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Lawrence P, Danet N, Reynard O, Volchkova V, Volchkov V. Human transmission of Ebola virus. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 22:51-58. [PMID: 28012412 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the first recognised outbreak of Ebolavirus in 1976, retrospective epidemiological analyses and extensive studies with animal models have given us insight into the nature of the pathology and transmission mechanisms of this virus. In this review focusing on Ebolavirus, we present an outline of our current understanding of filovirus human-to-human transmission and of our knowledge concerning the molecular basis of viral transmission and potential for adaptation, with particular focus on what we have learnt from the 2014 outbreak in West Africa. We identify knowledge gaps relating to transmission and pathogenicity mechanisms, molecular adaptation and filovirus ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lawrence
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, International Centre for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France; Université de Lyon, UMRS 449, Laboratoire de Biologie Générale, Université Catholique de Lyon - EPHE, Lyon 69288, France
| | - Nicolas Danet
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, International Centre for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Olivier Reynard
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, International Centre for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Valentina Volchkova
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, International Centre for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France
| | - Viktor Volchkov
- Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, International Centre for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - CNRS UMR5308, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon 69007, France.
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Wang Q, Zhou WM, Zhang Y, Wang HY, Du HJ, Nie K, Song JD, Xiao K, Lei WW, Guo JQ, Wei HJ, Cai K, Wang YH, Wu J, Kamara G, Kamara I, Wei Q, Liang MF, Wu GZ, Dong XP. Good laboratory practices guarantee biosafety in the Sierra Leone-China friendship biosafety laboratory. Infect Dis Poverty 2016; 5:62. [PMID: 27333890 PMCID: PMC4918109 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-016-0154-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa between 2014 and 2015 was the largest EDV epidemic since the identification of Ebola virus (EBOV) in 1976, and the countries most strongly affected were Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia. FINDINGS The Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory (SLE-CHN Biosafety Lab), a fixed Biosafety Level 3 laboratory in the capital city of Sierra Leone, was established by the Chinese government and has been active in EBOV detection since 11 March 2015. Complete management and program documents were created for the SLE-CHN Biosafety Lab, and it was divided into four zones (the green, yellow, brown, and red zones) based on the risk assessment. Different types of safe and appropriate personnel protection equipment (PPE) are used in different zones of the laboratory, and it fully meets the Biosafety Level 3 laboratory standards of the World Health Organization. CONCLUSION Good preparedness, comprehensive risk assessment and operation documents, appropriate PPE, effective monitoring and intensive training, together with well-designed and reasonable laboratory sectioning are essential for guaranteeing biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Min Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Huan-Yu Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Jun Du
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Nie
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Jing-Dong Song
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Kang Xiao
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Wen Lei
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Guo
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - He-Jiang Wei
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Cai
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Hai Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
| | - Gerard Kamara
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
| | - Idrissa Kamara
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
| | - Qiang Wei
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Mi-Fang Liang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Wu
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Dong
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Viral Diseases Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
- Sierra Leone-China Friendship Biological Safety Laboratory, Freetown, Sierra-Leone.
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Petti S, Messano GA, Vingolo EM, Marsella LT, Scully C. The face of Ebola: changing frequency of haemorrhage in the West African compared with Eastern-Central African outbreaks. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:564. [PMID: 26653293 PMCID: PMC4676861 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The West-African (WA) Zaire Ebolavirus disease (EVD) outbreak was characterized by an exceptionally high number of cases and deaths as compared with the Eastern-Central African (ECA) outbreaks. Despite the Zaire Ebolavirus being the most lethal for humans, case-fatality rate, close to 80 % in ECA outbreaks, almost halved to 47 % in Guinea-Liberia-Sierra Leone (WA). Such an improvement was due to the remarkable implementation of international humanitarian aids. Some studies also suggested that the long human-to-human transmission cycle occurred in WA, gave rise to human adaptation and consequent immune escape. Haemorrhage, the main feature in seriously infected EVD patients, is due to the immune system that triggers the infected endothelial cells which expose the spike-like glycoprotein (GP) of the virion on their surface. If the human adaptation hypothesis holds true, the proportion of EVD patients with haemorrhage in the WA outbreak should be lower than in the ECA outbreaks due to immune escape. