1
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Moreno-Cubero E, Alrubayyi A, Balint S, Ogbe A, Gill US, Matthews R, Kinloch S, Burns F, Rowland-Jones SL, Borrow P, Schurich A, Dustin M, Peppa D. IL-15 reprogramming compensates for NK cell mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-1 infection. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e173099. [PMID: 38385747 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.173099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of cellular metabolism is important for maintaining homeostasis and can directly influence immune cell function and differentiation, including NK cell responses. Persistent HIV-1 infection leads to a state of chronic immune activation, NK cell subset redistribution, and progressive NK cell dysregulation. In this study, we examined the metabolic processes that characterize NK cell subsets in HIV-1 infection, including adaptive NK cell subpopulations expressing the activating receptor NKG2C, which expand during chronic infection. These adaptive NK cells exhibit an enhanced metabolic profile in HIV-1- individuals infected with human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). However, the bioenergetic advantage of adaptive CD57+NKG2C+ NK cells is diminished during chronic HIV-1 infection, where NK cells uniformly display reduced oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Defective OXPHOS was accompanied by increased mitochondrial depolarization, structural alterations, and increased DRP-1 levels promoting fission, suggesting that mitochondrial defects are restricting the metabolic plasticity of NK cell subsets in HIV-1 infection. The metabolic requirement for the NK cell response to receptor stimulation was alleviated upon IL-15 pretreatment, which enhanced mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) activity. IL-15 priming enhanced NK cell functionality to anti-CD16 stimulation in HIV-1 infection, representing an effective strategy for pharmacologically boosting NK cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stefan Balint
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ane Ogbe
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine and
| | - Upkar S Gill
- Department of Hepatology, Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sabine Kinloch
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Burns
- Institute for Global Health UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Anna Schurich
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
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2
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George MS, Sanchez J, Rollings C, Fear D, Irving P, Sinclair LV, Schurich A. Extracellular vesicles in COVID-19 convalescence can regulate T cell metabolism and function. iScience 2023; 26:107280. [PMID: 37520724 PMCID: PMC10371842 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term T cell dysregulation has been reported following COVID-19 disease. Prolonged T cell activation is associated with disease severity and may be implicated in producing long-covid symptoms. Here, we assess the role of extracellular vesicles (EV) in regulating T cell function over several weeks post COVID-19 disease. We find that alterations in cellular origin and protein content of EV in COVID-19 convalescence are linked to initial disease severity. We demonstrate that convalescent donor-derived EV can alter the function and metabolic rewiring of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Of note, EV following mild, but not severe disease, show distinctly immune-suppressive properties, reducing T cell effector cytokine production and glucose metabolism. Mechanistically our data indicate the involvement of EV-surface ICAM-1 in facilitating EV-T cell interaction. Our data demonstrate that circulatory EV are phenotypically and functionally altered several weeks following acute infection, suggesting a role for EV as long-term immune modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly S. George
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jenifer Sanchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Christina Rollings
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, UK
| | - David Fear
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Peter Irving
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Gastroenterology, Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Linda V. Sinclair
- Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
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3
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Papa S, Adami A, Metoudi M, Beatson R, George MS, Achkova D, Williams E, Arif S, Reid F, Elstad M, Beckley-Hoelscher N, Douri A, Delord M, Lyne M, Shivapatham D, Fisher C, Hope A, Gooljar S, Mitra A, Gomm L, Morton C, Henley-Smith R, Thavaraj S, Santambrogio A, Andoniadou C, Allen S, Gibson V, Cook GJR, Parente-Pereira AC, Davies DM, Farzaneh F, Schurich A, Guerrero-Urbano T, Jeannon JP, Spicer J, Maher J. Intratumoral pan-ErbB targeted CAR-T for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: interim analysis of the T4 immunotherapy study. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:e007162. [PMID: 37321663 PMCID: PMC10277526 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Locally advanced/recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. To target upregulated ErbB dimer expression in this cancer, we developed an autologous CD28-based chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) approach named T4 immunotherapy. Patient-derived T-cells are engineered by retroviral transduction to coexpress a panErbB-specific CAR called T1E28ζ and an IL-4-responsive chimeric cytokine receptor, 4αβ, which allows IL-4-mediated enrichment of transduced cells during manufacture. These cells elicit preclinical antitumor activity against HNSCC and other carcinomas. In this trial, we used intratumoral delivery to mitigate significant clinical risk of on-target off-tumor toxicity owing to low-level ErbB expression in healthy tissues. METHODS We undertook a phase 1 dose-escalation 3+3 trial of intratumoral T4 immunotherapy in HNSCC (NCT01818323). CAR T-cell batches were manufactured from 40 to 130 mL of whole blood using a 2-week semiclosed process. A single CAR T-cell treatment, formulated as a fresh product in 1-4 mL of medium, was injected into one or more target lesions. Dose of CAR T-cells was escalated in 5 cohorts from 1×107-1×109 T4+ T-cells, administered without prior lymphodepletion. RESULTS Despite baseline lymphopenia in most enrolled subjects, the target cell dose was successfully manufactured in all cases, yielding up to 7.5 billion T-cells (67.5±11.8% transduced), without any batch failures. Treatment-related adverse events were all grade 2 or less, with no dose-limiting toxicities (Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events V.4.0). Frequent treatment-related adverse events were tumor swelling, pain, pyrexias, chills, and fatigue. There was no evidence of leakage of T4+ T-cells into the circulation following intratumoral delivery, and injection of radiolabeled cells demonstrated intratumoral persistence. Despite rapid progression at trial entry, stabilization of disease (Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors V.1.1) was observed in 9 of 15 subjects (60%) at 6 weeks post-CAR T-cell administration. Subsequent treatment with pembrolizumab and T-VEC oncolytic virus achieved a rapid complete clinical response in one subject, which was durable for over 3 years. Median overall survival was greater than for historical controls. Disease stabilization was associated with the administration of an immunophenotypically fitter, less exhausted, T4 CAR T-cell product. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate the safe intratumoral administration of T4 immunotherapy in advanced HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Papa
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Antonella Adami
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael Metoudi
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Beatson
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Molly Sarah George
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniela Achkova
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Evangelia Williams
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sefina Arif
- Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Fiona Reid
- School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maria Elstad
- School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas Beckley-Hoelscher
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abdel Douri
- School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marc Delord
- School of Life Course & Population Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mike Lyne
- Guy's and St Thomas' Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dharshene Shivapatham
- Guy's and St Thomas' Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Christopher Fisher
- Good Manufacturing Practice Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew Hope
- Good Manufacturing Practice Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sakina Gooljar
- Good Manufacturing Practice Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Arindam Mitra
- Good Manufacturing Practice Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Linda Gomm
- Guy's and St Thomas' Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cienne Morton
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Guy's and St Thomas' Biomedical Research Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rhonda Henley-Smith
- Head and Neck Pathology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Selvam Thavaraj
- Head and Neck Pathology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Alice Santambrogio
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cynthia Andoniadou
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Allen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Victoria Gibson
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gary J R Cook
- London School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - David M Davies
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Farzin Farzaneh
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Teresa Guerrero-Urbano
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jean-Pierre Jeannon
