capitalizing on the known gene structures in the model organism D. melanogaster. We successfully assigned 41 genes to their respective chromosomes in L. cuprina. The relative locations of these loci revealed high but incomplete chromosomal synteny between L. cuprina and D. melanogaster. Conclusions Our results represent the first major transcriptomic undertaking in L. cuprina. These new genetic resources could be useful for the blowfly and insect research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu F Lee
- Centre for Environmental Stress and Adaptation Research, Bio21 Institute, Genetics Department, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Crowder DW, Ellers-Kirk C, Tabashnik BE, Carrière Y. Lack of fitness costs associated with pyriproxyfen resistance in the B biotype of Bemisia tabaci. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2009; 65:235-240. [PMID: 19097024 DOI: 10.1002/ps.1674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen has provided effective control of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius in many countries. Here, whether or not fitness costs were associated with pyriproxyfen resistance in a laboratory-selected resistant strain (QC02-R) of the B biotype was determined. RESULTS Mortality caused by pyriproxyfen and fitness traits over time were measured in unselected and selected hybrid strains, which were created by crossing individuals of the resistant strain with individuals of a susceptible strain. Fitness costs were not associated with resistance in QC02-R, as mortality caused by pyriproxyfen did not increase over time in unselected hybrid strains and fitness traits were similar in unselected and selected hybrid strains. Using a new method to examine the inheritance of resistance, based on data from fitness cost experiments, it was estimated that pyriproxyfen resistance is controlled by two loci in the QC02-R strain. CONCLUSION The lack of fitness costs associated with pyriproxyfen resistance could promote the evolution of resistance in field populations with similar traits to QC02-R.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Crowder
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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CURTIS CF, HILL N, KASIM SH. Are there effective resistance management strategies for vectors of human disease?*. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1993.tb00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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CHEVILLON CHRISTINE, RAYMOND MICHEL, GUILLEMAUD THOMAS, LENORMAND THOMAS, PASTEUR NICOLE. Population genetics of insecticide resistance in the mosquito Culex pipiens. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01163.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vacher C, Brown SP, Hochberg ME. Avoid, attack or do both? Behavioral and physiological adaptations in natural enemies faced with novel hosts. BMC Evol Biol 2005; 5:60. [PMID: 16271142 PMCID: PMC1298290 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-5-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Confronted with well-defended, novel hosts, should an enemy invest in avoidance of these hosts (behavioral adaptation), neutralization of the defensive innovation (physiological adaptation) or both? Although simultaneous investment in both adaptations may first appear to be redundant, several empirical studies have suggested a reinforcement of physiological resistance to host defenses with additional avoidance behaviors. To explain this paradox, we develop a mathematical model describing the joint evolution of behavioral and physiological adaptations on the part of natural enemies to their host defenses. Our specific goals are (i) to derive the conditions that may favor the simultaneous investment in avoidance and physiological resistance and (ii) to study the factors that govern the relative investment in each adaptation mode. Results Our results show that (i) a simultaneous investment may be optimal if the fitness costs of the adaptive traits are accelerating and the probability of encountering defended hosts is low. When (i) holds, we find that (ii) the more that defended hosts are rare and/or spatially aggregated, the more behavioral adaptation is favored. Conclusion Despite their interference, physiological resistance to host defensive innovations and avoidance of these same defenses are two strategies in which it may be optimal for an enemy to invest in simultaneously. The relative allocation to each strategy greatly depends on host spatial structure. We discuss the implications of our findings for the management of invasive plant species and the management of pest resistance to new crop protectants or varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Vacher
- Equipe Biologie des Populations en Interaction, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (UMR1112), 06903 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France
- Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (UMR5554), Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Sam P Brown
- Section of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, USA
- Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (UMR5554), Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Michael E Hochberg
- Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (UMR5554), Université Montpellier II, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Vacher C, Bourguet D, Rousset F, Chevillon C, Hochberg ME. Modelling the spatial configuration of refuges for a sustainable control of pests: a case study of Bt cotton. J Evol Biol 2003; 16:378-87. [PMID: 14635838 DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2003.00553.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The 'high-dose-refuge' (HDR) strategy is widely recommended by the biotechnology industry and regulatory authorities to delay pest adaptation to transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. This involves cultivating nontoxic plants (refuges) in close proximity to crops producing a high dose of Bt toxin. The principal cost associated with this strategy is due to yield losses suffered by farmers growing unprotected, refuge plants. Using a population genetic model of selection in a spatially heterogeneous environment, we show the existence of an optimal spatial configuration of refuges that could prevent the evolution of resistance whilst reducing the use of costly refuges. In particular, the sustainable control of pests is achievable with the use of more aggregated distributions of nontransgenic plants and transgenic plants producing lower doses of toxin. The HDR strategy is thus suboptimal within the context of sustainable agricultural development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vacher
