1
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Meyer A, Stelloh C, Zhu N, Rao S. Cohesin loss and MLL-AF9 are not synthetic lethal in murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3894962. [PMID: 38352423 PMCID: PMC10862952 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3894962/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Objective As cohesin mutations are rarely found in MLL-rearranged acute myeloid leukemias, we investigated the potential synthetic lethality between cohesin mutations and MLL-AF9 using murine hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Results Contrary to our hypothesis, a complete loss of Stag2 or haploinsufficiency of Smc3 were well tolerated in MLL-AF9-expressing hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Minimal effect of cohesin subunit loss on the in vitro self-renewal of MLL-AF9-expressing cells was observed. Despite the differing mutational landscapes of cohesin-mutated and MLL fusion AMLs, previous studies showed that cohesin and MLL fusion mutations similarly drive abnormal self-renewal through HOXA gene upregulation. The utilization of a similar mechanism suggests that little selective pressure exists for the acquisition of cohesin mutations in AMLs expressing MLL fusions, explaining their lack of co-occurrence. Our results emphasize the importance of using genetic models to test suspected synthetic lethality and suggest that a lack of co-occurrence may instead point to a common mechanism of action between two mutations.
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2
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Abarca-Barriga HH, Punil Luciano R, Vásquez Sotomayor F. Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Caused by an Intragenic Heterozygous Deletion in RAD21 Detected through Very-High-Resolution Chromosomal Microarray Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2212. [PMID: 38137034 PMCID: PMC10742884 DOI: 10.3390/genes14122212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cornelia de Lange syndrome is a genetic and clinically heterogeneous entity, caused by at least five genes. It is characterized by short stature, gestalt facies, microcephaly, neurodevelopmental disorders, and other anomalies. In this report, we present a 13-year-old female patient with microcephaly, cleft palate, polydactyly, short stature, triangular facies, frontal bossing, a bulbous nose, an overfolded helix, limited pronosupination, and an anomalous uterus. No neurodevelopmental disorders were reported. A chromosomal microarray analysis of 6.5 million markers was performed in the proband and her parents. The results showed a de novo heterozygous microdeletion of exons 9-14 within RAD21, which confirmed the diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange syndrome type 4. Our patient did not show any neurologic phenotype (until the time of diagnosis), although neurodevelopmental disorders are frequently present in patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome type 4, and despite carrying a deletion that was larger than previously reported. Therefore, unknown genetic modifiers or intrinsic mechanisms of RAD21 variants may exist and should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo H. Abarca-Barriga
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima 15039, Peru;
- Servicio de Genética & Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño Breña, Lima 15083, Peru;
| | - Renzo Punil Luciano
- Servicio de Genética & Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño Breña, Lima 15083, Peru;
| | - Flor Vásquez Sotomayor
- Instituto de Investigaciones de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Ricardo Palma, Lima 15039, Peru;
- Servicio de Genética & Errores Innatos del Metabolismo, Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño Breña, Lima 15083, Peru;
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3
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Mfarej MG, Hyland CA, Sanchez AC, Falk MM, Iovine MK, Skibbens RV. Cohesin: an emerging master regulator at the heart of cardiac development. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:rs2. [PMID: 36947206 PMCID: PMC10162415 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-12-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cohesins are ATPase complexes that play central roles in cellular processes such as chromosome division, DNA repair, and gene expression. Cohesinopathies arise from mutations in cohesin proteins or cohesin complex regulators and encompass a family of related developmental disorders that present with a range of severe birth defects, affect many different physiological systems, and often lead to embryonic fatality. Treatments for cohesinopathies are limited, in large part due to the lack of understanding of cohesin biology. Thus, characterizing the signaling networks that lie upstream and downstream of cohesin-dependent pathways remains clinically relevant. Here, we highlight alterations in cohesins and cohesin regulators that result in cohesinopathies, with a focus on cardiac defects. In addition, we suggest a novel and more unifying view regarding the mechanisms through which cohesinopathy-based heart defects may arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael G. Mfarej
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Caitlin A. Hyland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Annie C. Sanchez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Matthias M. Falk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - M. Kathryn Iovine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
| | - Robert V. Skibbens
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015
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4
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Horsfield JA. Full circle: a brief history of cohesin and the regulation of gene expression. FEBS J 2023; 290:1670-1687. [PMID: 35048511 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cohesin complex has a range of crucial functions in the cell. Cohesin is essential for mediating chromatid cohesion during mitosis, for repair of double-strand DNA breaks, and for control of gene transcription. This last function has been the subject of intense research ever since the discovery of cohesin's role in the long-range regulation of the cut gene in Drosophila. Subsequent research showed that the expression of some genes is exquisitely sensitive to cohesin depletion, while others remain relatively unperturbed. Sensitivity to cohesin depletion is also remarkably cell type- and/or condition-specific. The relatively recent discovery that cohesin is integral to forming chromatin loops via loop extrusion should explain much of cohesin's gene regulatory properties, but surprisingly, loop extrusion has failed to identify a 'one size fits all' mechanism for how cohesin controls gene expression. This review will illustrate how early examples of cohesin-dependent gene expression integrate with later work on cohesin's role in genome organization to explain mechanisms by which cohesin regulates gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A Horsfield
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Genetics Otago Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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Wang H, Han Y, Qian P. Emerging Roles of Epigenetic Regulators in Maintaining Hematopoietic Stem Cell Homeostasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1442:29-44. [PMID: 38228957 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-99-7471-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are adult stem cells with the ability of self-renewal and multilineage differentiation into functional blood cells, thus playing important roles in the homeostasis of hematopoiesis and the immune response. Continuous self-renewal of HSCs offers fresh supplies for the HSC pool, which differentiate into all kinds of mature blood cells, supporting the normal functioning of the entire blood system. Nevertheless, dysregulation of the homeostasis of hematopoiesis is often the cause of many blood diseases. Excessive self-renewal of HSCs leads to hematopoietic malignancies (e.g., leukemia), while deficiency in HSC regeneration results in pancytopenia (e.g., anemia). The regulation of hematopoietic homeostasis is finely tuned, and the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technologies has greatly boosted research in this field. In this chapter, we will summarize the recent understanding of epigenetic regulators including DNA methylation, histone modification, chromosome remodeling, noncoding RNAs, and RNA modification that are involved in hematopoietic homeostasis, which provides fundamental basis for the development of therapeutic strategies against hematopoietic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingli Han
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pengxu Qian
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University & Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunotherapy, Hangzhou, China.