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - James Spicer
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Medical Oncology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - John Maher
- School of Cancer & Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Eastbourne, UK
- Leucid Bio Ltd, London, London, UK
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4
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Pallett LJ, Swadling L, Diniz M, Maini AA, Schwabenland M, Gasull AD, Davies J, Kucykowicz S, Skelton JK, Thomas N, Schmidt NM, Amin OE, Gill US, Stegmann KA, Burton AR, Stephenson E, Reynolds G, Whelan M, Sanchez J, de Maeyer R, Thakker C, Suveizdyte K, Uddin I, Ortega-Prieto AM, Grant C, Froghi F, Fusai G, Lens S, Pérez-Del-Pulgar S, Al-Akkad W, Mazza G, Noursadeghi M, Akbar A, Kennedy PTF, Davidson BR, Prinz M, Chain BM, Haniffa M, Gilroy DW, Dorner M, Bengsch B, Schurich A, Maini MK. Tissue CD14 +CD8 + T cells reprogrammed by myeloid cells and modulated by LPS. Nature 2023; 614:334-342. [PMID: 36697826 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05645-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The liver is bathed in bacterial products, including lipopolysaccharide transported from the intestinal portal vasculature, but maintains a state of tolerance that is exploited by persistent pathogens and tumours1-4. The cellular basis mediating this tolerance, yet allowing a switch to immunity or immunopathology, needs to be better understood for successful immunotherapy of liver diseases. Here we show that a variable proportion of CD8+ T cells compartmentalized in the human liver co-stain for CD14 and other prototypic myeloid membrane proteins and are enriched in close proximity to CD14high myeloid cells in hepatic zone 2. CD14+CD8+ T cells preferentially accumulate within the donor pool in liver allografts, among hepatic virus-specific and tumour-infiltrating responses, and in cirrhotic ascites. CD14+CD8+ T cells exhibit increased turnover, activation and constitutive immunomodulatory features with high homeostatic IL-10 and IL-2 production ex vivo, and enhanced antiviral/anti-tumour effector function after TCR engagement. This CD14+CD8+ T cell profile can be recapitulated by the acquisition of membrane proteins-including the lipopolysaccharide receptor complex-from mononuclear phagocytes, resulting in augmented tumour killing by TCR-redirected T cells in vitro. CD14+CD8+ T cells express integrins and chemokine receptors that favour interactions with the local stroma, which can promote their induction through CXCL12. Lipopolysaccharide can also increase the frequency of CD14+CD8+ T cells in vitro and in vivo, and skew their function towards the production of chemotactic and regenerative cytokines. Thus, bacterial products in the gut-liver axis and tissue stromal factors can tune liver immunity by driving myeloid instruction of CD8+ T cells with immunomodulatory ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mariana Diniz
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jessica Davies
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Kucykowicz
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Niclas Thomas
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalie M Schmidt
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver E Amin
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Upkar S Gill
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Kerstin A Stegmann
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alice R Burton
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Emily Stephenson
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Gary Reynolds
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matt Whelan
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jenifer Sanchez
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Roel de Maeyer
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Clare Thakker
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kornelija Suveizdyte
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Imran Uddin
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Farid Froghi
- Division of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Division of Surgery, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sabela Lens
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sofia Pérez-Del-Pulgar
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS and CIBEREHD, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walid Al-Akkad
- Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Mazza
- Institute for Liver & Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Arne Akbar
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Patrick T F Kennedy
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Marco Prinz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin M Chain
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Muzlifah Haniffa
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Derek W Gilroy
- Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marcus Dorner
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bertram Bengsch
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, Clinic for Internal Medicine II, Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Endocrinology, and Infectious Disease, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, London, UK.
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5
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Alrubayyi A, Moreno-Cubero E, Hameiri-Bowen D, Matthews R, Rowland-Jones S, Schurich A, Peppa D. Functional Restoration of Exhausted CD8 T Cells in Chronic HIV-1 Infection by Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Front Immunol 2022; 13:908697. [PMID: 35865519 PMCID: PMC9295450 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.908697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cell exhaustion is a hallmark of HIV-1 infection, characterized by phenotypic and functional CD8 T cell abnormalities that persist despite years of effective antiretroviral treatment (ART). More recently, the importance of cellular metabolism in shaping T cell antiviral function has emerged as a crucial aspect of immunotherapeutics aimed at re-invigorating exhausted CD8 T cells but remains under-investigated in HIV-1 infection. To gain a better insight into this process and identify new targets for effective CD8 T cell restoration we examined the metabolic profile of exhausted CD8 T cells in HIV-1 infection. We show that relative to HIV-1 elite controllers (EC) and HIV-1 seronegative donors, CD8 T cells from HIV-1 viraemic individuals are skewed toward a PD-1hiEOMEShiT-betlowTIGIT+ phenotype that is maintained during ART. This exhausted signature is enriched in HIV-specific CD8 T cells, compared to CMV-specific CD8 T cell populations, and further delineated by higher expression of the glucose transporter, Glut-1, impaired mitochondrial function and biogenesis, reflecting underlying metabolic defects. A notable improvement in antiviral HIV-specific CD8 T cell function was elicited via mitochondrial antioxidant treatment in combination with pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial dynamics and IL-15 treatment. These findings identify mitochondria as promising targets for combined reconstitution therapies in HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aljawharah Alrubayyi
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elia Moreno-Cubero
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Hameiri-Bowen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Matthews
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London (UCL), London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Rowland-Jones
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Schurich
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, Central and North West London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Diniz MO, Schurich A, Chinnakannan SK, Duriez M, Stegmann KA, Davies J, Kucykowicz S, Suveizdyte K, Amin OE, Alcock F, Cargill T, Barnes E, Maini MK. NK cells limit therapeutic vaccine-induced CD8 +T cell immunity in a PD-L1-dependent manner. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabi4670. [PMID: 35417187 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abi4670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A better understanding of mechanisms that regulate CD8+T cell responses to therapeutic vaccines is needed to develop approaches to enhance vaccine efficacy for chronic viral infections and cancers. We show here that NK cell depletion enhanced antigen-specific T cell responses to chimp adenoviral vector (ChAdOx) vaccination in a mouse model of chronic HBV infection (CHB). Probing the mechanism underlying this negative regulation, we observed that CHB drove parallel up-regulation of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) on liver-resident NK cells and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) on intrahepatic T cells. PD-L1-expressing liver-resident NK cells suppressed PD-1hiCD8+T cells enriched within the HBV-specific response to therapeutic vaccination. Cytokine activation of NK cells also induced PD-L1, and combining cytokine activation with PD-L1 blockade resulted in conversion of NK cells into efficient helpers that boosted HBV-specific CD8+T cell responses to therapeutic vaccination in mice and to chronic infection in humans. Our findings delineate an immunotherapeutic combination that can boost the response to therapeutic vaccination in CHB and highlight the broader importance of PD-L1-dependent regulation of T cells by cytokine-activated NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Senthil K Chinnakannan
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marion Duriez
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Kerstin A Stegmann
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Jessica Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Kucykowicz
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Kornelija Suveizdyte
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Oliver E Amin
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Frances Alcock
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Tamsin Cargill
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eleanor Barnes
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Dept of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
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7
