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Marcus J, Cetin E. Genetic predictors of cultural values variation between societies. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7986. [PMID: 37198209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34845-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Associations between the STin2 and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms within the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4, and culture across societies were examined. Based on an analysis of 75 primary studies (28,726 individuals), STin2 allelic frequencies were found to vary widely across countries, ranging from 26% in Germany to 85% in Singapore. Across 53 countries, and after controlling for all major environmental influences of culture, STin2 and 5-HTTLPR were found to explain 23.6% unique variance in monumentalism but none in individualism. Our findings evidence a significant role of genetics in predicting cross-societal cultural values variation, and potentially speak to the need for and importance of incorporating both nature and nurture in theories of cultural values variation across societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Marcus
- College of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Mah., Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ecesu Cetin
- College of Administrative Sciences and Economics, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Mah., Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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González Delgado S, Garza-Veloz I, Trejo-Vazquez F, Martinez-Fierro ML. Interplay between Serotonin, Immune Response, and Intestinal Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415632. [PMID: 36555276 PMCID: PMC9779345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder characterized by periods of activity and remission. IBD includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), and even though IBD has not been considered as a heritable disease, there are genetic variants associated with increased risk for the disease. 5-Hydroxytriptamine (5-HT), or serotonin, exerts a wide range of gastrointestinal effects under both normal and pathological conditions. Furthermore, Serotonin Transporter (SERT) coded by Solute Carrier Family 6 Member 4 (SLC6A4) gene (located in the 17q11.1-q12 chromosome), possesses genetic variants, such as Serotonin Transporter Gene Variable Number Tandem Repeat in Intron 2 (STin2-VNTR) and Serotonin-Transporter-linked promoter region (5-HTTLPR), which have an influence over the functionality of SERT in the re-uptake and bioavailability of serotonin. The intestinal microbiota is a crucial actor in normal human gut physiology, exerting effects on serotonin, SERT function, and inflammatory processes. As a consequence of abnormal serotonin signaling and SERT function under these inflammatory processes, the use of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been seen to improve disease activity and extraintestinal manifestations, such as depression and anxiety. The aim of this study is to integrate scientific data linking the intestinal microbiota as a regulator of gut serotonin signaling and re-uptake, as well as its role in the pathogenesis of IBD. We performed a narrative review, including a literature search in the PubMed database of both review and original articles (no date restriction), as well as information about the SLC6A4 gene and its genetic variants obtained from the Ensembl website. Scientific evidence from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials regarding the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors as an adjuvant therapy in patients with IBD is also discussed. A total of 194 articles were used between reviews, in vivo, in vitro studies, and clinical trials.
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Chatterjee M, Saha S, Sinha S, Mukhopadhyay K. A three-pronged analysis confirms the association of the serotoninergic system with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. World J Pediatr 2022; 18:825-834. [PMID: 36123504 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-022-00614-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serotonin transporter (SERT), encoded by the solute carrier family 6 number 4 (SLC6A4) gene, controls serotonin (5-HT) availability and is essential for the regulation of behavioral traits. Two SLC6A4 genetic variants, 5-HTTLPR and STin2, were widely investigated in patients with various neurobehavioral disorders, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODS We analyzed the association of the 5-HTTLPR (L/S) and STin2 (10/12) variants, plasma 5-HT, and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA), as well as SERT messenger RNA (mRNA) with ADHD in the eastern Indian subjects. Nuclear families with ADHD probands (n = 274) and ethnically matched controls (n = 367) were recruited following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Behavioral traits, executive function, and intelligence quotient (IQ) of the probands were assessed using the Conner's Parent Rating Scale - Revised, Parental Account of Children's Symptoms (PACS), Barkley Deficit in Executive Functioning-Child and Adolescent Scale, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III, respectively. After obtaining informed written consent, peripheral blood was collected to analyze genetic variants, plasma 5-HT, 5-HIAA, and SERT mRNA expression. RESULTS ADHD probands showed a higher frequency of the 5-HTTLPR "L" allele and "L/L" genotype (P < 0.05), lower 5-HIAA level, and higher SERT mRNA expression. Scores for behavioral problems and hyperactivity were higher in the presence of the "S" allele and "S/S" genotype, while executive deficit was higher in the presence of the "L" allele. IQ score was lower in the presence of the STin2 "12" allele and L-12 haplotype. CONCLUSION Data obtained indicate a significant association of the serotoninergic system with ADHD, warranting further in-depth investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahasweta Chatterjee
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India
| | - Sharmistha Saha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India
| | - Swagata Sinha
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India
| | - Kanchan Mukhopadhyay
- Manovikas Biomedical Research and Diagnostic Centre, Manovikas Kendra, 482 Madudah, Plot I-24, Sector J, EM Bypass, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700107, India.
