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Li H, Brouwer M, Pup ED, van Lieshout N, Finkers R, Bachem CWB, Visser RGF. Allelic variation in the autotetraploid potato: genes involved in starch and steroidal glycoalkaloid metabolism as a case study. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:274. [PMID: 38475714 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuber starch and steroidal glycoalkaloid (SGA)-related traits have been consistently prioritized in potato breeding, while allelic variation pattern of genes that underlie these traits is less explored. RESULTS Here, we focused on the genes involved in two important metabolic pathways in the potato: starch metabolism and SGA biosynthesis. We identified 119 genes consisting of 81 involved in starch metabolism and 38 in the biosynthesis of steroidal glycoalkaloids, and discovered 96,166 allelic variants among 2,169 gene haplotypes in six autotetraploid potato genomes. Comparative analyses revealed an uneven distribution of allelic variants among gene haplotypes and that the vast majority of deleterious mutations in these genes are retained in heterozygous state in the autotetraploid potato genomes. Leveraging full-length cDNA sequencing data, we find that approximately 70% of haplotypes of the 119 genes are transcribable. Population genetic analyses identify starch and SGA biosynthetic genes that are potentially conserved or diverged between potato varieties with varying starch or SGA content. CONCLUSIONS These results deepen the understanding of haplotypic diversity within functionally important genes in autotetraploid genomes and may facilitate functional characterization of genes or haplotypes contributing to traits related to starch and SGA in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Li
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
- Graduate School Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Matthijs Brouwer
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Elena Del Pup
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Natascha van Lieshout
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
- , SURFsara, Science Park 140, Amsterdam, 1098 XG, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Finkers
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
- Gennovation B.V, Agro Business Park 10, Wageningen, 6708 PW, the Netherlands
| | - Christian W B Bachem
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P. O. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ, the Netherlands.
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2
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Ohnuma M, Ito K, Hamada K, Takeuchi A, Asano K, Noda T, Watanabe A, Hokura A, Teramura H, Takahashi F, Mutsuro-Aoki H, Tamura K, Shimada H. Peculiar properties of tuber starch in a potato mutant lacking the α-glucan water dikinase 1 gene GWD1 created by targeted mutagenesis using the CRISPR/dMac3-Cas9 system. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2023; 40:219-227. [PMID: 38420564 PMCID: PMC10901162 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.23.0823a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Glucose chains in starch are phosphorylated and contribute to structural stabilization. Phosphate groups contained in starch also play a role in retaining moisture. α-Glucan water dikinase 1 (GWD1) is involved in the phosphorylation of glucose chains in starch. In this study, we generated potato mutants of the GWD1 gene using the CRISPR/dMac3-Cas9 system. Observation of the phenotypes of the GWD1-deficient mutants revealed their physiological roles in tuber starch formation. The 4-allele mutants showed growth retardation and a delay in tuber formation. A significant decrease in phosphorus content was detected in the tuber starch of the gwd1 mutant. This mutant starch showed a higher amylose content than the wild-type starch, whereas its gelatinization temperature was slightly lower than that of the WT starch. The peak viscosity of the mutant starch was lower than that of the WT starch. These observations revealed that the starch of the gwd1 mutants had peculiar and unique properties compared to those of WT, sbe3 and gbss1 mutant starches. The amount of tissue-released water due to freeze-thawing treatment was determined on tubers of the gwd1 mutant and compared with those of WT and the other mutants. Significantly less water loss was found in the gwd1, sbe3 and gbss1 mutant tubers than in the WT tubers. Our results indicate that the GWD1 gene is not only important for potato growth, but also largely effective for the traits of tuber starch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariko Ohnuma
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Kosuke Ito
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Karin Hamada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Ami Takeuchi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Kenji Asano
- Division of Large-Scale Upland Farming Research, Field Crop Breeding Group, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Takahiro Noda
- Division of Large-Scale Upland Farming Research, Field Crop Breeding Group, Hokkaido Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Kasai, Hokkaido 082-0081, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Denki University, Adachi, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan
| | - Akiko Hokura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Denki University, Adachi, Tokyo 120-8551, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Teramura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Fuminori Takahashi
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mutsuro-Aoki
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
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3
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Castellanos JF, Khan A, Fettke J. Gradual Analytics of Starch-Interacting Proteins Revealed the Involvement of Starch-Phosphorylating Enzymes during Synthesis of Storage Starch in Potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) Tubers. Molecules 2023; 28:6219. [PMID: 37687048 PMCID: PMC10489031 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28176219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The complete mechanism behind starch regulation has not been fully characterized. However, significant progress can be achieved through proteomic approaches. In this work, we aimed to characterize the starch-interacting proteins in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree) tubers under variable circumstances. Starch-interacting proteins were extracted from developing tubers of wild type and transgenic lines containing antisense inhibition of glucan phosphorylases. Further, proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and characterized through mass spectrometry. Additionally, starch-interacting proteins were analyzed in potato tubers stored at different temperatures. Most of the proteins strongly interacting with the potato starch granules corresponded to proteins involved in starch metabolism. GWD and PWD, two dikinases associated with starch degradation, were consistently found bound to the starch granules. This indicates that their activity is not only restricted to degradation but is also essential during storage starch synthesis. We confirmed the presence of protease inhibitors interacting with the potato starch surface as previously revealed by other authors. Starch interacting protein profiles of transgenic tubers appeared differently from wild type when tubers were stored under different temperatures, indicating a differential expression in response to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, Building 20, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany; (J.F.C.); (A.K.)
