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Ramadan R, van Driel MS, Vermeulen L, van Neerven SM. Intestinal stem cell dynamics in homeostasis and cancer. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:416-425. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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2
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Bi F, Zhang C, Yang G, Wang J, Zheng W, Hua Z, Li X, Wang Z, Chen G. Photoresponsive glyco-nanostructures integrated from supramolecular metallocarbohydrates for the reversible capture and release of lectins. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00146a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Photo-controllable capture and release of proteins by glyco-nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Bi
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- China
| | - Jie Wang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- China
| | - Wei Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- East China Normal University
- Shanghai 200062
- P. R. China
| | - Zan Hua
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- China
| | - Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of South Florida
- Tampa
- USA
| | - Zhongkai Wang
- Biomass Molecular Engineering Center and Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- School of Forestry and Landscape Architecture
- Anhui Agricultural University
- Hefei
- China
| | - Guosong Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers and Department of Macromolecular Science
- Fudan University
- Shanghai 200433
- P. R. China
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3
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Cell fate specification and differentiation in the adult mammalian intestine. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2020; 22:39-53. [PMID: 32958874 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-020-0278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal stem cells at the bottom of crypts fuel the rapid renewal of the different cell types that constitute a multitasking tissue. The intestinal epithelium facilitates selective uptake of nutrients while acting as a barrier for hostile luminal contents. Recent discoveries have revealed that the lineage plasticity of committed cells - combined with redundant sources of niche signals - enables the epithelium to efficiently repair tissue damage. New approaches such as single-cell transcriptomics and the use of organoid models have led to the identification of the signals that guide fate specification of stem cell progeny into the six intestinal cell lineages. These cell types display context-dependent functionality and can adapt to different requirements over their lifetime, as dictated by their microenvironment. These new insights into stem cell regulation and fate specification could aid the development of therapies that exploit the regenerative capacity and functionality of the gut.
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Bodmer WF, Crouch DJM. Somatic selection of poorly differentiating variant stem cell clones could be a key to human ageing. J Theor Biol 2020; 489:110153. [PMID: 31935413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2020.110153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Any replicating system in which heritable variants with differing replicative potentials can arise is subject to a Darwinian evolutionary process. The continually replicating adult tissue stem cells that control the integrity of many tissues of long-lived, multicellular, complex vertebrate organisms, including humans, constitute such a replicating system. Our suggestion is that somatic selection for mutations (or stable epigenetic changes) that cause an increased rate of adult tissue stem cell proliferation, and their long-term persistence, at the expense of normal differentiation, is a major key to the ageing process. Once an organism has passed the reproductive age, there is no longer any significant counterselection at the organismal level to this inevitable cellular level Darwinian process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter F Bodmer
- Department of Oncology, Cancer and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
| | - Daniel J M Crouch
- JDRF/Wellcome Trust Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Old Road Campus, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Sanman LE, Chen IW, Bieber JM, Thorne CA, Wu LF, Altschuler SJ. Generation and Quantitative Imaging of Enteroid Monolayers. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2171:99-113. [PMID: 32705637 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0747-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is a single layer of cells that plays a critical role in digestion, absorbs nutrients from food, and coordinates the delicate interplay between microbes in the gut lumen and the immune system. Epithelial homeostasis is crucial for maintaining health; disruption of homeostasis results in disorders including inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. The advent of 3D intestinal epithelial organoids has greatly advanced our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of epithelial homeostasis and disease. Recently, we developed an enteroid monolayer (2D) culture system that recapitulates important features of 3D organoids and the in vivo intestinal epithelium such as tissue renewal, representation of diverse epithelial cell types, self-organization, and apical-basolateral polarization. Enteroid monolayers are cultured in microtiter plates, enabling high-throughput experiments. Furthermore, their 2D nature makes it easier to distinguish individual cells by fluorescent microscopy, enabling quantitative analysis of single cell behaviors within the epithelial tissue.Here we describe experimental methods for generating enteroid monolayers and computational methods for analyzing immunofluorescence images of enteroid monolayers. We outline experimental methods for generating enteroid monolayers from freshly isolated intestinal crypts, frozen intestinal crypts, and 3D organoids. Fresh crypts are easily obtained from murine or human intestinal samples, and the ability to derive enteroid monolayers from both frozen crypts and 3D organoids enables genetic modification and/or biobanking of patient samples for future studies. We outline computational methods for identifying distinct epithelial cell types (goblet, stem, EdU+) in immunofluorescence images of enteroid monolayers and, importantly, individual nuclei, enabling truly single cell measurements of epithelial cell behaviors to be made. Taken together, these methods will enable detailed studies of epithelial homeostasis and intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Sanman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ina W Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jake M Bieber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Curtis A Thorne
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona Cancer Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
| | - Lani F Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Steven J Altschuler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Beumer J, Clevers H. Regulation and plasticity of intestinal stem cells during homeostasis and regeneration. Development 2016; 143:3639-3649. [PMID: 27802133 DOI: 10.1242/dev.133132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium is the fastest renewing tissue in mammals and has a large flexibility to adapt to different types of damage. Lgr5+ crypt base columnar (CBC) cells act as stem cells during homeostasis and are essential during regeneration. Upon perturbation, the activity of CBCs is dynamically regulated to maintain homeostasis and multiple dedicated progenitor cell populations can reverse to the stem cell state upon damage, adding another layer of compensatory mechanisms to facilitate regeneration. Here, we review our current understanding of how intestinal stem and progenitor cells contribute to homeostasis and regeneration, and the different signaling pathways that regulate their behavior. Nutritional state and inflammation have been recently identified as upstream regulators of stem cell activity in the mammalian intestine, and we explore how these systemic signals can influence homeostasis and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joep Beumer
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute for Developmental Biology and Stem Cell Research, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cancer Genomics Netherlands, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
The single-cell thick intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) lining with its protective layer of mucus is the primary barrier protecting the organism from the harsh environment of the intestinal lumen. Today it is clear that the balancing act necessary to maintain intestinal homeostasis is dependent on the coordinated action of all cell types of the IEC, and that there are no passive bystanders to gut immunity solely acting as absorptive or regenerative cells: Mucin and antimicrobial peptides on the epithelial surface are continually being replenished by goblet and Paneth's cells. Luminal antigens are being sensed by pattern recognition receptors on the enterocytes. The enteroendocrine cells sense the environment and coordinate the intestinal function by releasing neuropeptides acting both on IEC and inflammatory cells. All this while cells are continuously and rapidly being regenerated from a limited number of stem cells close to the intestinal crypt base. This review seeks to describe the cell types and structures of the intestinal epithelial barrier supporting intestinal homeostasis, and how disturbance in these systems might relate to inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Goll
- Medical Clinic, Section of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of North Norway , Tromsø , Norway
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