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Chen YH, Pallant C, Sampson CJ, Boiti A, Johnson S, Brazauskas P, Hardwicke P, Marongiu M, Marinova VM, Carmo M, Sweeney NP, Richard A, Shillings A, Archibald P, Puschmann E, Mouzon B, Grose D, Mendez-Tavio M, Chen MX, Warr SRC, Senussi T, Carter PS, Baker S, Jung C, Brugman MH, Howe SJ, Vink CA. Rapid Lentiviral Vector Producer Cell Line Generation Using a Single DNA Construct. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 19:47-57. [PMID: 32995359 PMCID: PMC7501408 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stable suspension producer cell lines for the production of vesicular stomatitis virus envelope glycoprotein (VSVg)-pseudotyped lentiviral vectors represent an attractive alternative to current widely used production methods based on transient transfection of adherent 293T cells with multiple plasmids. We report here a method to rapidly generate such producer cell lines from 293T cells by stable transfection of a single DNA construct encoding all lentiviral vector components. The resulting suspension cell lines yield titers as high as can be achieved with transient transfection, can be readily scaled up in single-use stirred-tank bioreactors, and are genetically and functionally stable in extended cell culture. By removing the requirement for efficient transient transfection during upstream processing of lentiviral vectors and switching to an inherently scalable suspension cell culture format, we believe that this approach will result in significantly higher batch yields than are possible with current manufacturing processes and enable better patient access to medicines based on lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hua Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Celeste Pallant
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | - Alessia Boiti
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sabine Johnson
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Pijus Brazauskas
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Philip Hardwicke
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Michela Marongiu
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Vanesa M Marinova
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Marlene Carmo
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nathan P Sweeney
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Ashkenaz Richard
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Anthony Shillings
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Peter Archibald
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Eva Puschmann
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Bernadette Mouzon
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David Grose
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Miriam Mendez-Tavio
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Mao Xiang Chen
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Stephen R C Warr
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Tarik Senussi
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Paul S Carter
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sean Baker
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Cindy Jung
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Martijn H Brugman
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Steven J Howe
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Conrad A Vink
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
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Alzubi J, Pallant C, Mussolino C, Howe SJ, Thrasher AJ, Cathomen T. Targeted genome editing restores T cell differentiation in a humanized X-SCID pluripotent stem cell disease model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12475. [PMID: 28963568 PMCID: PMC5622068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of T cells from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) is attractive for investigating T cell development and validating genome editing strategies in vitro. X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) is an immune disorder caused by mutations in the IL2RG gene and characterised by the absence of T and NK cells in patients. IL2RG encodes the common gamma chain, which is part of several interleukin receptors, including IL-2 and IL-7 receptors. To model X-SCID in vitro, we generated a mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) line in which a disease-causing human IL2RG gene variant replaces the endogenous Il2rg locus. We developed a stage-specific T cell differentiation protocol to validate genetic correction of the common G691A mutation with transcription activator-like effector nucleases. While all ESC clones could be differentiated to hematopoietic precursor cells, stage-specific analysis of T cell maturation confirmed early arrest of T cell differentiation at the T cell progenitor stage in X-SCID cells. In contrast, genetically corrected ESCs differentiated to CD4 + or CD8 + single-positive T cells, confirming correction of the cellular X-SCID phenotype. This study emphasises the value of PSCs for disease modelling and underlines the significance of in vitro models as tools to validate genome editing strategies before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Alzubi
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Celeste Pallant
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,GlaxoSmithKline plc., Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Mussolino
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steven J Howe
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,GlaxoSmithKline plc., Stevenage, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Great Ormond Street Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toni Cathomen
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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Stegmann KA, Robertson F, Hansi N, Gill U, Pallant C, Christophides T, Pallett LJ, Peppa D, Dunn C, Fusai G, Male V, Davidson BR, Kennedy P, Maini MK. CXCR6 marks a novel subset of T-bet(lo)Eomes(hi) natural killer cells residing in human liver. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26157. [PMID: 27210614 PMCID: PMC4876507 DOI: 10.1038/srep26157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cells (NK) are highly enriched in the human liver, where they can regulate immunity and immunopathology. We probed them for a liver-resident subset, distinct from conventional bone-marrow-derived NK. CXCR6+ NK were strikingly enriched in healthy and diseased liver compared to blood (p < 0.0001). Human hepatic CXCR6+ NK had an immature phenotype (predominantly CD56brightCD16−CD57−), and expressed the tissue-residency marker CD69. CXCR6+ NK produced fewer cytotoxic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines than the non-liver-specific CXCR6− fraction. Instead CXCR6+ NK could upregulate TRAIL, a key death ligand in hepatitis pathogenesis. CXCR6 demarcated liver NK into two transcriptionally distinct populations: T-bethiEomeslo(CXCR6−) and T-betloEomeshi(CXCR6+); the latter was virtually absent in the periphery. The small circulating CXCR6+ subset was predominantly T-bethiEomeslo, suggesting its lineage was closer to CXCR6− peripheral than CXCR6+ liver NK. These data reveal a large subset of human liver-resident T-betloEomeshi NK, distinguished by their surface expression of CXCR6, adapted for hepatic tolerance and inducible anti-viral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin A Stegmann