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Wu XL, Yan QJ, Zhu F. Abnormal synaptic plasticity and impaired cognition in schizophrenia. World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:541-557. [PMID: 35582335 PMCID: PMC9048451 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i4.541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental illness that affects several brain domains with relation to cognition and behaviour. SCZ symptoms are typically classified into three categories, namely, positive, negative, and cognitive. The etiology of SCZ is thought to be multifactorial and poorly understood. Accumulating evidence has indicated abnormal synaptic plasticity and cognitive impairments in SCZ. Synaptic plasticity is thought to be induced at appropriate synapses during memory formation and has a critical role in the cognitive symptoms of SCZ. Many factors, including synaptic structure changes, aberrant expression of plasticity-related genes, and abnormal synaptic transmission, may influence synaptic plasticity and play vital roles in SCZ. In this article, we briefly summarize the morphology of the synapse, the neurobiology of synaptic plasticity, and the role of synaptic plasticity, and review potential mechanisms underlying abnormal synaptic plasticity in SCZ. These abnormalities involve dendritic spines, postsynaptic density, and long-term potentiation-like plasticity. We also focus on cognitive dysfunction, which reflects impaired connectivity in SCZ. Additionally, the potential targets for the treatment of SCZ are discussed in this article. Therefore, understanding abnormal synaptic plasticity and impaired cognition in SCZ has an essential role in drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiu-Jin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
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Ghamari R, Yazarlou F, Khosravizadeh Z, Moradkhani A, Abdollahi E, Alizadeh F. Serotonin transporter functional polymorphisms potentially increase risk of schizophrenia separately and as a haplotype. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1336. [PMID: 35079035 PMCID: PMC8789837 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe, disabling psychiatric disorder with unclear etiology. Family-based, twins, and adoption studies have shown that genetic factors have major contributions in schizophrenia occurrence. Until now, many studies have discovered the association of schizophrenia and its comorbid symptoms with functional polymorphisms that lie within serotonin reuptake pathway genes. Here, we aimed to investigate the association of three variable number tandem repeats (VNTR) functional polymorphisms in MAOA and SLC6A4 with schizophrenia in the Iranian population. Two hundred and forty-one subjects with schizophrenia and three hundred and seventy age and sex-matched healthy controls were genotyped for MAOA promoter uVNTR, 5-HTTLPR, and STin2 polymorphisms. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with locus-specific primers and running the PCR product on agarose 2.5% gel electrophoresis. Finally, the statistical inference was performed using R programming language and Haploview software. MAOA promoter uVNTR analysis of allele frequency showed no differences between schizophrenia subjects and healthy controls in both males and females and no significant differences were observed between female cases and female controls in MAOA promoter uVNTR 4 repeat frequency. Also, there were no differences between Schizophrenia and healthy control groups in 5-HTTLPR allele and genotype frequency but, 5-HTTLPR S allele carriers are significantly more frequent among cases. In addition, STin2.12 repeats were significantly more frequent among schizophrenia patients. Genotype comparison suggested that 5-HTTLPR S allele and STin2.12 repeat carriers were significantly more frequent among schizophrenia cases and being STin2.12 repeat carrier significantly increase the risk of schizophrenia occurrence. Besides, analysis of haplotype showed stronger linkage disequilibrium between 5-HTTLPR and STin2 haplotype block in cases than controls. These results suggest that SLC6A4 functional polymorphisms potentially could play a possible role as risk factors for the incidence of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Ghamari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Yazarlou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Khosravizadeh
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Infertility treatment clinic, Amiralmomenin Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Atefeh Moradkhani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Zanjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Elaheh Abdollahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Alizadeh
- Department of Genomic Psychiatry and Behavioral Genomics (DGPBG), Roozbeh Hospital, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Liu L, Hu Y, Lu Y, Hu L, Gao C, Nie S. Sex-dependent DNA hypermethylation of SLC6A4 in patients with schizophrenia. Neurosci Lett 2021; 769:136394. [PMID: 34910986 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a mental health condition with a complex pathogenic mechanism. One important hypothesis of SCZ pathology is serotonin (5-HT) impairment, and the 5-HT transporter, encoded by the SLC6A4 gene, plays a key role in regulating 5-HT levels. Some studies have confirmed that the CpG island upstream of exon 1 and the island shore region of SLC6A4 are hypermethylated in SCZ; however, to the best of our knowledge, there has been no study on the methylation level of CpG islands downstream of SLC6A4 exon 1. Methylation of CpG islands downstream of SLC6A4 exon 1 was measured in the peripheral blood of SCZ patients with positive symptoms using the MethylTarget method. Overall, the methylation level of SLC6A4 was significantly higher in women than in men. In intergroup comparisons, the level of SLC6A4 methylation was higher in the SCZ group than in the control group, especially within the male subgroup. Moreover, methylation levels of several CpG sites correlated significantly with SCZ. These results suggest that epigenetic alterations of SLC6A4 are related to SCZ pathophysiology. These findings improve the current understanding of the role of the 5-HT system in the pathological development of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Yi Hu
- Mental Health Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Yumei Lu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China
| | - Liping Hu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China.
| | - Changqing Gao
- Mental Health Center of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China.
| | - Shengjie Nie
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China.
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Spiros A, Geerts H. Toward Predicting Impact of Common Genetic Variants on Schizophrenia Clinical Responses With Antipsychotics: A Quantitative System Pharmacology Study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:738903. [PMID: 34658776 PMCID: PMC8511786 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.738903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CNS disorders are lagging behind other indications in implementing genotype-dependent treatment algorithms for personalized medicine. This report uses a biophysically realistic computer model of an associative and dorsal motor cortico-striatal-thalamo-cortical loop and a working memory cortical model to investigate the pharmacodynamic effects of COMTVal158Met rs4680, 5-HTTLPR rs 25531 s/L and D2DRTaq1A1 genotypes on the clinical response of 7 antipsychotics. The effect of the genotypes on dopamine and serotonin dynamics and the level of target exposure for the drugs was calibrated from PET displacement studies. The simulations suggest strong gene-gene pharmacodynamic interactions unique to each antipsychotic. For PANSS Total, the D2DRTaq1 allele has the biggest impact, followed by the 5-HTTLPR rs25531. The A2A2 genotype improved efficacy for all drugs, with a more complex outcome for the 5-HTTLPR rs25531 genotype. Maximal range in PANSS Total for all 27 individual combinations is 3 (aripiprazole) to 5 points (clozapine). The 5-HTTLPR L/L with aripiprazole and risperidone and the D2DRTaq1A2A2 allele with haloperidol, clozapine and quetiapine reduce the motor side-effects with opposite effects for the s/s genotype. The COMT genotype has a limited effect on antipsychotic effect and EPS. For cognition, the COMT MM 5-HTTLPR L/L genotype combination has the best performance for all antipsychotics, except clozapine. Maximal difference is 25% of the total dynamic range in a 2-back working memory task. Aripiprazole is the medication that is best suited for the largest number of genotype combinations (10) followed by Clozapine and risperidone (6), haloperidol and olanzapine (3) and quetiapine and paliperidone for one genotype. In principle, the platform could identify the best antipsychotic treatment balancing efficacy and side-effects for a specific individual genotype. Once the predictions of this platform are validated in a clinical setting the platform has potential to support rational personalized treatment guidance in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athan Spiros
