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Li S, Mereby SA, Rothstein M, Johnson MR, Brack BJ, Mallarino R. TIGER: Single-step in vivo genome editing in a non-traditional rodent. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112980. [PMID: 37573509 PMCID: PMC10528174 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rodents are taxonomically diverse and have evolved a variety of traits. A mechanistic understanding of such traits has remained elusive, however, largely because genome editing in non-traditional model species remains challenging. Here, using the African striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio), we describe TIGER (targeted in vivo genome editing in rodents), a method that relies on a simple intraoviductal injecting technique and uses recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) as the sole vehicle to deliver reagents into pregnant females. We demonstrate that TIGER generates knockout and knockin (up to 3 kb) lines with high efficiency. Moreover, we engineer a double-cleaving repair rAAV template and find that it significantly increases knockin frequency and germline transmission rates. Lastly, we show that an oversized double-cleaving rAAV template leads to an insertion of 3.8 kb. Thus, TIGER constitutes an attractive alternative to traditional ex vivo genome-editing methods and has the potential to be extended to a broad range of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Sarah A Mereby
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Megan Rothstein
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Matthew R Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Benjamin J Brack
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Ricardo Mallarino
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA.
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2
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Pupo A, Fernández A, Low SH, François A, Suárez-Amarán L, Samulski RJ. AAV vectors: The Rubik's cube of human gene therapy. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3515-3541. [PMID: 36203359 PMCID: PMC9734031 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Defective genes account for ∼80% of the total of more than 7,000 diseases known to date. Gene therapy brings the promise of a one-time treatment option that will fix the errors in patient genetic coding. Recombinant viruses are highly efficient vehicles for in vivo gene delivery. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors offer unique advantages, such as tissue tropism, specificity in transduction, eliciting of a relatively low immune responses, no incorporation into the host chromosome, and long-lasting delivered gene expression, making them the most popular viral gene delivery system in clinical trials, with three AAV-based gene therapy drugs already approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) or European Medicines Agency (EMA). Despite the success of AAV vectors, their usage in particular scenarios is still limited due to remaining challenges, such as poor transduction efficiency in certain tissues, low organ specificity, pre-existing humoral immunity to AAV capsids, and vector dose-dependent toxicity in patients. In the present review, we address the different approaches to improve AAV vectors for gene therapy with a focus on AAV capsid selection and engineering, strategies to overcome anti-AAV immune response, and vector genome design, ending with a glimpse at vector production methods and the current state of recombinant AAV (rAAV) at the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Pupo
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Audry Fernández
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Siew Hui Low
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Achille François
- Viralgen. Parque Tecnológico de Guipuzkoa, Edificio Kuatro, Paseo Mikeletegui, 83, 20009 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Lester Suárez-Amarán
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Richard Jude Samulski
- R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, Durham, NC 27709, USA,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA,Corresponding author: Richard Jude Samulski, R&D Department, Asklepios BioPharmaceutical, Inc. (AskBio), 20 T.W. Alexander, Suite 110 RTP, NC 27709, USA.
