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Selvaraj N, Wang CK, Bowser B, Broadt T, Shaban S, Burns J, Saptharishi N, Pechan P, Golebiowski D, Alimardanov A, Yang N, Mitra G, Vepachedu R. Detailed Protocol for the Novel and Scalable Viral Vector Upstream Process for AAV Gene Therapy Manufacturing. Hum Gene Ther 2021; 32:850-861. [PMID: 33397196 PMCID: PMC8418526 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vector-based gene therapy has been adapted for use in more than 100 clinical trials. This is mainly because of its excellent safety profile, ability to target a wide range of tissues, stable transgene expression, and significant clinical benefit. However, the major challenge is to produce a high-titer, high-potency vector to achieve a better therapeutic effect. Even though the three plasmid-based transient transfection method is currently being used for AAV production in many clinical trials, there are complications associated with scalability and it is not cost-effective. Other methods require either large-scale production of two herpes simplex viruses, rHSV-RepCap and rHSV-GOI (gene of interest), with high titers, or a stable cell line with high titer wild-type adenovirus infection. Both of these options make the process even more complex. To address this issue, we have developed a stable cell line-based production with the use of only one rHSV-RepCap virus. Using this new methodology in small-scale production, we achieved ∼1-6 E + 04 vg/cell of AAV9 in the top producer clones. Large-scale production in 10-CS (10-Cell Stack) of one of the top producing clones resulted in ∼1-2 E + 13 vg/10-CS with 50% of full capsid ratio after purification. This method could potentially be adapted to suspension cells. The major advantage of this novel methodology is that by using the rHSV-RepCap virus, high titer AAV can be produced with any GOI containing a stable adherent or suspension producer cell line. The use of this AAV production platform could be beneficial for the treatment of many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagarathinam Selvaraj
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Chao-Kuei Wang
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Brian Bowser
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Trevor Broadt
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Samir Shaban
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Jenna Burns
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Nirmala Saptharishi
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Peter Pechan
- Solid Biosciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Asaf Alimardanov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Nora Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George Mitra
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Ramarao Vepachedu
- Biopharmaceutical Development Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
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Chen YH, Pallant C, Sampson CJ, Boiti A, Johnson S, Brazauskas P, Hardwicke P, Marongiu M, Marinova VM, Carmo M, Sweeney NP, Richard A, Shillings A, Archibald P, Puschmann E, Mouzon B, Grose D, Mendez-Tavio M, Chen MX, Warr SRC, Senussi T, Carter PS, Baker S, Jung C, Brugman MH, Howe SJ, Vink CA. Rapid Lentiviral Vector Producer Cell Line Generation Using a Single DNA Construct. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 19:47-57. [PMID: 32995359 PMCID: PMC7501408 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stable suspension producer cell lines for the production of vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein (VSVg)-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors represent an attractive alternative to current widely used production methods based on transient transfection of adherent 293T cells with multiple plasmids. We report here a method to rapidly generate such producer cell lines from 293T cells by stable transfection of a single DNA construct encoding all lentiviral vector components. The resulting suspension cell lines yield titers as high as can be achieved with transient transfection, can be readily scaled up in single-use stirred-tank bioreactors, and are genetically and functionally stable in extended cell culture. By removing the requirement for efficient transient transfection during upstream processing of lentiviral vectors and switching to an inherently scalable suspension cell culture format, we believe that this approach will result in significantly higher batch yields than are possible with current manufacturing processes and enable better patient access to medicines based on lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hua Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Celeste Pallant
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | - Alessia Boiti
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sabine Johnson
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Pijus Brazauskas
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Philip Hardwicke
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Michela Marongiu
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Vanesa M Marinova
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Marlene Carmo
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nathan P Sweeney
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Ashkenaz Richard
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Anthony Shillings
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter Archibald
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Eva Puschmann
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Bernadette Mouzon
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David Grose
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Miriam Mendez-Tavio
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Mao Xiang Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Stephen R C Warr
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Tarik Senussi
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Paul S Carter
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sean Baker
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Cindy Jung
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Martijn H Brugman
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Steven J Howe
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Conrad A Vink