- In Silico Biosciences, Berwyn, PA, United States
| | - Hugo Geerts
- In Silico Biosciences, Berwyn, PA, United States.,Certara QSP, Canterbury, United Kingdom
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Geerts H, Spiros A. Learning from amyloid trials in Alzheimer's disease. A virtual patient analysis using a quantitative systems pharmacology approach. Alzheimers Dement 2020; 16:862-872. [PMID: 32255562 PMCID: PMC7983876 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many trials of amyloid-modulating agents fail to improve cognitive outcome in Alzheimer's disease despite substantial reduction of amyloid β levels. METHODS We applied a mechanism-based Quantitative Systems Pharmacology model exploring the pharmacodynamic interactions of apolipoprotein E (APOE), Catechol -O -methyl Transferase (COMTVal158Met), and 5-HT transporter (5-HTTLPR) rs25531 genotypes and aducanumab. RESULTS The model predicts large clinical variability. Anticipated placebo differences on Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS)-COG in the aducanumab ENGAGE and EMERGE ranged from 0.77 worsening to 1.56 points improvement, depending on the genotype-comedication combination. 5-HTTLPR L/L subjects are found to be the most resilient. Virtual patient simulations suggest improvements over placebo between 4% and 20% at the 10 mg/kg dose, depending on the imbalance of the 5-HTTLPR genotype and exposure. In the Phase II PRIME trial, maximal anticipated placebo difference at 10 mg/kg ranges from 0.3 worsening to 5.3 points improvement. DISCUSSION These virtual patient simulations, once validated against clinical data, could lead to better informed future clinical trial designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Geerts
- In-Silico Biosciences, Certara-QSP, Berwyn, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Athan Spiros
- In-Silico Biosciences, Certara-QSP, Berwyn, Pennsylvania, USA
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Xu FL, Wang BJ, Yao J. Association between the SLC6A4 gene and schizophrenia: an updated meta-analysis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:143-155. [PMID: 30643413 PMCID: PMC6314053 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s190563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to explore the association between the SLC6A4 gene and the risk of schizophrenia, an updated meta-analysis was conducted using a total of 46 scientific articles. METHODS Through a literature search, papers studied included 35 articles on serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) with 8,752 cases and 10,610 controls, 17 articles on second intron variable number of tandem repeats with 7,284 cases and 8,544 controls, four studies on rs1042173 with 1,351 cases and 2,101 controls, and four studies on rs140700 with 1,770 cases and 2,386 controls. Pooled, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses were performed, and the results were visualized by forest and funnel plots. RESULTS An association between 5-HTTLPR and the risk of schizophrenia was not found, except for an Indian subgroup analysis (Pz =0.014, OR =1.749, 95% CI =1.120-2.731). A 10 repeats/12 repeats (10R/12R) genotype was a protective factor against schizophrenia (Pz =0.020, OR =0.789, 95% CI =0.646-0.963), but a 12R/12R genotype was a risk factor for schizophrenia (Pz =0.004, OR =1.936, 95% CI =1.238-3.029) in the pooled analyses. In Caucasians, a GG genotype of rs1042173 may be a risk factor for schizophrenia (Pz =0.006, OR =1.299, 95% CI =1.079-1.565). No association was found between rs140700 and the risk for schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Through meta-analysis, we were able to gain insight into previously reported associations between SLC6A4 polymorphism and schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ling Xu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China, ;
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, People's Republic of China, ;
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Gomes CKF, Vieira-Fonseca T, Melo-Felippe FB, de Salles Andrade JB, Fontenelle LF, Kohlrausch FB. Association analysis of SLC6A4 and HTR2A genes with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Influence of the STin2 polymorphism. Compr Psychiatry 2018; 82:1-6. [PMID: 29331882 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a complex and chronic disorder characterized by recurrent thoughts and/or repetitive behaviors. Given the potent anti-obsessional effects of the so-called serotonin reuptake inhibitors, genes related to serotonergic system may be well implicated in the etiopathogenesis of OCD. The gene encoding the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), which shows a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in intron 2 (STin2), have been previously associated with OCD. Additionally, the serotonin 2A receptor gene (HTR2A) has two polymorphisms (A-1438G - rs6311, and T102C - rs6313), which have also been overrepresented among OCD patients. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the association of these three polymorphisms with OCD, through the examination of potential sources of heterogeneity in previous studies including age of onset, sex and symptom dimensions. METHODS Polymorphisms were genotyped by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) in a sample of 203 OCD patients and 205 healthy controls from Brazil. RESULTS Although we did not observe any statistically significant association between the HTR2A gene polymorphisms and OCD or its clinical features, SLC6A4 STin2 polymorphism was significantly more common among OCD patients as compared to health controls. Further, a significant association between the STin2.12 allele and OCD, as well as a dominant effect of the STin2.12 allele in OCD was seen. Of note, late-onset (>18years) OCD was significantly more often seen in association with homozygosis for STin2.12 allele. No significant associations were observed with different OCD symptom dimensions. CONCLUSION Our results indicate an important influence of the STin2 polymorphism in OCD, but more studies are warranted to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamiris Vieira-Fonseca
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Brito Melo-Felippe
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil
| | - Juliana Braga de Salles Andrade
- Programa de Transtornos Obsessivo-Compulsivos e de Ansiedade, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Fontenelle
- Programa de Transtornos Obsessivo-Compulsivos e de Ansiedade, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Instituto D'Or de Pesquisa e Ensino (IDOR), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; School of Psychological Sciences, MONASH University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Fabiana Barzotti Kohlrausch
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), Niterói, Brazil.
