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Figueroa SM, Bertocchio JP, Nakamura T, El-Moghrabi S, Jaisser F, Amador CA. The Mineralocorticoid Receptor on Smooth Muscle Cells Promotes Tacrolimus-Induced Renal Injury in Mice. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051373. [PMID: 37242615 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus (Tac) is a calcineurin inhibitor commonly used as an immunosuppressor after solid organ transplantation. However, Tac may induce hypertension, nephrotoxicity, and an increase in aldosterone levels. The activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is related to the proinflammatory status at the renal level. It modulates the vasoactive response as they are expressed on vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC). In this study, we investigated whether MR is involved in the renal damage generated by Tac and if the MR expressed in SMC is involved. Littermate control mice and mice with targeted deletion of the MR in SMC (SMC-MR-KO) were administered Tac (10 mg/Kg/d) for 10 days. Tac increased the blood pressure, plasma creatinine, expression of the renal induction of the interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA, and expression of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) protein, a marker of tubular damage (p < 0.05). Our study revealed that co-administration of spironolactone, an MR antagonist, or the absence of MR in SMC-MR-KO mice mitigated most of the unwanted effects of Tac. These results enhance our understanding of the involvement of MR in SMC during the adverse reactions of Tac treatment. Our findings provided an opportunity to design future studies considering the MR antagonism in transplanted subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanny M Figueroa
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile
| | - Jean-Philippe Bertocchio
- INSERM UMRS1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Toshifumi Nakamura
- INSERM UMRS1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Soumaya El-Moghrabi
- INSERM UMRS1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Jaisser
- INSERM UMRS1138, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Cristián A Amador
- Faculty of Medicine and Science, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510156, Chile
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Amauroderma rugosum Extract Suppresses Inflammatory Responses in Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha/Interferon Gamma-Induced HaCaT Keratinocytes. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27196533. [PMID: 36235070 PMCID: PMC9571865 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes form the physical barrier of the skin and play an important role in the inflammatory process. Amauroderma rugosum is an edible mushroom; however, its pharmacological properties have seldom been studied. Although the anti-inflammatory effect of the organic solvent extract of Amauroderma rugosum has been previously reported, it is not known whether the aqueous extract has a similar effect. In addition, the effect of Amauorderma rugosum extract on skin has never been explored. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous extract of Amauroderma rugosum on HaCaT keratinocytes, to explore its mechanisms of action, and to study the possible active ingredients involved. The results showed that the aqueous extract of Amauroderm rugosum at a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL was non-toxic to HaCaT cells and inhibited the release of cytokine interleukin-1β, and chemokines interleukin-8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α- and interferon (IFN)-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. Amauroderma rugosum extract reduced the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. In addition, Amauroderma rugosum extract reduced the total protein expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and B-cells inhibitor alpha in HaCaT keratinocytes and inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, protein kinase B (Akt), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in TNF-α- and INF-γ-stimulated HaCaT keratinocytes. Chemical analysis revealed that the aqueous extract of Amauroderma rugosum contains polysaccharides, triterpenes, and phenolic compounds. Anti-inflammatory compounds, such as gallic acid, guanosine, and uridine, were also present. The anti-inflammatory effect of Amauroderma rugosum could be mimicked by a combination of gallic acid, guanosine, and uridine. In conclusion, our study suggests that the aqueous extract of Amauroderma rugosum exerts anti-inflammatory effects on keratinocytes through its antioxidant and inhibitory effects on MEK/ERK-, Akt/mTOR-, and NF-κB-dependent signaling pathways.
