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Gender Disparity in Academic Gastroenterology: Beginning of the End of the Underrepresentation of Women? Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:380-387. [PMID: 33141389 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06692-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though there are an increasing number of female medical graduates, women remain underrepresented in academic medicine. There have been several reasons to explain this gender disparity, including marital status, number of children, number of hours worked, job flexibility, perceptions of women as inferior leaders, gender bias, sexual harassment, and unsupportive academic climates. AIMS This study aimed to investigate the relationship between scholarly productivity and the representation of female gastroenterologists in academia. Specifically, scholarly productivity measured by the h-index and academic rank were explored to determine if there were gender disparities in academic productivity and rank in gastroenterology. METHODS Gastroenterology departmental listings were obtained from the Fellowship and Residency Interactive Database of the American Medical Association. The Scopus database was used to record each physician's h-index. Statistical analyses were conducted with Wilcoxon rank-sum test, which compared matched samples by academic rank, and ANOVA tests, which compared multiple academic ranks. RESULTS Out of 1703 academic gastroenterologists, women account for 25% of academic physicians. Women have statistically lower h-indices at the level of Assistant Professor (p = 0.0012), and at the level of Chair (p = 0.01). There was no difference in h-indices between male and female at the rank of Associate Professor and Professor. CONCLUSIONS While these results mirror patterns appreciated in other fields of medicine, the results at the rank of Chair may suggest that despite the lower h-index compared to their male counterparts, females are perceived as having strong inherent leadership skills outside of academic productivity that are also conducive to leading a department and may be contributing to their rise to Chair.
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Impact of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Loan Repayment Program Funding on Retention of the National Institutes of Health Biomedical Workforce. ATS Sch 2021; 2:415-431. [PMID: 34667990 PMCID: PMC8518664 DOI: 10.34197/ats-scholar.2020-0158oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Loan Repayment Programs (LRPs) were established by Congress in 2000 to help attract and retain highly qualified health professionals in biomedical careers by relieving financial pressure incurred from educational loans obtained during medical school and other advanced-degree clinical training programs. In 2019, the NIH LRP Program increased the maximum repayment from $35,000 per year to $50,000 per year for an individual’s educational debt in return for two years of research performed in an NIH mission-relevant area (https://www.lrp.nih.gov/eligibility-programs). In addition, in 2020, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) increased its participation in the LRP by adding the Health Disparities Research Program to Clinical Research and Pediatric Research Programs. Objective: Before these substantive changes took effect, we sought to determine the impact of the NHLBI’s participation in the LRP program on retention of scientists in the biomedical research workforce over the past 20 years. Methods: NHLBI LRP applicant cohorts from 2003 and 2008 were carefully examined with a 10-year follow-up period to measure the impact of applying for and obtaining NIH LRP funding on subsequent K- and R-level application and award rates, publication number, and average relative citation ratio as metrics to assess recruitment and retention of scientists in the biomedical research workforce. Results: Obtaining the LRP award was strongly associated with increased submission of and success in obtaining K- and RPG-grant funding and publications for both the 2003 and 2008 NHLBI LRP cohorts. An analysis of subgroups in the 2008 LRP cohort without prior F, K, or RPG funding revealed a consistently strong association between obtaining an LRP award and subsequent K- or RPG-award submission and success as well as potential synergy between obtaining an LRP award and participation on a T grant toward subsequent K- or RPG-award success rates. Conclusion: The LRP award appears to enhance retention in the biomedical research workforce when measured using metrics of grant application and award rates as well as research publications over a 10-year period.