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Muliaditan T, Halim L, Whilding LM, Draper B, Achkova DY, Kausar F, Glover M, Bechman N, Arulappu A, Sanchez J, Flaherty KR, Obajdin J, Grigoriadis K, Antoine P, Larcombe-Young D, Hull CM, Buus R, Gordon P, Grigoriadis A, Davies DM, Schurich A, Maher J. Synergistic T cell signaling by 41BB and CD28 is optimally achieved by membrane proximal positioning within parallel chimeric antigen receptors. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100457. [PMID: 35028604 PMCID: PMC8714859 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Second generation (2G) chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) contain a CD28 or 41BB co-stimulatory endodomain and elicit remarkable efficacy in hematological malignancies. Third generation (3G) CARs extend this linear blueprint by fusing both co-stimulatory units in series. However, clinical impact has been muted despite compelling evidence that co-signaling by CD28 and 41BB can powerfully amplify natural immune responses. We postulate that effective dual co-stimulation requires juxta-membrane positioning of endodomain components within separate synthetic receptors. Consequently, we designed parallel (p)CARs in which a 2G (CD28+CD3ζ) CAR is co-expressed with a 41BB-containing chimeric co-stimulatory receptor. We demonstrate that the pCAR platform optimally harnesses synergistic and tumor-dependent co-stimulation to resist T cell exhaustion and senescence, sustaining proliferation, cytokine release, cytokine signaling, and metabolic fitness upon repeated stimulation. When engineered using targeting moieties of diverse composition, affinity, and specificity, pCAR T cells consistently elicit superior anti-tumor activity compared with T cells that express traditional linear CARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Muliaditan
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Leena Halim
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Lynsey M. Whilding
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Benjamin Draper
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniela Y. Achkova
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Fahima Kausar
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Maya Glover
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Natasha Bechman
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Appitha Arulappu
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jenifer Sanchez
- King’s College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Katie R. Flaherty
- King’s College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Jana Obajdin
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Kristiana Grigoriadis
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Bioinformatics, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Pierre Antoine
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Daniel Larcombe-Young
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Caroline M. Hull
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Richard Buus
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre at The Institute of Cancer Research, 237 Fulham Road, London SW3 6JB, UK
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital, Fulham Road, London SW3 6JJ, UK
| | - Peter Gordon
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cancer Bioinformatics, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - David M. Davies
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- King’s College London, Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - John Maher
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- King’s College London, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, CAR Mechanics Lab, Guy’s Cancer Centre, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Denmark Hill, London SE5 9RS, UK
- Department of Immunology, Eastbourne Hospital, Kings Drive, Eastbourne, East Sussex BN21 2UD, UK
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8
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Swadling L, Pallett LJ, Diniz MO, Baker JM, Amin OE, Stegmann KA, Burton AR, Schmidt NM, Jeffery-Smith A, Zakeri N, Suveizdyte K, Froghi F, Fusai G, Rosenberg WM, Davidson BR, Schurich A, Simon AK, Maini MK. Human Liver Memory CD8 + T Cells Use Autophagy for Tissue Residence. Cell Rep 2021; 30:687-698.e6. [PMID: 31968246 PMCID: PMC6988113 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells have critical roles in long-term pathogen and tumor immune surveillance in the liver. We investigate the role of autophagy in equipping human memory T cells to acquire tissue residence and maintain functionality in the immunosuppressive liver environment. By performing ex vivo staining of freshly isolated cells from human liver tissue, we find that an increased rate of basal autophagy is a hallmark of intrahepatic lymphocytes, particularly liver-resident CD8+ T cells. CD8+ T cells with increased autophagy are those best able to proliferate and mediate cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Conversely, blocking autophagy induction results in the accumulation of depolarized mitochondria, a feature of exhausted T cells. Primary hepatic stellate cells or the prototypic hepatic cytokine interleukin (IL)-15 induce autophagy in parallel with tissue-homing/retention markers. Inhibition of T cell autophagy abrogates tissue-residence programming. Thus, upregulation of autophagy adapts CD8+ T cells to combat mitochondrial depolarization, optimize functionality, and acquire tissue residence. An increased rate of basal autophagy is a hallmark of liver-resident CD8+ T cells Enhanced T cell autophagy can be imprinted by IL-15 or hepatic stellate cells Autophagy induction is required for tissue-residence programming in vitro Enhanced autophagy maintains TRM mitochondrial fitness in the liver
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mariana O Diniz
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Josephine M Baker
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver E Amin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kerstin A Stegmann
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alice R Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nathalie M Schmidt
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Jeffery-Smith
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK
| | - Nekisa Zakeri
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Farid Froghi
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - William M Rosenberg
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Brian R Davidson
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK; Department of Infectious Diseases, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - A Katharina Simon
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK.
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9
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Pallett LJ, Dimeloe S, Sinclair LV, Byrne AJ, Schurich A. A glutamine 'tug-of-war': targets to manipulate glutamine metabolism for cancer immunotherapy. Immunother Adv 2021; 1:ltab010. [PMID: 34541580 PMCID: PMC8444990 DOI: 10.1093/immadv/ltab010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the tumour microenvironment (TME), there is a cellular 'tug-of-war' for glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in the body. This competition is most evident when considering the balance between a successful anti-tumour immune response and the uncontrolled growth of tumour cells that are addicted to glutamine. The differential effects of manipulating glutamine abundance in individual cell types is an area of intense research and debate. Here, we discuss some of the current strategies in development altering local glutamine availability focusing on inhibition of enzymes involved in the utilisation of glutamine and its uptake by cells in the TME. Further studies are urgently needed to complete our understanding of glutamine metabolism, to provide critical insights into the pathways that represent promising targets and for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of advanced or drug resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Dimeloe
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Linda V Sinclair
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Adam J Byrne
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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10
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Sanchez J, Jackson I, Flaherty KR, Muliaditan T, Schurich A. Divergent Impact of Glucose Availability on Human Virus-Specific and Generically Activated CD8 T Cells. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10110461. [PMID: 33202938 PMCID: PMC7696163 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon activation T cells engage glucose metabolism to fuel the costly effector functions needed for a robust immune response. Consequently, the availability of glucose can impact on T cell function. The glucose concentrations used in conventional culture media and common metabolic assays are often artificially high, representing hyperglycaemic levels rarely present in vivo. We show here that reducing glucose concentration to physiological levels in culture differentially impacted on virus-specific compared to generically activated human CD8 T cell responses. In virus-specific T cells, limiting glucose availability significantly reduced the frequency of effector-cytokine producing T cells, but promoted the upregulation of CD69 and CD103 associated with an increased capacity for tissue retention. In contrast the functionality of generically activated T cells was largely unaffected and these showed reduced differentiation towards a residency phenotype. Furthermore, T cells being cultured at physiological glucose concentrations were more susceptible to viral infection. This setting resulted in significantly improved lentiviral transduction rates of primary cells. Our data suggest that CD8 T cells are exquisitely adapted to their niche and provide a reminder of the need to better mimic physiological conditions to study the complex nature of the human CD8 T cell immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenifer Sanchez
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (J.S.); (K.R.F.)
| | - Ian Jackson
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK;
| | - Katie R. Flaherty
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (J.S.); (K.R.F.)