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4
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Lloyd JR, Sonnewald U. Jens Kossmann 1963-2023 - a scientist with a passion for plant biology and people. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1266078. [PMID: 37680354 PMCID: PMC10481953 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1266078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- James R. Lloyd
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Liu C, Pfister B, Osman R, Ritter M, Heutinck A, Sharma M, Eicke S, Fischer-Stettler M, Seung D, Bompard C, Abt MR, Zeeman SC. LIKE EARLY STARVATION 1 and EARLY STARVATION 1 promote and stabilize amylopectin phase transition in starch biosynthesis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg7448. [PMID: 37235646 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg7448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Starch, the most abundant carbohydrate reserve in plants, primarily consists of the branched glucan amylopectin, which forms semi-crystalline granules. Phase transition from a soluble to an insoluble form depends on amylopectin architecture, requiring a compatible distribution of glucan chain lengths and a branch-point distribution. Here, we show that two starch-bound proteins, LIKE EARLY STARVATION 1 (LESV) and EARLY STARVATION 1 (ESV1), which have unusual carbohydrate-binding surfaces, promote the phase transition of amylopectin-like glucans, both in a heterologous yeast system expressing the starch biosynthetic machinery and in Arabidopsis plants. We propose a model wherein LESV serves as a nucleating role, with its carbohydrate-binding surfaces helping align glucan double helices to promote their phase transition into semi-crystalline lamellae, which are then stabilized by ESV1. Because both proteins are widely conserved, we suggest that protein-facilitated glucan crystallization may be a general and previously unrecognized feature of starch biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Pfister
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rayan Osman
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Maximilian Ritter
- Institute for Building Materials, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arvid Heutinck
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mayank Sharma
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simona Eicke
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - David Seung
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Coralie Bompard
- Université de Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, Lille, France
| | - Melanie R Abt
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 2, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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6
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Liu T, Kawochar MA, Begum S, Wang E, Zhou T, Jing S, Liu T, Yu L, Nie B, Song B. Potato tonoplast sugar transporter 1 controls tuber sugar accumulation during postharvest cold storage. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad035. [PMID: 37799627 PMCID: PMC10548405 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Cold-induced sweetening (CIS), the undesirable sugar accumulation in cold-stored potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tubers, is a severe postharvest issue in the potato processing industry. Although the process of sucrose hydrolysis by vacuolar invertase during potato CIS is well understood, there is limited knowledge about the transportation of sucrose from the cytosol to the vacuole during postharvest cold storage. Here, we report that among the three potato tonoplast sugar transporters (TSTs), StTST1 exhibits the highest expression in tubers during postharvest cold storage. Subcellular localization analysis demonstrates that StTST1 is a tonoplast-localized protein. StTST1 knockdown decreases reducing sugar accumulation in tubers during low-temperature storage. Compared to wild-type, potato chips produced from StTST1-silenced tubers displayed significantly lower acrylamide levels and lighter color after cold storage. Transcriptome analysis manifests that suppression of StTST1 promotes starch synthesis and inhibits starch degradation in cold-stored tubers. We further establish that the increased sucrose content in the StTST1-silenced tubers might cause a decrease in the ABA content, thereby inhibiting the ABA-signaling pathway. We demonstrate that the down-regulation of β-amylase StBAM1 in StTST1-silenced tubers might be directly controlled by ABA-responsive element-binding proteins (AREBs). Altogether, we have shown that StTST1 plays a critical role in sugar accumulation and starch metabolism regulation during postharvest cold storage. Thus, our findings provide a new strategy to improve the frying quality of cold-stored tubers and reduce the acrylamide content in potato chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Md Abu Kawochar
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 China
- Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Shahnewaz Begum
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 China
- Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Enshuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Shenglin Jing
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Liu Yu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Bihua Nie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070 China
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7
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Laffargue T, Moulis C, Remaud-Simeon M. Phosphorylated polysaccharides: Applications, natural abundance, and new-to-nature structures generated by chemical and enzymatic functionalization. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108140. [PMID: 36958536 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharides are foreseen as serious candidates for the future generation of polymers, as they are biosourced and biodegradable materials. Their functionalisation is an attractive way to modify their properties, thereby increasing their range of applications. Introduction of phosphate groups in polysaccharide chains for the stimulation of the immune system was first described in the nineteen seventies. Since then, the use of phosphorylated polysaccharides has been proposed in various domains, such as healthcare, water treatment, cosmetic, biomaterials, etc. These alternative usages capitalize on newly acquired physico-chemical or biological properties, leading to materials as diverse as flame-resistant agents or drug delivery systems. Phosphorylated polysaccharides are found in Nature and need to be extracted to assess their biological potential. However, they are not abundant, often present complex backbones hard to characterize, and most of them have a low phosphate content. These drawbacks have pushed forward the development of chemical phosphorylation employing a wide variety of phosphorylating agents to obtain polysaccharides with a large range of phosphate content. Chemical phosphorylation requires the use of harsh conditions and toxic, petroleum-based solvents, which hinders their exploitation in the food and health industry. Over the last 20 years, although enzymes are regiospecific catalysts that work in aqueous and mild conditions, enzymatic phosphorylation has been little investigated. To date, only three families of enzymes have been used for the in vitro phosphorylation of polysaccharides. Considering the number of unresolved metabolic pathways leading to phosphorylated polysaccharides, the huge diversity of kinase sequences, and the recent progress in protein engineering one can envision native and engineered kinases as promising tools for polysaccharide phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Laffargue
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Claire Moulis
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Remaud-Simeon
- Biotechnology Institute (TBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, 135, Avenue de Rangueil, CEDEX 04, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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8