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Handyside B, Ismail AM, Zhang L, Yates B, Xie L, Sihn CR, Murphy R, Bouwman T, Kim CK, De Angelis R, Karim OA, McIntosh NL, Doss MX, Shroff S, Pungor E, Bhat VS, Bullens S, Bunting S, Fong S. Vector genome loss and epigenetic modifications mediate decline in transgene expression of AAV5 vectors produced in mammalian and insect cells. Mol Ther 2022; 30:3570-3586. [PMID: 36348622 PMCID: PMC9734079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors are often produced in HEK293 or Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf)-based cell lines. We compared expression profiles of "oversized" (∼5,000 bp) and "standard-sized" (4,600 bp) rAAV5-human α1-antitrypsin (rAAV5-hA1AT) vectors manufactured in HEK293 or Sf cells and investigated molecular mechanisms mediating expression decline. C57BL/6 mice received 6 × 1013 vg/kg of vector, and blood and liver samples were collected through week 57. For all vectors, peak expression (weeks 12-24) declined by 50% to week 57. For Sf- and HEK293-produced oversized vectors, serum hA1AT was initially comparable, but in weeks 12-57, Sf vectors provided significantly higher expression. For HEK293 oversized vectors, liver genomes decreased continuously through week 57 and significantly correlated with A1AT protein. In RNA-sequencing analysis, HEK293 vector-treated mice had significantly higher inflammatory responses in liver at 12 weeks compared with Sf vector- and vehicle-treated mice. Thus, HEK293 vector genome loss led to decreased transgene protein. For Sf-produced vectors, genomes did not decrease from peak expression. Instead, vector genome accessibility significantly decreased from peak to week 57 and correlated with transgene RNA. Vector DNA interactions with active histone marks (H3K27ac/H3K4me3) were significantly reduced from peak to week 57, suggesting that epigenetic regulation impacts transgene expression of Sf-produced vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Handyside
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | | | - Lening Zhang
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Bridget Yates
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Lin Xie
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Choong-Ryoul Sihn
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Ryan Murphy
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Taren Bouwman
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Chan Kyu Kim
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | | | - Omair A. Karim
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | | | | | - Shilpa Shroff
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Erno Pungor
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Vikas S. Bhat
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Sherry Bullens
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Stuart Bunting
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA
| | - Sylvia Fong
- BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA,Corresponding author: Sylvia Fong, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc., 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA.
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Kaczmarek R. Gene therapy - are we ready now? Haemophilia 2022; 28 Suppl 4:35-43. [PMID: 35521736 PMCID: PMC9325484 DOI: 10.1111/hae.14530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Haemophilia therapy has evolved from rudimentary transfusion‐based approaches to an unprecedented level of innovation with glimmers of functional cure brought by gene therapy. After decades of misfires, gene therapy has normalized factor (F)VIII and factor (F)IX levels in some individuals in the long term. Several clinical programmes testing adeno‐associated viral (AAV) vector gene therapy are approaching completion with imminent regulatory approvals. Discussion Phase 3 studies along with multiyear follow‐up in earlier phase investigations raised questions about efficacy as well as short‐ and long‐term safety, prompting a reappraisal of AAV vector gene therapy. Liver toxicities, albeit mostly low‐grade, occur in the first year in at least some individuals in all haemophilia A and B trials and are poorly understood. Extreme variability and unpredictability of outcome, as well as a slow decline in factor expression (seemingly unique to FVIII gene therapy), are vexing because immune responses to AAV vectors preclude repeat dosing, which could increase suboptimal or restore declining expression, while overexpression may result in phenotoxicity. The long‐term safety will need lifelong monitoring because AAV vectors, contrary to conventional wisdom, integrate into chromosomes at the rate that calls for vigilance. Conclusions AAV transduction and transgene expression engage the host immune system, cellular DNA processing, transcription and translation machineries in ways that have been only cursorily studied in the clinic. Delineating those mechanisms will be key to finding mitigants and solutions to the remaining problems, and including individuals who cannot avail of gene therapy at this time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Kaczmarek
- Coagulation Products Safety Supply and Access Committee, World Federation of Hemophilia, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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5
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Molecular analysis of AAV5-hFVIII-SQ vector-genome-processing kinetics in transduced mouse and nonhuman primate livers. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:142-153. [PMID: 35036471 PMCID: PMC8749450 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2021.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Valoctocogene roxaparvovec (AAV5-hFVIII-SQ) is an adeno-associated virus serotype 5 (AAV5)-based gene therapy vector containing a B-domain-deleted human coagulation factor VIII (hFVIII) gene controlled by a liver-selective promoter. AAV5-hFVIII-SQ is currently under clinical investigation as a treatment for severe hemophilia A. The full-length AAV5-hFVIII-SQ is >4.9 kb, which is over the optimal packaging limit of AAV5. Following administration, the vector must undergo a number of genome-processing, assembly, and repair steps to form full-length circularized episomes that mediate long-term FVIII expression in target tissues. To understand the processing kinetics of the oversized AAV5-hFVIII-SQ vector genome into circular episomes, we characterized the various molecular forms of the AAV5-hFVIII-SQ genome at multiple time points up to 6 months postdose in the liver of murine and non-human primate models. Full-length circular episomes were detected in liver tissue beginning 1 week postdosing. Over 6 months, quantities of circular episomes (in a predominantly head-to-tail configuration) increased, while DNA species lacking inverted terminal repeats were preferentially degraded. Levels of duplex, circular, full-length genomes significantly correlated with levels of hFVIII-SQ RNA transcripts in mice and non-human primates dosed with AAV5-hFVIII-SQ. Altogether, we show that formation of full-length circular episomes in the liver following AAV5-hFVIII-SQ transduction was associated with long-term FVIII expression.