- Laboratoire Génétique et Environnement, Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier II, Montpellier Cedex, France
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Miyo T, Oguma Y, Charlesworth B. The comparison of intrinsic rates of increase among chromosome-substituted lines resistant and susceptible to organophosphate insecticides in Drosophila melanogaster. Genes Genet Syst 2003; 78:373-82. [PMID: 14676428 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.78.373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the genetic basis of the seasonal fluctuations in resistance to three organophosphates, observed within a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen), we compared the intrinsic rate of increase, generation time and net reproduction rate among chromosome substitution lines derived from a resistant and a susceptible line, obtained from this natural population. There was significant variation among substituted lines; lines possessing the third chromosome from the resistant line, which confers resistance to the three organophosphates, generally showed lower mean values of these fitness measures. Chromosomal analyses also indicated significant negative contributions of the third chromosome from the resistant line. However, significant positive contributions of the interactions among chromosomes from the resistant line to these fitness measures were also detected. We further conducted a local stability analysis, in which each chromosome-substituted line was assumed to be introduced at a low frequency into the initial susceptible population. It was demonstrated that the resistance factor(s) on the third chromosome tend to decrease in their frequency under both density-independent and juvenile density-regulated conditions. Based on these results, a possible explanation for the seasonal fluctuations in resistance to the three organophosphates observed in the natural population was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Miyo
- Institute of Cell, Animal and Population Biology, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, UK.
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Miyo T, Oguma Y. Negative correlations between resistance to three organophosphate insecticides and productivity within a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae). JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2002; 95:1229-1238. [PMID: 12539836 DOI: 10.1603/0022-0493-95.6.1229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the relationship between resistance to organophosphate insecticides and fitness components, we first measured resistance to three organophosphates, malathion, prothiophos, and fenitrothion, and productivity, a measure of fitness components, for each of the isofemale lines from the same natural population of Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen). Pearson correlation coefficients indicated that positive correlations among resistance to the organophosphates and negative correlations between resistance to each of the organophosphates and the productivity existed within the natural population. We further investigated the genetic basis of the correlations among resistance to the organophosphates and the productivity, by using chromosome-substituted lines between a resistant and a susceptible inbred line established from the same natural population. Chromosomal analyses indicated that the third chromosome from the resistant line exhibited not only significant, positive effects on resistance to all of the organophosphates tested but also a significant negative effect on the productivity, suggesting positive genetic correlations between resistance to each organophosphate and negative genetic correlations between resistance to each organophosphate and the productivity. In addition, a significant negative effect on the productivity was also detected from the second chromosome, which did not exhibit significant major effects on resistance to the organophosphates. This suggests that fitness components of resistant lines could be also affected by factors independent of insecticide resistance. The dynamics of genetic variation in resistance to the organophosphates within the natural population of D. melanogaster are discussed from the standpoint of negative genetic correlations between resistance to the organophosphates and the productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Miyo
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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Milks ML, Myers JH, Leptich MK. Costs and stability of cabbage looper resistance to a nucleopolyhedrovirus. Evol Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1023/a:1020294018412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Juste J, López-González C, Strauss RE. Analysis of asymmetries in the African fruit bats Eidolon helvum and Rousettus egyptiacus (Mammalia: Megachiroptera) from the islands of the Gulf of Guinea. I. Variance and size components of bilateral variation. J Evol Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2001.00298.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
The nature and cost of single genes of major effect is one of the longest running controversies in biology. Resistance, whether to xenobiotics or to parasites, is often paraded as an obvious example of a single gene effect that must carry an associated fitness 'cost'. However, a review of the xenobiotic resistance literature shows that empirical evidence for this hypothesis is, in fact, scarce. We postulate that such fitness costs can only be fully interpreted in the light of the molecular mutations that might underlie them. We also derive a theoretical framework both to encompass our current understanding of xenobiotic resistance and to begin to dissect the probable cost of parasite resistance.