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The effect of interactions between genetics and cannabis use on neurocognition. A review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 82:95-106. [PMID: 29191570 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is one of the most widely-used drugs in industrialized countries. It is now well established that cannabis use impacts neurocognition. In the intoxication period time episodic memory, working memory and attention are impacted and impulsivity is increased. The long-term effects of cannabis use tend to be similar. Various internal factors, such as sex differences, modulate this impact. It is unclear whether genetic variations can also influence the impact of cannabis on neurocognition. We set out to examine the impact of genetic variations on neurocognition in cannabis users. METHOD We conducted a search via the PubMed, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect databases to identify studies measuring neurocognition and assessing genotypes in the context of cannabis use. RESULTS We included 13 articles. We found that working memory, verbal and visual memory and sustained attention are more impacted during intoxication in subjects with the Val COMT allele. COMT gene could also modulate sustained attention in regular use. The CNR1, AKT1, DBH and 5-HTT/SLC6A4 genes may also modulate effects. CONCLUSION Most of these genes are linked to schizophrenia. A fuller understanding of their impact on the effects of cannabis on neurocognition would thus help elucidate the mechanisms linking cannabis and psychosis. However, evidence is still scant, and more research is needed.
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Attempts to replicate genetic associations with schizophrenia in a cohort from north India. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:28. [PMID: 28855605 PMCID: PMC5577284 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-017-0030-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic, severe, heritable disorder. Genome-wide association studies, conducted predominantly among Caucasians, have indicated > 100 risk alleles, with most significant SNPs on chromosome 6. There is growing interest as to whether these risk alleles are relevant in other ethnic groups as well. Neither an Indian genome-wide association studies nor a systematic replication of GWAS findings from other populations are reported. Thus, we analyzed 32 SNPs, including those associated in the Caucasian ancestry GWAS and other candidate gene studies, in a north Indian schizophrenia cohort (n = 1009 patients; n = 1029 controls) using a Sequenom mass array. Cognitive functioning was also assessed using the Hindi version of the Penn Computerized Neuropsychological Battery in a subset of the sample. MICB (rs6916394) a previously noted Caucasian candidate, was associated with schizophrenia at the p = 0.02 level. One SNP, rs2064430, AHI1 (6q23.3, SZ Gene database SNP) was associated at the p = 0.04 level. Other candidates had even less significance with rs6932590, intergenic (p = 0.07); rs3130615, MICB (p = 0.08); rs6916921, NFKBIL1 (p = 0.08) and rs9273012, HLA-DQA1 (p = 0.06) and haplotypic associations (p = 0.01-0.05) of 6p SNPs were detected. Of note, nominally significant associations with cognitive variables were identified, after covarying for age and diagnostic status. SNPs with p < 0.01 were: rs3130375, with working memory (p = 0.007); rs377763, with sensorimotor (p = 0.004); rs6916921, NFKBIL1 with emotion (p = 0.01). This relative lack of significant positive associations is likely influenced by the sample size and/or differences in the genetic architecture of schizophrenia across populations, encouraging population specific studies to identify shared and unique genetic risk factors for schizophrenia. POPULATION GENETICS CAUCASIANS AND INDIANS EXHIBIT GENETIC DISJUNCTION IN SCHIZOPHRENIA: A tenuous link between schizophrenia's genetic basis in Caucasians and Indians calls for more comprehensive research on the latter. Large-scale analyses of the human genome have identified over a hundred genetic variations associated with schizophrenia; however, these have focused largely on European and North American populations. Researchers led by the University of Delhi's BK Thelma, and Smita Deshpande of the Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, India, selected 32 gene variations from past studies to look for similar associations in Indians. Many assays met limited success, though the team found significant correlations between certain variations and specific cognitive hallmarks of schizophrenia. Aside from differences in genetic architecture, the lack of adequate and comparable genetic data on schizophrenia in Indians may contribute to this apparent difference to schizophrenia in Caucasian patients. This shows a clear need for more schizophrenia genetic studies in India.
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Ghadiri M, Nourmohammadi I, Fasihi Ramandi M, Moazen Zadeh E. Association involving serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphic region and bipolar disorder type 1 in Iranian population. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2016; 8:92-7. [PMID: 25808404 DOI: 10.1111/appy.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Serotonin transporter gene linked polymorphic region, also called 5HTTLPR, is a candidate in the genetics of bipolar disorder; however, the results of previous association studies are inconsistent. Several explanations have been proposed for that inconsistency; among them are the existing differences both in the genetic basis of bipolar disorder subtypes and the genetic backgrounds of the studied populations. We aimed to investigate the association of 5HTTLPR with bipolar disorder type I (BP-1) in Iranian population. METHODS In this case-control study, 146 patients with BP-1 and 165 controls were recruited. The patients were selected through the Structured Clinical Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition. It was required that the patients do not have any present history of general medical conditions, substance abuse, and concurrent major psychiatric disorders. The polymorphism was evaluated by blood sampling and subsequent DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction, and agarose gel electrophoresis. Chi-square test was used for analyzing allelic and genotype frequencies and two-tailed P values were obtained. RESULTS The S allele was significantly more frequent in the BP-1 patients compared with the controls (P = 0.02, S allele odds ratio = 1.5, confidence interval 95% = 1.06-2.11). DISCUSSION Our statistically significant results suggest that the role of 5HTTLPR in the pathogenesis of BP-1 needs to be clarified by further scrutiny in Iranian population and other populations of Near East.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghadiri