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6
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Cuartero S, Stik G, Stadhouders R. Three-dimensional genome organization in immune cell fate and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2022; 23:206-221. [PMID: 36127477 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell development and activation demand the precise and coordinated control of transcriptional programmes. Three-dimensional (3D) organization of the genome has emerged as an important regulator of chromatin state, transcriptional activity and cell identity by facilitating or impeding long-range genomic interactions among regulatory elements and genes. Chromatin folding thus enables cell type-specific and stimulus-specific transcriptional responses to extracellular signals, which are essential for the control of immune cell fate, for inflammatory responses and for generating a diverse repertoire of antigen receptor specificities. Here, we review recent findings connecting 3D genome organization to the control of immune cell differentiation and function, and discuss how alterations in genome folding may lead to immune dysfunction and malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Cuartero
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Badalona, Spain. .,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.
| | - Grégoire Stik
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain. .,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ralph Stadhouders
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Li J, Kalev-Zylinska ML. Advances in molecular characterization of myeloid proliferations associated with Down syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:891214. [PMID: 36035173 PMCID: PMC9399805 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.891214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid leukemia associated with Down syndrome (ML-DS) has a unique molecular landscape that differs from other subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia. ML-DS is often preceded by a myeloproliferative neoplastic condition called transient abnormal myelopoiesis (TAM) that disrupts megakaryocytic and erythroid differentiation. Over the last two decades, many genetic and epigenetic changes in TAM and ML-DS have been elucidated. These include overexpression of molecules and micro-RNAs located on chromosome 21, GATA1 mutations, and a range of other somatic mutations and chromosomal alterations. In this review, we summarize molecular changes reported in TAM and ML-DS and provide a comprehensive discussion of these findings. Recent advances in the development of CRISPR/Cas9-modified induced pluripotent stem cell-based disease models are also highlighted. However, despite significant progress in this area, we still do not fully understand the pathogenesis of ML-DS, and there are no targeted therapies. Initial diagnosis of ML-DS has a favorable prognosis, but refractory and relapsed disease can be difficult to treat; therapeutic options are limited in Down syndrome children by their stronger sensitivity to the toxic effects of chemotherapy. Because of the rarity of TAM and ML-DS, large-scale multi-center studies would be helpful to advance molecular characterization of these diseases at different stages of development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixia Li
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China
- *Correspondence: Jixia Li, ; Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska,
| | - Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Haematology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Jixia Li, ; Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska,
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8
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Meyer AE, Stelloh C, Pulakanti K, Burns R, Fisher JB, Heimbruch KE, Tarima S, Furumo Q, Brennan J, Zheng Y, Viny AD, Vassiliou GS, Rao S. Combinatorial genetics reveals the Dock1-Rac2 axis as a potential target for the treatment of NPM1;Cohesin mutated AML. Leukemia 2022; 36:2032-2041. [PMID: 35778533 PMCID: PMC9357218 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01632-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is driven by mutations that occur in numerous combinations. A better understanding of how mutations interact with one another to cause disease is critical to developing targeted therapies. Approximately 50% of patients that harbor a common mutation in NPM1 (NPM1cA) also have a mutation in the cohesin complex. As cohesin and Npm1 are known to regulate gene expression, we sought to determine how cohesin mutation alters the transcriptome in the context of NPM1cA. We utilized inducible Npm1cAflox/+ and core cohesin subunit Smc3flox/+ mice to examine AML development. While Npm1cA/+;Smc3Δ/+ mice developed AML with a similar latency and penetrance as Npm1cA/+ mice, RNA-seq suggests that the Npm1cA/+; Smc3Δ/+ mutational combination uniquely alters the transcriptome. We found that the Rac1/2 nucleotide exchange factor Dock1 was specifically upregulated in Npm1cA/+;Smc3Δ/+ HSPCs. Knockdown of Dock1 resulted in decreased growth and adhesion and increased apoptosis only in Npm1cA/+;Smc3Δ/+ AML. Higher Rac activity was also observed in Npm1cA/+;Smc3Δ/+ vs. Npm1cA/+ AMLs. Importantly, the Dock1/Rac pathway is targetable in Npm1cA/+;Smc3Δ/+ AMLs. Our results suggest that Dock1/Rac represents a potential target for the treatment of patients harboring NPM1cA and cohesin mutations and supports the use of combinatorial genetics to identify novel precision oncology targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cary Stelloh
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph B Fisher
- Department of Natural Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI, USA
| | - Katelyn E Heimbruch
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sergey Tarima
- Department of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Quinlan Furumo
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
| | - John Brennan
- Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yongwei Zheng
- Guangzhou Bio-gene Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Aaron D Viny
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - George S Vassiliou
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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9
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Cummings CT, Rowley MJ. Implications of Dosage Deficiencies in CTCF and Cohesin on Genome Organization, Gene Expression, and Human Neurodevelopment. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:583. [PMID: 35456389 PMCID: PMC9030571 DOI: 10.3390/genes13040583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Properly organizing DNA within the nucleus is critical to ensure normal downstream nuclear functions. CTCF and cohesin act as major architectural proteins, working in concert to generate thousands of high-intensity chromatin loops. Due to their central role in loop formation, a massive research effort has been dedicated to investigating the mechanism by which CTCF and cohesin create these loops. Recent results lead to questioning the direct impact of CTCF loops on gene expression. Additionally, results of controlled depletion experiments in cell lines has indicated that genome architecture may be somewhat resistant to incomplete deficiencies in CTCF or cohesin. However, heterozygous human genetic deficiencies in CTCF and cohesin have illustrated the importance of their dosage in genome architecture, cellular processes, animal behavior, and disease phenotypes. Thus, the importance of considering CTCF or cohesin levels is especially made clear by these heterozygous germline variants that characterize genetic syndromes, which are increasingly recognized in clinical practice. Defined primarily by developmental delay and intellectual disability, the phenotypes of CTCF and cohesin deficiency illustrate the importance of architectural proteins particularly in neurodevelopment. We discuss the distinct roles of CTCF and cohesin in forming chromatin loops, highlight the major role that dosage of each protein plays in the amplitude of observed effects on gene expression, and contrast these results to heterozygous mutation phenotypes in murine models and clinical patients. Insights highlighted by this comparison have implications for future research into these newly emerging genetic syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Cummings
- Munroe-Meyer Institute, Department of Genetic Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
- Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - M. Jordan Rowley
- Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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10
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Zeisig BB, So CWE. Therapeutic Opportunities of Targeting Canonical and Noncanonical PcG/TrxG Functions in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2021; 22:103-125. [PMID: 33929894 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-111120-102443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Transcriptional deregulation is a key driver of acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a heterogeneous blood cancer with poor survival rates. Polycomb group (PcG) and Trithorax group (TrxG) genes, originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster several decades ago as master regulators of cellular identity and epigenetic memory, not only are important in mammalian development but also play a key role in AML disease biology. In addition to their classical canonical antagonistic transcriptional functions, noncanonical synergistic and nontranscriptional functions of PcG and TrxG are emerging. Here, we review the biochemical properties of major mammalian PcG and TrxG complexes and their roles in AML disease biology, including disease maintenance as well as drug resistance. We summarize current efforts on targeting PcG and TrxG for treatment of AML and propose rational synthetic lethality and drug-induced antagonistic pleiotropy options involving PcG and TrxG as potential new therapeutic avenues for treatment of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd B Zeisig
- Leukaemia and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom;
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
| | - Chi Wai Eric So
- Leukaemia and Stem Cell Biology Group, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London SE5 9NU, United Kingdom;
- Department of Haematological Medicine, King's College Hospital, London SE5 9RS, United Kingdom
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11
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Jann JC, Tothova Z. Cohesin mutations in myeloid malignancies. Blood 2021; 138:649-661. [PMID: 34157074 PMCID: PMC8394903 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019004259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohesin is a multisubunit protein complex that forms a ring-like structure around DNA. It is essential for sister chromatid cohesion, chromatin organization, transcriptional regulation, and DNA damage repair and plays a major role in dynamically shaping the genome architecture and maintaining DNA integrity. The core complex subunits STAG2, RAD21, SMC1, and SMC3, as well as its modulators PDS5A/B, WAPL, and NIPBL, have been found to be recurrently mutated in hematologic and solid malignancies. These mutations are found across the full spectrum of myeloid neoplasia, including pediatric Down syndrome-associated acute megakaryoblastic leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, and de novo and secondary acute myeloid leukemias. The mechanisms by which cohesin mutations act as drivers of clonal expansion and disease progression are still poorly understood. Recent studies have described the impact of cohesin alterations on self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, which are associated with changes in chromatin and epigenetic state directing lineage commitment, as well as genomic integrity. Herein, we review the role of the cohesin complex in healthy and malignant hematopoiesis. We discuss clinical implications of cohesin mutations in myeloid malignancies and discuss opportunities for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann-Christoph Jann
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany; and
| | - Zuzana Tothova
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
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12
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de Castro CPM, Cadefau M, Cuartero S. The Mutational Landscape of Myeloid Leukaemia in Down Syndrome. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4144. [PMID: 34439298 PMCID: PMC8394284 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Children with Down syndrome (DS) are particularly prone to haematopoietic disorders. Paediatric myeloid malignancies in DS occur at an unusually high frequency and generally follow a well-defined stepwise clinical evolution. First, the acquisition of mutations in the GATA1 transcription factor gives rise to a transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) in DS newborns. While this condition spontaneously resolves in most cases, some clones can acquire additional mutations, which trigger myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome (ML-DS). These secondary mutations are predominantly found in chromatin and epigenetic regulators-such as cohesin, CTCF or EZH2-and in signalling mediators of the JAK/STAT and RAS pathways. Most of them are also found in non-DS myeloid malignancies, albeit at extremely different frequencies. Intriguingly, mutations in proteins involved in the three-dimensional organization of the genome are found in nearly 50% of cases. How the resulting mutant proteins cooperate with trisomy 21 and mutant GATA1 to promote ML-DS is not fully understood. In this review, we summarize and discuss current knowledge about the sequential acquisition of genomic alterations in ML-DS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Cadefau
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (C.P.M.d.C); (M.C.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Sergi Cuartero
- Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain; (C.P.M.d.C); (M.C.)