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Francis Robertson
- Department of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, Royal Free Hospital London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Navjyot Hansi
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Upkar Gill
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Celeste Pallant
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Theodoros Christophides
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Claire Dunn
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Department of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, Royal Free Hospital London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Male
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Brian R Davidson
- Department of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, Royal Free Hospital London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Kennedy
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
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Das A, Ellis G, Pallant C, Lopes AR, Khanna P, Peppa D, Chen A, Blair P, Dusheiko G, Gill U, Kennedy PT, Brunetto M, Lampertico P, Mauri C, Maini MK. IL-10-producing regulatory B cells in the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Immunol 2012; 189:3925-35. [PMID: 22972930 PMCID: PMC3480715 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1103139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A regulatory subset of B cells has been found to modulate immune responses in autoimmunity, infection, and cancer, but it has not been investigated in the setting of human persistent viral infection. IL-10 is elevated in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB), but its cellular sources and impact on antiviral T cells have not been addressed. We investigated the role of IL-10 and regulatory B cells in the pathogenesis of CHB. Serum IL-10 levels were studied longitudinally in patients with CHB undergoing spontaneous disease flares. There was a close temporal correlation between IL-10 levels and fluctuations in viral load or liver inflammation. Blockade of IL-10 in vitro rescued polyfunctional virus-specific CD8 T cell responses. To investigate the potential contribution of regulatory B cells, their frequency was measured directly ex vivo and after exposure to stimuli relevant to hepatitis B virus (HBV) (CpG or HBV Ags). IL-10-producing B cells were enriched in patients, and their frequency correlated temporally with hepatic flares, both after stimulation and directly ex vivo. Phenotypically, these cells were predominantly immature (CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi)) ex vivo; sorted CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) cells suppressed HBV-specific CD8 T cell responses in an IL-10-dependent manner. In summary, these data reveal a novel IL-10-producing subset of B cells able to regulate T cell immunity in CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Das
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
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Peppa D, Micco L, Javaid A, Kennedy PTF, Schurich A, Dunn C, Pallant C, Ellis G, Khanna P, Dusheiko G, Gilson RJ, Maini MK. Blockade of immunosuppressive cytokines restores NK cell antiviral function in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001227. [PMID: 21187913 PMCID: PMC3003000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are enriched in the liver, constituting around a third of intrahepatic lymphocytes. We have previously demonstrated that they upregulate the death ligand TRAIL in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB), allowing them to kill hepatocytes bearing TRAIL receptors. In this study we investigated whether, in addition to their pathogenic role, NK cells have antiviral potential in CHB. We characterised NK cell subsets and effector function in 64 patients with CHB compared to 31 healthy controls. We found that, in contrast to their upregulated TRAIL expression and maintenance of cytolytic function, NK cells had a markedly impaired capacity to produce IFN-γ in CHB. This functional dichotomy of NK cells could be recapitulated in vitro by exposure to the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, which was induced in patients with active CHB. IL-10 selectively suppressed NK cell IFN-γ production without altering cytotoxicity or death ligand expression. Potent antiviral therapy reduced TRAIL-expressing CD56bright NK cells, consistent with the reduction in liver inflammation it induced; however, it was not able to normalise IL-10 levels or the capacity of NK cells to produce the antiviral cytokine IFN-γ. Blockade of IL-10 +/− TGF-β restored the capacity of NK cells from both the periphery and liver of patients with CHB to produce IFN-γ, thereby enhancing their non-cytolytic antiviral capacity. In conclusion, NK cells may be driven to a state of partial functional tolerance by the immunosuppressive cytokine environment in CHB. Their defective capacity to produce the antiviral cytokine IFN-γ persists in patients on antiviral therapy but can be corrected in vitro by IL-10+/− TGF-β blockade. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is responsible for more than a million deaths annually as a result of the immune-mediated chronic liver damage it induces. One of the key immune players in the liver is the natural killer (NK) cell, which we have recently found can cause liver damage in HBV infection. Here we address the antiviral potential of NK cells in the HBV-infected liver and demonstrate that they have a specific impairment in their ability to produce the cytokine IFN-γ, which could limit their capacity to control HBV. We find that the potent antiviral drugs currently being used to treat HBV infection are unable to fully reverse this NK cell functional defect. We define a role for the immunosuppressive cytokine environment in HBV in down-regulating NK cell antiviral function, which can be restored by specific blockade of IL-10 and TGF-β. This work therefore highlights a mechanism contributing to the failure of immune control in chronic HBV infection, paving the way to new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Micco
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alia Javaid
- Centre for Digestive Disease, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick T. F. Kennedy
- Centre for Digestive Disease, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dunn
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Celeste Pallant
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gidon Ellis
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pooja Khanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Hepatology, Hampstead Campus, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Dusheiko
- Centre for Hepatology, Hampstead Campus, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Gilson
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Digestive Disease, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Peppa D, Dunn C, Pallant C, Das A, Ellis G, Gilson R, Maini M. Impaired innate immune responses in patients with chronic HBV infection. J Infect 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pallant C. Stroke: Acute nursing care in the stroke unit. Can Nurse 1976; 72:18-20. [PMID: 1245014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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