- Iran Psychiatric Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Issa Nourmohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Fasihi Ramandi
- Research Center of Molecular Biology, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Moazen Zadeh
- Mental Health Research Center, Tehran Psychiatric Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Sujitha SP, Kumar DT, Doss CGP, Aavula K, Ramesh R, Lakshmanan S, Gunasekaran S, Anilkumar G. DNA Repair Gene (XRCC1) Polymorphism (Arg399Gln) Associated with Schizophrenia in South Indian Population: A Genotypic and Molecular Dynamics Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147348. [PMID: 26824244 PMCID: PMC4732819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper depicts the first report from an Indian population on the association between the variant Arg399Gln of XRCC1 locus in the DNA repair system and schizophrenia, the debilitating disease that affects 1% of the world population. Genotypic analysis of a total of 523 subjects (260 patients and 263 controls) revealed an overwhelming presence of Gln399Gln in the case subjects against the controls (P < 0.0068), indicating significant level of association of this nsSNP with schizophrenia; the Gln399 allele frequency was also perceptibly more in cases than in controls (p < 0.003; OR = 1.448). The results of the genotypic studies were further validated using pathogenicity and stability prediction analysis employing computational tools [I-Mutant Suite, iStable, PolyPhen2, SNAP, and PROVEAN], with a view toassess the magnitude of deleteriousness of the mutation. The pathogenicity analysis reveals that the nsSNP could be deleterious inasmuch as it could affect the functionality of the gene, and interfere with protein function. Molecular dynamics simulation of 60ns was performed using GROMACS to analyse structural change due to a mutation (Arg399Gln) that was never examined before. RMSD, RMSF, hydrogen bonds, radius of gyration and SASA analysis showedthe existence of asignificant difference between the native and the mutant protein. The present study gives astrong indication that the XRCC1 locus deserves serious attention, as it could be a potential candidatecontributing to the etio-pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. P. Sujitha
- Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D. Thirumal Kumar
- Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C. George Priya Doss
- Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Aavula
- Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Ramesh
- Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Lakshmanan
- Department of Psychiatry, Government Vellore Medical College, Vellore, India
| | - S. Gunasekaran
- Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G. Anilkumar
- Medical Biotechnology Division, School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT University, Vellore 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
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Lin H, Lei Y, Zhang B, Dai Z, Lu X. Common variants of HTR1A and SLC6A4 confer the increasing risk of Schizophrenia susceptibility: A population-based association and epistasis analysis. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2015; 168:749-55. [PMID: 26408209 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex psychiatric disorder strongly influenced by genetic variants, some of which are associated with mood disorders. The neurotransmitter 5-hydoxytryptamine (5-HT) and its related biochemical factors have been shown to play a significant role in maintaining mood balance. Recent studies evaluating the association between SZ and genetic polymorphisms in a serotonin transporter (encoded by SLC6A4) and serotonin receptor 1A (encoded by HTR1A) show conflicting results. In this study, we performed a case-control association analysis using 4,000 individuals with Chinese-Han ancestry. Of these participants, 1,000 were SZ cases and 3,000 were healthy controls. Thirty-six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in SLC6A4 and HTR1A were genotyped in our 4,000 study samples. Of those, 33 polymorphic SNPs with a minor allele frequency >0.05 were used for further analysis. We found that rs878567 in HTR1A (asymptotic P-value = 3.89×10(-4) , corrected P-value = 0.0106) was significantly associated with SZ. Further haplotype-based analyses revealed that a two-SNP haplotype, rs2054847-rs140701 (TG) in gene SLC6A4, was significantly associated with SZ (P-value = 1.63×10(-4) and corrected P-value = 0.002799). We did not identify any significant epistatic interactions between the two genes. Our findings provide supportive evidence that genetic polymorphisms in SLC6A4 and HTR1A may influence the risk of SZ in Han Chinese individuals. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China.,Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Ying Lei
- Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
| | - Zunxiao Dai
- Xi'an Mental Health Center, Xi'an, Shannxi, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Lu
- Department of Biological Science and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, P. R. China
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Pasi S, Singh PK, Pandey RK, Dikshit PC, Jiloha RC, Rao VR. Evaluation of psychiatric and genetic risk factors among primary relatives of suicide completers in Delhi NCR region, India. Psychiatry Res 2015. [PMID: 26205629 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Suicide as a public health problem is studied worldwide and association of psychiatric and genetic risk factors for suicidal behavior are the point of discussion in studies across different ethnic groups. The present study is aimed at evaluating psychiatric and genetic traits among primary relatives of suicide completer families in an urban Indian population. Bi-variate analysis shows significant increase in major depression (PHQ and Hamilton), stress, panic disorder, somatoform disorder and suicide attemptamong primary compared to other relatives. Sib pair correlations also reveal significant results for major depression (Hamilton), stress, suicide attempt, intensity of suicide ideation and other anxiety syndrome. 5-HTTLPR, 5-HTT (Stin2) and COMT risk alleles are higher among primary relatives, though statistically insignificant. Backward conditional logistic regression analysis show only independent variable, Depression (Hamilton) made a unique statistically significant contribution to the model in primary relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Pasi
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | | | | | - P C Dikshit
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Moulana Azad Medical College, Delhi, India; Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard Institute of Medical Sciences & Research, New Delhi, India
| | - R C Jiloha
- Department of Psychiatry, G.B. Pant Hospital, Delhi, India
| | - V R Rao
- Department of Anthropology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.