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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13
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Antony J, Chin CV, Horsfield JA. Cohesin Mutations in Cancer: Emerging Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6788. [PMID: 34202641 PMCID: PMC8269296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cohesin complex is crucial for mediating sister chromatid cohesion and for hierarchal three-dimensional organization of the genome. Mutations in cohesin genes are present in a range of cancers. Extensive research over the last few years has shown that cohesin mutations are key events that contribute to neoplastic transformation. Cohesin is involved in a range of cellular processes; therefore, the impact of cohesin mutations in cancer is complex and can be cell context dependent. Candidate targets with therapeutic potential in cohesin mutant cells are emerging from functional studies. Here, we review emerging targets and pharmacological agents that have therapeutic potential in cohesin mutant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisha Antony
- Department of Pathology, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Chue Vin Chin
- Department of Pathology, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
| | - Julia A. Horsfield
- Department of Pathology, Otago Medical School, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand;
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Genetics Otago Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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14
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Cohesin subunit Rad21 binds to the HSV-1 genome near CTCF insulator sites during latency in vivo. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.00364-21. [PMID: 33692212 PMCID: PMC8139716 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00364-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) is a human pathogen that has the ability to establish a lifelong infection in the host. During latency, HSV-1 genomes are chromatinized and are abundantly associated with histones in sensory neurons, yet the mechanisms that govern the latent-lytic transition remain unclear. We hypothesize that the latent-lytic switch is controlled by CTCF insulators, positioned within the HSV-1 latent genome. CTCF insulators, together with the cohesin complex, have the ability to establish and maintain chromtin loops that allow distance separated gene regions to be spatially oriented for transcriptional control. In this current study, we demonstrated that the cohesin subunit Rad21 was recruited to latent HSV-1 genomes near four of the CTCF insulators during latency. We showed that the CTCF insulator known as CTRS1/2, positioned downstream from the essential transactivating IE region of ICP4 was only enriched in Rad21 prior to but not during latency, suggesting that the CTRS1/2 insulator is not required for the maintenance of latency. Further, deletion of the CTRL2 insulator, positioned downstream from the LAT enhancer, resulted in a loss of Rad21 enrichment at insulators flanking the ICP4 region at early times post-infection in mice ganglia, suggesting that these insulators are interdependent. Finally, deletion of the CTRL2 insulator resulted in a loss of Rad21 enrichment at the CTRL2 insulator in a cell-type specific manner, and this loss of Rad21 enrichment was correlated to decreased LAT expression, suggesting that Rad21 recruitment to viral genomes is important for efficient gene expression.ImportanceCTCF insulators are important for transcriptional control and increasing evidence suggests that that CTCF insulators, together with the cohesin complex, regulate viral transcription in DNA viruses. The CTCF-cohesin interaction is important for the formation of chromatin loops, structures that orient distance separated elements in close spatial proximity for transcriptional control. Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1) has seven putative CTCF insulators that flank the LAT and the IE, indicating that CTCF insulators play a role in the transition from latency to reactivation. Contributions from the work presented here include the finding that CTCF insulators in HSV-1 genomes are differentially enriched in the cohesin subunit Rad21, suggesting that CTCF-cohesin interactions could be establishing and anchoring chromatin loop structures to control viral transcription.
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Han C, Gao X, Li Y, Zhang J, Yang E, Zhang L, Yu L. Characteristics of Cohesin Mutation in Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Its Clinical Significance. Front Oncol 2021; 11:579881. [PMID: 33928020 PMCID: PMC8076553 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.579881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of gene mutation is a major contributor to the initiation and propagation of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Accumulating evidence suggests that genes encoding cohesin subunits have a high prevalence of mutations in AML, especially in the t(8;21) subtype. Therefore, it is important to understand how cohesin mutations contribute to leukemogenesis. However, the fundamental understanding of cohesin mutation in clonal expansion and myeloid transformation in hematopoietic cells remains ambiguous. Previous studies briefly introduced the cohesin mutation in AML; however, an in-depth summary of mutations in AML was not provided, and the correlation between cohesin and AML1-ETO in t (8;21) AML was also not analyzed. By summarizing the major findings regarding the cohesin mutation in AML, this review aims to define the characteristics of the cohesin complex mutation, identify its relationships with co-occurring gene mutations, assess its roles in clonal evolution, and discuss its potential for the prognosis of AML. In particular, we focus on the function of cohesin mutations in RUNX1-RUNX1T1 fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Han
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuefeng Gao
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yonghui Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Erna Yang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Li Yu
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, International Cancer Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Medicine for Hematological Malignancies, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
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16
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Heimbruch KE, Fisher JB, Stelloh CT, Phillips E, Reimer MH, Wargolet AJ, Meyer AE, Pulakanti K, Viny AD, Loppnow JJ, Levine RL, Pulikkan JA, Zhu N, Rao S. DOT1L inhibitors block abnormal self-renewal induced by cohesin loss. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7288. [PMID: 33790356 PMCID: PMC8012605 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a high-risk malignancy characterized by a diverse spectrum of somatic genetic alterations. The mechanisms by which these mutations contribute to leukemia development and how this informs the use of targeted therapies is critical to improving outcomes for patients. Importantly, how to target loss-of-function mutations has been a critical challenge in precision medicine. Heterozygous inactivating mutations in cohesin complex genes contribute to AML in adults by increasing the self-renewal capacity of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) by altering PRC2 targeting to induce HOXA9 expression, a key self-renewal transcription factor. Here we sought to delineate the epigenetic mechanism underpinning the enhanced self-renewal conferred by cohesin-haploinsufficiency. First, given the substantial difference in the mutational spectrum between pediatric and adult AML patients, we first sought to identify if HOXA9 was also elevated in children. Next, using primary HSPCs as a model we demonstrate that abnormal self-renewal due to cohesin loss is blocked by DOT1L inhibition. In cohesin-depleted cells, DOT1L inhibition is associated with H3K79me2 depletion and a concomitant increase in H3K27me3. Importantly, we find that there are cohesin-dependent gene expression changes that promote a leukemic profile, including HoxA overexpression, that are preferentially reversed by DOT1L inhibition. Our data further characterize how cohesin mutations contribute to AML development, identifying DOT1L as a potential therapeutic target for adult and pediatric AML patients harboring cohesin mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn E Heimbruch
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph B Fisher
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI, USA
| | - Cary T Stelloh
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Emily Phillips
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Michael H Reimer
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Adam J Wargolet
- Department of Natural Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI, USA
| | - Alison E Meyer
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Kirthi Pulakanti
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Aaron D Viny
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, and Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica J Loppnow