| | - Tamara Muliaditan
- Leucid Bio Ltd., Guy’s Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, David de Wiedgebouw, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Schurich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy’s Hospital, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK; (J.S.); (K.R.F.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Abstract
The field of immunometabolism has attracted growing attention as an area at the heart of immune regulation. Upon activation, T cells undergo significant metabolic changes allowing them to mediate effector responses. The advent of chimeric antigen receptor T cell-adoptive therapy has shown some striking clinical efficacy but fails to induce sufficient antitumor response in many patients. Solid tumors put up significant opposition creating a microenvironment deficient of oxygen and glucose, depriving T cells of energy and pushing them to exhaustion. Here, we focus on immune suppressive mechanisms related to hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and the resulting metabolic changes in T cells. New therapeutic approaches such as generating chimeric antigen receptor T cells able to withstand the challenging solid tumor microenvironment are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schurich
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Magalhaes
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mattsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
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12
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Magalhaes I, Yogev O, Mattsson J, Schurich A. The Metabolic Profile of Tumor and Virally Infected Cells Shapes Their Microenvironment Counteracting T Cell Immunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2309. [PMID: 31636636 PMCID: PMC6788393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon activation naïve T cells undergo metabolic changes to support the differentiation into subsets of effector or regulatory cells, and enable subsequent metabolic adaptations to form memory. Interfering with these metabolic alterations leads to abrogation or reprogramming of T cell differentiation, demonstrating the importance of these pathways in T cell development. It has long been appreciated that the conversion of a healthy cell to a cancerous cell is accompanied by metabolic changes, which support uncontrolled proliferation. Especially in solid tumors these metabolic changes significantly influence the tumor microenvironment (TME) and affect tumor infiltrating immune cells. The TME is often hypoxic and nutrient depleted, additionally tumor cells produce co-inhibitory signals, together suppressing the immune response. Interestingly, viruses can stimulate a metabolism akin to that seen in tumor cells in their host cells and even in neighboring cells (e.g., via transfer of virally modified extracellular vesicles). Thus, viruses create their own niche which favors viral persistence and propagation, while again keeping the immune response at bay. In this review we will focus on the mechanisms employed by tumor cells and viruses influencing T cell metabolic regulation and the impact they have on shaping T cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Magalhaes
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ohad Yogev
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Mattsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Gloria and Seymour Epstein Chair in Cell Therapy and Transplantation, Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Schurich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Abstract
T cells are a fundamental component of the adaptive immune response in the context of both acute and chronic viral infection. Tight control over the metabolic processes within T cells provides an additional level of immune regulation that is interlinked with nutrient sensing and the continued balancing of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory signals. Underpinning T cell responsiveness for viral control are a number of phenotypic and functional adaptations ensuring adequate nutrient uptake and their utilization. T cells responding to persistent viral infections often exhibit a profile associated with immune cell exhaustion and a dysregulated metabolic profile, driven by a combination of chronic antigenic stimulation and signals from the local microenvironment. Understanding alterations in these metabolic processes provides an important basis for immunotherapeutic strategies to treat persistent infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. J. Pallett
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - N. Schmidt
- Division of Infection and ImmunityUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Schurich
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKing’s College LondonLondonUK
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14
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Otano I, Escors D, Schurich A, Singh H, Robertson F, Davidson BR, Fusai G, Vargas FA, Tan ZMD, Aw JYJ, Hansi N, Kennedy PTF, Xue SA, Stauss HJ, Bertoletti A, Pavesi A, Maini MK. Molecular Recalibration of PD-1+ Antigen-Specific T Cells from Blood and Liver. Mol Ther 2018; 26:2553-2566. [PMID: 30217730 PMCID: PMC6225092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors and adoptive cell therapy provide promising options for treating solid cancers such as HBV-related HCC, but they have limitations. We tested the potential to combine advantages of each approach, genetically reprogramming T cells specific for viral tumor antigens to overcome exhaustion by down-modulating the co-inhibitory receptor PD-1. We developed a novel lentiviral transduction protocol to achieve preferential targeting of endogenous or TCR-redirected, antigen-specific CD8 T cells for shRNA knockdown of PD-1 and tested functional consequences for antitumor immunity. Antigen-specific and intrahepatic CD8 T cells transduced with lentiviral (LV)-shPD-1 consistently had a marked reduction in PD-1 compared to those transduced with a control lentiviral vector. PD-1 knockdown of human T cells rescued antitumor effector function and promoted killing of hepatoma cells in a 3D microdevice recapitulating the pro-inflammatory PD-L1hi liver microenvironment. However, upon repetitive stimulation, PD-1 knockdown drove T cell senescence and induction of other co-inhibitory pathways. We provide the proof of principle that T cells with endogenous or genetically engineered specificity for HBV-associated HCC viral antigens can be targeted for functional genetic editing. We show that PD-1 knockdown enhances immediate tumor killing but is limited by compensatory engagement of alternative co-inhibitory and senescence program upon repetitive stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/therapeutic use
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/pathology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Lentivirus/genetics
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/immunology
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/therapeutic use
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/therapeutic use
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Otano
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK; Division of Immunity and Immunotherapy, Centre for Applied Medical Research, Pamplona, Spain; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Escors
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK; Navarrabiomed-Biomedical Research Centre, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK; School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Harsimran Singh
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Brian R Davidson
- Department of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Department of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL, London, UK
| | | | - Zhi M D Tan
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jia Y J Aw
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Navjyot Hansi
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK
| | - Patrick T F Kennedy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, QMUL, London, UK
| | - Shao-An Xue
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK; Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hans J Stauss
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore; Emerging Infectious Diseases Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea Pavesi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, London, UK.
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15
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Schurich A, Raine C, Morris V, Ciurtin C. The role of IL-12/23 in T cell–related chronic inflammation: implications of immunodeficiency and therapeutic blockade. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2017; 57:246-254. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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16
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Pallett LJ, Davies J, Colbeck EJ, Robertson F, Hansi N, Easom NJW, Burton AR, Stegmann KA, Schurich A, Swadling L, Gill US, Male V, Luong T, Gander A, Davidson BR, Kennedy PTF, Maini MK. IL-2 high tissue-resident T cells in the human liver: Sentinels for hepatotropic infection. J Exp Med 2017; 214:1567-1580. [PMID: 28526759 PMCID: PMC5461007 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20162115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver provides a tolerogenic immune niche exploited by several highly prevalent pathogens as well as by primary and metastatic tumors. We have sampled healthy and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected human livers to probe for a subset of T cells specialized to overcome local constraints and mediate immunity. We characterize a population of T-betloEomesloBlimp-1hiHobitlo T cells found within the intrahepatic but not the circulating memory CD8 T cell pool expressing liver-homing/retention markers (CD69+CD103+ CXCR6+CXCR3+). These tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are preferentially expanded in patients with partial immune control of HBV infection and can remain in the liver after the resolution of infection, including compartmentalized responses against epitopes within all major HBV proteins. Sequential IL-15 or antigen exposure followed by TGFβ induces liver-adapted TRM, including their signature high expression of exhaustion markers PD-1 and CD39. We suggest that these inhibitory molecules, together with paradoxically robust, rapid, cell-autonomous IL-2 and IFNγ production, equip liver CD8 TRM to survive while exerting local noncytolytic hepatic immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Jessica Davies
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Emily J Colbeck
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Francis Robertson
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Navjyot Hansi
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Nicholas J W Easom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Alice R Burton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Kerstin A Stegmann
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Upkar S Gill
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Victoria Male
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - TuVinh Luong
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Amir Gander
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Brian R Davidson
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, England, UK
| | - Patrick T F Kennedy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, England, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, England, UK
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17
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Qasim W, Brunetto M, Gehring AJ, Xue SA, Schurich A, Khakpoor A, Zhan H, Ciccorossi P, Gilmour K, Cavallone D, Moriconi F, Farzhenah F, Mazzoni A, Chan L, Morris E, Thrasher A, Maini MK, Bonino F, Stauss H, Bertoletti A. Immunotherapy of HCC metastases with autologous T cell receptor redirected T cells, targeting HBsAg in a liver transplant patient. J Hepatol 2015; 62:486-91. [PMID: 25308176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HBV-DNA integration frequently occurs in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but whether HBV antigens are expressed in HCC cells and can be targeted by immune therapeutic strategies remains controversial. Here, we first characterized HBV antigen expression in HCC metastases, occurring in a patient who had undergone liver transplantation for HBV-related HCC. We then deployed for the first time in HCC autologous T cells, genetically modified to express an HBsAg specific T cell receptor, as therapy against chemoresistant extrahepatic metastases. We confirmed that HBV antigens were expressed in HCC metastases (but not in the donor liver) and demonstrated that tumour cells were recognized in vivo by lymphocytes, engineered to express an HBV-specific T cell receptor (TCR). Gene-modified T cells survived, expanded and mediated a reduction in HBsAg levels without exacerbation of liver inflammation or other toxicity. Whilst clinical efficacy was not established in this subject with end-stage metastatic disease, we confirm the feasibility of providing autologous TCR-redirected therapy against HCC and advocate this strategy as a novel therapeutic opportunity in hepatitis B-associated malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Qasim
- Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Adam J Gehring
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A(∗)STAR, Singapore
| | - Shao-An Xue
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, UK
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, UK
| | - Atefeh Khakpoor
- Program Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Hong Zhan
- Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Kimberly Gilmour
- Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Lucas Chan
- Rayne Cell Therapy Suite, Kings College, London, London, UK
| | - Emma Morris
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, UK
| | - Adrian Thrasher
- Institute of Child Health & Great Ormond Street Hospital, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, UK
| | - Ferruccio Bonino
- General Medicine, Liver and Digestive Disease Unit, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Hans Stauss
- Division of Infection & Immunity, Institute of Immunity & Transplantation, University College London, UK
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A(∗)STAR, Singapore; Program Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; School of Immunity and Infection, College of Medical and Dental Science, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston Birmingham, UK.