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Ma L, Liu Y, Han Y, Deng H, Jiang H, Ren Y, Bi Y, Wang Y, Prusky D. Mechanical wounds expedited starch degradation in the wound tissues of potato tubers. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 236:124036. [PMID: 36921818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Starch degradation occurs rapidly in stressed plants, but it is unclear how starch degradation occurs in potato tubers after they incur mechanical wounding. In this study, we found that wounding significantly upregulated the expression levels of StGWD, StAMY, StBAM, and StISA, and decreased the starch content of potato tubers. Meanwhile, wounding markedly upregulated the expression levels of StSUS, StBG, and StINV genes, and increased the content of sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Furthermore, wounding reduced the proportion of small starch granules and increase that of large as well as medium starch granules, in this way enhancing the average size distribution of starch. Initially, the hard surface layer of starch granules was removed by wounding, but the internal channels and other structures were only slightly affected. Taken together, the results show that wounding can accelerate starch degradation by promoting the accumulation of sucrose, glucose, and fructose, and the hydrolysis of starch granules in potato tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yongxiang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ye Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huiwen Deng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hong Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yingyue Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
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9
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Liu T, Kawochar MA, Liu S, Cheng Y, Begum S, Wang E, Zhou T, Liu T, Cai X, Song B. Suppression of the tonoplast sugar transporter, StTST3.1, affects transitory starch turnover and plant growth in potato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:342-356. [PMID: 36444716 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Transitory starch and vacuolar sugars function as highly dynamic pools of instantly accessible metabolites in plant leaf cells. Their metabolic regulation is critical for plant survival. The tonoplast sugar transporters (TSTs), responsible for sugar uptake into vacuoles, regulate cellular sugar partitioning and vacuolar sugar accumulation. However, whether TSTs are involved in leaf transient starch turnover and plant growth is unclear. Here, we found that suppressing StTST3.1 resulted in growth retardation and pale green leaves in potato plants. StTST3.1-silenced plants displayed abnormal chloroplasts and impaired photosynthetic performance. The subcellular localization assay and the oscillation expression patterns revealed that StTST3.1 encoded a tonoplast-localized protein and responded to photoperiod. Moreover, RNA-seq analyses identified that starch synthase (SS2 and SS6) and glucan water, dikinase (GWD), were downregulated in StTST3.1-silenced lines. Correspondingly, the capacity for starch synthesis and degradation was decreased in StTST3.1-silenced lines. Surprisingly, StTST3.1-silenced leaves accumulated exceptionally high levels of maltose but low levels of sucrose and hexose. Additionally, chlorophyll content was reduced in StTST3.1-silenced leaves. Analysis of chlorophyll metabolic pathways found that Non-Yellow Coloring 1 (NYC1)-like (NOL), encoding a chloroplast-localized key enzyme that catalyzes the initial step of chlorophyll b degradation, was upregulated in StTST3.1-silenced leaves. Transient overexpression of StNOL accelerated chlorophyll b degradation in tobacco leaves. Our results indicated that StTST3.1 is involved in transitory starch turnover and chlorophyll metabolism, thereby playing a critical role in normal potato plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Md Abu Kawochar
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Shengxuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunxia Cheng
- College of Plant Science, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Shahnewaz Begum
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
- Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Joydebpur, Gazipur, 1701, Bangladesh
| | - Enshuang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingkui Cai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
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10
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Jia H, Tao J, Zhong W, Jiao X, Chen S, Wu M, Gao Z, Huang C. Nutritional Component Analyses in Different Varieties of Actinidia eriantha Kiwifruit by Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810217. [PMID: 36142128 PMCID: PMC9499367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinidia eriantha is a unique germplasm resource for kiwifruit breeding. Genetic diversity and nutrient content need to be evaluated prior to breeding. In this study, we looked at the metabolites of three elite A. eriantha varieties (MM-11, MM-13 and MM-16) selected from natural individuals by using a UPLC-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach and transcriptome, with a total of 417 metabolites identified. The biosynthesis and metabolism of phenolic acid, flavonoids, sugars, organic acid and AsA in A. eriantha fruit were further analyzed. The phenolic compounds accounted for 32.37% of the total metabolites, including 48 phenolic acids, 60 flavonoids, 7 tannins and 20 lignans and coumarins. Correlation analysis of metabolites and transcripts showed PAL (DTZ79_15g06470), 4CL (DTZ79_26g05660 and DTZ79_29g0271), CAD (DTZ79_06g11810), COMT (DTZ79_14g02670) and FLS (DTZ79_23g14660) correlated with polyphenols. There are twenty-three metabolites belonging to sugars, the majority being sucrose, glucose arabinose and melibiose. The starch biosynthesis-related genes (AeglgC, AeglgA and AeGEB1) were expressed at lower levels compared with metabolism-related genes (AeamyA and AeamyB) in three mature fruits of three varieties, indicating that starch was converted to soluble sugar during fruit maturation, and the expression level of SUS (DTZ79_23g00730) and TPS (DTZ79_18g05470) was correlated with trehalose 6-phosphate. The main organic acids in A. eriantha fruit are citric acid, quinic acid, succinic acid and D-xylonic acid. Correlation analysis of metabolites and transcripts showed ACO (DTZ79_17g07470) was highly correlated with citric acid, CS (DTZ79_17g00890) with oxaloacetic acid, and MDH1 (DTZ79_23g14440) with malic acid. Based on the gene expression, the metabolism of AsA acid was primarily through the L-galactose pathway, and the expression level of GMP (DTZ79_24g08440) and MDHAR (DTZ79_27g01630) highly correlated with L-Ascorbic acid. Our study provides additional evidence for the correlation between the genes and metabolites involved in phenolic acid, flavonoids, sugars, organic acid and AsA synthesis and will help to accelerate the kiwifruit molecular breeding approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Jia
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Junjie Tao
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Wenqi Zhong
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Xudong Jiao
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shuangshuang Chen
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Mengting Wu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhongshan Gao
- Fruit Science Institute, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chunhui Huang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
- Correspondence:
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11
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Sergeeva EM, Larichev KT, Salina EA, Kochetov AV. Starch metabolism in potato <i>Solanum tuberosum</i> L. Vavilovskii Zhurnal Genet Selektsii 2022; 26:250-263. [PMID: 35774362 PMCID: PMC9168746 DOI: 10.18699/vjgb-22-32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is a major storage carbohydrate in plants. It is an important source of calories in the human and animal diet. Also, it is widely used in various industries. Native starch consists of water-insoluble semicrystalline granules formed by natural glucose polymers amylose and amylopectin. The physicochemical properties of starch are determined by the amylose:amylopectin ratio in the granule and degrees of their polymerization and phosphorylation. Potato Solanum tuberosum L. is one of the main starch-producing crops. Growing industrial needs necessitate the breeding of plant varieties with increased starch content and specified starch properties. This task demands detailed information on starch metabolism in the producing plant. It is a complex process, requiring the orchestrated work of many enzymes, transporter and targeting proteins, transcription factors, and other regulators. Two types of starch are recognized with regard to their biological functions. Transitory starch is synthesized in chloroplasts of photosynthetic organs and degraded in the absence of light, providing carbohydrates for cell needs. Storage starch is synthesized and stored in amyloplasts of storage organs: grains and tubers. The main enzymatic reactions of starch biosynthesis and degradation, as well as carbohydrate transport and metabolism, are well known in the case of transitory starch of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Less is known about features of starch metabolism in storage organs, in particular, potato tubers. Several issues remain obscure: the roles of enzyme isoforms and different regulatory factors in tissues at various plant developmental stages and under different environmental conditions; alternative enzymatic processes; targeting and transport proteins. In this review, the key enzymatic reactions of plant carbohydrate metabolism, transitory and storage starch biosynthesis,