- Department of Natural Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI, USA
| | - Ross L Levine
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Molecular Cytology Core Facility, and Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Anto Pulikkan
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Nan Zhu
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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17
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Heimbruch KE, Meyer AE, Agrawal P, Viny AD, Rao S. A cohesive look at leukemogenesis: The cohesin complex and other driving mutations in AML. Neoplasia 2021; 23:337-347. [PMID: 33621854 PMCID: PMC7905235 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) affects tens of thousands of patients a year, yet survival rates are as low as 25% in certain populations. This poor survival rate is partially due to the vast genetic diversity of the disease. Rarely do 2 patients with AML have the same mutational profile, which makes the development of targeted therapies particularly challenging. However, a set of recurrent mutations in chromatin modifiers have been identified in many patients, including mutations in the cohesin complex, which have been identified in up to 20% of cases. Interestingly, the canonical function of the cohesin complex in establishing sister chromatid cohesin during mitosis is unlikely to be the affected role in leukemogenesis. Instead, the cohesin complex's role in DNA looping and gene regulation likely facilitates disease. The epigenetic mechanisms by which cohesin complex mutations promote leukemia are not completely elucidated, but alterations of enhancer-promoter interactions and differential histone modifications have been shown to drive oncogenic gene expression changes. Such changes commonly include HoxA upregulation, which may represent a common pathway that could be therapeutically targeted. As cohesin mutations rarely occur alone, examining the impact of common co-occurring mutations, including those in NPM1, the core-binding factor complex, FLT3, and ASXL1, will yield additional insight. While further study of these mutational interactions is required, current research suggests that the use of combinatorial genetics could be the key to uncovering new targets, allowing for the treatment of AML patients based on their individual genetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn E Heimbruch
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | | | - Puja Agrawal
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Aaron D Viny
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, and Department of Genetics & Development, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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18
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Cheng H, Zhang N, Pati D. Cohesin subunit RAD21: From biology to disease. Gene 2020; 758:144966. [PMID: 32687945 PMCID: PMC7949736 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RAD21 (also known as KIAA0078, NXP1, HR21, Mcd1, Scc1, and hereafter called RAD21), an essential gene, encodes a DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair protein that is evolutionarily conserved in all eukaryotes from budding yeast to humans. RAD21 protein is a structural component of the highly conserved cohesin complex consisting of RAD21, SMC1a, SMC3, and SCC3 [STAG1 (SA1) and STAG2 (SA2) in metazoans] proteins, involved in sister chromatid cohesion. This function is essential for proper chromosome segregation, post-replicative DNA repair, and prevention of inappropriate recombination between repetitive regions. In interphase, cohesin also functions in the control of gene expression by binding to numerous sites within the genome. In addition to playing roles in the normal cell cycle and DNA DSB repair, RAD21 is also linked to the apoptotic pathways. Germline heterozygous or homozygous missense mutations in RAD21 have been associated with human genetic disorders, including developmental diseases such as Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) and chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIPO) called Mungan syndrome, respectively, and collectively termed as cohesinopathies. Somatic mutations and amplification of the RAD21 have also been widely reported in both human solid and hematopoietic tumors. Considering the role of RAD21 in a broad range of cellular processes that are hot spots in neoplasm, it is not surprising that the deregulation of RAD21 has been increasingly evident in human cancers. Herein, we review the biology of RAD21 and the cellular processes that this important protein regulates and discuss the significance of RAD21 deregulation in cancer and cohesinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizi Cheng
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nenggang Zhang
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Debananda Pati
- Texas Children's Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
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19
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Fang C, Rao S, Crispino JD, Ntziachristos P. Determinants and role of chromatin organization in acute leukemia. Leukemia 2020; 34:2561-2575. [PMID: 32690881 PMCID: PMC7999176 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-020-0981-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DNA is compacted into higher order structures that have major implications in gene regulation. These structures allow for long-range interactions of DNA elements, such as the association of promoters with their cognate enhancers. In recent years, mutations in genes that control these structures, including the cohesin-complex and the insulator-binding protein CTCF, have been found in a spectrum of hematologic disorders, and especially in acute leukemias. Cohesin and CTCF are critical for mediating looping and establishing boundaries within chromatin. Cells that harbor mutations in these genes display aberrant chromatin architecture and resulting differences in gene expression that contribute to leukemia initiation and progression. Here, we provide detailed discussion of the nature of 3D interactions and the way that they are disrupted in acute leukemia. Continued research in this area will provide new insights into the mechanisms of leukemogenesis and may shed light on novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celestia Fang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Versiti Blood Research Institute, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - John D Crispino
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Panagiotis Ntziachristos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Division of Hematology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Simpson Querrey Center for Epigenetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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20
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Smith JS, Lappin KM, Craig SG, Liberante FG, Crean CM, McDade SS, Thompson A, Mills KI, Savage KI. Chronic loss of STAG2 leads to altered chromatin structure contributing to de-regulated transcription in AML. J Transl Med 2020; 18:339. [PMID: 32883299 PMCID: PMC7469420 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cohesin complex plays a major role in folding the human genome into 3D structural domains. Mutations in members of the cohesin complex are known early drivers of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), with STAG2 the most frequently mutated complex member. Methods Here we use functional genomics (RNA-seq, ChIP-seq and HiChIP) to investigate the impact of chronic STAG2 loss on three-dimensional genome structure and transcriptional programming in a clinically relevant model of chronic STAG2 loss. Results The chronic loss of STAG2 led to loss of smaller loop domains and the maintenance/formation of large domains that, in turn, led to altered genome compartmentalisation. These changes in genome structure resulted in altered gene expression, including deregulation of the HOXA locus and the MAPK signalling pathway, resulting in increased sensitivity to MEK inhibition. Conclusions The altered genomic architecture driven by the chronic loss of STAG2 results in altered gene expression that may contribute to leukaemogenesis and may be therapeutically targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Smith
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Katrina M Lappin
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Stephanie G Craig
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Fabio G Liberante
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK.,Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clare M Crean
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Simon S McDade
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Alexander Thompson
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK.,Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering & Modelling (STEM), University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ken I Mills
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Kienan I Savage
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7AE, Northern Ireland, UK.