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6
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Singh K, Cornell CS, Jackson R, Kabiri M, Phipps M, Desai M, Fogle R, Ying X, Anarat-Cappillino G, Geller S, Johnson J, Roberts E, Malley K, Devlin T, DeRiso M, Berthelette P, Zhang YV, Ryan S, Rao S, Thurberg BL, Bangari DS, Kyostio-Moore S. CRISPR/Cas9 generated knockout mice lacking phenylalanine hydroxylase protein as a novel preclinical model for human phenylketonuria. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7254. [PMID: 33790381 PMCID: PMC8012645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive inborn error of L-phenylalanine (Phe) metabolism. It is caused by a partial or complete deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH), which is necessary for conversion of Phe to tyrosine (Tyr). This metabolic error results in buildup of Phe and reduction of Tyr concentration in blood and in the brain, leading to neurological disease and intellectual deficits. Patients exhibit retarded body growth, hypopigmentation, hypocholesterolemia and low levels of neurotransmitters. Here we report first attempt at creating a homozygous Pah knock-out (KO) (Hom) mouse model, which was developed in the C57BL/6 J strain using CRISPR/Cas9 where codon 7 (GAG) in Pah gene was changed to a stop codon TAG. We investigated 2 to 6-month-old, male, Hom mice using comprehensive behavioral and biochemical assays, MRI and histopathology. Age and sex-matched heterozygous Pah-KO (Het) mice were used as control mice, as they exhibit enough PAH enzyme activity to provide Phe and Tyr levels comparable to the wild-type mice. Overall, our findings demonstrate that 6-month-old, male Hom mice completely lack PAH enzyme, exhibit significantly higher blood and brain Phe levels, lower levels of brain Tyr and neurotransmitters along with lower myelin content and have significant behavioral deficit. These mice exhibit phenotypes that closely resemble PKU patients such as retarded body growth, cutaneous hypopigmentation, and hypocholesterolemia when compared to the age- and sex-matched Het mice. Altogether, biochemical, behavioral, and pathologic features of this novel mouse model suggest that it can be used as a reliable translational tool for PKU preclinical research and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep Singh
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA ,Present Address: WuXi AppTec Inc., 8th Floor, 55 Cambridge Parkway, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Cathleen S. Cornell
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGenomic Medicine Unit, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Robert Jackson
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGenomic Medicine Unit, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Mostafa Kabiri
- grid.420214.1Transgenic Model and Technology, Translational In-Vivo Research Platform, Industrie Park Hoechst, Sanofi, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Michael Phipps
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XTransgenic Model and Technology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Mitul Desai
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Bioimaging, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Robert Fogle
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Bioimaging, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Xiaoyou Ying
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Bioimaging, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Gulbenk Anarat-Cappillino
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XPre-Development Sciences NA, Analytical R&D, Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Sarah Geller
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XPre-Development Sciences NA, Analytical R&D, Sanofi, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Jennifer Johnson
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Errin Roberts
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Katie Malley
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Tim Devlin
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XTransgenic Model and Technology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Matthew DeRiso
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XTransgenic Model and Technology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Patricia Berthelette
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGenomic Medicine Unit, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Yao V. Zhang
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGenomic Medicine Unit, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Susan Ryan
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Srinivas Rao
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XTranslational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Beth L. Thurberg
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Dinesh S. Bangari
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGlobal Discovery Pathology, Translational In-Vivo Models Research Platform, Sanofi, 5 The Mountain Road, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