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Wang X, Jiang S, Fei L, Dong F, Xie L, Qiu X, Lei Y, Guo J, Zhong M, Ren X, Yang Y, Zhao L, Zhang G, Wang H, Tang C, Yu L, Liu R, Patzak A, Persson PB, Hultström M, Wei Q, Lai EY, Zheng Z. Tacrolimus Causes Hypertension by Increasing Vascular Contractility via RhoA (Ras Homolog Family Member A)/ROCK (Rho-Associated Protein Kinase) Pathway in Mice. Hypertension 2022; 79:2228-2238. [PMID: 35938417 PMCID: PMC9993086 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To provide tacrolimus is first-line treatment after liver and kidney transplantation. However, hypertension and nephrotoxicity are common tacrolimus side effects that limit its use. Although tacrolimus-related hypertension is well known, the underlying mechanisms are not. Here, we test whether tacrolimus-induced hypertension involves the RhoA (Ras homolog family member A)/ROCK (Rho-associated protein kinase) pathway in male C57Bl/6 mice. METHODS Intra-arterial blood pressure was measured under anesthesia. The reactivity of renal afferent arterioles and mesenteric arteries were assessed in vitro using microperfusion and wire myography, respectively. RESULTS Tacrolimus induced a transient rise in systolic arterial pressure that was blocked by the RhoA/ROCK inhibitor Fasudil (12.0±0.9 versus 3.2±0.7; P<0.001). Moreover, tacrolimus reduced the glomerular filtration rate, which was also prevented by Fasudil (187±20 versus 281±8.5; P<0.001). Interestingly, tacrolimus enhanced the sensitivity of afferent arterioles and mesenteric arteries to Ang II (angiotensin II), likely due to increased intracellular Ca2+ mobilization and sensitization. Fasudil prevented increased Ang II-sensitivity and blocked Ca2+ mobilization and sensitization. Preincubation of mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells with tacrolimus activated the RhoA/ROCK/MYPT-1 (myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1) pathway. Further, tacrolimus increased cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species generation in afferent arterioles (107±5.9 versus 163±6.4; P<0.001) and in cultured mouse aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (100±7.5 versus 160±23.2; P<0.01). Finally, the reactive oxygen species scavenger Tempol inhibited tacrolimus-induced Ang II hypersensitivity in afferent arterioles and mesenteric arteries. CONCLUSIONS The RhoA/ROCK pathway may play an important role in tacrolimus-induced hypertension by enhancing Ang II-specific vasoconstriction, and reactive oxygen species may participate in this process by activating the RhoA/ROCK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
| | - Lingyan Fei
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.D., X.Q., J.G., H.W., E.Y.L.)
| | - Lanyu Xie
- College of Clinical Medicine, Nanchang University, China (L.X.)
| | - Xingyu Qiu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.D., X.Q., J.G., H.W., E.Y.L.)
| | - Yan Lei
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.D., X.Q., J.G., H.W., E.Y.L.)
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
| | - Xiaoqiu Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (X.R., Q.W.)
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Nephrology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, China (Y.Y.)
| | - Liang Zhao
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (L.Z., G.Z.)
| | - Gensheng Zhang
- The Children's Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (L.Z., G.Z.)
| | - Honghong Wang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.D., X.Q., J.G., H.W., E.Y.L.)
| | - Chun Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
| | - Luyang Yu
- Institute of Genetics and Regenerative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China (L.Y.)
| | - Ruisheng Liu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa (R.L.)
| | - Andreas Patzak
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (A.P., P.B.P., E.Y.L.)
| | - Pontus B Persson
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (A.P., P.B.P., E.Y.L.)
| | - Michael Hultström
- Integrative Physiology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Sweden (M.H.).,Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden (M.H.)
| | - Qichun Wei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (X.R., Q.W.)
| | - En Yin Lai
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.).,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China (F.D., X.Q., J.G., H.W., E.Y.L.).,Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Germany (A.P., P.B.P., E.Y.L.)
| | - Zhihua Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, Center of Kidney and Urology, the Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China (X.W., S.J., L.F., Y.L., M.Z., C.T., E.Y.L., Z.Z.)
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Elezaby A, Dexheimer R, Sallam K. Cardiovascular effects of immunosuppression agents. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:981838. [PMID: 36211586 PMCID: PMC9534182 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.981838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunosuppressive medications are widely used to treat patients with neoplasms, autoimmune conditions and solid organ transplants. Key drug classes, namely calcineurin inhibitors, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors, and purine synthesis inhibitors, have direct effects on the structure and function of the heart and vascular system. In the heart, immunosuppressive agents modulate cardiac hypertrophy, mitochondrial function, and arrhythmia risk, while in vasculature, they influence vessel remodeling, circulating lipids, and blood pressure. The aim of this review is to present the preclinical and clinical literature examining the cardiovascular effects of immunosuppressive agents, with a specific focus on cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus, mycophenolate, and azathioprine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aly Elezaby
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ryan Dexheimer
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Karim Sallam
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Karim Sallam
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Zhou JJ, Shao JY, Chen SR, Pan HL. Calcineurin Controls Hypothalamic NMDA Receptor Activity and Sympathetic Outflow. Circ Res 2022; 131:345-360. [PMID: 35862168 PMCID: PMC9357136 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.122.320976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
Hypertension is a common and serious adverse effect of calcineurin inhibitors, including cyclosporine and tacrolimus (FK506). Although increased sympathetic nerve discharges are associated with calcineurin inhibitor–induced hypertension, the sources of excess sympathetic outflow and underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Calcineurin (protein phosphatase-2B) is broadly expressed in the brain, including the paraventricular nuclear (PVN) of the hypothalamus, which is critically involved in regulating sympathetic vasomotor tone.