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
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Park HH, Triboulet R, Bentler M, Guda S, Du P, Xu H, Gregory RI, Brendel C, Williams DA. DROSHA Knockout Leads to Enhancement of Viral Titers for Vectors Encoding miRNA-Adapted shRNAs. Mol Ther Nucleic Acids 2018; 12:591-599. [PMID: 30195795 PMCID: PMC6078836 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RNAi-based gene therapy using miRNA-adapted short hairpin RNAs (shRNAmiR) is a powerful approach to modulate gene expression. However, we have observed low viral titers with shRNAmiR-containing recombinant vectors and hypothesized that this could be due to cleavage of viral genomic RNA by the endogenous microprocessor complex during virus assembly. To test this hypothesis, we targeted DROSHA, the core component of the microprocessor complex, and successfully generated monoallelic and biallelic DROSHA knockout (KO) HEK293T cells for vector production. DROSHA KO was verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot analysis. We produced lentiviral vectors containing Venus with or without shRNA hairpins and generated virus supernatants using DROSHA KO packaging cells. We observed an increase in the fluorescence intensity of hairpin-containing Venus transcripts in DROSHA KO producer cells consistent with reduced microprocessor cleavage of encoded mRNA transcripts, and recovery in the viral titer of hairpin-containing vectors compared with non-hairpin-containing constructs. We confirmed the absence of significant shRNAmiR processing by northern blot analysis and showed that this correlated with an increase in the amount of full-length vector genomic RNA. These findings may have important implications in future production of viral shRNAmiR-containing vectors for RNAi-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Ho Park
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Program of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Robinson Triboulet
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Swaroopa Guda
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peng Du
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Haiming Xu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard I Gregory
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Stem Cell Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christian Brendel
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Williams
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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Nambiar B, Cornell Sookdeo C, Berthelette P, Jackson R, Piraino S, Burnham B, Nass S, Souza D, O'Riordan CR, Vincent KA, Cheng SH, Armentano D, Kyostio-Moore S. Characteristics of Minimally Oversized Adeno-Associated Virus Vectors Encoding Human Factor VIII Generated Using Producer Cell Lines and Triple Transfection. Hum Gene Ther Methods 2017; 28:23-38. [PMID: 28166648 DOI: 10.1089/hgtb.2016.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Several ongoing clinical studies are evaluating recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors as gene delivery vehicles for a variety of diseases. However, the production of vectors with genomes >4.7 kb is challenging, with vector preparations frequently containing truncated genomes. To determine whether the generation of oversized rAAVs can be improved using a producer cell-line (PCL) process, HeLaS3-cell lines harboring either a 5.1 or 5.4 kb rAAV vector genome encoding codon-optimized cDNA for human B-domain deleted Factor VIII (FVIII) were isolated. High-producing "masterwells" (MWs), defined as producing >50,000 vg/cell, were identified for each oversized vector. These MWs provided stable vector production for >20 passages. The quality and potency of the AAVrh8R/FVIII-5.1 and AAVrh8R/FVIII-5.4 vectors generated by the PCL method were then compared to those prepared via transient transfection (TXN). Southern and dot blot analyses demonstrated that both production methods resulted in packaging of heterogeneously sized genomes. However, the PCL-derived rAAV vector preparations contained some genomes >4.7 kb, whereas the majority of genomes generated by the TXN method were ≤4.7 kb. The PCL process reduced packaging of non-vector DNA for both the AAVrh8R/FVIII-5.1 and the AAVrh8R/FVIII-5.4 kb vector preparations. Furthermore, more DNA-containing viral particles were obtained for the AAVrh8R/FVIII-5.1 vector. In a mouse model of hemophilia A, animals administered a PCL-derived rAAV vector exhibited twofold higher plasma FVIII activity and increased levels of vector genomes in the liver than mice treated with vector produced via TXN did. Hence, the quality of oversized vectors prepared using the PCL method is greater than that of vectors generated using the TXN process, and importantly this improvement translates to enhanced performance in vivo.
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Abstract
Designing appropriate expression vectors is one of the critical steps in the generation of stable cell lines for recombinant protein production. Conventional expression vectors are severely affected by the chromatin environment surrounding their integration site into the host genome, resulting in low expression levels and transgene silencing. In the past, a new generation of expression vectors and different strategies was developed to overcome the chromatin effects. Bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) are cloning vectors capable of accommodating up to 350 Kb. Thus, BACs can carry a whole eukaryotic locus with all the elements controlling the expression of a gene; therefore, BACs harbor their own chromatin environment. Expression vectors based on BACs containing open/permissive chromatin loci are not affected by the chromatin surrounding their integration site in the host cell genome. Consequently, BAC-based expression vectors containing the appropriate loci confer predictable and high levels of expression over time. These properties make BAC-based expression vectors a very attractive tool applied to the recombinant protein production field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Kunert
- Department of Biotechnology, Vienna Institute of Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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