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Traylor KM, Cervantes JL, Perry CN. Professional Development Track to Prepare Future Academic Clinicians. MEDICAL SCIENCE EDUCATOR 2021; 31:23-27. [PMID: 34457859 PMCID: PMC8368474 DOI: 10.1007/s40670-020-01118-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Professional development is instrumental in the success of professionals and trainees in academic medicine. In response to medical student feedback requesting additional professional development opportunities, the Foster School of Medicine developed a distinction program, the Pathway for Preparing Academic Clinicians (PPAC), designed to deliver sought-after skill development and foundational knowledge in the three primary activities of academic medicine: medical education, research, and patient care. This distinction program addresses a curricular gap as identified by students and common to many UME curricula and also provides an opportunity for residency programs to identify student achievement within a pass/fail program.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Marie Traylor
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, MSC 21009, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905-2827 USA
| | - Jorge L. Cervantes
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, MSC 21009, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905-2827 USA
| | - Cynthia N. Perry
- Department of Medical Education, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, MSC 21009, 5001 El Paso Drive, El Paso, TX 79905-2827 USA
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Ghazawi FM, Lefrançois P, Xie P, Rajakulendran T, Copley M, Drucker AM, Alavi A, Zhou Y, Litvinov IV. A Vision for an Academic Career Mentorship Program for Canadian Dermatology Residents. J Cutan Med Surg 2019; 23:123-124. [PMID: 30789036 DOI: 10.1177/1203475418803067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feras M Ghazawi
- 1 Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Pingxing Xie
- 2 Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Thanashan Rajakulendran
- 3 Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Copley
- 4 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aaron M Drucker
- 3 Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Afsaneh Alavi
- 3 Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, Women's College Hospital, Women's College Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Youwen Zhou
- 4 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- 2 Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Marchand GC, Hilpert JC, Bragg KM, Cummings J. Network-based assessment of collaborative research in neuroscience. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2018; 4:433-443. [PMID: 30294659 PMCID: PMC6170254 DOI: 10.1016/j.trci.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to describe collaborative research in neuroscience within the context of the Center for Neurodegeneration and Translational Neuroscience (CNTN), a Center of Biomedical Research Excellence supported by the National Institute of General Medical Science. Drawing upon research on the science of team science, this study investigated the way that interactions around research emerged over the course of establishing a new research center. The objectives were to document changes in research activity and describe how human research support infrastructure functioned to support the production of science. METHODS Social network analyses were used to model coauthorship relationships based on publication histories from baseline (2014) through the current grant year (2017) for key personnel (n = 12), as well as survey data on collaborative engagement among CNTN members (n = 59). RESULTS Exponential random graph models indicated that over time, CNTN members were increasingly likely to form coauthorship relationships. Community detection algorithms and brokerage analyses suggested that the CNTN was functioning as intended to support scientific development. DISCUSSION Assessment of team science efforts is critical to evaluating and developing appropriate support structures that facilitate successful team science efforts in translational neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwen C. Marchand
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, College of Education, Center for Research, Evaluation, and Assessment, Department of Educational Psychology and Higher Education, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jonathan C. Hilpert
- Georgia Southern University, College of Education, Department of Curriculum Foundations and Reading, Evaluation, Assessment, Research, and Learning (EARL) Program, Statesboro, GA, USA
| | - Kristine M. Bragg
- University of Nevada, Las Vegas, College of Education, Center for Research, Evaluation, and Assessment, Department of Educational Psychology and Higher Education, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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Paredes Molina CS, Spencer DJ, Morcuende M, Soto-Greene M, Culbreath K, Corsino L, Sánchez JP. An Introduction to Research Work, Scholarship, and Paving a Way to a Career in Academic Medicine. MEDEDPORTAL : THE JOURNAL OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RESOURCES 2018; 14:10686. [PMID: 30800886 PMCID: PMC6342426 DOI: 10.15766/mep_2374-8265.10686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite high faculty attrition and challenges to expanding the number of clinician-researchers, career development to heighten trainees' pursuit of an academic research career remains a relatively understudied topic. Completing peer-reviewed publications during medical school increases a trainee's likelihood of becoming a future faculty member. There is a lack of educational content to guide trainees in selecting research activities, publishing, and gaining self-efficacy to pave a path towards a clinician-researcher track. METHODS The Kern model was applied to create a multimodal workshop that would heighten trainee awareness of various research opportunities, skills for conducting research, best practices in publishing, and also help them develop a personal plan to pursue research. The workshop included a presentation, reflection exercises, and a case scenario. The workshop was implemented among trainees attending professional development conferences at nine medical schools. A questionnaire assessed participants' change in self-efficacy in completing research scholarship and pursuing an academic research career. RESULTS Sixty medical students and seven residents participated in the workshops. Paired-sample t tests indicated a statistically significant increase in participants' perception that academic medicine would allow them to engage in research work, and in their self-efficacy to publish and succeed along a clinician-researcher track. DISCUSSION The workshop not only exposed participants to a variety of research activities but also provided a sense that all research types are valid, aiding some participants to identify new research opportunities. In addition, participants gained clarity on how to publish and develop a research path, which may help maintain interest in a clinician-researcher track.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Stefany Paredes Molina
