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Lagler C, El-Mesery M, Kübler AC, Müller-Richter UDA, Stühmer T, Nickel J, Müller TD, Wajant H, Seher A. The anti-myeloma activity of bone morphogenetic protein 2 predominantly relies on the induction of growth arrest and is apoptosis-independent. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185720. [PMID: 29028819 PMCID: PMC5640214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), a malignancy of the bone marrow, is characterized by a pathological increase in antibody-producing plasma cells and an increase in immunoglobulins (plasmacytosis). In recent years, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been reported to be activators of apoptotic cell death in neoplastic B cells in MM. Here, we use bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) to show that the "apoptotic" effect of BMPs on human neoplastic B cells is dominated by anti-proliferative activities and cell cycle arrest and is apoptosis-independent. The anti-proliferative effect of BMP2 was analysed in the human cell lines KMS12-BM and L363 using WST-1 and a Coulter counter and was confirmed using CytoTox assays with established inhibitors of programmed cell death (zVAD-fmk and necrostatin-1). Furthermore, apoptotic activity was compared in both cell lines employing western blot analysis for caspase 3 and 8 in cells treated with BMP2 and FasL. Additionally, expression profiles of marker genes of different cell death pathways were analysed in both cell lines after stimulation with BMP2 for 48h using an RT-PCR-based array. In our experiments we observed that there was rather no reduction in absolute cell number, but cells stopped proliferating following treatment with BMP2 instead. The time frame (48–72 h) after BMP2 treatment at which a reduction in cell number is detectable is too long to indicate a directly BMP2-triggered apoptosis. Moreover, in comparison to robust apoptosis induced by the approved apoptotic factor FasL, BMP2 only marginally induced cell death. Consistently, neither the known inhibitor of apoptotic cell death zVAD-fmk nor the necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 was able to rescue myeloma cell growth in the presence of BMP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lagler
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Mohamed El-Mesery
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | | | - Thorsten Stühmer
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken (CCCMF), University Hospital of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Nickel
- Chair Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer IGB, Translational Center Wuerzburg "Regenerative therapies in oncology and musculoskeletal diseases", Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dieter Müller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Wajant
- Division of Molecular Internal Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Axel Seher
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Procko E, Berguig GY, Shen BW, Song Y, Frayo S, Convertine AJ, Margineantu D, Booth G, Correia BE, Cheng Y, Schief WR, Hockenbery DM, Press OW, Stoddard BL, Stayton PS, Baker D. A computationally designed inhibitor of an Epstein-Barr viral Bcl-2 protein induces apoptosis in infected cells. Cell 2014; 157:1644-1656. [PMID: 24949974 PMCID: PMC4079535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Because apoptosis of infected cells can limit virus production and spread, some viruses have co-opted prosurvival genes from the host. This includes the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gene BHRF1, a homolog of human Bcl-2 proteins that block apoptosis and are associated with cancer. Computational design and experimental optimization were used to generate a novel protein called BINDI that binds BHRF1 with picomolar affinity. BINDI recognizes the hydrophobic cleft of BHRF1 in a manner similar to other Bcl-2 protein interactions but makes many additional contacts to achieve exceptional affinity and specificity. BINDI induces apoptosis in EBV-infected cancer lines, and when delivered with an antibody-targeted intracellular delivery carrier, BINDI suppressed tumor growth and extended survival in a xenograft disease model of EBV-positive human lymphoma. High-specificity-designed proteins that selectively kill target cells may provide an advantage over the toxic compounds used in current generation antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Procko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Geoffrey Y. Berguig
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Betty W. Shen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yifan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shani Frayo
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Garrett Booth
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Yuanhua Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - Oliver W. Press
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Dai CL, Shi J, Chen Y, Iqbal K, Liu F, Gong CX. Inhibition of protein synthesis alters protein degradation through activation of protein kinase B (AKT). J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23875-83. [PMID: 23843462 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.445148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The homeostasis of protein metabolism is maintained and regulated by the rates of protein biosynthesis and degradation in living systems. Alterations of protein degradation may regulate protein biosynthesis through a feedback mechanism. Whether a change in protein biosynthesis modulates protein degradation has not been reported. In this study, we found that inhibition of protein biosynthesis induced phosphorylation/activation of AKT and led to phosphorylation of AKT target substrates, including FoxO1, GSK3α/β, p70S6K, AS160, and the E3 ubiquitin ligase MDM2. Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 was also modulated by inhibition of protein biosynthesis. The AKT phosphorylation/activation was mediated mainly through the PI3K pathway because it was blocked by the PI3K inhibitor LY294002. The activated AKT phosphorylated MDM2 at Ser(166) and promoted degradation of the tumor suppressor p53. These findings suggest that inhibition of protein biosynthesis can alter degradation of some proteins through activation of AKT. This study reveals a novel regulation of protein degradation and calls for caution in blocking protein biosynthesis to study the half-life of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ling Dai