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21
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High CENPM mRNA expression and its prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma: a study based on data mining. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:406. [PMID: 32863765 PMCID: PMC7448434 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-01499-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a high mortality disease, the fifth most general cancer worldwide, and the second leading to cancer-related deaths, with more than 500,000 new patients diagnosed each year. First, the high expression of centromere M (CENPM) in mammary gland tissue of b-catenin transformed mice was identified. Materials and methods In our study, we evaluated the expression of CENPM in hepatocellular carcinoma based on data obtained from an online database. Multivariate analysis showed that the expression of CENPM and M classification was an independent prognostic factor for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Results Survival analysis showed that patients with high CENPM had a worse prognosis than patients with low CENPM (P < 0.01). A multivariate Cox regression hazard model showed that B cells, CD8+ T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells infiltrated by immune cells were statistically significant in liver cancer (P < 0.05). Using the network, the 50 most frequently changed neighbor genes of CENPM were shown, and the most common change was RAD21 (18.3%). Conclusion Our study found that the expression of CENPM was significantly increased in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and it was related to a variety of clinical characteristics, its correlation with the level of immune infiltration and poor prognosis, so CENPM can be used as a useful prognosis for patients' markers and HCC.
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22
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Schmidt CR, Achille NJ, Kuntimaddi A, Boulton AM, Leach BI, Zhang S, Zeleznik-Le NJ, Bushweller JH. BCOR Binding to MLL-AF9 Is Essential for Leukemia via Altered EYA1, SIX, and MYC Activity. Blood Cancer Discov 2020; 1:162-177. [PMID: 32954361 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
MLL is a target of chromosomal translocations in acute leukemias with poor prognosis. The common MLL fusion partner AF9 (MLLT3) can directly bind to AF4, DOT1L, BCOR, and CBX8. To delineate the relevance of BCOR and CBX8 binding to MLL-AF9 for leukemogenesis, here we determine protein structures of AF9 complexes with CBX8 and BCOR, and show that binding of all four partners to AF9 is mutually exclusive. Using the structural analyses, we identify point mutations that selectively disrupt AF9 interactions with BCOR and CBX8. In bone marrow stem/progenitor cells expressing point mutant CBX8 or point mutant MLL-AF9, we show that disruption of direct CBX8/MLL-AF9 binding does not impact in vitro cell proliferation, whereas loss of direct BCOR/MLL-AF9 binding causes partial differentiation and increased proliferation. Strikingly, loss of MLL-AF9/BCOR binding abrogated its leukemogenic potential in a mouse model. The MLL-AF9 mutant deficient for BCOR binding reduces the expression of the EYA1 phosphatase and the protein level of c-Myc. Reduction in BCOR binding to MLL-AF9 alters a MYC-driven gene expression program, as well as altering expression of SIX-regulated genes, likely contributing to the observed reduction in the leukemia-initiating cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Nicholas J Achille
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Aravinda Kuntimaddi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Adam M Boulton
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Benjamin I Leach
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Shubin Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Nancy J Zeleznik-Le
- Department of Cancer Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois.
- Department of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois
| | - John H Bushweller
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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Long L, Assaraf YG, Lei ZN, Peng H, Yang L, Chen ZS, Ren S. Genetic biomarkers of drug resistance: A compass of prognosis and targeted therapy in acute myeloid leukemia. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 52:100703. [PMID: 32599434 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a highly aggressive hematological malignancy with complex heterogenous genetic and biological nature. Thus, prognostic prediction and targeted therapies might contribute to better chemotherapeutic response. However, the emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) markedly impedes chemotherapeutic efficacy and dictates poor prognosis. Therefore, prior evaluation of chemoresistance is of great importance in therapeutic decision making and prognosis. In recent years, preclinical studies on chemoresistance have unveiled a compendium of underlying molecular basis, which facilitated the development of targetable small molecules. Furthermore, routing genomic sequencing has identified various genomic aberrations driving cellular response during the course of therapeutic treatment through adaptive mechanisms of drug resistance, some of which serve as prognostic biomarkers in risk stratification. However, the underlying mechanisms of MDR have challenged the certainty of the prognostic significance of some mutations. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of MDR in therapeutic decision making and prognostic prediction in AML. We present an updated genetic landscape of the predominant mechanisms of drug resistance with novel targeted therapies and potential prognostic biomarkers from preclinical and clinical chemoresistance studies in AML. We particularly highlight the unfolded protein response (UPR) that has emerged as a critical regulatory pathway in chemoresistance of AML with promising therapeutic horizon. Futhermore, we outline the most prevalent mutations associated with mechanisms of chemoresistance and delineate the future directions to improve the current prognostic tools. The molecular analysis of chemoresistance integrated with genetic profiling will facilitate decision making towards personalized prognostic prediction and enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Disease-Free Survival
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Multiple/genetics
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/drug effects
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/mortality
- Molecular Targeted Therapy/methods
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/epidemiology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/prevention & control
- Precision Medicine/methods
- Prognosis
- Unfolded Protein Response/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Long
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Zi-Ning Lei
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA; School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hongwei Peng
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Hematology, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, P.R. China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Simei Ren
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China; Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China.
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24
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Krab LC, Marcos-Alcalde I, Assaf M, Balasubramanian M, Andersen JB, Bisgaard AM, Fitzpatrick DR, Gudmundsson S, Huisman SA, Kalayci T, Maas SM, Martinez F, McKee S, Menke LA, Mulder PA, Murch OD, Parker M, Pie J, Ramos FJ, Rieubland C, Rosenfeld Mokry JA, Scarano E, Shinawi M, Gómez-Puertas P, Tümer Z, Hennekam RC. Delineation of phenotypes and genotypes related to cohesin structural protein RAD21. Hum Genet 2020; 139:575-592. [PMID: 32193685 PMCID: PMC7170815 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
RAD21 encodes a key component of the cohesin complex, and variants in RAD21 have been associated with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS). Limited information on phenotypes attributable to RAD21 variants and genotype–phenotype relationships is currently published. We gathered a series of 49 individuals from 33 families with RAD21 alterations [24 different intragenic sequence variants (2 recurrent), 7 unique microdeletions], including 24 hitherto unpublished cases. We evaluated consequences of 12 intragenic variants by protein modelling and molecular dynamic studies. Full clinical information was available for 29 individuals. Their phenotype is an attenuated CdLS phenotype compared to that caused by variants in NIPBL or SMC1A for facial morphology, limb anomalies, and especially for cognition and behavior. In the 20 individuals with limited clinical information, additional phenotypes include Mungan syndrome (in patients with biallelic variants) and holoprosencephaly, with or without CdLS characteristics. We describe several additional cases with phenotypes including sclerocornea, in which involvement of the RAD21 variant is uncertain. Variants were frequently familial, and genotype–phenotype analyses demonstrated striking interfamilial and intrafamilial variability. Careful phenotyping is essential in interpreting consequences of RAD21 variants, and protein modeling and dynamics can be helpful in determining pathogenicity. The current study should be helpful when counseling families with a RAD21 variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne C Krab
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Cordaan, Outpatient Clinic for ID Medicine, Klinkerweg 75, 1033 PK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Odion, Outpatient Clinic for ID Medicine, Purmerend, The Netherlands.