Objective:
We determined whether prolonged treatment with the calcineurin inhibitor causes elevated sympathetic output and persistent hypertension by potentiating synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activity in the PVN.
Methods and Results:
Telemetry recordings showed that systemic administration of FK506 (3 mg/kg per day) for 14 days caused a gradual and profound increase in arterial blood pressure in rats, which lasted at least 7 days after discontinuing FK506 treatment. Correspondingly, systemic treatment with FK506 markedly reduced calcineurin activity in the PVN and circumventricular organs, but not rostral ventrolateral medulla, and increased the phosphorylation level and synaptic trafficking of NMDA receptors in the PVN. Immunocytochemistry labeling showed that calcineurin was expressed in presympathetic neurons in the PVN. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in brain slices revealed that treatment with FK506 increased baseline firing activity of PVN presympathetic neurons; this increase was blocked by the NMDA or α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist. Also, treatment with FK506 markedly increased presynaptic and postsynaptic NMDA receptor activity of PVN presympathetic neurons. Furthermore, microinjection of the NMDA or α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor antagonist into the PVN of anesthetized rats preferentially attenuated renal sympathetic nerve discharges and blood pressure elevated by FK506 treatment. In addition, systemic administration of memantine, a clinically used NMDA receptor antagonist, effectively attenuated FK506 treatment–induced hypertension in conscious rats.
Conclusions:
Our findings reveal that normal calcineurin activity in the PVN constitutively restricts sympathetic vasomotor tone via suppressing NMDA receptor activity, which may be targeted for treating calcineurin inhibitor–induced hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Zhou
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jian-Ying Shao
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Shao-Rui Chen
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Hui-Lin Pan
- Center for Neuroscience and Pain Research, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Azouz AA, Omar HA, Hersi F, Ali FEM, Hussein Elkelawy AMM. Impact of the ACE2 activator xanthenone on tacrolimus nephrotoxicity: Modulation of uric acid/ERK/p38 MAPK and Nrf2/SOD3/GCLC signaling pathways. Life Sci 2022; 288:120154. [PMID: 34800514 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The calcineurin inhibitor tacrolimus is an effective and widely used immunosuppressant after organ transplantation to reduce graft rejection. However, its nephrotoxic effect could compel the patients to treatment discontinuation. The beneficial effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the kidney and other organs have been investigated in several studies, but its role in tacrolimus nephrotoxicity still needs to be elucidated. Our study was designed to investigate effects of the ACE2 activator xanthenone on tacrolimus-induced renal injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male Wistar rats were administered xanthenone (2 mg/kg) concurrently with tacrolimus (1 mg/kg) for 3 weeks, then blood and kidney tissue samples were collected for biochemical and molecular investigations. KEY FINDINGS Co-administration of xanthenone significantly improved renal functions in tacrolimus-treated rats, where serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels were close to those of the normal control. Besides, xanthenone reduced renal angiotensin (ANG) II content, while elevated ANG (1-7). Relative protein expressions of p-ERK/ERK and p-p38 MAPK/p38 MAPK inflammatory signals were downregulated upon xanthenone administration with tacrolimus. In addition, xanthenone reinforced antioxidant defense against tacrolimus by enhancing protein expression of the transcription factor Nrf2 with subsequently increased mRNA expressions of the antioxidants SOD3 and GCLC. SIGNIFICANCE These protective effects of xanthenone could be attributed to ANG II degradation to ANG (1-7) by ACE2 activation resulting in regulated inflammatory and oxidative responses in the kidney. Therefore, administration of xanthenone along with tacrolimus could be a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the adverse effects and increase the tolerability to tacrolimus immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany A Azouz
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt.