and starch degradation are discussed, and features specific for potato are outlined. Attention is also paid to the
known regulatory factors affecting starch metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Sergeeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - K. T. Larichev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - E. A. Salina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - A. V. Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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He S, Hao X, Wang S, Zhou W, Ma Q, Lu X, Chen L, Zhang P. Starch synthase II plays a crucial role in starch biosynthesis and the formation of multienzyme complexes in cassava storage roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2540-2557. [PMID: 35134892 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Starch is a glucose polymer synthesized by green plants for energy storage and is crucial for plant growth and reproduction. The biosynthesis of starch polysaccharides is mediated by members of the large starch synthase (SS) protein superfamily. Here, we showed that in cassava storage roots, soluble starch synthase II (MeSSII) plays an important role in starch biosynthesis and the formation of protein complexes with other starch biosynthetic enzymes by directly interacting with MeSSI, MeSBEII, and MeISAII. MeSSII-RNAi cassava lines showed increased amylose content and reduced biosynthesis of the intermediate chain of amylopectin (B1 type) in their storage roots, leading to altered starch physicochemical properties. Furthermore, gel permeation chromatography analysis of starch biosynthetic enzymes between wild type and MeSSII-RNAi lines confirmed the key role of MeSSII in the organization of heteromeric starch synthetic protein complexes. The lack of MeSSII in cassava also reduced the capacity of MeSSI, MeSBEII, MeISAI, and MeISAII to bind to starch granules. These findings shed light on the key components of the starch biosynthesis machinery in root crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao He
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Hao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhi Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuxiang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinlu Lu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Luonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Uitdewilligen JGAML, Wolters AMA, van Eck HJ, Visser RGF. Allelic variation for alpha-Glucan Water Dikinase is associated with starch phosphate content in tetraploid potato. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 108:469-480. [PMID: 34994920 PMCID: PMC8894227 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-021-01236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Association analysis resulted in the identification of specific StGWD alleles causing either an increase or decrease in starch phosphate content which was verified in diploid and tetraploid potato mapping populations. Potatoes are grown for various purposes like French fries, table potatoes, crisps and for their starch. One of the most important aspects of potato starch is that it contains a high amount of phosphate ester groups which are considered to be important for providing improved functionalization after derivatization processes. Little is known about the variation in phosphate content as such in different potato varieties and thus we studied the genetic diversity for this trait. From other studies it was clear that the phosphate content is controlled by a quantitative trait locus (QTL) underlying the candidate gene α-Glucan Water Dikinase (StGWD) on chromosome 5. We performed direct amplicon sequencing of this gene by Sanger sequencing. Sequences of two StGWD amplicons from a global collection of 398 commercial cultivars and progenitor lines were used to identify 16 different haplotypes. By assigning tag SNPs to these haplotypes, each of the four alleles present in a cultivar could be deduced and linked to a phosphate content. A high value for intra-individual heterozygosity was observed (Ho = 0.765). The average number of different haplotypes per individual (Ai) was 3.1. Pedigree analysis confirmed that the haplotypes are identical-by-descent (IBD) and offered insight in the breeding history of elite potato germplasm. Haplotypes originating from introgression of wild potato accessions carrying resistance genes could be traced. Furthermore, association analysis resulted in the identification of specific StGWD alleles causing either an increase or decrease in starch phosphate content varying from 12 nmol PO4/mg starch to 38 nmol PO4/mg starch. These allele effects were verified in diploid and tetraploid mapping populations and offer possibilities to breed and select for this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. A. M. L. Uitdewilligen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- The Graduate School for Experimental Plant Sciences, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Limgroup BV, Born, The Netherlands
| | - A. M. A. Wolters
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H. J. van Eck
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R. G. F. Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Centre for BioSystems Genomics, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Wen YX, Wang JY, Zhu HH, Han GH, Huang RN, Huang L, Hong YG, Zheng SJ, Yang JL, Chen WW. Potential Role of Domains Rearranged Methyltransferase7 in Starch and Chlorophyll Metabolism to Regulate Leaf Senescence in Tomato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:836015. [PMID: 35211145 PMCID: PMC8860812 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.836015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation is an important epigenetic mark involved in diverse biological processes. Here, we report the critical function of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Domains Rearranged Methyltransferase7 (SlDRM7) in plant growth and development, especially in leaf interveinal chlorosis and senescence. Using a hairpin RNA-mediated RNA interference (RNAi), we generated SlDRM7-RNAi lines and observed pleiotropic developmental defects including small and interveinal chlorosis leaves. Combined analyses of whole genome bisulfite sequence (WGBS) and RNA-seq revealed that silencing of SlDRM7 caused alterations in both methylation levels and transcript levels of 289 genes, which are involved in chlorophyll synthesis, photosynthesis, and starch degradation. Furthermore, the photosynthetic capacity decreased in SlDRM7-RNAi lines, consistent with the reduced chlorophyll content and repression of genes involved in chlorophyll biosynthesis, photosystem, and photosynthesis. In contrast, starch granules were highly accumulated in chloroplasts of SlDRM7-RNAi lines and associated with lowered expression of genes in the starch degradation pathway. In addition, SlDRM7 was activated by aging- and dark-induced senescence. Collectively, these results demonstrate that SlDRM7 acts as an epi-regulator to modulate the expression of genes related to starch and chlorophyll metabolism, thereby affecting leaf chlorosis and senescence in tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui Hui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang Hao Han
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ru Nan Huang
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Huang
- Laboratory of Cell & Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Guo Hong
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei Chen
- Research Centre for Plant RNA Signaling and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Wang Z, Wei K, Xiong M, Wang J, Zhang C, Fan X, Huang L, Zhao D, Liu Q, Li Q. Glucan, Water-Dikinase 1 (GWD1), an ideal biotechnological target for potential improving yield and quality in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:2606-2618. [PMID: 34416068 PMCID: PMC8633486 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The source-sink relationship determines the overall agronomic performance of rice. Cloning and characterizing key genes involved in the regulation of source and sink dynamics is imperative for improving rice yield. However, few source genes with potential application in rice have been identified. Glucan, Water-Dikinase 1 (GWD1) is an essential enzyme that plays a pivotal role in the first step of transitory starch degradation in source tissues. In the present study, we successfully generated gwd1 weak mutants by promoter editing using CRISPR/Cas9 system, and also leaf-dominant overexpression lines of GWD1 driven by Osl2 promoter. Analysis of the gwd1 plants indicated that promoter editing mediated down-regulation of GWD1 caused no observable effects on rice growth and development, but only mildly modified its grain transparency and seed germination. However, the transgenic pOsl2::GWD1 overexpression lines showed improvements in multiple key traits, including rice yield, grain shape, rice quality, seed germination and stress tolerance. Therefore, our study shows that GWD1 is not only involved in transitory starch degradation in source tissues, but also plays key roles in the seeds, which is a sink tissue. In conclusion, we find that GWD1 is an ideal biotechnological target with promising potential for the breeding of elite rice cultivars via genetic engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Ke Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Min Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Jin‐Dong Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Chang‐Quan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Xiao‐Lei Fan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Li‐Chun Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Dong‐Sheng Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Qiao‐Quan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