| | - Iñigo Marcos-Alcalde
- Molecular Modelling Group, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CBMSO (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain.,School of Experimental Sciences-IIB, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, UFV, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Melissa Assaf
- Banner Childrens Specialists Neurology Clinic, Glendale, AZ, USA
| | - Meena Balasubramanian
- Clinical Genetics Service, Sheffield Children's Hospital, Academic Unit for Child Health, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Janne Bayer Andersen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Gl. Landevej 7, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Bisgaard
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Sanna Gudmundsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sylvia A Huisman
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Prinsenstichting, Purmerend, The Netherlands
| | - Tugba Kalayci
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saskia M Maas
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Martinez
- Unidad de Genética, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Shane McKee
- Northern Ireland Regional Genetics Service, Belfast City Hospital, Belfast, UK
| | - Leonie A Menke
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul A Mulder
- Autism Team Northern-Netherlands, Jonx Department of Youth Mental Health and Autism, Lentis Psychiatric Institute, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver D Murch
- Institute of Medical Genetics, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
| | - Michael Parker
- Clinical Genetic Service, Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK
| | - Juan Pie
- Unit of Clinical Genetics Unit, Service of Pediatrics, University Hospital "Lozano Blesa", University of Zaragoza School of Medicine, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Feliciano J Ramos
- Unit of Clinical Genetics Unit and Functional Genomics, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Zaragoza School of Medicine, Saragossa, Spain
| | - Claudine Rieubland
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jill A Rosenfeld Mokry
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emanuela Scarano
- Rare Disease Unit, Department of Pediatrics, St. Orsola Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marwan Shinawi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Paulino Gómez-Puertas
- Molecular Modelling Group, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CBMSO (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Zeynep Tümer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Kennedy Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Gl. Landevej 7, 2600, Glostrup, Denmark. .,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Raoul C Hennekam
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Abstract
Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is a rare malignancy affecting megakaryocytes, platelet-producing cells that reside in the bone marrow. Children with Down syndrome (DS) are particularly prone to developing the disease and have a different age of onset, distinct genetic mutations, and better prognosis as compared with individuals without DS who develop the disease. Here, we discuss the contributions of chromosome 21 genes and other genetic mutations to AMKL, the clinical features of the disease, and the differing features of DS- and non-DS-AMKL. Further studies elucidating the role of chromosome 21 genes in this disease may aid our understanding of how they function in other types of leukemia, in which they are frequently mutated or differentially expressed. Although researchers have made many insights into understanding AMKL, much more remains to be learned about its underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen McNulty
- Northwestern University, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - John D Crispino
- Northwestern University, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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26
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27
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Cuartero S, Innes AJ, Merkenschlager M. Towards a Better Understanding of Cohesin Mutations in AML. Front Oncol 2019; 9:867. [PMID: 31552185 PMCID: PMC6746210 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical driver mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) typically affect regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. The selective advantage of increased proliferation, improved survival, and reduced differentiation on leukemia progression is immediately obvious. Recent large-scale sequencing efforts have uncovered numerous novel AML-associated mutations. Interestingly, a substantial fraction of the most frequently mutated genes encode general regulators of transcription and chromatin state. Understanding the selective advantage conferred by these mutations remains a major challenge. A striking example are mutations in genes of the cohesin complex, a major regulator of three-dimensional genome organization. Several landmark studies have shown that cohesin mutations perturb the balance between self-renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC). Emerging data now begin to uncover the molecular mechanisms that underpin this phenotype. Among these mechanisms is a role for cohesin in the control of inflammatory responses in HSPCs and myeloid cells. Inflammatory signals limit HSPC self-renewal and drive HSPC differentiation. Consistent with this, cohesin mutations promote resistance to inflammatory signals, and may provide a selective advantage for AML progression. In this review, we discuss recent progress in understanding cohesin mutations in AML, and speculate whether vulnerabilities associated with these mutations could be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Cuartero
- Faculty of Medicine, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrew J Innes
- Faculty of Medicine, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Haematology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Merkenschlager
- Faculty of Medicine, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Epigenetic regulation of hematopoietic stem cell homeostasis. BLOOD SCIENCE 2019; 1:19-28. [PMID: 35402787 PMCID: PMC8974946 DOI: 10.1097/bs9.0000000000000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the best characterized adult stem cells, hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) homeostasis is of great importance to hematopoiesis and immunity due to HSC's abilities of self-renewal and multi-lineage differentiation into functional blood cells. However, excessive self-renewal of HSCs can lead to severe hematopoietic malignancies like leukemia, whereas deficient self-renewal of HSCs may result in HSC exhaustion and eventually apoptosis of specialized cells, giving rise to abnormalities such as immunodeficiency or anemia. How HSC homeostasis is maintained has been studied for decades and regulatory factors can be generally categorized into two classes: genetic factors and epigenetic factors. Although genetic factors such as signaling pathways or transcription factors have been well explored, recent studies have emerged the indispensable roles of epigenetic factors. In this review, we have summarized regulatory mechanisms of HSC homeostasis by epigenetic factors, including DNA methylation, histone modification, chromatin remodeling, non-coding RNAs, and RNA modification, which will facilitate applications such as HSC ex vivo expansion and exploration of novel therapeutic approaches for many hematological diseases.
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29
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The Cornelia de Lange Syndrome-associated factor NIPBL interacts with BRD4 ET domain for transcription control of a common set of genes. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:548. [PMID: 31320616 PMCID: PMC6639259 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in NIPBL are the major cause of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS). NIPBL is the cohesin-loading factor and has recently been associated with the BET (bromodomains and extra-terminal (ET) domain) proteins BRD2 and BRD4. Related to this, a CdLS-like phenotype has been described associated to BRD4 mutations. Here, we show direct interaction of NIPBL with different BET members in yeast, and selective interaction with BRD4 in cells, being the ET domain involved in the interaction. To understand the relationship between NIPBL and BET proteins, we have performed RNA-Seq expression analysis following depletion of the different proteins. Results indicate that genes regulated by NIPBL largely overlap with those regulated by BRD4 but not with those regulated by BRD2. ChIP-Seq analysis indicates preferential NIPBL occupancy at promoters, and knockdown experiments show mutual stabilization of NIPBL and BRD4 on co-regulated promoters. Moreover, human fibroblasts from CdLS probands with mutations in NIPBL show reduced BRD4 at co-occupied promoters. Functional analysis in vivo, using mutants of Drosophila melanogaster, confirmed the genetic interaction between Nipped-B and fs(1)h, the orthologs of human NIPBL and BRD4, respectively. Thus, we provide evidence for NIPBL and BRD4 cooperation in transcriptional regulation, which should contribute to explain the recently observed CdLS-like phenotype associated with BRD4 mutations.
