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Velazquez-Roman J, Angulo-Zamudio UA, Leon-Sicairos N, Flores-Villaseñor H, Benitez-Baez M, Espinoza-Salomón A, Karam-León A, Villamil-Ramírez H, Canizales-Quinteros S, Macías-Kauffer L, Monroy-Higuera J, Acosta-Smith E, Canizalez-Roman A. Association of PCSK1 and PPARG1 Allelic Variants with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome in Mexican Adults. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1775. [PMID: 37761915 PMCID: PMC10531047 DOI: 10.3390/genes14091775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, are among the most important public health challenges worldwide. Metabolic diseases are classified as multifactorial diseases in which genetic variants such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) may play an important role. The present study aimed to identify associations linking allelic variants of the PCSK1, TMEM18, GPX5, ZPR1, ZBTB16, and PPARG1 genes with anthropometric and biochemical traits and metabolic diseases (obesity or metabolic syndrome) in an adult population from northwestern Mexico. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 523 subjects, including 247 with normal weight, 276 with obesity, and 147 with metabolic syndrome. Anthropometric and biochemical characteristics were recorded, and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by real-time PCR. RESULTS PCSK1 was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with BMI, weight, and waist-to-hip ratio; TMEM18 was significantly associated with systolic blood pressure and triglyceride levels; GPX5 was significantly associated with HDL cholesterol levels. In addition, PCSK1 was associated with obesity (p = 1.0 × 10-4) and metabolic syndrome (p = 3.0 × 10-3), whereas PPARG1 was associated with obesity (p = 0.044). CONCLUSIONS The associations found in this study, mainly between allelic variants of PCSK1 and metabolic traits, obesity, and metabolic syndrome, may represent a risk for developing metabolic diseases in adult subjects from northwestern Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Velazquez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
| | - Uriel A. Angulo-Zamudio
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
| | - Nidia Leon-Sicairos
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
- Pediatric Hospital of Sinaloa, Constitución 530, Jorge Almada, Culiacan Sinaloa 80200, Mexico
| | - Hector Flores-Villaseñor
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
- The Sinaloa State Public Health Laboratory, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan Sinaloa 80020, Mexico
| | - Miriam Benitez-Baez
- Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado Integral en Biotecnología, FCQB, UAS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80013, Mexico; (M.B.-B.); (A.K.-L.); (J.M.-H.)
| | - Ana Espinoza-Salomón
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
| | - Alejandra Karam-León
- Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado Integral en Biotecnología, FCQB, UAS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80013, Mexico; (M.B.-B.); (A.K.-L.); (J.M.-H.)
| | - Hugo Villamil-Ramírez
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (H.V.-R.); (S.C.-Q.); (L.M.-K.)
| | - Samuel Canizales-Quinteros
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (H.V.-R.); (S.C.-Q.); (L.M.-K.)
| | - Luis Macías-Kauffer
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM/INMEGEN, Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (H.V.-R.); (S.C.-Q.); (L.M.-K.)
| | - Jose Monroy-Higuera
- Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado Integral en Biotecnología, FCQB, UAS, Culiacan Sinaloa 80013, Mexico; (M.B.-B.); (A.K.-L.); (J.M.-H.)
| | - Erika Acosta-Smith
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
| | - Adrian Canizalez-Roman
- School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacan Sinaloa 80019, Mexico; (J.V.-R.); (U.A.A.-Z.); (N.L.-S.); (H.F.-V.); (A.E.-S.); (E.A.-S.)