| | - Hany A Omar
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62514, Egypt; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fatema Hersi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fares E M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch, Assiut 71524, Egypt
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El Hennawy HM, Faifi ASA, El Nazer W, Mahedy A, Kamal A, Al Faifi IS, Abdulmalik H, Safar O, Zaitoun MF, Fahmy AE. Calcineurin Inhibitors Nephrotoxicity Prevention Strategies With Stress on Belatacept-Based Rescue Immunotherapy: A Review of the Current Evidence. Transplant Proc 2021; 53:1532-1540. [PMID: 34020797 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A traditional narrative review was performed to evaluate clinical studies that have examined the clinical implications, risk factors, and prevention of calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) nephrotoxicity with stress on a belatacept-based rescue regimen. METHODS The Cochrane Library, PubMed/MEDLINE, EBSCO (Academic Search Ultimate), ProQuest (Central), and Excerpta Medical databases and Google scholar were searched using the keywords (CNI AND Nephrotoxicity prevention) OR ("Calcineurin inhibitor" AND Nephrotoxicity) OR (Tacrolimus AND Nephrotoxicity) OR (Ciclosporin AND Nephrotoxicity) OR (cyclosporine AND Nephrotoxicity) OR (Belatacept) OR (CNI Conversion) for the period from 1990 to 2020. Fifty-five related articles and reviews were found. CONCLUSION A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity could help in the individualization of therapy for and prevention of CNI nephrotoxicity. Identification of high-risk patients for CNI nephrotoxicity before renal transplantation enables better use and selection of immunosuppression with reduced adverse effects and, eventually, successful treatment of the kidney recipients. Belatacept conversion is a good and safe option in patients with deteriorating renal function attributed to CNI nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M El Hennawy
- Transplant Surgery Section, Surgery Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah S Al Faifi
- Transplant Surgery Section, Surgery Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Weam El Nazer
- Nephrology Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Mahedy
- Nephrology Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Kamal
- Nephrology Department, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim S Al Faifi
- Department of Family Medicine, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hana Abdulmalik
- Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Safar
- Department of Urology, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad F Zaitoun
- Department of Pharmacy, Armed Forces Hospital-Southern Regions, Khamis Mushayt, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed E Fahmy
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, North Shore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
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Poormoosavi SM, Behmanesh MA, Abeyat H, Sangtarash E. Evaluation of the Effect of Captopril and Losartan on Tacrolimus-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2021; 71:243-249. [PMID: 33711846 DOI: 10.1055/a-1369-8651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tacrolimus is an immunosuppressive drug. Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and associated inflammations may exacerbate the toxic effects of tacrolimus. Given the significant role of the kidney in RAS this study aimed to evaluate the effect of captopril as an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) blocker and losartan as an angiotensin II receptor blocker on tacrolimus-induced nephrotoxicity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 36 adult male rats weighing 200-250 gr were completely randomized and divided into six groups (control, tacrolimus, tacrolimus and losartan, tacrolimus and captopril, losartan, and captopril) for 30 days. Afterwards, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and ACE2 enzyme were measured. Also, both kidneys were collected for histological examinations. RESULTS The level of BUN and Cr significantly increased in tacrolimus group. The level of BUN and Cr were lower in the groups treated with a combination of tacrolimus and losartan or captopril. While ACE2 level increased in the groups receiving a combination of tacrolimus and losartan or captopril, the level of increase was insignificant, compared to the group treated with tacrolimus alone. The glomerulus diameter and the thickness of the renal proximal tubular epithelium significantly decreased in the group treated with tacrolimus alone. the mentioned variables increased in the group treated with a combination of tacrolimus and losartan or captopril, compared to the tacrolimus group. CONCLUSION According to this study, tacrolimus increased the BUN and Cr levels while decreasing the ACE2 levels. However, tacrolimus in combination with losartan or captopril seemed to decrease the nephrotoxicity of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Mahsa Poormoosavi