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30
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Mazzola M, Deflorian G, Pezzotta A, Ferrari L, Fazio G, Bresciani E, Saitta C, Ferrari L, Fumagalli M, Parma M, Marasca F, Bodega B, Riva P, Cotelli F, Biondi A, Marozzi A, Cazzaniga G, Pistocchi A. NIPBL: a new player in myeloid cell differentiation. Haematologica 2019; 104:1332-1341. [PMID: 30630974 PMCID: PMC6601076 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.200899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleophosmin 1 gene (NPM1) is the most frequently mutated gene in acute myeloid leukemia. Notably, NPM1 mutations are always accompanied by additional mutations such as those in cohesin genes RAD21, SMC1A, SMC3, and STAG2 but not in the cohesin regulator, nipped B-like (NIPBL). In this work, we analyzed a cohort of adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia and NPM1 mutation and observed a specific reduction in the expression of NIPBL but not in other cohesin genes. In our zebrafish model, overexpression of the mutated form of NPM1 also induced downregulation of nipblb, the zebrafish ortholog of human NIPBL To investigate the hematopoietic phenotype and the interaction between mutated NPM1 and nipblb, we generated a zebrafish model with nipblb downregulation which showed an increased number of myeloid progenitors. This phenotype was due to hyper-activation of the canonical Wnt pathway: myeloid cells blocked in an undifferentiated state could be rescued when the Wnt pathway was inhibited by dkk1b mRNA injection or indomethacin administration. Our results reveal, for the first time, a role for NIPBL during zebrafish hematopoiesis and suggest that an interplay between NIPBL/NPM1 may regulate myeloid differentiation in zebrafish and humans through the canonical Wnt pathway and that dysregulation of these interactions may drive leukemic transformation.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hematopoiesis
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mutation
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Nucleophosmin
- Phenotype
- Wnt Signaling Pathway
- Zebrafish
- Cohesins
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mazzola
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA, Segrate, Italy
| | | | - Alex Pezzotta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA, Segrate, Italy
| | - Laura Ferrari
- Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, IFOM, Milano, Italy
| | - Grazia Fazio
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università di Milano-Bicocca, Centro Maria Letizia Verga, Monza, Italy
| | - Erica Bresciani
- Oncogenesis and Development Section, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claudia Saitta
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università di Milano-Bicocca, Centro Maria Letizia Verga, Monza, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA, Segrate, Italy
| | - Monica Fumagalli
- Clinica Ematologica e Centro Trapianti di Midollo Osseo, Ospedale San Gerardo, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Matteo Parma
- Clinica Ematologica e Centro Trapianti di Midollo Osseo, Ospedale San Gerardo, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Federica Marasca
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milano, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bodega
- Istituto Nazionale di Genetica Molecolare "Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" (INGM), Milano, Italy
| | - Paola Riva
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA, Segrate, Italy
| | - Franco Cotelli
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Biondi
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università di Milano-Bicocca, Centro Maria Letizia Verga, Monza, Italy
| | - Anna Marozzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA, Segrate, Italy
| | - Gianni Cazzaniga
- Centro Ricerca Tettamanti, Clinica Pediatrica Università di Milano-Bicocca, Centro Maria Letizia Verga, Monza, Italy
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, LITA, Segrate, Italy
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31
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Pezzotta A, Mazzola M, Spreafico M, Marozzi A, Pistocchi A. Enigmatic Ladies of the Rings: How Cohesin Dysfunction Affects Myeloid Neoplasms Insurgence. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:21. [PMID: 30873408 PMCID: PMC6400976 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The genes of the cohesin complex exert different functions, ranging from the adhesion of sister chromatids during the cell cycle, DNA repair, gene expression and chromatin architecture remodeling. In recent years, the improvement of DNA sequencing technologies allows the identification of cohesin mutations in different tumors such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL), and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). However, the role of cohesin dysfunction in cancer insurgence remains elusive. In this regard, cells harboring cohesin mutations do not show any increase in aneuploidy that might explain their oncogenic activity, nor cohesin mutations are sufficient to induce myeloid neoplasms as they have to co-occur with other causative mutations such as NPM1, FLT3-ITD, and DNMT3A. Several works, also using animal models for cohesin haploinsufficiency, correlate cohesin activity with dysregulated expression of genes involved in myeloid development and differentiation. These evidences support the involvement of cohesin mutations in myeloid neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Pezzotta
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mara Mazzola
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Spreafico
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Marozzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Pistocchi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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32
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Agrawal P, Heimbruch KE, Rao S. Genome-Wide Maps of Transcription Regulatory Elements and Transcription Enhancers in Development and Disease. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:439-455. [PMID: 30549021 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gene expression is regulated by numerous elements including enhancers, insulators, transcription factors, and architectural proteins. Regions of DNA distal to the transcriptional start site, called enhancers, play a central role in the temporal and tissue-specific regulation of gene expression through RNA polymerase II. The identification of enhancers and other cis regulatory elements has largely been possible due to advances in next generation sequencing technologies. Enhancers regulate gene expression through chromatin loops mediated by architectural proteins such as YY1, CTCF, the cohesin complex, and LDB1. Additionally, enhancers can be transcribed to produce noncoding RNAs termed enhancer RNAs that likely participate in transcriptional regulation. The central role of enhancers in regulating gene expression implicates them in both normal physiology but also many disease states. The importance of enhancers is evident by the suggested role of SNPs, duplications, and other alterations of enhancer function in many diseases, ranging from cancer to atherosclerosis to chronic kidney disease. Although much progress has been made in recent years, the field of enhancer biology and our knowledge of the cis regulome remains a work in progress. This review will highlight recent seminal studies which demonstrate the role of enhancers in normal physiology and disease pathogenesis. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:439-455, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Agrawal
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, a part of Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Katelyn E Heimbruch
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, a part of Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, a part of Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
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33
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Cuartero S, Weiss FD, Dharmalingam G, Guo Y, Ing-Simmons E, Masella S, Robles-Rebollo I, Xiao X, Wang YF, Barozzi I, Djeghloul D, Amano MT, Niskanen H, Petretto E, Dowell RD, Tachibana K, Kaikkonen MU, Nasmyth KA, Lenhard B, Natoli G, Fisher AG, Merkenschlager M. Control of inducible gene expression links cohesin to hematopoietic progenitor self-renewal and differentiation. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:932-941. [PMID: 30127433 PMCID: PMC6195188 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0184-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cohesin is important for 3D genome organization. Nevertheless, even the complete removal of cohesin has surprisingly little impact on steady-state gene transcription and enhancer activity. Here we show that cohesin is required for the core transcriptional response of primary macrophages to microbial signals, and for inducible enhancer activity that underpins inflammatory gene expression. Consistent with a role for inflammatory signals in promoting myeloid differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HPSCs), cohesin mutations in HSPCs led to reduced inflammatory gene expression and increased resistance to differentiation-inducing inflammatory stimuli. These findings uncover an unexpected dependence of inducible gene expression on cohesin, link cohesin with myeloid differentiation, and may help explain the prevalence of cohesin mutations in human acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Cuartero
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Epigenetics Section, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Felix D Weiss
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Epigenetics Section, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gopuraja Dharmalingam
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ya Guo
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Epigenetics Section, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Ing-Simmons
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Epigenetics Section, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Computational Regulatory Genomics Group, Integrative Biology Section, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Muenster, Germany
| | - Silvia Masella
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Irene Robles-Rebollo
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Epigenetics Section, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaolin Xiao
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yi-Fang Wang
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Iros Barozzi
- Department of Experimental Oncology, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Dounia Djeghloul
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Epigenetics Section, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Mariane T Amano
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Epigenetics Section, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Hospital Sírio-Libanês, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Enrico Petretto
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Robin D Dowell
- BioFrontiers Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kikuë Tachibana
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kim A Nasmyth
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Boris Lenhard
- Computational Regulatory Genomics Group, Integrative Biology Section, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gioacchino Natoli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Milan, Italy
- Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
| | - Amanda G Fisher
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Epigenetics Section, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Matthias Merkenschlager
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Epigenetics Section, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
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34