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18
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Schurich A, Henson SM. The Many Unknowns Concerning the Bioenergetics of Exhaustion and Senescence during Chronic Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:468. [PMID: 25309548 PMCID: PMC4174864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system cannot be continuously reactivated throughout the lifetime of an organism; there is a finite point at which repeated antigenic challenge leads to the loss of lymphocyte function or the cells themselves. Antigen-specific T cells can be compromised in two ways through the distinct processes of replicative senescence and exhaustion. Senescence is initiated by a DNA damage response whereas exhaustion triggers inhibitory receptors to dampen the immune response. These two distinct pathways not only differ in their initiation but also growing evidence suggests that their biogenergetics is also different. Here, we review recent findings uncovering the metabolism of these unique states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London , UK
| | - Sian M Henson
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London , UK
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19
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Maini MK, Schurich A. Direct-acting antivirals trump interferon-alpha in their capacity to rescue exhausted T cells upon HCV clearance. J Hepatol 2014; 61:459-61. [PMID: 24953024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, UK.
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20
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Schurich A, Pallett LJ, Lubowiecki M, Singh HD, Gill US, Kennedy PT, Nastouli E, Tanwar S, Rosenberg W, Maini MK. The third signal cytokine IL-12 rescues the anti-viral function of exhausted HBV-specific CD8 T cells. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003208. [PMID: 23516358 PMCID: PMC3597507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal immune activation of naïve CD8 T cells requires signal 1 mediated by the T cell receptor, signal 2 mediated by co-stimulation and signal 3 provided by pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, the potential for signal 3 cytokines to rescue anti-viral responses in functionally exhausted T cells has not been defined. We investigated the effect of using third signal cytokines IL-12 or IFN-α to rescue the exhausted CD8 T cell response characteristic of patients persistently infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV). We found that IL-12, but not IFN-α, potently augmented the capacity of HBV-specific CD8 T cells to produce effector cytokines upon stimulation by cognate antigen. Functional recovery mediated by IL-12 was accompanied by down-modulation of the hallmark inhibitory receptor PD-1 and an increase in the transcription factor T-bet. PD-1 down-regulation was observed in HBV but not CMV-specific T cells, in line with our finding that the highly functional CMV response was not further enhanced by IL-12. IL-12 enhanced a number of characteristics of HBV-specific T cells important for viral control: cytotoxicity, polyfunctionality and multispecificity. Furthermore, IL-12 significantly decreased the pro-apoptotic molecule Bim, which is capable of mediating premature attrition of HBV-specific CD8 T cells. Combining IL-12 with blockade of the PD-1 pathway further increased CD8 functionality in the majority of patients. These data provide new insights into the distinct signalling requirements of exhausted T cells and the potential to recover responses optimised to control persistent viral infections. Persistent viral infections continue to cause major morbidity and mortality; chronic hepatitis B virus infection alone accounts for more than a million deaths annually. Such infections are characterised by a failure of viral control perpetuated by exhaustion of the T cell response. Here we show that the cytokine IL-12 can act as a potent “third signal” to rescue antiviral function in exhausted T cells. IL-12 has previously been shown to enhance naïve T cell responses but this is the first demonstration of its capacity to boost the disabled antiviral response in a persistent viral infection. IL-12 was able to down-regulate PD-1, a key inhibitory receptor driving T cell exhaustion, resulting in the recovery of hepatitis B virus-specific responses able to mediate multiple antiviral functions. Control responses in the same patients directed against the well-controlled cytomegalovirus did not require IL-12 to function efficiently. Our findings therefore elucidate a role for IL-12 in re-programming functionally exhausted T cells in persistent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J. Pallett
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcin Lubowiecki
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harsimran D. Singh
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Hepatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Upkar S. Gill
- Centre for Digestive Disease, Barts and the London School for Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick T. Kennedy
- Centre for Digestive Disease, Barts and the London School for Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Nastouli
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sudeep Tanwar
- Centre for Hepatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Rosenberg
- Centre for Hepatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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21
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Micco L, Peppa D, Loggi E, Schurich A, Jefferson L, Cursaro C, Panno AM, Bernardi M, Brander C, Bihl F, Andreone P, Maini MK. Differential boosting of innate and adaptive antiviral responses during pegylated-interferon-alpha therapy of chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol 2013; 58:225-33. [PMID: 23046671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A better understanding of the immunomodulatory effects of PegIFNα therapy could allow more rational optimisation of future therapeutic approaches in chronic HBV infection. In this study, we evaluated dynamic changes in the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system induced by PegIFNα. METHODS PBMC were obtained from a cohort of patients with eAg-negative CHB before, during and after PegIFNα treatment. The number, phenotype and function of global and virus-specific T cells and NK cells were analyzed by flow cytometry and serum cytokines by ELISA or CBA. RESULTS The absolute number of CD8 T cells was strikingly reduced on PegIFNα therapy (p<0.001), with a predominant loss of end-stage effectors, including CMV-specific CD8 T cells. There was no significant recovery of the exhausted HBV-specific CD8 T cell response. By contrast, PegIFNα was able to potently and cumulatively drive the proliferation and expansion in absolute numbers of CD56(bright) NK cell numbers (p<0.001), with induction of the pro-proliferative cytokine IL-15. Expanded CD56(bright) NK cells showed enhanced expression of activation markers and the activating receptor NKp46, accompanied by augmentation of TRAIL and IFN-γ expression (p<0.001). Peak virological response (temporal within individual patients and cross-sectional within the cohort) correlated with the degree of expansion of functional CD56(bright) NK cells. CONCLUSIONS IFN-α mediates divergent effects on the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system in vivo. The efficacy of PegIFNα may be limited by its depleting effect on CD8 T cells; conversely, it can cumulatively drive proliferation, activation and antiviral potential of CD56(bright) NK cells.