| | - Sirkka Kyostio-Moore
- grid.417555.70000 0000 8814 392XGenomic Medicine Unit, Sanofi, 49 New York Avenue, Framingham, MA 01701 USA
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Cao W, Dong B, Horling F, Firrman JA, Lengler J, Klugmann M, de la Rosa M, Wu W, Wang Q, Wei H, Moore AR, Roberts SA, Booth CJ, Hoellriegl W, Li D, Konkle B, Miao C, Reipert BM, Scheiflinger F, Rottensteiner H, Xiao W. Minimal Essential Human Factor VIII Alterations Enhance Secretion and Gene Therapy Efficiency. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 19:486-495. [PMID: 33313336 PMCID: PMC7708868 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
One important limitation for achieving therapeutic expression of human factor VIII (FVIII) in hemophilia A gene therapy is inefficient secretion of the FVIII protein. Substitution of five amino acids in the A1 domain of human FVIII with the corresponding porcine FVIII residues generated a secretion-enhanced human FVIII variant termed B-domain-deleted (BDD)-FVIII-X5 that resulted in 8-fold higher FVIII activity levels in the supernatant of an in vitro cell-based assay system than seen with unmodified human BDD-FVIII. Analysis of purified recombinant BDD-FVIII-X5 and BDD-FVIII revealed similar specific activities for both proteins, indicating that the effect of the X5 alteration is confined to increased FVIII secretion. Intravenous delivery in FVIII-deficient mice of liver-targeted adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors designed to express BDD-FVIII-X5 or BDD-FVIII achieved substantially higher plasma FVIII activity levels for BDD-FVIII-X5, even when highly efficient codon-optimized F8 nucleotide sequences were employed. A comprehensive immunogenicity assessment using in vitro stimulation assays and various in vivo preclinical models of hemophilia A demonstrated that the BDD-FVIII-X5 variant does not exhibit an increased immunogenicity risk compared to BDD-FVIII. In conclusion, BDD-FVIII-X5 is an effective FVIII variant molecule that can be further developed for use in gene- and protein-based therapeutics for patients with hemophilia A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Cao
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Biao Dong
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Franziska Horling
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Jenni A. Firrman
- Dairy and Functional Foods Research Unit, ARS, USDA, 600 East Mermaid Lane, Wyndmoor, PA 19038, USA
| | - Johannes Lengler
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Matthias Klugmann
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Maurus de la Rosa
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Wenman Wu
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Qizhao Wang
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hongying Wei
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Andrea R. Moore
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Sean A. Roberts
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Carmen J. Booth
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar St., BML 330, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Werner Hoellriegl
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Dong Li
- Sol Sherry Thrombosis Research Center, Temple University Medical School, 3400 North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Barbara Konkle
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, University of Washington, 1900 9 Ave, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Carol Miao
- Department of Medicine/Hematology, University of Washington, 1900 9 Ave, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Birgit M. Reipert
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Friedrich Scheiflinger
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Hanspeter Rottensteiner
- Drug Discovery Austria, Baxalta Innovations GmbH (now part of Takeda), Donau-City Str. 7, Vienna 1220, Austria
| | - Weidong Xiao
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Borsotti C, Follenzi A. New technologies in gene therapy for inducing immune tolerance in hemophilia A. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2018; 14:1013-1019. [PMID: 30345839 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2018.1539667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Conventional hemophilia treatment is based on repeated infusion of the missing clotting factor. This therapy is lifelong, expensive and can result in the formation of neutralizing antibodies, thus causing failure of the treatment and requiring higher doses of the replacement drug. Areas covered: Gene and cell therapies offer the advantage of providing a definitive and long-lasting correction of the mutated gene, promoting its physiological expression and preventing neutralizing antibody development. This review focuses on the most recent approaches that have been shown to prevent and even eradicate immune response toward the replaced factor. Expert commentary: Despite the encouraging data demonstrated by ongoing clinical trials and pre-clinical studies, more extensive investigations are necessary to establish the long-term safety and efficacy of gene therapy treatments in maintaining immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Borsotti