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Disturbance of the delicate balance between self-renewal and differentiation in haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) can lead to both leukaemia and bone marrow failure. The regulation of this balance in HSC biology has been intensely investigated in several model systems, and lately the importance of epigenetic modifications as well as the organization and architecture of chromatin has become increasingly recognized. In this review, we will focus on the role of the chromatin organizing protein complex cohesin in regulation of normal and malignant haematopoiesis. RECENT FINDINGS Several functional studies in both mouse and human systems have implicated cohesin as a critical regulator of self-renewal and differentiation in HSCs. Together with the discovery of recurrent mutations of cohesin genes in myeloid malignancies, this points towards a direct role of perturbed cohesin function in leukemogenesis. SUMMARY The work reviewed here provides new insights about the role of the cohesin complex and chromatin architecture in normal and malignant HSCs, and indicates how cohesin may be specifically targeted for therapeutic benefit in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Galeev
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Stem Cell Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Cuartero S, Merkenschlager M. Three-dimensional genome organization in normal and malignant haematopoiesis. Curr Opin Hematol 2018; 25:323-328. [PMID: 29702522 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0000000000000436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The three-dimensional organization of the genome inside the nucleus impacts on key aspects of genome function, including transcription, DNA replication and repair. The chromosome maintenance complex cohesin and the DNA binding protein CTCF cooperate to drive the formation of self-interacting topological domains. This facilitates transcriptional regulation via enhancer-promoter interactions, controls the distribution and release of torsional strain, and affects the frequency with which particular translocations arise, based on the spatial proximity of translocation partners. Here we discuss recent insights into the mechanisms of three-dimensional genome organization, their relationship to haematopoietic differentiation and malignant transformation. RECENT FINDINGS Cohesin mutations are frequently found in myeloid malignancies. Significantly, cohesin mutations can drive increased self-renewal of haematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, which may facilitate the accumulation of genetic lesions and leukaemic transformation. It is therefore important to elucidate the mechanisms that link cohesin to pathways that regulate the balance between self-renewal and differentiation. Chromosomal translocations are key to lymphoid malignancies, and recent findings link three-dimensional genome organization to the frequency and the genomic position of DNA double strand breaks. SUMMARY Three-dimensional genome organization can help explain genome function in normal and malignant haematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Cuartero
- Lymphocyte Development Group, Epigenetics Section, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Xia L, Wang M, Li H, Tang X, Chen F, Cui J. The effect of aberrant expression and genetic polymorphisms of Rad21 on cervical cancer biology. Cancer Med 2018; 7:3393-3405. [PMID: 29797792 PMCID: PMC6051231 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic challenge of advanced, recurrent, and refractory cervical cancer (CC) needs to develop new molecularly targeted drugs. Rad21 is an important regulatory gene that maintains the correct dissociation of sister chromatids during cell mitosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Rad21 on CC. Rad21 expression in CC and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III was significantly increased. Women with the rs2289937 C genotype (CC+CT) of rs4570 and rs4579555 genotypes and haplotype 1 (TTTCAGGCGC) were significantly associated with CC risk, while women with low frequencies of haplotype 6 (TTTTAGGCGC) also increased the risk of CC.Rad21‐specific shRNA decreased cancerous cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and increased the proportion of cells in G2/M phase as well as sensitivity to radiation. The Rad21 influenced the expression of XPO1, CyclinB1, CDK1, P21, P27, and P53 through up‐and downregulating the Rad21 expression. The TCGA database of CC also showed that Rad21 expression was associated with poor disease survival and XPO1 expression. Moreover, the KEGG pathway indicated that Rad21 is broadly involved in the cell cycle and RNA transportation via XPO1. This suggests that Rad21 involves the development of cervical cancer possibly by participating in the regulation of cell cycle and the nuclear output of the tumor suppressor gene via XPO1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Minjie Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, People's Hospital of Linying, Luohe, China
| | - Hongying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pingdingshan First People's Hospital of Henan Province, Pingdingshan, China
| | - Xiangjing Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jinquan Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Ioannidou A, Zachaki S, Karakosta M, Daraki A, Roussou P, Manola KN. Cohesin RAD21 Gene Promoter Methylation in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Cytogenet Genome Res 2018; 154:126-131. [PMID: 29587287 DOI: 10.1159/000487868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in adults and is characterized by the presence of specific cytogenetic abnormalities. CLL research has been focused on epigenetic processes like gene promoter methylation of CpG islands. In the present study, the methylation status of the RAD21 gene is studied and associated with cytogenetic findings in CLL patients in order to investigate its possible implication in CLL pathogenesis and the formation of CLL chromosomal abnormalities.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recurrent loss of function mutations within genes of the cohesin complex have been identified in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). STAG2 is the most commonly mutated cohesin member in AML as well as solid tumors. STAG2 is recurrently, mutated in Ewing's Sarcoma, bladder cancer, and glioblastoma, and is one of only ten genes known to be recurrently mutated in over four distinct tissue types of human cancer RECENT FINDINGS: The cohesin complex, a multiprotein ring, is canonically known to align and stabilize replicated chromosomes prior to cell division. Although initially thought to lead to unequal chromosomal separation in dividing cells, data in myeloid malignancies show this is not observed in cohesin mutant MDS/AML, either in large patient cohorts or mouse models. Mounting evidence supports a potential alternate mechanism whereby drivers of cell-type specific gene expression and hematopoietic development are impaired through alteration in three-dimensional nuclear organization and gene structure. SUMMARY Understanding the functional consequences of cohesin mutations in regulating lineage-specific and signal-dependent defects and in myeloid transformation will identify novel pathophysiologic mechanisms of disease and inform the development of novel therapeutic targets.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Nuclear/genetics
- Antigens, Nuclear/metabolism
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/genetics
- Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone/metabolism
- Hematologic Neoplasms/genetics
- Hematologic Neoplasms/metabolism
- Hematologic Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/genetics
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Mutation
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/genetics
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/metabolism
- Myelodysplastic Syndromes/pathology
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Cohesins
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Viny
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Center for Hematologic Malignancies, and Leukemia Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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Meyer AE, Rao S, Fisher JB. Cohesin mutations: contributors to myeloid malignancies. Oncotarget 2017; 8:80107-80108. [PMID: 29113287 PMCID: PMC5655182 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Meyer
- Department of Natural Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Department of Natural Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI, USA
| | - Joseph B Fisher
- Department of Natural Sciences, Concordia University Wisconsin, Mequon, WI, USA
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Lopez CK, Malinge S, Gaudry M, Bernard OA, Mercher T. Pediatric Acute Megakaryoblastic Leukemia: Multitasking Fusion Proteins and Oncogenic Cooperations. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:631-642. [PMID: 28867167 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric leukemia presents specific clinical and genetic features from adult leukemia but the underpinning mechanisms of transformation are still unclear. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia (AMKL) is the malignant accumulation of progenitors of the megakaryocyte lineage that normally produce blood platelets. AMKL is diagnosed de novo, in patients showing a poor prognosis, or in Down syndrome (DS) patients with a better prognosis. Recent data show that de novo AMKL is primarily associated with chromosomal alterations leading to the expression of fusions between transcriptional regulators. This review highlights the most recurrent genetic events found in de novo pediatric AMKL patients and, based on recent functional analyses, proposes a mechanism of leukemogenesis common to de novo and DS-AMKL.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Child
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/drug therapy
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/metabolism
- Leukemia, Megakaryoblastic, Acute/pathology
- Megakaryocytes/metabolism
- Megakaryocytes/pathology
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile K Lopez
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sébastien Malinge
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Muriel Gaudry
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Olivier A Bernard
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Mercher
- INSERM U1170, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, 94800 Villejuif, France; Gustave Roussy, 94800 Villejuif, France; Université Paris-Sud, 91405 Orsay, France; Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) is a hematologic malignancy with a poor prognosis. Recent genome-wide sequencing studies have identified frequent mutations in genes encoding members of the cohesin complex. Mutations in cohesin contribute to myeloid malignancies by conferring enhanced self-renewal of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells but the mechanisms behind this phenotype have not been fully elucidated. Of note, cohesin mutations are highly prevalent in acute megakaryocytic leukemia associated with Down syndrome (DS-AMKL), where they occur in over half of patients. Evidence suggests that cohesin mutations alter gene expression through changes in chromatin accessibility and/or aberrant targeting of epigenetic complexes. In this review we discuss the pathogenic mechanisms by which cohesin mutations contribute to myeloid malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B. Fisher
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Maureen McNulty
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael J. Burke
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - John D. Crispino
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sridhar Rao
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology, Oncology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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