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Behmanesh
- Department of Histology, School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Hamed Abeyat
- School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
| | - Ehsan Sangtarash
- School of Medicine, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
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Ren ZL, Hu R, Wang ZW, Zhang M, Ruan YL, Wu ZY, Wu HB, Hu XP, Hu ZP, Ren W, Li LC, Dai FF, Liu H, Cai X. Epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of heart transplant recipients during the 2019 coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China: A descriptive survey report. J Heart Lung Transplant 2020; 39:412-417. [PMID: 32362392 PMCID: PMC7102567 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of heart transplant (HTx) recipients during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) epidemic remains unclear. We studied the characteristics of HTx recipients from December 20, 2019, to February 25, 2020, in an effort to understand their risk and outcomes. METHODS All accessible HTx recipients were included in this single-center retrospective study. We collected information on the recipients using a web-based questionnaire as well as the hospital database. RESULTS We followed 87 HTx recipients (72.4% were men, and the average age was 51 years). A total of 79 recipients resided in Hubei, and 57 recipients had a Wuhan-related history of travel or contact. Most took precautionary measures while in contact with suspicious crowds, and 96.6% of the families and communities undertook prevention and quarantine procedures. Four upper airway infections were reported, and 3 of them tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 (the fourth recovered and was not tested). All cases were mild and successfully recovered after proper treatment. Laboratory results of 47 HTx cases within the last 2 months were extracted. Of these, 21.3% of recipients had pre-existing lymphopenia, and 87.2% of recipients had a therapeutic concentration of tacrolimus (5-12 ng/ml). Liver and kidney insufficiency was seen in 5 and 6 recipients, respectively. CONCLUSION HTx recipients who practiced appropriate prevention measures had a low rate of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and transition to the associated disease COVID-19. These early data will require confirmation as the pandemic establishes around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Li Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-Le Ruan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Bing Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Luo-Cheng Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei-Feng Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Cai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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10
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Inhibitory Effects of Urtica thunbergiana Ethanol Extract on Atopic Dermatitis-Induced NC/Nga Mice. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9030197. [PMID: 32111037 PMCID: PMC7139843 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9030197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disease that persists or repeatedly recurs in both childhood and adulthood. Urtica thunbergiana (UT) is an aroma herb with little-known pharmacological effects and anti-inflammatory activities against AD. This study investigated the immunomodulatory efficacy of 50% ethanol-extracted UT in necrosis factor-alpha/interferon-gamma (TNF-α/IFN-γ)-stimulated HaCaT cells in vitro and AD-Biostir-induced NC/Nga mice in vivo. The results showed that UT exhibits a dose-dependent increase in scavenged free radicals, reaching 76.0% ± 1.4% of scavenged 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl at a concentration of 250 µg/mL. In addition, UT significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of the following pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in TNF-α/IFN-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells: interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine, macrophage-derived chemokine, and regulated on activation normal T expressed and secreted. UT-treated HaCaT cells showed inhibition of the overexpression of chemokine-regulated signaling molecules, such as nuclear factor-kappa B, inhibitor of kappa B (IκBα), signal transducer and activator of transcription 1, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). UT dietary administration in AD-Biostir-induced NC/Nga mice treated and improved AD-like symptoms, such as scales, epidermal thickening, the dermatitis severity score, high trans-epidermal water loss, reduced skin hydration, increased mast cells, elevated serum immunoglobulin E levels, and an enlarged spleen. UT treatment inhibited the expression of phosphorylated forms of MAPKs, nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1, and regulator IκBα. It also upregulated filaggrin (FLG) production. Therefore, UT shows high anti-AD activity both in vitro and in vivo, and can be a useful anti-AD agent.