| | - Qian‐Feng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding /Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of EducationCollege of AgricultureYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
- Co‐Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and PhysiologyYangzhou UniversityYangzhouJiangsuChina
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16
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Song K, Lee DW, Kim J, Kim J, Guim H, Kim K, Jeon JS, Choi G. EARLY STARVATION 1 Is a Functionally Conserved Protein Promoting Gravitropic Responses in Plants by Forming Starch Granules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628948. [PMID: 34367195 PMCID: PMC8343138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Starch granules in the endodermis of plant hypocotyls act as statoliths that promote hypocotyl negative gravitropism-the directional growth of hypocotyls against gravity-in the dark. To identify the molecular components that regulate hypocotyl negative gravitropism, we performed a mutagenesis screen and isolated reduced gravitropic 1 (rgv1) mutants that lack starch granules in their hypocotyl endodermis and show reduced hypocotyl negative gravitropism in the dark. Using whole genome sequencing, we identified three different rgv1 mutants that are allelic to the previously reported early starvation 1 mutant, which is rapidly depleted of starch just before the dawn. ESV1 orthologs are present in starch-producing green organisms, suggesting ESV1 is a functionally conserved protein necessary for the formation of starch granules. Consistent with this, we found that liverwort and rice ESV1 can complement the Arabidopsis ESV1 mutant phenotype for both starch granules and hypocotyl negative gravitropism. To further investigate the function of ESV1 in other plants, we isolated rice ESV1 mutants and found that they show reduced levels of starch in their leaves and loosely packed starch granules in their grains. Both Arabidopsis and rice ESV1 mutants also lack starch granules in root columella and show reduced root gravitropism. Together, these results indicate ESV1 is a functionally conserved protein that promotes gravitropic responses in plants via its role in starch granule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijong Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae-Woo Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Jeongheon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwanuk Guim
- Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Keunhwa Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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Shipman EN, Yu J, Zhou J, Albornoz K, Beckles DM. Can gene editing reduce postharvest waste and loss of fruit, vegetables, and ornamentals? HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:1. [PMID: 33384412 PMCID: PMC7775472 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-020-00428-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Postharvest waste and loss of horticultural crops exacerbates the agricultural problems facing humankind and will continue to do so in the next decade. Fruits and vegetables provide us with a vast spectrum of healthful nutrients, and along with ornamentals, enrich our lives with a wide array of pleasant sensory experiences. These commodities are, however, highly perishable. Approximately 33% of the produce that is harvested is never consumed since these products naturally have a short shelf-life, which leads to postharvest loss and waste. This loss, however, could be reduced by breeding new crops that retain desirable traits and accrue less damage over the course of long supply chains. New gene-editing tools promise the rapid and inexpensive production of new varieties of crops with enhanced traits more easily than was previously possible. Our aim in this review is to critically evaluate gene editing as a tool to modify the biological pathways that determine fruit, vegetable, and ornamental quality, especially after storage. We provide brief and accessible overviews of both the CRISPR-Cas9 method and the produce supply chain. Next, we survey the literature of the last 30 years, to catalog genes that control or regulate quality or senescence traits that are "ripe" for gene editing. Finally, we discuss barriers to implementing gene editing for postharvest, from the limitations of experimental methods to international policy. We conclude that in spite of the hurdles that remain, gene editing of produce and ornamentals will likely have a measurable impact on reducing postharvest loss and waste in the next 5-10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma N Shipman
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Plant Biology Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jingwei Yu
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Graduate Group of Horticulture & Agronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Jiaqi Zhou
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Graduate Group of Horticulture & Agronomy, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Karin Albornoz
- Departamento de Produccion Vegetal, Universidad de Concepcion, Region del BioBio, Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Diane M Beckles
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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18
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Impact of Drought on Soluble Sugars and Free Proline Content in Selected Arabidopsis Mutants. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9110367. [PMID: 33137965 PMCID: PMC7692697 DOI: 10.3390/biology9110367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Drought has severe effects on plants, negatively impacting economic, agricultural and environmental processes. Depending on the duration and the strength of water stress conditions, plants adjust a series of physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms aimed at providing a correct stress response and, if possible, at establishing stress tolerance. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana is one of the best tools for analyzing the involvement of specific genes in the response to drought. Thanks to this tool, the role of two genes encoding enzymes involved in sugars metabolism, and one gene encoding an enzyme involved in proline synthesis, have been investigated. In addition to suggesting an interaction between the metabolism of proline and that of soluble sugars, results broaden our understanding of the predominant role played by the accumulation of soluble sugars in counteracting mild osmotic stress. Abstract Water shortage is an increasing problem affecting crop yield. Accumulation of compatible osmolytes is a typical plant response to overcome water stress. Sucrose synthase 1 (SUS1), and glucan, water dikinase 2 (GWD2) and δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase 1 (P5CS1) are members of small protein families whose role in the response of Arabidopsis thaliana plants to mild osmotic stress has been studied in this work. Comparative analysis between wild-type and single loss-of-function T-DNA plants at increasing times following exposure to drought showed no differences in the content of water-insoluble carbohydrate (i.e., transitory starch and cell wall carbohydrates) and in the total amount of amino acids. On the contrary, water-soluble sugars and proline contents were significantly reduced compared to wild-type plants regardless of the metabolic pathway affected by the mutation. The present results contribute to assigning a physiological role to GWD2, the least studied member of the GWD family; strengthening the involvement of SUS1 in the response to osmotic stress; showing a greater contribution of soluble sugars than proline in osmotic adjustment of Arabidopsis in response to drought. Finally, an interaction between proline and soluble sugars emerged, albeit its nature remains speculative and further investigations will be required for complete comprehension.