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Miyo T, Akai S, Oguma Y. Seasonal fluctuation in susceptibility to insecticides within natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster: empirical observations of fitness costs of insecticide resistance. Genes Genet Syst 2000; 75:97-104. [PMID: 10925788 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.75.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate genetic variation and seasonal fluctuation in susceptibility to insecticides, natural populations of Drosophila melanogaster were collected from Katsunuma in mid summer and late fall for two consecutive years. After isofemale lines of each population collected in each season had been established in a laboratory, the susceptibility of each line to five insecticides, including permethrin, malathion, prothiophos, fenitrothion, and DDT, was examined. Lines of each population exhibited the broad ranges of variation in susceptibility to all chemicals. Comparison between populations in different seasons indicated that genetic variation in susceptibility to organophosphates fluctuated in consistency with the population size, in which the susceptibility increased in fall. In addition, highly significant correlations were observed among responses to organophosphates, and the correlations also fluctuated with seasons. On the other hand, genetic variation in susceptibility to permethrin and DDT was less fluctuated. These results suggest that not only a common resistance factor for organophosphate resistance but also different resistance factor(s) for each insecticide could be involved within a natural population, and that the fluctuation observed in the susceptibility to organophosphates could be associated with fitness costs of organophosphate resistance factor(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- T Miyo
- Doctoral Program in Biological Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Batterham P, Davies AG, Game AY, McKenzie JA. Asymmetry--where evolutionary and developmental genetics meet. Bioessays 1996; 18:841-5. [PMID: 8885722 DOI: 10.1002/bies.950181011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms responsible for the fine tuning of development, where the wildtype phenotype is reproduced with high fidelity, are not well understood. The difficulty in approaching this problem is the identification of mutant phenotypes indicative of a defect in these fine-tuning control mechanisms. Evolutionary biologists have used asymmetry as a measure of developmental homeostasis. The rationale for this was that, since the same genome controls the development of the left and right sides of a bilaterally symmetrical organism, departures from symmetry can be used to measure genetic or environmental perturbations. This paper examines the relationship between asymmetry and resistance to organophosphorous insecticides in the Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina. A resistance gene, Rop-1, which encodes a carboxylesterase enzyme, also confers a significant increase in asymmetry. Continued exposure of resistant populations to insecticide has selected a dominant suppressor of the asymmetry phenotype. Genetic evidence indicates that the modifier is the L. cuprina Notch homologue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Batterham
- Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Alvarez G, Zapata C. Measuring selective effects of modifier gene polymorphisms on the Bare locus of Drosophila subobscura. Heredity (Edinb) 1996; 76 ( Pt 4):404-11. [PMID: 8626225 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1996.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An attempt to quantify the effects of modifier gene polymorphisms on the operation of natural selection on a major locus has been carried out. The modifier system we have investigated is constituted by a set of polygenic modifier loci affecting the morphological expression of the Bare (Ba) bristle mutant of Drosophila subobscura. Ba is a dominant mutant that is lethal in homozygous condition and both the polygenic modifiers and Ba are located on the O chromosome of this species. Experimental populations were found with Ba/+ individuals and two different types of populations were started according to their modifier genetic background: populations with wild O chromosomes of either high or low modifier effect (cages H and L, respectively). Fitness estimates (total fitness, viability and fertility) for genotypes of the Ba locus were obtained under the two different modifier backgrounds. In the populations with high modifier background the total fitness of the Ba/+ heterozygote was very similar to that of the +/+ homozygote (fitness equal to 1). However, in cages with low modifier background a strong selection against the Ba/+ heterozygote was detected (average of total fitnesses over generations was 0.66 +/- 0.10), and fertility appears to be the fitness component responsible for this effect (mean fertility was 0.55 +/- 0.08). These findings demonstrate that modifier gene polymorphisms affecting the expression of the Ba mutant may be associated with large selective effects on the major locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Alvarez
- Departamento de Biología Fundamental, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Martin PJ, Anderson N, Brown TH, Miller DW. Changes in resistance of Ostertagia spp. to thiabendazole following natural selection or treatment with levamisole. Int J Parasitol 1988; 18:333-40. [PMID: 3397215 DOI: 10.1016/0020-7519(88)90142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Clarke GM, McKenzie JA. Developmental stability of insecticide resistant phenotypes in blowfly; a result of canalizing natural selection. Nature 1987. [DOI: 10.1038/325345a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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