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11
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Jin J, Jin L, Luo K, Lim SW, Chung BH, Yang CW. Effect of Empagliflozin on Tacrolimus-Induced Pancreas Islet Dysfunction and Renal Injury. Am J Transplant 2017; 17:2601-2616. [PMID: 28422431 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.14316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
An inhibitor of sodium glucose co-transporter type 2 (SGLT-2) is recommended in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) but its use is still undetermined in tacrolimus (TAC)-induced DM. We evaluated the effect of empagliflozin (Em) on TAC-induced pancreatic islet dysfunction and renal injury in an experimental model of TAC-induced DM and in vitro. TAC induced a twofold increase in SGLT-2 expression, while Em decreased SGLT-2 expression and further increased urinary glucose excretion compared to the TAC group. Em reduced hyperglycemia and increased plasma insulin level, pancreatic islet size, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion compared to the TAC group. In kidney, Em alleviated TAC-induced renal dysfunction and decreased albumin excretion and histological injury compared with the TAC group. Increased oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death by TAC was remarkably decreased with Em in serum and pancreatic and renal tissues. In in vitro study, TAC decreased cell viability and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in both insulin-secreting beta-cell derived (INS-1) and human kidney-2 (HK-2) cell lines. Addition of Em increased cell viability and decreased ROS production in HK-2 but not in INS-1 cell lines. This suggests that Em is effective in controlling TAC-induced hyperglycemia and has direct protective effect on TAC-induced renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jin
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - L Jin
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - K Luo
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - S W Lim
- Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - B H Chung
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - C W Yang
- Transplantation Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea.,Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
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12
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Hošková L, Málek I, Kopkan L, Kautzner J. Pathophysiological mechanisms of calcineurin inhibitor-induced nephrotoxicity and arterial hypertension. Physiol Res 2016; 66:167-180. [PMID: 27982677 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid organ transplantation is an established treatment modality in patients with end-stage organ damage in cases where other therapeutic options fail. The long-term outcomes of solid organ transplant recipients have improved considerably since the introduction of the first calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) - cyclosporine. In 1984, the potent immunosuppressive properties of another CNI, tacrolimus, were discovered. The immunosuppressive effects of CNIs result from the inhibition of interleukin-2 synthesis and reduced proliferation of T cells due to calcineurin blockade. The considerable side effects that are associated with CNIs therapy include arterial hypertension and nephrotoxicity. The focus of this article was to review the available literature on the pathophysiological mechanisms of CNIs that induce chronic nephrotoxicity and arterial hypertension. CNIs lead to activation of the major vasoconstriction systems, such as the renin-angiotensin and endothelin systems, and increase sympathetic nerve activity. On the other hand, CNIs are known to inhibit NO synthesis and NO-mediated vasodilation and to increase free radical formation. Altogether, these processes cause endothelial dysfunction and contribute to the impairment of organ function. A better insight into the mechanisms underlying CNI nephrotoxicity could assist in developing more targeted therapies of arterial hypertension or preventing CNI nephrotoxicity in organ transplant recipients, including heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hošková
- Department of Cardiology, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
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13
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Doleželová Š, Jíchová Š, Husková Z, Vojtíšková A, Kujal P, Hošková L, Kautzner J, Sadowski J, Červenka L, Kopkan L. Progression of hypertension and kidney disease in aging fawn-hooded rats is mediated by enhanced influence of renin-angiotensin system and suppression of nitric oxide system and epoxyeicosanoids. Clin Exp Hypertens 2016; 38:644-651. [PMID: 27669111 DOI: 10.1080/10641963.2016.1182182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The fawn-hooded hypertensive (FHH) rat serves as a genetic model of spontaneous hypertension associated with glomerular hyperfiltration and proteinuria. However, the knowledge of the natural course of hypertension and kidney disease in FHH rats remains fragmentary and the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are unclear. In this study, over the animals' lifetime, we followed the survival rate, blood pressure (telemetry), indices of kidney damage, the activity of renin-angiotensin (RAS) and nitric oxide (NO) systems, and CYP450-epoxygenase products (EETs). Compared to normotensive controls, no elevation of plasma and renal RAS was observed in prehypertensive and hypertensive FHH rats; however, RAS inhibition significantly reduced systolic blood pressure (137 ± 9 to 116 ± 8, and 159 ± 8 to 126 ± 4 mmHg, respectively) and proteinuria (62 ± 2 to 37 ± 3, and 132 ± 8 to 87 ± 5 mg/day, respectively). Moreover, pharmacological RAS inhibition reduced angiotensin (ANG) II and increased ANG 1-7 in the kidney and thereby may have delayed the progression of kidney disease. Furthermore, renal NO and EETs declined in the aging FHH rats but not in the control strain. The present results, especially the demonstration of exaggerated vascular responsiveness to ANG II, indicate that RAS may contribute to the development of hypertension and kidney disease in FHH rats. The activity of factors opposing the development of hypertension and protecting the kidney declined with age in this model. Therefore, therapeutic enhancement of this activity besides RAS inhibition could be attempted in the therapy of human hypertension associated with kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Šárka Doleželová