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You Y, Zhang M, Yang W, Li C, Liu Y, Li C, He J, Wu W. Starch phosphorylation and the in vivo regulation of starch metabolism and characteristics. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:823-831. [PMID: 32445823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Starch is the most significant carbon and energy reserve in plants and is also a sustainable feedstock for many industrial applications. Substantial research effort has been devoted to enhancing the yield and quality of starch. Over the past century, starch phosphorylation has aroused increasing interest as the only naturally occurring covalent modification in starch. Many studies have investigated the role of phosphorylation in starch metabolism and its impact on the starch granule. In this review, the two key enzymes involved in starch phosphorylation and their catalytic mechanisms are described at the molecular level; the vital roles of phosphorylation in starch degradation and biosynthesis are illuminated in detail; and the multiple influences of phosphorylation on starch composition, granule structure and physicochemical properties are discussed. This review systematically summarizes the importance of phosphorylation in starch metabolism, and describes the advanced methods used to precisely measure phosphate and increase the level of starch phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxian You
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Wen Yang
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Cheng Li
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China.
| | - Caiming Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Jialiang He
- School of Food and Bioengineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
| | - Wenjuan Wu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan 625014, China
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20
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Carrillo JB, Torresi F, Morales LL, Ricordi M, Gomez-Casati DF, Busi MV, Martín M. Identification and characterization of ChlreSEX4, a novel glucan phosphatase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii green alga. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 680:108235. [PMID: 31877265 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is the best known unicellular green alga model which has long been used to investigate all kinds of cellular processes, including starch metabolism. Here we identified and characterized a novel enzyme, ChlreSEX4, orthologous to glucan phosphatase SEX4 from Arabidopsis thaliana, that is capable of binding and dephosphorylating amylopectin in vitro. We also reported that cysteine 224 and tryptophan 305 residues are critical for enzyme catalysis and substrate binding. Furthermore, we verified that ChlreSEX4 gene is expressed in vivo and that glucan phosphatase activity is measurable in Chlamydomonas protein extracts. In view of the results presented, we suggest ChlreSEX4 as a functional phosphoglucan phosphatase from C. reinhardtii. Our data obtained so far contribute to understanding the phosphoglucan phosphatases evolutionary process in the green lineage and their role in starch reversible phosphorylation. In addition, this allows to position Chlamydomonas as a potential tool to obtain starches with different degrees of phosphorylation for industrial or biotechnological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta B Carrillo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Florencia Torresi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Luisina L Morales
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Micaela Ricordi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego F Gomez-Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria V Busi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - Mariana Martín
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, S2002LRK Rosario, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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21
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Mdodana NT, Jewell JF, Phiri EE, Smith ML, Oberlander K, Mahmoodi S, Kossmann J, Lloyd JR. Mutations in Glucan, Water Dikinase Affect Starch Degradation and Gametophore Development in the Moss Physcomitrella patens. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15114. [PMID: 31641159 PMCID: PMC6805951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of starch degradation in non-vascular plants is poorly understood. To expand our knowledge of this area, we have studied this process in Physcomitrella patens. This has been achieved through examination of the step known to initiate starch degradation in angiosperms, glucan phosphorylation, catalysed by glucan, water dikinase (GWD) enzymes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that GWD isoforms can be divided into two clades, one of which contains GWD1/GWD2 and the other GWD3 isoforms. These clades split at a very early stage within plant evolution, as distinct sequences that cluster within each were identified in all major plant lineages. Of the five genes we identified within the Physcomitrella genome that encode GWD-like enzymes, two group within the GWD1/GWD2 clade and the others within the GWD3 clade. Proteins encoded by both loci in the GWD1/GWD2 clade, named PpGWDa and PpGWDb, are localised in plastids. Mutations of either PpGWDa or PpGWDb reduce starch phosphate abundance, however, a mutation at the PpGWDa locus had a much greater influence than one at PpGWDb. Only mutations affecting PpGWDa inhibited starch degradation. Mutants lacking this enzyme also failed to develop gametophores, a phenotype that could be chemically complemented using glucose supplementation within the growth medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ntombizanele T Mdodana
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jonathan F Jewell
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Ethel E Phiri
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Marthinus L Smith
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kenneth Oberlander
- Schweickerdt Herbarium, Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Saire Mahmoodi
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jens Kossmann
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - James R Lloyd
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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22
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McKinley BA, Casto AL, Rooney WL, Mullet JE. Developmental dynamics of stem starch accumulation in Sorghum bicolor. PLANT DIRECT 2018; 2:e00074. [PMID: 31245742 PMCID: PMC6508807 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Sweet sorghums were identified that accumulate up to ~9% of their total stem dry weight as starch. Starch accumulated preferentially in stem pith parenchyma in close proximity to vascular bundles. Stem starch accumulated slowly between floral initiation and anthesis and more rapidly between anthesis and 43 days post-anthesis before declining in parallel with tiller outgrowth. Genes involved in stem starch metabolism were identified through phylogenetic approaches and RNA-seq analysis of Della stem gene expression during the starch accumulation phase of development. Genes differentially expressed in stems were identified that are involved in starch biosynthesis (i.e., AGPase SS/LS, starch synthases, starch-branching enzymes), degradation (i.e., glucan-water dikinase, β-amylase, disproportionating enzyme, alpha-glucan phosphorylase) and amyloplast sugar transport (glucose-6-P translocator). Transcripts encoding AGPase SS and LS subunits with plastid localization were differentially induced during stem starch accumulation indicating that ADP-glucose for starch biosynthesis is primarily generated in stem plastids. Cytosolic heteroglucan metabolism may play a role in stem sucrose/starch accumulation because genes encoding cytosolic forms of the disproportionating enzyme and alpha-glucan phosphorylase were induced in parallel with stem sucrose/starch accumulation. Information on the stem starch pathway obtained in this study will be useful for engineering sorghum stems with elevated starch thereby improving forage quality and the efficiency of biomass conversion to biofuels and bio-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. McKinley
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - Anna L. Casto
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - William L. Rooney
- Department of Soil and Crop SciencesTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
| | - John E. Mullet
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTexas
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23
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Samodien E, Jewell JF, Loedolff B, Oberlander K, George GM, Zeeman SC, Damberger FF, van der Vyver C, Kossmann J, Lloyd JR. Repression of Sex4 and Like Sex Four2 Orthologs in Potato Increases Tuber Starch Bound Phosphate With Concomitant Alterations in Starch Physical Properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1044. [PMID: 30083175 PMCID: PMC6064929 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