- Research Assistant, Juntos Center for Advancing Latino Health, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center
| | - Dennis J. Spencer
- Clinical Fellow, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | - Miguel Morcuende
- Fellow, Office of Education, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
- Fellow, Office of Diversity and Community Engagement, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
| | - Maria Soto-Greene
- Vice Dean, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
- Professor of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
- Director, Hispanic Center of Excellence, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
| | - Karissa Culbreath
- Assistant Professor of Pathology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine
- Scientific Director, Infectious Disease, Research and Development, TriCore Reference Laboratories, University of New Mexico School of Medicine
| | - Leonor Corsino
- Associate Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Duke School of Medicine
- Associate Director, Master of Biomedical Sciences, Office of Diversity and Inclusion, Duke School of Medicine
- Director, Population Mapping Health Project, Duke Center for Community and Population Health Improvement, Duke University Medical Center
| | - John P. Sánchez
- Associate Dean, Diversity and Inclusion, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
- Associate Professor, Emergency Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School
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Kwan JM, Daye D, Schmidt ML, Conlon CM, Kim H, Gaonkar B, Payne AS, Riddle M, Madera S, Adami AJ, Winter KQ. Exploring intentions of physician-scientist trainees: factors influencing MD and MD/PhD interest in research careers. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2017; 17:115. [PMID: 28697782 PMCID: PMC5505137 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-017-0954-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have described the career paths of physician-scientist candidates after graduation, but the factors that influence career choices at the candidate stage remain unclear. Additionally, previous work has focused on MD/PhDs, despite many physician-scientists being MDs. This study sought to identify career sector intentions, important factors in career selection, and experienced and predicted obstacles to career success that influence the career choices of MD candidates, MD candidates with research-intense career intentions (MD-RI), and MD/PhD candidates. METHODS A 70-question survey was administered to students at 5 academic medical centers with Medical Scientist Training Programs (MSTPs) and Clinical and Translational Science Awards (CTSA) from the NIH. Data were analyzed using bivariate or multivariate analyses. RESULTS More MD/PhD and MD-RI candidates anticipated or had experienced obstacles related to balancing academic and family responsibilities and to balancing clinical, research, and education responsibilities, whereas more MD candidates indicated experienced and predicted obstacles related to loan repayment. MD/PhD candidates expressed higher interest in basic and translational research compared to MD-RI candidates, who indicated more interest in clinical research. Overall, MD-RI candidates displayed a profile distinct from both MD/PhD and MD candidates. CONCLUSIONS MD/PhD and MD-RI candidates experience obstacles that influence their intentions to pursue academic medical careers from the earliest training stage, obstacles which differ from those of their MD peers. The differences between the aspirations of and challenges facing MD, MD-RI and MD/PhD candidates present opportunities for training programs to target curricula and support services to ensure the career development of successful physician-scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Kwan
- American Physician Scientists Association, Westford, MA, USA.
- Internal Medicine Physician Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, USA.
| | - Dania Daye
- American Physician Scientists Association, Westford, MA, USA.
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Mary Lou Schmidt
- Pediatrics, University of Illinois Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | - Claudia Morrissey Conlon
- United States Agency for International Development, Washington, USA
- Saving Mothers, Giving Life, Washington, USA
| | - Hajwa Kim
- Center for Clinical Translational Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, College of Medicine, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Aimee S Payne
- Dermatology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Sharline Madera
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Alexander J Adami
- American Physician Scientists Association, Westford, MA, USA
- MD/PhD Program, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, USA
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Papadimos TJ, Manos JE, Murray SJ. An extrapolation of Foucault's Technologies of the Self to effect positive transformation in the intensivist as teacher and mentor. Philos Ethics Humanit Med 2013; 8:7. [PMID: 23866101 PMCID: PMC3717278 DOI: 10.1186/1747-5341-8-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In critical care medicine, teaching and mentoring practices are extremely important in regard to attracting and retaining young trainees and faculty in this important subspecialty that has a scarcity of needed personnel in the USA. To this end, we argue that Foucault's Technologies of the Self is critical background reading when endeavoring to effect the positive transformation of faculty into effective teachers and mentors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Papadimos
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Ohio State University, Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Joanna E Manos
- Department of Integrated Studies, Southern New Hampshire University, Manchester, NH, USA
| | - Stuart J Murray
- Department of English Language and Literature, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Gironda MW, Bibb CA, Lefever K, Law C, Messadi D. A Program to Recruit and Mentor Future Academic Dentists: Successes and Challenges. J Dent Educ 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2013.77.3.tb05470.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie W. Gironda
- Division of Public Health and Community Dentistry; School of Dentistry; University of California; Los Angeles
| | - Carol A. Bibb
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine; School of Dentistry; University of California; Los Angeles
| | - Karen Lefever
- School of Dentistry; University of California; Los Angeles
| | - Clarice Law
- Division of Associated Clinical Specialties; School of Dentistry; University of California; Los Angeles
| | - Diana Messadi
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine; School of Dentistry; University of California; Los Angeles
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Johnson JL. First Society for Investigative Dermatology Career Development Retreat for PhD Trainees in Dermatological Science. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2126-2128. [PMID: 34139797 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Johnson
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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