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22
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Peppa D, Gill US, Reynolds G, Easom NJW, Pallett LJ, Schurich A, Micco L, Nebbia G, Singh HD, Adams DH, Kennedy PTF, Maini MK. Up-regulation of a death receptor renders antiviral T cells susceptible to NK cell-mediated deletion. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 210:99-114. [PMID: 23254287 PMCID: PMC3549717 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20121172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic NK cells eliminate HBV-specific T cells dependent on TRAIL and TRAIL-R2 interactions to limit antiviral immunity in chronic infection. Antiviral T cell responses in hepatotropic viral infections such as hepatitis B virus (HBV) are profoundly diminished and prone to apoptotic deletion. In this study, we investigate whether the large population of activated NK cells in the human liver contributes to this process. We show that in vitro removal of NK cells augments circulating CD8+ T cell responses directed against HBV, but not against well-controlled viruses, in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We find that NK cells can rapidly eliminate HBV-specific T cells in a contact-dependent manner. CD8+ T cells in the liver microcirculation are visualized making intimate contact with NK cells, which are the main intrahepatic lymphocytes expressing TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) in CHB. High-level expression of the TRAIL death receptor TRAIL-R2 is found to be a hallmark of T cells exposed to the milieu of the HBV-infected liver in patients with active disease. Up-regulation of TRAIL-R2 renders T cells susceptible to caspase-8–mediated apoptosis, from which they can be partially rescued by blockade of this death receptor pathway. Our findings demonstrate that NK cells can negatively regulate antiviral immunity in chronic HBV infection and illustrate a novel mechanism of T cell tolerance in the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
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23
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Nebbia G, Peppa D, Schurich A, Khanna P, Singh HD, Cheng Y, Rosenberg W, Dusheiko G, Gilson R, ChinAleong J, Kennedy P, Maini MK. Upregulation of the Tim-3/galectin-9 pathway of T cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47648. [PMID: 23112829 PMCID: PMC3480425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The S-type lectin galectin-9 binds to the negative regulatory molecule Tim-3 on T cells and induces their apoptotic deletion or functional inactivation. We investigated whether galectin-9/Tim-3 interactions contribute to the deletion and exhaustion of the antiviral T cell response in chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB). We found Tim-3 to be expressed on a higher percentage of CD4 and CD8 T cells from patients with CHB than healthy controls (p<0.0001) and to be enriched on activated T cells and those infiltrating the HBV-infected liver. Direct ex vivo examination of virus-specific CD8 T cells binding HLA-A2/peptide multimers revealed that Tim-3 was more highly upregulated on HBV-specific CD8 T cells than CMV-specific CD8 T cells or the global CD8 T cell population in patients with CHB (p<0.001) or than on HBV-specific CD8 after resolution of infection. T cells expressing Tim-3 had an impaired ability to produce IFN-γ and TNF-α upon recognition of HBV-peptides and were susceptible to galectin-9-triggered cell death in vitro. Galectin-9 was detectable at increased concentrations in the sera of patients with active CHB-related liver inflammation (p = 0.02) and was strongly expressed by Kupffer cells within the liver sinusoidal network. Tim-3 blockade resulted in enhanced expansion of HBV-specific CD8 T cells able to produce cytokines and mediate cytotoxicity in vitro. Blocking PD-1 in combination with Tim-3 enhanced the number of patients from whom functional antiviral responses could be recovered and/or the strength of responses, indicating that these co-inhibitory molecules play a non-redundant role in driving T cell exhaustion in CHB. Patients taking antivirals able to potently suppress HBV viraemia continued to express Tim-3 on their T cells and respond to Tim-3 blockade. In summary, both Tim-3 and galectin-9 are increased in CHB and may contribute to the inhibition and deletion of T cells as they infiltrate the HBV-infected liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaia Nebbia
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pooja Khanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Hepatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harsimran D. Singh
- Centre for Hepatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yang Cheng
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William Rosenberg
- Centre for Hepatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Dusheiko
- Centre for Hepatology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Gilson
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne ChinAleong
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Kennedy
- Centre for Digestive Diseases, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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24
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Liu M, Miao T, Zhu H, Symonds ALJ, Li L, Schurich A, Maini MK, Zhang J, Kennedy PTF, Li S, Wang P. IL-2-engineered nano-APC effectively activates viral antigen-mediated T cell responses from chronic hepatitis B virus-infected patients. J Immunol 2011; 188:1534-43. [PMID: 22210908 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Impaired function of virus-specific T cells resulting from virus persistence is one of the major mechanisms underlying the development of chronic hepatitis B viral infection. Previously, we found that IL-2 can restore the effector function of T cells rendered tolerant by Ag persistence. However, systemic administration of IL-2 induces organ pathology and expansion of T regulatory cells. In this study, we show that nano-APC with engineered HLA alleles and IL-2 deliver peptide-MHC complexes, costimulatory molecules, and IL-2 to Ag-responding T cells, resulting in enhanced expression of CD25 and activation of TCR signaling pathways, while suppressing PD-1 expression on viral-responding CD8 T cells from chronic hepatitis B virus patients. The enhanced activation of CD4 and CD8 T cells induced by IL-2-nano-APC was Ag dependent and IL-2-nano-APC did not affect T regulatory cells. At a size of 500 nm, the nano-APC effectively induce immune synapse formation on Ag-specific T cells and accumulate as free particles in the lymphoid organs. These attributes of IL-2-nano-APC or other bioadjuvant-engineered nano-APC have profound implications for their use as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus infection or other chronic viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Liu
- Division of Bioscience, Brunel University, London UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
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25
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Schurich A, Khanna P, Lopes AR, Han KJ, Peppa D, Micco L, Nebbia G, Kennedy PTF, Geretti AM, Dusheiko G, Maini MK. Role of the coinhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 on apoptosis-Prone CD8 T cells in persistent hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2011; 53:1494-503. [PMID: 21360567 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED An excess of coinhibitory signals has been proposed to drive the T-cell exhaustion characteristic of persistent viral infections. In this study we examined the contribution of the coinhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) to CD8 T cell tolerance in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection (CHB). CD8 T cells in patients with CHB have an increased propensity to express the coinhibitory receptor CTLA-4 and this correlates with viral load. CTLA-4 is up-regulated on those HBV-specific CD8 T cells with the highest levels of the proapoptotic protein Bim, which we have previously shown mediates their premature attrition; abrogation of CTLA-4-mediated coinhibition can reduce Bim expression. Longitudinal study of CHB patients beginning antiviral therapy reveals that HBV DNA suppression induces transient reconstitution of HBV-specific CD8 T cells but does not reprogram their CTLA-4(hi) Bim(hi) tolerogenic phenotype. Blocking CTLA-4 is able to increase the expansion of interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-producing HBV-specific CD8 T cells in both the peripheral and intrahepatic compartments. The rescue of anti-HBV responses by either CTLA-4 or PD-L1 blockade is nonredundant. CONCLUSION CTLA-4 is expressed by HBV-specific CD8 T cells with high levels of Bim and helps to drive this proapoptotic phenotype. CTLA-4 blockade could form one arm of a therapeutic approach to modulate the diverse patterns of coregulation of T-cell exhaustion in this heterogeneous disease.