To examine the roles of starch phosphatases in potatoes, transgenic lines were produced where orthologs of SEX4 and LIKE SEX FOUR2 (LSF2) were repressed using RNAi constructs. Although repression of either SEX4 or LSF2 inhibited leaf starch degradation, it had no effect on cold-induced sweetening in tubers. Starch amounts were unchanged in the tubers, but the amount of phosphate bound to the starch was significantly increased in all the lines, with phosphate bound at the C6 position of the glucosyl units increased in lines repressed in StSEX4 and in the C3 position in lines repressed in StLSF2 expression. This was accompanied by a reduction in starch granule size and an alteration in the constituent glucan chain lengths within the starch molecule, although no obvious alteration in granule morphology was observed. Starch from the transgenic lines contained fewer chains with a degree of polymerization (DP) of less than 17 and more with a DP between 17 and 38. There were also changes in the physical properties of the starches. Rapid viscoanalysis demonstrated that both the holding strength and the final viscosity of the high phosphate starches were increased indicating that the starches have increased swelling power due to an enhanced capacity for hydration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Samodien
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jonathan F. Jewell
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Bianke Loedolff
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Kenneth Oberlander
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Gavin M. George
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fred F. Damberger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy Platform, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christell van der Vyver
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jens Kossmann
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - James R. Lloyd
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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24
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Ahmed S, Zhou X, Pang Y, Jin L, Bao J. Improving Starch‐Related Traits in Potato Crops: Achievements and Future Challenges. STARCH-STARKE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201700113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Ahmed
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural ScienceCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHuajiachi CampusHangzhou310029China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural ScienceCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHuajiachi CampusHangzhou310029China
| | - Yuehan Pang
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural ScienceCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHuajiachi CampusHangzhou310029China
| | - Liping Jin
- Department of PotatoInstitute of Vegetables and FlowersChinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing100081China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Tuber and Root CropMinistry of AgricultureBeijing100081P.R. China
| | - Jinsong Bao
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural ScienceCollege of Agriculture and BiotechnologyZhejiang UniversityHuajiachi CampusHangzhou310029China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Tuber and Root CropMinistry of AgricultureBeijing100081P.R. China
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25
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Xiao G, Huang W, Cao H, Tu W, Wang H, Zheng X, Liu J, Song B, Xie C. Genetic Loci Conferring Reducing Sugar Accumulation and Conversion of Cold-Stored Potato Tubers Revealed by QTL Analysis in a Diploid Population. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:315. [PMID: 29593769 PMCID: PMC5854652 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Cold-induced sweetening (CIS) caused by reducing sugar (RS) accumulation during storage in low temperature in potato tubers is a critical factor influencing the quality of fried potato products. The reconditioning (REC) by arising storage temperature is a common measure to lower down RS. However, both CIS and REC are genotype-dependent and the genetic basis remains uncertain. In the present study, with a diploid potato population with broad genetic background, four reproducible QTL of CIS and two of REC were resolved on chromosomes 5, 6, and 7 of the CIS-sensitive parent and chromosomes 5 and 11 of the CIS-resistant parent, respectively, implying that these two traits may be genetically independent. This hypothesis was also supported by the colocalization of two functional genes, a starch synthesis gene AGPS2 mapped in QTL CIS_E_07-1 and a starch hydrolysis gene GWD colocated with QTL REC_B_05-1. The cumulative effects of identified QTL were proved to contribute largely and stably to CIS and REC and confirmed with a natural population composed of a range of cultivars and breeding lines. The present research identified reproducible QTL for CIS and REC of potato in diverse conditions and elucidated for the first time their cumulative genetic effects, which provides theoretical bases and applicable means for tuber quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilin Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongju Cao
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Tu
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan, China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan, China
- Potato Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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26
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Carrillo JB, Gomez-Casati DF, Martín M, Busi MV. Identification and analysis of OsttaDSP, a phosphoglucan phosphatase from Ostreococcus tauri. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191621. [PMID: 29360855 PMCID: PMC5779698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostreococcus tauri, the smallest free-living (non-symbiotic) eukaryote yet described, is a unicellular green alga of the Prasinophyceae family. It has a very simple cellular organization and presents a unique starch granule and chloroplast. However, its starch metabolism exhibits a complexity comparable to higher plants, with multiple enzyme forms for each metabolic reaction. Glucan phosphatases, a family of enzymes functionally conserved in animals and plants, are essential for normal starch or glycogen degradation in plants and mammals, respectively. Despite the importance of O. tauri microalgae in evolution, there is no information available concerning the enzymes involved in reversible phosphorylation of starch. Here, we report the molecular cloning and heterologous expression of the gene coding for a dual specific phosphatase from O. tauri (OsttaDSP), homologous to Arabidopsis thaliana LSF2. The recombinant enzyme was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity to characterize its oligomeric and kinetic properties accurately. OsttaDSP is a homodimer of 54.5 kDa that binds and dephosphorylates amylopectin. Also, we also determined that residue C162 is involved in catalysis and possibly also in structural stability of the enzyme. Our results could contribute to better understand the role of glucan phosphatases in the metabolism of starch in green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta B. Carrillo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Diego F. Gomez-Casati
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mariana Martín
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
- * E-mail: (MM); (MVB)
| | - Maria V. Busi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
- * E-mail: (MM); (MVB)
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27