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Vijayakumari AA, John JP, Halahalli HN, Paul P, Thirunavukkarasu P, Purushottam M, Jain S. Effect of polymorphisms of three genes mediating monoamine signalling on brain morphometry in schizophrenia and healthy subjects. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE 2015; 13:68-82. [PMID: 25912540 PMCID: PMC4423152 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2015.13.1.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of risk alleles of polymorphisms of three schizophrenia risk genes that mediate monoamine signalling in the brain on regional brain volumes of schizophrenia and healthy control subjects. The risk alleles and the gene polymorphisms studied were: Val allele of catechol o-methyltransferase (COMT) rs4680 polymorphism; short allele of 5-hydroxy tryptamine transporter linked polymorphic region (5HTTLPR) polymorphism; and T allele of 5-hydroxy tryptamine 2A (5HT2A) rs6314 polymorphism. METHODS The study was carried out on patients with recent onset schizophrenia (n=41) recruited from the outpatient department of National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India and healthy control subjects (n=39), belonging to South Indian Dravidian ethnicity. Individual and additive effects of risk alleles of the above gene polymorphisms on brain morphometry were explored using voxel-based morphometry. RESULTS Irrespective of phenotypes, individuals with the risk allele T of the rs6314 polymorphism of 5HT2A gene showed greater (at cluster-extent equivalent to family wise error-correction [FWEc] p<0.05) regional brain volumes in the left inferior temporal and left inferior occipital gyri. Those with the risk alleles of the other two polymorphisms showed a trend (at p<0.001, uncorrected) towards lower regional brain volumes. A trend (at p<0.001, uncorrected) towards additive effects of the above 3 risk alleles (subjects with 2 or 3 risk alleles vs. those with 1 or no risk alleles) on brain morphology was also noted. CONCLUSIONS The findings of the present study have implications in understanding the role of individual and additive effects of genetic variants in mediating regional brain morphometry in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupa A Vijayakumari
- Multimodal Brain Image Analysis Laboratory (MBIAL), India.,Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - John P John
- Multimodal Brain Image Analysis Laboratory (MBIAL), India.,Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India.,Departments of Clinical Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Harsha N Halahalli
- Departments of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Pradip Paul
- Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Priyadarshini Thirunavukkarasu
- Multimodal Brain Image Analysis Laboratory (MBIAL), India.,Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Meera Purushottam
- Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Sanjeev Jain
- Departments of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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Terzić T, Kastelic M, Dolžan V, Plesničar BK. Influence of 5-HT1A and 5-HTTLPR genetic variants on the schizophrenia symptoms and occurrence of treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2015; 11:453-9. [PMID: 25759587 PMCID: PMC4345972 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s76494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the influence of two genetic polymorphisms of the 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor (5-HT1A) and solute carrier family 6, member 4 (SLC6A4) genes on the clinical symptoms and treatment resistance in Slovenian patients with schizophrenia. A total of 138 patients with schizophrenia were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression, and Global Assessment of Functioning. Based on the selected criteria, 94 patients were included in the treatment-responsive and 44 in the treatment-resistant group. All subjects and 94 controls were genotyped for the 5-HT1A rs6295 and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms. There were no statistically significant differences in the frequencies of these polymorphisms between the patients with schizophrenia and the control group and between the treatment-resistant and treatment-responsive group of schizophrenia patients. Polymorphisms rs6295 and 5-HTTLPR had an influence on the Global Assessment of Functioning scale score, while 5-HTTLPR also had an influence on the total score of the negative subscale within the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Although we found no effect on progression toward the treatment-resistant schizophrenia, our data suggest that the rs6295 and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms can influence some clinical symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Terzić
- Ljubljana University Psychiatric Hospital, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matej Kastelic
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Yang B, Huang X, Ruan L, Yu T, Li X, Jesse FF, Cao Y, Li X, Liu B, Yang F, Lee YS, He L, Li W, He G. No association of SLC6A3 and SLC6A4 gene polymorphisms with schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population. Neurosci Lett 2014; 579:114-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang J, Li MD. Association and interaction analyses of 5-HT3 receptor and serotonin transporter genes with alcohol, cocaine, and nicotine dependence using the SAGE data. Hum Genet 2014; 133:905-18. [PMID: 24590108 PMCID: PMC4055533 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have implicated genes encoding the 5-HT3AB receptors (HTR3A and HTR3B) and the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), both independently and interactively, in alcohol (AD), cocaine (CD), and nicotine dependence (ND). However, whether these genetic effects also exist in subjects with comorbidities remains largely unknown. We used 1,136 African-American (AA) and 2,428 European-American (EA) subjects from the Study of Addiction: Genetics and Environment (SAGE) to determine associations between 88 genotyped or imputed variants within HTR3A, HTR3B, and SLC6A4 and three types of addictions, which were measured by DSM-IV diagnoses of AD, CD, and ND and the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), an independent measure of ND commonly used in tobacco research. Individual SNP-based association analysis revealed a significant association of rs2066713 in SLC6A4 with FTND in AA (β = -1.39; P = 1.6E - 04). Haplotype-based association analysis found one major haplotype formed by SNPs rs3891484 and rs3758987 in HTR3B that was significantly associated with AD in the AA sample, and another major haplotype T-T-G, formed by SNPs rs7118530, rs12221649, and rs2085421 in HTR3A, which showed significant association with FTND in the EA sample. Considering the biologic roles of the three genes and their functional relations, we used the GPU-based Generalized Multifactor Dimensionality Reduction (GMDR-GPU) program to test SNP-by-SNP interactions within the three genes and discovered two- to five-variant models that have significant impacts on AD, CD, ND, or FTND. Interestingly, most of the SNPs included in the genetic interaction model(s) for each addictive phenotype are either overlapped or in high linkage disequilibrium for both AA and EA samples, suggesting these detected variants in HTR3A, HTR3B, and SLC6A4 are interactively contributing to etiology of the three addictive phenotypes examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiekun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 450 Ray C. Hunt Drive, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA
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Mohamed Saini S, Nik Jaafar NR, Sidi H, Midin M, Mohd Radzi A, Abdul Rahman AH. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphism and its association with bipolar disorder across different ethnic groups in Malaysia. Compr Psychiatry 2014; 55 Suppl 1:S76-81. [PMID: 23410635 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The risk variants have been shown to vary substantially across populations and a genetic study in a heterogeneous population might shed a new light in the disease mechanism. This preliminary study aims to determine the frequency of the serotonin transporter gene polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) in the three main ethnic groups in Malaysia and its association with bipolar disorder. METHODS This is a candidate gene association study of randomly selected forty five unrelated bipolar disorder probands and sixty six controls. Diagnosis was evaluated using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I). The control group consisted of healthy volunteers without personal psychiatric history and family history of mood disorder. Patients' whole blood was collected for genotyping. RESULTS This study revealed that the frequency of the short variant of 5-HTTLPR in healthy control group was highest in Indians (42.9%) followed by Malays (23.5%) and was absent in Chinese. The association between the homozygous ss genotype of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with bipolar disorder was not found in the pooled subjects (χ(2)=1.52, d.f.=1, p=0.218, OR=4.67, 95% C.I.=0.69-7.58) and after stratification into Malays (p=0.315, OR=2.03, 95% CI=0.50-8.17), Indians (p=0.310; OR=0.44, 95% CI=0.21-0.92) and Chinese. CONCLUSION The differences in the frequency of the short allele of 5-HTTLPR across the three main ethnic groups in Malaysia were noteworthy. The present study showed no significant association between the homozygous short variant of the 5-HTTLPR and bipolar disorder in the pooled subject and after stratification into the three main ethnic groups in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suriati Mohamed Saini
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Jalan Yaacob Latif, 56000, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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Polymorphism in serotonin receptor 3B is associated with pain catastrophizing. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78889. [PMID: 24244382 PMCID: PMC3823944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain catastrophizing, a coping style characterized by excessively negative thoughts and emotions in relation to pain, is one of the psychological factors that most markedly predicts variability in the perception of pain; however, only little is known about the underlying neurobiology. The aim of this study was to test for associations between psychological variables, such as pain catastrophizing, anxiety and depression, and selected polymorphisms in genes related to monoaminergic neurotransmission, in particular serotonin pathway genes. Three hundred seventy-nine healthy participants completed a set of psychological questionnaires: the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and Beck’s Depression Inventory, and were genotyped for 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine genes. The SNP rs1176744 located in the serotonin receptor 3B gene (5-HTR3B) was found to be associated with pain catastrophizing scores: both the global score and the subscales of magnification and helplessness. This is the first study to show an association between 5-HTR3B and PCS scores, thus suggesting a role of the serotonin pathway in pain catastrophizing. Since 5-HTR3B has previously been associated with descending pain modulation pathways, future studies will be of great interest to elucidate the molecular pathways involved in the relation between serotonin, its receptors and pain catastrophizing.