- The Women’s Hospital, Secretariat of Health, Culiacan Sinaloa 80020, Mexico
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Chou CL, Chen TJ, Lin CY, Lee SW, Wang SC, Chu SS, Yang CC. PCSK1 Overexpression in Rectal Cancer Correlates with Poor Response to Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy and Prognosis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:3141-3150. [PMID: 32346297 PMCID: PMC7167277 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s243750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a data mining search for potential therapeutic targets to improve the outcome of rectal cancer, we identified PCSK1 as the cell-cell signaling gene most significantly associated with poor response to concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). This study aims to investigate the prognostic value of PCSK1 expression in rectal cancer patients who underwent neoadjuvant CCRT. Methods Endoscopic biopsy specimens from 172 rectal cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant CCRT followed by curative surgery were assessed immunohistochemically for PCSK1 expression, and H-scores were determined. Expression levels of PCSK1 were further analyzed for correlations with clinicopathologic features, tumor regression grade, metastasis-free survival, disease-specific survival, and recurrence-free survival. Results PCKS1 overexpression was significantly associated with pretreatment tumor status (T3-4; p = 0.009), pretreatment nodal status (N1-2; p < 0.001), posttreatment tumor status (T3-4; p < 0.001), posttreatment nodal status (N1-2; p < 0.001), vascular invasion (p = 0.003), and perineurial invasion (p = 0.023). PCKS1 overexpression was also found to be significantly associated with a lower degree of tumor regression (p < 0.001). In the univariate analysis, PCSK1 overexpression was significantly associated with lower disease-specific survival, metastasis-free survival, and recurrence-free survival (p < 0.005). PCSK1 overexpression remained an independent prognostic factor of lower disease-specific survival (p = 0.003; hazard ratio, 5.478) in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion Determination of PCSK1 overexpression may be useful for identifying rectal cancer patients at risk for a poor response and worse survival after CCRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Lin Chou
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Optometry, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yi Lin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Wei Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Liouying, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chang Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Sheng Chu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chieh Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, Chia-Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
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Stijnen P, Ramos-Molina B, O'Rahilly S, Creemers JWM. PCSK1 Mutations and Human Endocrinopathies: From Obesity to Gastrointestinal Disorders. Endocr Rev 2016; 37:347-71. [PMID: 27187081 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Prohormone convertase 1/3, encoded by the PCSK1 gene, is a serine endoprotease that is involved in the processing of a variety of proneuropeptides and prohormones. Humans who are homozygous or compound heterozygous for loss-of-function mutations in PCSK1 exhibit a variable and pleiotropic syndrome consisting of some or all of the following: obesity, malabsorptive diarrhea, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, altered thyroid and adrenal function, and impaired regulation of plasma glucose levels in association with elevated circulating proinsulin-to-insulin ratio. Recently, more common variants in the PCSK1 gene have been found to be associated with alterations in body mass index, increased circulating proinsulin levels, and defects in glucose homeostasis. This review provides an overview of the endocrinopathies and other disorders observed in prohormone convertase 1/3-deficient patients, discusses the possible biochemical basis for these manifestations of the disease, and proposes a model whereby certain missense mutations in PCSK1 may result in proteins with a dominant negative action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter Stijnen
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen O'Rahilly
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
| | - John W M Creemers
- Laboratory for Biochemical Neuroendocrinology (P.S., B.R.-M., J.W.M.C.), Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium; and Medical Research Council (MRC) Metabolic Diseases Unit (S.O.), Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, National Institute for Health Research, Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, United Kingdom
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Nead KT, Li A, Wehner MR, Neupane B, Gustafsson S, Butterworth A, Engert JC, Davis AD, Hegele RA, Miller R, den Hoed M, Khaw KT, Kilpeläinen TO, Wareham N, Edwards TL, Hallmans G, Varga TV, Kardia SLR, Smith JA, Zhao W, Faul JD, Weir D, Mi J, Xi B, Quinteros SC, Cooper C, Sayer AA, Jameson K, Grøntved A, Fornage M, Sidney S, Hanis CL, Highland HM, Häring HU, Heni M, Lasky-Su J, Weiss ST, Gerhard GS, Still C, Melka MM, Pausova Z, Paus T, Grant SFA, Hakonarson H, Price RA, Wang K, Scherag A, Hebebrand J, Hinney A, Franks PW, Frayling TM, McCarthy MI, Hirschhorn JN, Loos RJ, Ingelsson E, Gerstein HC, Yusuf S, Beyene J, Anand SS, Meyre D. Contribution of common non-synonymous variants in PCSK1 to body mass index variation and risk of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis with evidence from up to 331 175 individuals. