1
|
Parkash R, Lambhod C. Plastic changes in cold and drought tolerance of Drosophila nepalensis correlate with sex-specific differences in body melanization, cuticular lipid mass, proline accumulation, and seasonal abundance. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2021; 258:110985. [PMID: 34023536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.110985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Autumn-collected flies of Himalayan Drosophila nepalensis differ in body color phenotypes (males more melanized relative to females) and in their behavior (males abundant in the open sites vs. shelters-seeking females). In contrast, winter-collected flies of both sexes are equally melanized and abundant in the open sites. We tested developmental and adult plasticity changes in cold or drought tolerance in D. nepalensis flies reared under winter or autumn simulated conditions. In D. nepalensis flies reared at 21 °C, male flies were more cold tolerant (as shown by shorter chill-coma recovery time and lower cold-shock mortality). Further, male flies also exhibited greater drought tolerance (increased levels of desiccation resistance, cuticular lipid mass, melanization, hydration level, and dehydration tolerance) as compared to females. We observed sex-specific differences in the adult plasticity responses due to rapid cold or drought hardening (RCH or RDH); and for the persistence of cold acclimation effects. RCH or RDH-induced changes in the level of proline accumulations are negatively correlated with a decrease in the chill-coma recovery time. Therefore, cold or drought hardening treatments are likely to influence cold tolerance through proline accumulation. Developmental acclimation and adult hardening responses revealed significant interaction effects between sexes and thermal treatments. Thus, sex-specific differences in morphological traits (body melanization and cuticular lipid mass) and physiological traits (adult plasticity changes in cold tolerance and proline accumulation) correlate with behavioral divergence (habitat usage) across sexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Parkash
- Department of Genetics, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Holmes CJ, Benoit JB. Biological Adaptations Associated with Dehydration in Mosquitoes. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10110375. [PMID: 31661928 PMCID: PMC6920799 DOI: 10.3390/insects10110375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Diseases that are transmitted by mosquitoes are a tremendous health and socioeconomic burden with hundreds of millions of people being impacted by mosquito-borne illnesses annually. Many factors have been implicated and extensively studied in disease transmission dynamics, but knowledge regarding how dehydration impacts mosquito physiology, behavior, and resulting mosquito-borne disease transmission remain underdeveloped. The lapse in understanding on how mosquitoes respond to dehydration stress likely obscures our ability to effectively study mosquito physiology, behavior, and vectorial capabilities. The goal of this review is to develop a profile of factors underlying mosquito biology that are altered by dehydration and the implications that are related to disease transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Holmes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Magombedze G, Ferguson NM, Ghani AC. A trade-off between dry season survival longevity and wet season high net reproduction can explain the persistence of Anopheles mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:576. [PMID: 30390714 PMCID: PMC6215619 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum malaria remains a leading cause of death in tropical regions of the world. Despite efforts to reduce transmission, rebounds associated with the persistence of malaria vectors have remained a major impediment to local elimination. One area that remains poorly understood is how Anopheles populations survive long dry seasons to re-emerge following the onset of the rains. Methods We developed a suite of mathematical models to explore the impact of different dry-season mosquito survival strategies on the dynamics of vector populations. We fitted these models to an Anopheles population data set from Mali to estimate the model parameters and evaluate whether incorporating aestivation improved the fit of the model to the observed seasonal dynamics. We used the fitted models to explore the impact of intervention strategies that target aestivating mosquitoes in addition to targeting active mosquitoes and larvae. Results Including aestivation in the model significantly improved our ability to reproduce the observed seasonal dynamics of vector populations as judged by the deviance information criterion (DIC). Furthermore, such a model resulted in more biologically plausible active mosquito survival times (for A. coluzzii median wet season survival time of 10.9 days, 95% credible interval (CrI): 10.0–14.5 days in a model with aestivation versus 38.1 days, 95% CrI: 35.8–42.5 days in a model without aestivation; similar patterns were observed for A. arabiensis). Aestivation also generated enhanced persistence of the vector population over a wider range of both survival times and fecundity levels. Adding vector control interventions that target the aestivating mosquito population is shown to have the potential to enhance the impact of existing vector control. Conclusions Dry season survival attributes appear to drive vector population persistence and therefore have implications for vector control. Further research is therefore needed to better understand these mechanisms and to evaluate the additional benefit of vector control strategies that specifically target dormant mosquitoes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3158-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gesham Magombedze
- Center for Infectious Diseases Research and Experimental Therapeutics, Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA. .,MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Neil M Ferguson
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Azra C Ghani
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Salguero-Gómez R, Jones OR, Jongejans E, Blomberg SP, Hodgson DJ, Mbeau-Ache C, Zuidema PA, de Kroon H, Buckley YM. Fast-slow continuum and reproductive strategies structure plant life-history variation worldwide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:230-5. [PMID: 26699477 PMCID: PMC4711876 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506215112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of patterns in life-history strategies across the tree of life is essential to our prediction of population persistence, extinction, and diversification. Plants exhibit a wide range of patterns of longevity, growth, and reproduction, but the general determinants of this enormous variation in life history are poorly understood. We use demographic data from 418 plant species in the wild, from annual herbs to supercentennial trees, to examine how growth form, habitat, and phylogenetic relationships structure plant life histories and to develop a framework to predict population performance. We show that 55% of the variation in plant life-history strategies is adequately characterized using two independent axes: the fast-slow continuum, including fast-growing, short-lived plant species at one end and slow-growing, long-lived species at the other, and a reproductive strategy axis, with highly reproductive, iteroparous species at one extreme and poorly reproductive, semelparous plants with frequent shrinkage at the other. Our findings remain consistent across major habitats and are minimally affected by plant growth form and phylogenetic ancestry, suggesting that the relative independence of the fast-slow and reproduction strategy axes is general in the plant kingdom. Our findings have similarities with how life-history strategies are structured in mammals, birds, and reptiles. The position of plant species populations in the 2D space produced by both axes predicts their rate of recovery from disturbances and population growth rate. This life-history framework may complement trait-based frameworks on leaf and wood economics; together these frameworks may allow prediction of responses of plants to anthropogenic disturbances and changing environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Salguero-Gómez
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia; Evolutionary Demography Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock 18057, Germany;
| | - Owen R Jones
- Max Planck Odense Center on the Biodemography of Aging, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark; Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M 5230, Denmark
| | - Eelke Jongejans
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Simon P Blomberg
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David J Hodgson
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Tremough TR10 9EZ, United Kingdom
| | - Cyril Mbeau-Ache
- School of Biological Sciences, Plymouth University, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Hans de Kroon
- Department of Experimental Plant Ecology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, Nijmegen 6500 GL, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne M Buckley
- School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia; School of Natural Sciences Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Biodiversity Research, Zoology, Trinity College Dublin, University of Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|