- Department of Neurochemistry, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA
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Uzarski RL, Pestka JJ. Comparative susceptibility of B cells with different lineages to cytotoxicity and apoptosis induction by translational inhibitors. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2003; 66:2105-2118. [PMID: 14710595 DOI: 10.1080/15287390390211315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The trichothecene mycotoxins, Shiga toxins (STs), and ricin are potent translational inhibitors that exert diverse mechanisms of action but all have the capacity to induce death by apoptosis. Germinal centers containing actively dividing B cells are particularly sensitive to protein synthesis inhibition, and, of these, the immature B cell is reportedly most susceptible to apoptosis. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that immature and mature B-cell lineages were differentially susceptible to apoptosis and cytotoxicity induction by representative trichothecene mycotoxins, ST-1, and ricin, as well as cycloheximide (CHX), a prototypical protein synthesis inhibitor commonly used to study cell signal transduction. WEHI-231 and CH31 cells were used as representatives of phenotypically immature B cells, whereas CH12.LX cells were used to model mature B cells. Resultant data suggest that Type D and Type A trichothecenes, ricin, and ST-1 were more potent inducers of apoptosis than CHX, whereas Type B and Type A trichothecene metabolites were less. CHX and the trichothecenes affected immature and mature B cells equally, thus suggesting that toxicity due to these natural toxins was lineage independent. In contrast, mature B cells were more sensitive to ricin- and ST-1-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis than immature B cells. Taken together, these results suggest that B cells are targets of a diverse array of naturally occurring translational inhibitors. Upregulation of apoptosis in B lymphocytes may contribute to the impairment of the immune response and other symptoms described following exposure to these toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Uzarski
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Institute for Environmental Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1224, USA
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Rancewicz Z, Kasprzycka M, Zagozdzon R, Wierzbicki P, Durlik M, Juskowa J, Górski A, Paczek L. Effect of viral infection on T-cell apoptosis in allograft recipients. Transplant Proc 2000; 32:1403-5. [PMID: 10995996 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(00)01274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Recent studies suggest that genotoxic and non-genotoxic stresses appear to invoke translational checkpoints in order to inhibit protein synthesis. Depending on the stress and/or cell type, this downregulation of protein synthesis may either (i) protect against the deleterious effects of noxious agents and ensure the conservation of resources that are needed to survive under adverse conditions or (ii) activate apoptosis. In this article, we have reviewed several lines of evidence which support the notion that regulation of translation initiation is an important component of the cellular stress response. While the stress-induced post-translational regulation of translation initiation factors (eIFs) has been well documented, stress-induced regulation of eIFs at the mRNA levels, as reviewed here, is only beginning to be elucidated. Thus, the stress-mediated regulation of eIFs occurs at multiple different levels involving, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post-translational controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Sheikh
- Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 37, Room 5CO9, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA
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Jenson HB, Baillargeon J, Heard P, Moyer MP. Effects of smokeless tobacco and tumor promoters on cell population growth and apoptosis of B lymphocytes infected with epstein-barr virus types 1 and 2. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1999; 160:171-82. [PMID: 10527916 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1999.8766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The effects of smokeless tobacco purified products 4-(N-methyl-N-nitrosamine)-1-3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N-nitrosonornicotine (NNN), smokeless tobacco extracts (dry snuff, moist snuff, and loose leaf), and the tumor promoters 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) and n-butyrate on cell population growth, cell death, and apoptosis were studied in B lymphocyte cell lines harboring Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) type 1 (Raji and X50-7) or type 2 (HR-1K and AG876) and in an EBV-uninfected control lymphocyte cell line (Ramos). Spontaneous apoptosis was present in all EBV-infected cell lines, but at varying levels. Spontaneous and induced apoptosis were generally greater by Student-Newman-Keuls tests in cells harboring EBV type 2 compared to EBV type 1. The greatest effects on cell population growth, cell death, and apoptosis on cells harboring lytic EBV type 1 (X50-7) was with each of the three smokeless tobacco extracts. The greatest effects on cells harboring EBV type 2 was with TPA and n-butyrate. There were no effects of smokeless tobacco extracts on the Raji cell line that harbors EBV type 1 incapable of lytic replication. Smokeless tobacco purified products, NNN and NNK, had no discernible effects. At the concentrations used in these experiments, there appears to be an EBV type-specific response to chemical induction, with greater susceptibility of lytic EBV type 1 to smokeless tobacco extracts and lytic EBV type 2 to TPA and n-butyrate. This EBV type-specific susceptibility to the effects of smokeless tobacco extracts is another phenotypic difference between EBV types. The use of smokeless tobacco products may affect B lymphocytes infected with replication-capable EBV in the oropharynx. The absence of significant effects with NNK and NNN suggests that these properties reside with other compounds present in tobacco extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Jenson
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, 78284, USA.
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