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26
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Peppa D, Micco L, Javaid A, Kennedy PTF, Schurich A, Dunn C, Pallant C, Ellis G, Khanna P, Dusheiko G, Gilson RJ, Maini MK. Blockade of immunosuppressive cytokines restores NK cell antiviral function in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. PLoS Pathog 2010; 6:e1001227. [PMID: 21187913 PMCID: PMC3003000 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1001227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are enriched in the liver, constituting around a third of intrahepatic lymphocytes. We have previously demonstrated that they upregulate the death ligand TRAIL in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection (CHB), allowing them to kill hepatocytes bearing TRAIL receptors. In this study we investigated whether, in addition to their pathogenic role, NK cells have antiviral potential in CHB. We characterised NK cell subsets and effector function in 64 patients with CHB compared to 31 healthy controls. We found that, in contrast to their upregulated TRAIL expression and maintenance of cytolytic function, NK cells had a markedly impaired capacity to produce IFN-γ in CHB. This functional dichotomy of NK cells could be recapitulated in vitro by exposure to the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10, which was induced in patients with active CHB. IL-10 selectively suppressed NK cell IFN-γ production without altering cytotoxicity or death ligand expression. Potent antiviral therapy reduced TRAIL-expressing CD56bright NK cells, consistent with the reduction in liver inflammation it induced; however, it was not able to normalise IL-10 levels or the capacity of NK cells to produce the antiviral cytokine IFN-γ. Blockade of IL-10 +/− TGF-β restored the capacity of NK cells from both the periphery and liver of patients with CHB to produce IFN-γ, thereby enhancing their non-cytolytic antiviral capacity. In conclusion, NK cells may be driven to a state of partial functional tolerance by the immunosuppressive cytokine environment in CHB. Their defective capacity to produce the antiviral cytokine IFN-γ persists in patients on antiviral therapy but can be corrected in vitro by IL-10+/− TGF-β blockade. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is responsible for more than a million deaths annually as a result of the immune-mediated chronic liver damage it induces. One of the key immune players in the liver is the natural killer (NK) cell, which we have recently found can cause liver damage in HBV infection. Here we address the antiviral potential of NK cells in the HBV-infected liver and demonstrate that they have a specific impairment in their ability to produce the cytokine IFN-γ, which could limit their capacity to control HBV. We find that the potent antiviral drugs currently being used to treat HBV infection are unable to fully reverse this NK cell functional defect. We define a role for the immunosuppressive cytokine environment in HBV in down-regulating NK cell antiviral function, which can be restored by specific blockade of IL-10 and TGF-β. This work therefore highlights a mechanism contributing to the failure of immune control in chronic HBV infection, paving the way to new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Micco
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alia Javaid
- Centre for Digestive Disease, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick T. F. Kennedy
- Centre for Digestive Disease, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Schurich
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dunn
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Celeste Pallant
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gidon Ellis
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pooja Khanna
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Hepatology, Hampstead Campus, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoffrey Dusheiko
- Centre for Hepatology, Hampstead Campus, Royal Free & University College Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Gilson
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, UCL, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mala K. Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, UCL, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Digestive Disease, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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27
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Maini MK, Schurich A. The molecular basis of the failed immune response in chronic HBV: therapeutic implications. J Hepatol 2010; 52:616-9. [PMID: 20185199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2009.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 12/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
There is a pressing need to develop new immunotherapeutic interventions in chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in order to limit the high costs and risks of toxicity or viral resistance associated with maintenance antiviral treatment. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of the molecular defects underlying the profound T cell depletion characteristic of these patients. We propose that T cells are driven to apoptosis by the combination of a persistent, high antigen load and excessive inhibitory signals encountered in the hepatic microenvironment. The feasibility of boosting sustained antiviral control by targeted reversal of key tolerising mechanisms is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala K Maini
- Department of Immunology & Molecular Pathology, University College London, UK.
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28
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Schurich A, Berg M, Stabenow D, Böttcher J, Kern M, Schild HJ, Kurts C, Schuette V, Burgdorf S, Diehl L, Limmer A, Knolle PA. Dynamic regulation of CD8 T cell tolerance induction by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. J Immunol 2010; 184:4107-14. [PMID: 20212092 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0902580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Cross-presentation of soluble Ag on MHC class I molecules to naive CD8 T cells by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) leads to induction of T cell tolerance that requires interaction between coinhibitory B7-H1 on LSECs and programmed cell death-1 on CD8 T cells. In this study, we investigate whether cross-presentation of high as well as low Ag concentrations allowed for LSEC-induced tolerance. Ag concentration directly correlated with the cross-presentation capacity of murine LSECs and thus strength of TCR stimulation. Although LSEC cross-presentation at low-Ag concentrations resulted in tolerance, they induced differentiation into effector T cells (CTL) at high-Ag concentrations. CTL differentiation under these conditions was not caused by increased expression of costimulatory CD80/86 on cross-presenting LSECs but was determined by early IL-2 release from naive CD8 T cells. B7-H1 signals from LSECs and TCR avidity reciprocally controlled early T cell release of IL-2 and CTL differentiation. B7-H1 expression directly correlated with cross-presentation at low- but not high-Ag concentrations, indicating an imbalance between TCR and coinhibitory signals regulating T cell release of IL-2. Exogenous IL-2 overrode coinhibitory B7-H1-mediated signals by LSECs and induced full CTL differentiation. Our results imply that LSEC-mediated T cell tolerance can be broken in situations where T cells bearing high-avidity TCR encounter LSECs cross-presenting high numbers of cognate MHC class I peptide molecules, such as during viral infection of the liver. Furthermore, we attribute a novel costimulatory function to IL-2 acting in a T cell autonomous fashion to promote local induction of immunity in the liver even in the absence of CD80/86 costimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schurich
- Institutes of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Schurich A, Böttcher JP, Burgdorf S, Penzler P, Hegenbarth S, Kern M, Dolf A, Endl E, Schultze J, Wiertz E, Stabenow D, Kurts C, Knolle P. Distinct kinetics and dynamics of cross-presentation in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells compared to dendritic cells. Hepatology 2009; 50:909-19. [PMID: 19610048 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cross-presentation is an important function of immune competent cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and an organ-resident liver cell population, i.e., liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs). Here, we characterize in direct comparison to DCs the distinct dynamics and kinetics of cross-presentation employed by LSECs, which promote tolerance induction in CD8 T cells. We found that LSECs were as competent in cross-presenting circulating soluble antigen ex vivo as DCs at a per-cell basis. However, antigen uptake in vivo was 100-fold more pronounced in LSECs, indicating distinct mechanisms of cross-presentation. In contrast to mannose-receptor-mediated antigen uptake and routing into stable endosomes dedicated to cross-presentation in DCs, we observed distinct antigen-uptake and endosomal routing with high antigen turnover in LSECs that resulted in short-lived cross-presentation. Receptor-mediated endocytosis did not always lead to cross-presentation, because immune-complexed antigen taken up by the Fc-receptor was not cross-presented by LSECs, indicating that induction of CD8 T cell tolerance by LSECs is impaired in the presence of preexisting immunity. CONCLUSION These results provide a mechanistic explanation how organ-resident LSECs accommodate continuous scavenger function with the capacity to cross-present circulating antigens using distinct kinetics and dynamics of antigen-uptake, routing and cross-presentation compared to DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schurich