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:3582-94. [PMID: 25784503 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymorphisms rs6232 and rs6234/rs6235 in PCSK1 have been associated with extreme obesity [e.g. body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m(2)], but their contribution to common obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) and BMI variation in a multi-ethnic context is unclear. To fill this gap, we collected phenotypic and genetic data in up to 331 175 individuals from diverse ethnic groups. This process involved a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and the NIH GWAS catalog complemented by data extraction from pre-existing GWAS or custom-arrays in consortia and single studies. We employed recently developed global meta-analytic random-effects methods to calculate summary odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) or beta estimates and standard errors (SE) for the obesity status and BMI analyses, respectively. Significant associations were found with binary obesity status for rs6232 (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.24, P = 6.08 × 10(-6)) and rs6234/rs6235 (OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.04-1.10, P = 3.00 × 10(-7)). Similarly, significant associations were found with continuous BMI for rs6232 (β = 0.03, 95% CI 0.00-0.07; P = 0.047) and rs6234/rs6235 (β = 0.02, 95% CI 0.00-0.03; P = 5.57 × 10(-4)). Ethnicity, age and study ascertainment significantly modulated the association of PCSK1 polymorphisms with obesity. In summary, we demonstrate evidence that common gene variation in PCSK1 contributes to BMI variation and susceptibility to common obesity in the largest known meta-analysis published to date in genetic epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Nead
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Aihua Li
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Mackenzie R Wehner
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Binod Neupane
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Stefan Gustafsson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Adam Butterworth
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - James C Engert
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University, and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton General Hospital, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8L 2X
| | | | - Robert A Hegele
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4L8, Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE 751 05, Sweden
| | | | - Marcel den Hoed
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9, Six Nations Health Services, Ohsweken, Canada N0A 1M0
| | - Kay-Tee Khaw
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB1 8RN, UK
| | - Tuomas O Kilpeläinen
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9, Blackburn Cardiovascular Genetics Laboratory, Robarts Research Institute, London, ON, Canada N6A 5K8
| | - Nick Wareham
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9
| | - Todd L Edwards
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7
| | - Göran Hallmans
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tibor V Varga
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Epidemiology and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sharon L R Kardia
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jennifer A Smith
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Wei Zhao
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jessica D Faul
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - David Weir
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| | - Jie Mi
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Bo Xi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Unit, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö 205 02, Sweden
| | | | - Cyrus Cooper
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing 100020, China, Department of Maternal and Child Health Care, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Avan Aihie Sayer
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Karen Jameson
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| | - Anders Grøntved
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Myriam Fornage
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stephen Sidney
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Craig L Hanis
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Heather M Highland
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Sport Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Institute of Molecular Medicine and Division of Epidemiology Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Jessica Lasky-Su
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA, The Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente of Northern California, Oakland, CA 94612, USA, The Human Genetics Center, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Glenn S Gerhard
- Internal Medicine IV (Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology, and Clinical Chemistry), University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | | | - Melkaey M Melka
- The Department of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zdenka Pausova
- The Department of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomáš Paus
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Geisinger Obesity Institute, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute for Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA, Geisinger Obesity Institute, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - R Arlen Price
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X
| | - Kai Wang
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK, Rotman Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M6A 2E1
| | - Andre Scherag
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul W Franks
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 3K7, MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, Center for Neurobiology and Behavior, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Mark I McCarthy
- Clinical Epidemiology, Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena 07740, Germany
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45141, Germany, Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Genetics of Complex Traits, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Exeter, Exeter EX2 4TH, UK
| | - Ruth J Loos
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada H3H 2R9, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Erik Ingelsson
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hertzel C Gerstein
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Salim Yusuf
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
| | - Sonia S Anand
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David Meyre
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,
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