- a Department of Health Sciences , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Novara , Italy
| | - Antonia Follenzi
- a Department of Health Sciences , Università del Piemonte Orientale , Novara , Italy
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van Haasteren J, Hyde SC, Gill DR. Lessons learned from lung and liver in-vivo gene therapy: implications for the future. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2018; 18:959-972. [PMID: 30067117 PMCID: PMC6134476 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2018.1506761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ex-vivo gene therapy has had significant clinical impact over the last couple of years and in-vivo gene therapy products are being approved for clinical use. Gene therapy and gene editing approaches have huge potential to treat genetic disease and chronic illness. AREAS COVERED This article provides a review of in-vivo approaches for gene therapy in the lung and liver, exploiting non-viral and viral vectors with varying serotypes and pseudotypes to target-specific cells. Antibody responses inhibiting viral vectors continue to constrain effective repeat administration. Lessons learned from ex-vivo gene therapy and genome editing are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The fields of lung and liver in-vivo gene therapy are thriving and a comparison highlights obstacles and opportunities for both. Overcoming immunological issues associated with repeated administration of viral vectors remains a key challenge. The addition of targeted small molecules in combination with viral vectors may offer one solution. A substantial bottleneck to the widespread adoption of in-vivo gene therapy is how to ensure sufficient capacity for clinical-grade vector production. In the future, the exploitation of gene editing approaches for in-vivo disease treatment may facilitate the resurgence of non-viral gene transfer approaches, which tend to be eclipsed by more efficient viral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost van Haasteren
- Gene Medicine Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Stephen C. Hyde
- Gene Medicine Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Deborah R. Gill
- Gene Medicine Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Science, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Nambiar B, Cornell Sookdeo C, Berthelette P, Jackson R, Piraino S, Burnham B, Nass S, Souza D, O'Riordan CR, Vincent KA, Cheng SH, Armentano D, Kyostio-Moore S. Characteristics of Minimally Oversized Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors Encoding Human Factor VIII Generated Using Producer Cell Lines and Triple Transfection. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2017; 28:23-38. [PMID: 28166648 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2016.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several ongoing clinical studies are evaluating recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors as gene delivery vehicles for a variety of diseases. However, the production of vectors with genomes >4.7 kb is challenging, with vector preparations frequently containing truncated genomes. To determine whether the generation of oversized rAAVs can be improved using a producer cell-line (PCL) process, HeLaS3-cell lines harboring either a 5.1 or 5.4 kb rAAV vector genome encoding codon-optimized cDNA for human B-domain deleted Factor VIII (FVIII) were isolated. High-producing "masterwells" (MWs), defined as producing >50,000 vg/cell, were identified for each oversized vector. These MWs provided stable vector production for >20 passages. The quality and potency of the AAVrh8R/FVIII-5.1 and AAVrh8R/FVIII-5.4 vectors generated by the PCL method were then compared to those prepared via transient transfection (TXN). Southern and dot blot analyses demonstrated that both production methods resulted in packaging of heterogeneously sized genomes. However, the PCL-derived rAAV vector preparations contained some genomes >4.7 kb, whereas the majority of genomes generated by the TXN method were ≤4.7 kb. The PCL process reduced packaging of non-vector DNA for both the AAVrh8R/FVIII-5.1 and the AAVrh8R/FVIII-5.4 kb vector preparations. Furthermore, more DNA-containing viral particles were obtained for the AAVrh8R/FVIII-5.1 vector. In a mouse model of hemophilia A, animals administered a PCL-derived rAAV vector exhibited twofold higher plasma FVIII activity and increased levels of vector genomes in the liver than mice treated with vector produced via TXN did. Hence, the quality of oversized vectors prepared using the PCL method is greater than that of vectors generated using the TXN process, and importantly this improvement translates to enhanced performance in vivo.
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