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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von Oppen N, Schurich A, Hegenbarth S, Stabenow D, Tolba R, Weiskirchen R, Geerts A, Kolanus W, Knolle P, Diehl L. Systemic antigen cross-presented by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells induces liver-specific CD8 T-cell retention and tolerization. Hepatology 2009; 49:1664-72. [PMID: 19205034 DOI: 10.1002/hep.22795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Peripheral CD8 T-cell tolerance can be generated outside lymphatic tissue in the liver, but the course of events leading to tolerogenic interaction of hepatic cell populations with circulating T-cells remain largely undefined. Here we demonstrate that preferential uptake of systemically circulating antigen by murine liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and not by other antigen-presenting cells in the liver or spleen, leads to cross-presentation on major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I molecules, which causes rapid antigen-specific naïve CD8 T-cell retention in the liver but not in other organs. Using bone-marrow chimeras and a novel transgenic mouse model (Tie2-H-2K(b) mice) with endothelial cell-specific MHC I expression, we provide evidence that cross-presentation by organ-resident and radiation-resistant LSECs in vivo was both essential and sufficient to cause antigen-specific retention of naïve CD8 T-cells under noninflammatory conditions. This was followed by sustained CD8 T-cell proliferation and expansion in vivo, but ultimately led to the development of T-cell tolerance. CONCLUSION Our results show that cross-presentation of circulating antigens by LSECs caused antigen-specific retention of naïve CD8 T-cells and identify antigen-specific T-cell adhesion as the first step in the induction of T-cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanette von Oppen
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Linnemann C, Schildberg FA, Schurich A, Diehl L, Hegenbarth SI, Endl E, Lacher S, Müller CE, Frey J, Simeoni L, Schraven B, Stabenow D, Knolle PA. Adenosine regulates CD8 T-cell priming by inhibition of membrane-proximal T-cell receptor signalling. Immunology 2009; 128:e728-37. [PMID: 19740334 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a well-described anti-inflammatory modulator of immune responses within peripheral tissues. Extracellular adenosine accumulates in inflamed and damaged tissues and inhibits the effector functions of various immune cell populations, including CD8 T cells. However, it remains unclear whether extracellular adenosine also regulates the initial activation of naïve CD8 T cells by professional and semi-professional antigen-presenting cells, which determines their differentiation into effector or tolerant CD8 T cells, respectively. We show that adenosine inhibited the initial activation of murine naïve CD8 T cells after alphaCD3/CD28-mediated stimulation. Adenosine caused inhibition of activation, cytokine production, metabolic activity, proliferation and ultimately effector differentiation of naïve CD8 T cells. Remarkably, adenosine interfered efficiently with CD8 T-cell priming by professional antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells) and semi-professional antigen-presenting cells (liver sinusoidal endothelial cells). Further analysis of the underlying mechanisms demonstrated that adenosine prevented rapid tyrosine phosphorylation of the key kinase ZAP-70 as well as Akt and ERK1/2 in naïve alphaCD3/CD28-stimulated CD8 cells. Consequently, alphaCD3/CD28-induced calcium-influx into CD8 cells was reduced by exposure to adenosine. Our results support the notion that extracellular adenosine controls membrane-proximal T-cell receptor signalling and thereby also differentiation of naïve CD8 T cells. These data raise the possibility that extracellular adenosine has a physiological role in the regulation of CD8 T-cell priming and differentiation in peripheral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Linnemann
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, Friedrich-Wilhelms-University Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Diehl L, Schurich A, Grochtmann R, Hegenbarth S, Chen L, Knolle PA. Tolerogenic maturation of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells promotes B7-homolog 1-dependent CD8+ T cell tolerance. Hepatology 2008; 47:296-305. [PMID: 17975811 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) are unique organ-resident antigen-presenting cells capable of cross-presentation and subsequent tolerization of naïve CD8(+) T cells. We investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying this tolerance induction in naive CD8(+) T cells. MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation by LSEC led to initial stimulation of naïve CD8(+) T cells, which up-regulated CD69, CD25, CD44, and programmed death (PD)-1 and proliferated similar to dendritic cell (DC)-activated CD8(+) T cells. Importantly, cognate interaction with naïve CD8(+) T cells triggered increased expression of co-inhibitory B7-H1 but not co-stimulatory CD80/86 molecules exclusively on LSEC but not DC. This matured phenotype of B7-H1(high) CD80/86(low) was critical for induction of CD8(+) T cell tolerance by LSEC: B7-H1-deficient LSEC, that failed to interact with PD-1 on stimulated T cells, were incapable of inducing CD8(+) T cell tolerance. Moreover, increased costimulation via CD28 interfered with tolerance induction, indicating that the noninducible low expression levels of CD80/86 on LSEC supported B7-H1-dependent tolerance induction. LSEC-tolerized CD8(+) T cells had a distinctive phenotype from naïve and activated T cells with CD25(low), CD44(high), CD62L(high). They also expressed the homeostatic cytokine receptors CD127, CD122, and high levels of Bcl-2, indicating survival rather than deletion of tolerant CD8(+) T cells. On adoptive transfer into congenic animals, tolerized CD8(+) T cells failed to show specific cytotoxicity in vivo. CONCLUSION Cognate interaction of LSEC with naïve CD8(+) T cells elicits a unique tolerogenic maturation of LSEC and permissiveness of T cells for tolerogenic signals, demonstrating that LSEC-induced tolerance is an active and dynamic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Diehl
- Institute for Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Wingender G, Schumak B, Schurich A, Gessner JE, Endl E, Limmer A, Knolle PA. Rapid and preferential distribution of blood-borne alphaCD3epsilonAb to the liver is followed by local stimulation of T cells and natural killer T cells. Immunology 2006; 117:117-26. [PMID: 16423047 PMCID: PMC1782198 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2005.02272.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dissemination of soluble molecules or antigens via the blood stream is considered to lead to a uniform distribution in the various organs of the body, but organ-specific microarchitecture and vascularization may influence this. Following intravenous injection of alphaCD3epsilon antibody (alphaCD3epsilonAb) we observed clear differences in antibody binding to Fcgamma receptor (FcgammaR)(+) antigen-presenting cells (APCs) or T lymphocytes in different organs. Significant binding of blood-borne alphaCD3epsilonAb was only detected in the spleen and liver and not in the thymus or lymph node. In the spleen, only 10% of dendritic cells/macrophages and 40% of T-cell receptor (TCR)-beta(+) cells were positive for alphaCD3epsilonAb, and, dependent on FcgammaR-mediated cross-linking of alphaCD3epsilonAb, a similar percentage of splenic TCR-beta(+) cells were stimulated and became CD69(+). Stimulation of TCR-beta(+) cells in the liver was at least as efficient as in the spleen, but almost all T cells and all scavenger liver sinusoidal endothelial cells bound alphaCD3epsilonAb. In contrast to CD69 up-regulation, only CD4(+) natural killer T (NKT) cells and CD11a(high) CD8(+) T cells were activated by alphaCD3epsilonAb and expressed interferon (IFN)-gamma. Again, IFN-gamma release from NKT/T cells was at least as efficient in the liver as in the spleen. Taken together, our results support the notion that the combination of extensive hepatic vascularization and very high scavenger activity allows the liver to fulfill its metabolic tasks and to promote stimulation of the large but widely distributed hepatic population of NKT/T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Wingender
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Experimental Immunology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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