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to compare the relative frequencies of three typical haemorrhagic symptoms (conjunctival -CB, nasal -NB, gingival -GB- bleedings) in the ECA and WA outbreaks. METHODS Literature searches were performed through PubMed and Scopus using generic keywords; surveys including at least ten patients reporting CB, NB, GB relative frequencies were extracted and split into ECA and WA. The meta-analytical methods chosen were based on the levels of between-study heterogeneity and publication bias. Pooled CB, NB, GB relative frequencies in ECA and WA were estimated and compared. Subgroup analysis including only studies on Zaire Ebolavirus also was performed. RESULTS Fifteen studies (10 ECA, 5 WA) were located with 4,867 (CB), 3,859 (NB), 4,278 (GB) EVD patients overall. GB pooled relative frequency was 45.3 % (95 % confidence interval -95 CI, 34.7-56.1 %) and 18.0 % (95 CI, 6.0-34.5 %), in ECA and WA; NB was 10.6 % (95 CI, 5.7-16.8 %) and 1.3 % (1.0-1.8 %); GB was 24.2 % (95 CI, 11.9-39.2 %) and 1.9 % (95 CI, 1.4-2.4 %). Subgroup analysis confirmed these results. CONCLUSIONS During the WA outbreak the relative frequency of GB decreased by two thirds, while NB and GB almost disappeared, suggesting that the Zaire Ebolavirus human adaptation hypothesis is plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Petti
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Alessio Messano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Enzo Maria Vingolo
- Ophthalmology Department, Sapienza University, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00186, Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigi Tonino Marsella
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, Tor Vergata University, Viale Oxford 81, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Crispian Scully
- University College London, Gower Street WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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Ladner JT, Wiley MR, Mate S, Dudas G, Prieto K, Lovett S, Nagle ER, Beitzel B, Gilbert ML, Fakoli L, Diclaro JW, Schoepp RJ, Fair J, Kuhn JH, Hensley LE, Park DJ, Sabeti PC, Rambaut A, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Bolay FK, Kugelman JR, Palacios G. Evolution and Spread of Ebola Virus in Liberia, 2014-2015. Cell Host Microbe 2015; 18:659-69. [PMID: 26651942 PMCID: PMC4711363 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The 2013-present Western African Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak is the largest ever recorded with >28,000 reported cases. Ebola virus (EBOV) genome sequencing has played an important role throughout this outbreak; however, relatively few sequences have been determined from patients in Liberia, the second worst-affected country. Here, we report 140 EBOV genome sequences from the second wave of the Liberian outbreak and analyze them in combination with 782 previously published sequences from throughout the Western African outbreak. While multiple early introductions of EBOV to Liberia are evident, the majority of Liberian EVD cases are consistent with a single introduction, followed by spread and diversification within the country. Movement of the virus within Liberia was widespread, and reintroductions from Liberia served as an important source for the continuation of the already ongoing EVD outbreak in Guinea. Overall, little evidence was found for incremental adaptation of EBOV to the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Ladner
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| | - Michael R Wiley
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Suzanne Mate
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Gytis Dudas
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Karla Prieto
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Sean Lovett
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Elyse R Nagle
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Brett Beitzel
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Merle L Gilbert
- Molecular and Translational Sciences Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Lawrence Fakoli
- Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia
| | - Joseph W Diclaro
- Naval Medical Research Unit 3, 3A Imtidad Ramses Street, Cairo, Egypt 11517
| | - Randal J Schoepp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Joseph Fair
- MRI Global, 1330 Piccard Avenue, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA; The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, B-8200 Research Plaza, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Daniel J Park
- Broad Institute, 75 Ames St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Broad Institute, 75 Ames St, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA; Harvard University, 52 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; Centre for Immunology, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK; Fogarty International Center, NIH, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Fatorma K Bolay
- Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia
| | - Jeffrey R Kugelman
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
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Smits SL, Pas SD, Reusken CB, Haagmans BL, Pertile P, Cancedda C, Dierberg K, Wurie I, Kamara A, Kargbo D, Caddy SL, Arias A, Thorne L, Lu J, Jah U, Goodfellow I, Koopmans MP. Genotypic anomaly in Ebola virus strains circulating in Magazine Wharf area, Freetown, Sierra Leone, 2015. Euro Surveill 2015; 20:30035. [PMID: 26539753 PMCID: PMC4946620 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2015.20.40.30035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Magazine Wharf area, Freetown, Sierra Leone was a focus of ongoing Ebola virus transmission from late June 2015. Viral genomes linked to this area contain a series of 13 T to C substitutions in a 150 base pair intergenic region downstream of viral protein 40 open reading frame, similar to the Ebolavirus/H.sapiens-wt/SLE/2014/Makona-J0169 strain (J0169) detected in the same town in November 2014. This suggests that recently circulating viruses from Freetown descend from a J0169-like virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia L Smits
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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