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Cacabelos R, Cacabelos P, Aliev G. Genomics of schizophrenia and pharmacogenomics of antipsychotic drugs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojpsych.2013.31008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a common disorder that runs in families. It has a relatively high heritability, i.e., inherited factors account for the major proportion of its etiology. The high heritability has motivated gene mapping studies that have improved in sophistication through the past two decades. Belying earlier expectations, it is now becoming increasingly clear that the cause of SZ does not reside in a single mutation, or even in a single gene. Rather, there are multiple DNA variants, not all of which have been identified. Additional risk may be conferred by interactions between individual DNA variants, as well as 'gene-environment' interactions. We review studies that have accounted for a fraction of the heritability. Their relevance to the practising clinician is discussed. We propose that continuing research in DNA variation, in conjunction with rapid ongoing advances in allied fields, will yield dividends from the perspective of diagnosis, treatment prediction through pharmacogenetics, and rational treatment through discoveries in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Kukshal
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - B. K. Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishwajit L. Nimgaonkar
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Smita N. Deshpande
- Department of Psychiatry, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Lindholm Carlström E, Saetre P, Rosengren A, Thygesen JH, Djurovic S, Melle I, Andreassen OA, Werge T, Agartz I, Hall H, Terenius L, Jönsson EG. Association between a genetic variant in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4) and suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia. Behav Brain Funct 2012; 8:24. [PMID: 22594806 PMCID: PMC3527134 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-8-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamin; 5-HT) system has a central role in the circuitry of cognition and emotions. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that genetic variation in the serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4; 5-HTT) is associated with schizophrenia and suicidal behavior. In this study, we wanted to elucidate whether SLC6A4 variations is involved in attempted suicide among patients with schizophrenia in a Scandinavian case–control sample. Methods Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia from three Scandinavian samples were assessed for presence or absence of suicide attempts, based on record reviews and interview data. Seven SLC6A4 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped in 837 schizophrenia patients and 1,473 control individuals. Association analyses and statistical evaluations were performed with the program UNPHASED (version 3.0.9). Results We observed an allele association between the SNP rs16965628, located in intron one of SLC6A4, and attempted suicide (adjusted p-value 0.01), among patients with schizophrenia. No association was found to a diagnosis of schizophrenia, when patients were compared to healthy control individuals. Conclusion The gene SLC6A4 appears to be involved in suicidal ideation among patients with schizophrenia. Independent replication is needed before more firm conclusions can be drawn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lindholm Carlström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, HUBIN Project, Karolinska Institutet and Hospital, R5:00, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Mothersill O, Kelly S, Rose EJ, Donohoe G. The effects of psychosis risk variants on brain connectivity: a review. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:18. [PMID: 22416237 PMCID: PMC3299399 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In light of observed changes in connectivity in schizophrenia and the highly heritable nature of the disease, neural connectivity may serve as an important intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia. However, how individual variants confer altered connectivity and which measure of brain connectivity is more proximal to the underlying genetic architecture (i.e., functional or structural) has not been well delineated. In this review we consider these issues and the relative sensitivity of imaging methodologies to schizophrenia-related changes in connectivity. We searched PubMed for studies considering schizophrenia risk genes AND functional or structural connectivity. Where data was available, summary statistics were used to determine an estimate of effect size (i.e., Cohen's d). A random-effects meta-analysis was used to consider (1) the largest effect and (2) all significant effects between functional and structural studies. Schizophrenia risk variants involved in neurotransmission, neurodevelopment and myelin function were found to be associated with altered neural connectivity. On average, schizophrenia risk genes had a large effect on functional (mean d = 0.76) and structural connectivity (mean d = 1.04). The examination of the largest effect size indicated that the outcomes of functional and structural studies were comparable (Q = 2.17, p > 0.05). Conversely, consideration of effect size estimates for all significant effects suggest that reported effect sizes in structural connectivity studies were more variable than in functional connectivity studies, and that there was a significant lack of homogeneity across the modalities (Q = 6.928, p = 0.008). Given the more variable profile of effect sizes associated with structural connectivity, these data may suggest that structural imaging methods are more sensitive to a wider range of effects, as opposed to functional studies which may only be able to determine large effects. These conclusions are limited by methodological considerations, and require further investigation involving larger samples, multiple genes, and novel analysis techniques for confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Mothersill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
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Stewart LR, Hall AL, Kang SHL, Shaw CA, Beaudet AL. High frequency of known copy number abnormalities and maternal duplication 15q11-q13 in patients with combined schizophrenia and epilepsy. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2011; 12:154. [PMID: 22118685 PMCID: PMC3239290 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-12-154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Many copy number variants (CNVs) are documented to be associated with neuropsychiatric disorders, including intellectual disability, autism, epilepsy, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Chromosomal deletions of 1q21.1, 3q29, 15q13.3, 22q11.2, and NRXN1 and duplications of 15q11-q13 (maternal), 16p11, and 16p13.3 have the strongest association with schizophrenia. We hypothesized that cases with both schizophrenia and epilepsy would have a higher frequency of disease-associated CNVs and would represent an enriched sample for detection of other mutations associated with schizophrenia. Methods We used array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to analyze 235 individuals with both schizophrenia and epilepsy, 80 with bipolar disorder and epilepsy, and 191 controls. Results We detected 10 schizophrenia plus epilepsy cases in 235 (4.3%) with the above mentioned CNVs compared to 0 in 191 controls (p = 0.003). Other likely pathological findings in schizophrenia plus epilepsy cases included 1 deletion 16p13 and 1 duplication 7q11.23 for a total of 12/235 (5.1%) while a possibly pathogenic duplication of 22q11.2 was found in one control for a total of 1 in 191 (0.5%) controls (p = 0.008). The rate of abnormality in the schizophrenia plus epilepsy of 10/235 for the more definite CNVs compares to a rate of 75/7336 for these same CNVs in a series of unselected schizophrenia cases (p = 0.0004). Conclusion We found a statistically significant increase in the frequency of CNVs known or likely to be associated with schizophrenia in individuals with both schizophrenia and epilepsy compared to controls. We found an overall 5.1% detection rate of likely pathological findings which is the highest frequency of such findings in a series of schizophrenia patients to date. This evidence suggests that the frequency of disease-associated CNVs in patients with both schizophrenia and epilepsy is significantly higher than for unselected schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa R Stewart
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030 USA.