- a Center for Experimental Medicine , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic.,b Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science , Charles University in Prague , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Jíchová
- a Center for Experimental Medicine , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Husková
- a Center for Experimental Medicine , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Alžběta Vojtíšková
- a Center for Experimental Medicine , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kujal
- a Center for Experimental Medicine , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Hošková
- c Department of Cardiology , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Josef Kautzner
- c Department of Cardiology , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Janusz Sadowski
- d Department of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology , Mossakowski Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Luděk Červenka
- a Center for Experimental Medicine , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic.,e Department of Pathophysiology, Second Faculty of Medicine , Charles University , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Libor Kopkan
- a Center for Experimental Medicine , Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
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14
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Isobe S, Ohashi N, Ishigaki S, Tsuji T, Sakao Y, Kato A, Miyajima H, Fujigaki Y, Nishiyama A, Yasuda H. Augmented circadian rhythm of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin systems in anti-thymocyte serum nephritis rats. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:312-20. [PMID: 26739872 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We report that disturbance to the circadian rhythm of urinary angiotensinogen (AGT) excretion may lead to renal damage, hypertension and diurnal blood pressure (BP) variations. We aim to clarify the circadian rhythm of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and its contribution to renal damage, hypertension and BP variations, and to evaluate whether the administration of RAS blockers influences the circadian rhythms of intrarenal RAS components. Anti-thymocyte serum (ATS) nephritis rats were used as a chronic progressive glomerulonephritis model (group A) and compared with control rats (group C). Other rats with ATS nephritis received olmesartan medoxomil (an angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker; group AO) or hydralazine (a vasodilator; group AH). The levels of intrarenal RAS components were evaluated every 6 h. The expression levels of intrarenal AGT, AngII and AT1R were increased in group A and peaked at the same time as BP and urinary protein excretion during the rest phase. The amplitude of the circadian fluctuation of these proteins was more increased in group A than in group C. The circadian fluctuation of these proteins was reduced in groups AO and AH. However, renal function, proteinuria and augmentation of intrarenal RAS components were reduced only in group AO. Intrarenal RAS components, such as AGT, AngII and AT1R proteins, were increased and the amplitude of the oscillations of these proteins was augmented in ATS nephritis rats. Interestingly, renal damage may be linked to the activation of the intrarenal RAS independent of the amplitude of its oscillations and BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Isobe
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Naro Ohashi
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Sayaka Ishigaki
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Takayuki Tsuji
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yukitoshi Sakao
- Blood Purification Unit, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kato
- Blood Purification Unit, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyajima
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujigaki
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasuda
- Internal Medicine 1, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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15
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Association between renal iron accumulation and renal interstitial fibrosis in a rat model of chronic kidney disease. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:463-70. [PMID: 25693854 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Iron accumulation is associated with the pathophysiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Renal fibrosis is a final common feature that contributes to the progression of CKD; however, little is known about the association between renal iron accumulation and renal interstitial fibrosis in CKD. Here we investigate the effects of iron chelation on renal interstitial fibrosis in a rat model of CKD. CKD was induced by 5/6 nephrectomy in Sprague-Dawley rats. At 8 weeks after operation, 5/6 nephrectomized rats were administered an oral iron chelator, deferasirox (DFX), in chow for 8 weeks. Other CKD rats were given a normal diet. Sham-operative rats given a normal diet served as a control. CKD rats exhibited hypertension, glomerulosclerosis and renal interstitial fibrosis. Iron chelation with DFX did not change hypertension and glomerulosclerosis; however, renal interstitial fibrosis was attenuated in CKD rats. Consistent with these findings, renal gene expression of collagen type III and transforming growth factor-β was increased in CKD rats compared with the controls, while iron chelation suppressed these increments. In addition, a decrease in vimentin along an increase in E-cadherin in renal gene expression was observed in CKD rats with iron chelation. CKD rats also showed increased CD68-positive cells in the kidney, whereas its increase was attenuated by iron deprivation. Similarly, increased renal gene expression of CD68, tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 was suppressed in CKD rats with iron chelation. Renal iron accumulation seems to be associated with renal interstitial fibrosis in a rat model of CKD.
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