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Meda SA, Jagannathan K, Gelernter J, Calhoun VD, Liu J, Stevens MC, Pearlson GD. A pilot multivariate parallel ICA study to investigate differential linkage between neural networks and genetic profiles in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 2010; 53:1007-15. [PMID: 19944766 PMCID: PMC3968678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding genetic influences on both healthy and disordered brain function is a major focus in psychiatric neuroimaging. We utilized task-related imaging findings from an fMRI auditory oddball task known to be robustly associated with abnormal activation in schizophrenia, to investigate genomic factors derived from multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genes previously shown to be associated with schizophrenia. Our major aim was to investigate the relationship of these genomic factors to normal/abnormal brain functionality between controls and schizophrenia patients. We studied a Caucasian-only sample of 35 healthy controls and 31 schizophrenia patients. All subjects performed an auditory oddball task, which consists of detecting an infrequent sound within a series of frequent sounds. Each subject was characterized on 24 different SNP markers spanning multiple risk genes previously associated with schizophrenia. We used a recently developed technique named parallel independent component analysis (para-ICA) to analyze this multimodal data set (Liu et al., 2008). The method aims to identify simultaneously independent components of each modality (functional imaging, genetics) and the relationships between them. We detected three fMRI components significantly correlated with two distinct gene components. The fMRI components, along with their significant genetic profile (dominant SNP) correlations were as follows: (1) Inferior frontal-anterior/posterior cingulate-thalamus-caudate with SNPs from Brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and dopamine transporter (DAT) [r=-0.51; p<0.0001], (2) superior/middle temporal gyrus-cingulate-premotor with SLC6A4_PR and SLC6A4_PR_AG (serotonin transporter promoter; 5HTTLPR) [r=0.27; p=0.03], and (3) default mode-fronto-temporal gyrus with Brain derived neurotropic factor and dopamine transporter (BDNF, DAT) [r=-0.25; p=0.04]. Functional components comprised task-relevant regions (including PFC, ACC, STG and MTG) frequently identified as abnormal in schizophrenia. Further, gene-fMRI combinations 1 (Z=1.75; p=0.03), 2 (Z=1.84; p=0.03) and 3 (Z=1.67; p=0.04) listed above showed significant differences between controls and patients, based on their correlated loading coefficients. We demonstrate a framework to identify interactions between "clusters" of brain function and of genetic information. Our results reveal the effect/influence of specific interactions, (perhaps epistastatic in nature), between schizophrenia risk genes on imaging endophenotypes representing attention/working memory and goal directed related brain function, thus establishing a useful methodology to probe multivariate genotype-phenotype relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashwath A Meda
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, 200 Retreat Avenue, Hartford, CT 06106, USA.
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Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is among the most disabling of mental disorders. Several neurobiological hypotheses have been postulated as responsible for SCZ pathogenesis: polygenic/multifactorial genomic defects, intrauterine and perinatal environment-genome interactions, neurodevelopmental defects, dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic, gamma-aminobutiric acid (GABAergic), neuropeptidergic and glutamatergic/N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) dysfunctions, seasonal infection, neuroimmune dysfunction, and epigenetic dysregulation. SCZ has a heritability estimated at 60-90%. Genetic studies in SCZ have revealed the presence of chromosome anomalies, copy number variants, multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms of susceptibility distributed across the human genome, aberrant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in microRNA genes, mitochondrial DNA mutations, and epigenetic phenomena. Pharmacogenetic studies of psychotropic drug response have focused on determining the relationship between variation in specific candidate genes and the positive and adverse effects of drug treatment. Approximately, 18% of neuroleptics are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 40% of CYP2D6, and 23% of CYP3A4; 24% of antidepressants are major substrates of CYP1A2 enzymes, 5% of CYP2B6, 38% of CYP2C19, 85% of CYP2D6, and 38% of CYP3A4; 7% of benzodiazepines are major substrates of CYP2C19 enzymes, 20% of CYP2D6, and 95% of CYP3A4. About 10-20% of Western populations are defective in genes of the CYP superfamily. Only 26% of Southern Europeans are pure extensive metabolizers for the trigenic cluster integrated by the CYP2D6+CYP2C19+CYP2C9 genes. The pharmacogenomic response of SCZ patients to conventional psychotropic drugs also depends on genetic variants associated with SCZ-related genes. Consequently, the incorporation of pharmacogenomic procedures both to drugs in development and drugs on the market would help to optimize therapeutics in SCZ and other central nervous system (CNS) disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramón Cacabelos
- EuroEspes Biomedical Research Center, 15165-Bergondo, Coruña, Spain.
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