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Wang W, Hostettler CE, Damberger FF, Kossmann J, Lloyd JR, Zeeman SC. Modification of Cassava Root Starch Phosphorylation Enhances Starch Functional Properties. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1562. [PMID: 30425722 PMCID: PMC6218586 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is a root crop used as a foodstuff and as a starch source in industry. Starch functional properties are influenced by many structural features including the relative amounts of the two glucan polymers amylopectin and amylose, the branched structure of amylopectin, starch granule size and the presence of covalent modifications. Starch phosphorylation, where phosphates are linked either to the C3 or C6 carbon atoms of amylopectin glucosyl residues, is a naturally occurring modification known to be important for starch remobilization. The degree of phosphorylation has been altered in several crops using biotechnological approaches to change expression of the starch-phosphorylating enzyme GLUCAN WATER DIKINASE (GWD). Interestingly, this frequently alters other structural features of starch beside its phosphate content. Here, we aimed to alter starch phosphorylation in cassava storage roots either by manipulating the expression of the starch phosphorylating or dephosphorylating enzymes. Therefore, we generated transgenic plants in which either the wild-type potato GWD (StGWD) or a redox-insensitive version of it were overexpressed. Further plants were created in which we used RNAi to silence each of the endogenous phosphoglucan phosphatase genes STARCH EXCESS 4 (MeSEX4) and LIKE SEX4 2 (MeLSF), previously discovered by analyzing leaf starch metabolism in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpressing the potato GWD gene (StGWD), which specifically phosphorylates the C6 position, increased the total starch-bound phosphate content at both the C6 and the C3 positions. Silencing endogenous LSF2 gene (MeLSF2), which specifically dephosphorylates the C3 position, increased the ratio of C3:C6 phosphorylation, showing that its function is conserved in storage tissues. In both cases, other structural features of starch (amylopectin structure, amylose content and starch granule size) were unaltered. This allowed us to directly relate the physicochemical properties of the starch to its phosphate content or phosphorylation pattern. Starch swelling power and paste clarity were specifically influenced by total phosphate content. However, phosphate position did not significantly influence starch functional properties. In conclusion, biotechnological manipulation of starch phosphorylation can specifically alter certain cassava storage root starch properties, potentially increasing its value in food and non-food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyan Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen E. Hostettler
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Fred F. Damberger
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Biomolecular NMR Spectroscopy Platform, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kossmann
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - James R. Lloyd
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Samuel C. Zeeman
- Institute of Molecular Plant Biology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Samuel C. Zeeman,
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28
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Alpha-Glucan, Water Dikinase 1 Affects Starch Metabolism and Storage Root Growth in Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Sci Rep 2017; 7:9863. [PMID: 28852191 PMCID: PMC5575247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10594-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of storage root development by source strength remains largely unknown. The cassava storage root delay (srd) T-DNA mutant postpones storage root development but manifests normal foliage growth as wild-type plants. The SRD gene was identified as an orthologue of α-glucan, water dikinase 1 (GWD1), whose expression is regulated under conditions of light/dark cycles in leaves and is associated with storage root development. The GWD1-RNAi cassava plants showed both retarded plant and storage root growth, as a result of starch excess phenotypes with reduced photosynthetic capacity and decreased levels of soluble saccharides in their leaves. These leaves contained starch granules having greatly increased amylose content and type C semi-crystalline structures with increased short chains that suggested storage starch. In storage roots of GWD1-RNAi lines, maltose content was dramatically decreased and starches with much lower phosphorylation levels showed a drastically reduced β-amylolytic rate. These results suggested that GWD1 regulates transient starch morphogenesis and storage root growth by decreasing photo-assimilation partitioning from the source to the sink and by starch mobilization in root crops.
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29
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Pirone C, Gurrieri L, Gaiba I, Adamiano A, Valle F, Trost P, Sparla F. The analysis of the different functions of starch-phosphorylating enzymes during the development of Arabidopsis thaliana plants discloses an unexpected role for the cytosolic isoform GWD2. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 160:447-457. [PMID: 28303594 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The genome of Arabidopsis thaliana encodes three glucan, water dikinases. Glucan, water dikinase 1 (GWD1; EC 2.7.9.4) and phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD; EC 2.7.9.5) are chloroplastic enzymes, while glucan, water dikinase 2 (GWD2) is cytosolic. Both GWDs and PWD catalyze the addition of phosphate groups to amylopectin chains at the surface of starch granules, changing its physicochemical properties. As a result, GWD1 and PWD have a positive effect on transitory starch degradation at night. Because of its cytosolic localization, GWD2 does not have the same effect. Single T-DNA mutants of either GWD1 or PWD or GWD2 have been analyzed during the entire life cycle of A. thaliana. We report that the three dikinases are all important for proper seed development. Seeds from gwd2 mutants are shrunken, with the epidermal cells of the seed coat irregularly shaped. Moreover, gwd2 seeds contain a lower lipid to protein ratio and are impaired in germination. Similar seed phenotypes were observed in pwd and gwd1 mutants, except for the normal morphology of epidermal cells in gwd1 seed coats. The gwd1, pwd and gwd2 mutants were also very similar in growth and flowering time when grown under continuous light and all three behaved differently from wild-type plants. Besides pinpointing a novel role of GWD2 and PWD in seed development, this analysis suggests that the phenotypic features of the dikinase mutants in A. thaliana cannot be explained solely in terms of defects in leaf starch degradation at night.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pirone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Libero Gurrieri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Ivan Gaiba
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Alessio Adamiano
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
- Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), National Research Council (CNR), Faenza, 48018, Italy
| | - Francesco Valle
- Institute for the Study of Nanostructured Materials (ISNM), National Research Council (CNR), Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Paolo Trost
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Francesca Sparla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology FaBiT, University of Bologna, Bologna, 40126, Italy
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MacNeill GJ, Mehrpouyan S, Minow MAA, Patterson JA, Tetlow IJ, Emes MJ. Starch as a source, starch as a sink: the bifunctional role of starch in carbon allocation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4433-4453. [PMID: 28981786 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Starch commands a central role in the carbon budget of the majority of plants on earth, and its biological role changes during development and in response to the environment. Throughout the life of a plant, starch plays a dual role in carbon allocation, acting as both a source, releasing carbon reserves in leaves for growth and development, and as a sink, either as a dedicated starch store in its own right (in seeds and tubers), or as a temporary reserve of carbon contributing to sink strength, in organs such as flowers, fruits, and developing non-starchy seeds. The presence of starch in tissues and organs thus has a profound impact on the physiology of the growing plant as its synthesis and degradation governs the availability of free sugars, which in turn control various growth and developmental processes. This review attempts to summarize the large body of information currently available on starch metabolism and its relationship to wider aspects of carbon metabolism and plant nutrition. It highlights gaps in our knowledge and points to research areas that show promise for bioengineering and manipulation of starch metabolism in order to achieve more desirable phenotypes such as increased yield or plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J MacNeill
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Sahar Mehrpouyan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Mark A A Minow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jenelle A Patterson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ian J Tetlow
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Michael J Emes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, College of Biological Science, Summerlee Science Complex, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Simultaneous silencing of isoamylases ISA1, ISA2 and ISA3 by multi-target RNAi in potato tubers leads to decreased starch content and an early sprouting phenotype. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181444. [PMID: 28708852 PMCID: PMC5510849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Isoamylases hydrolyse (1–6)-alpha-D-glucosidic linkages in starch and are involved in both starch granule formation and starch degradation. In plants, three isoamylase isoforms with distinct functions in starch synthesis (ISA1 and ISA2) and degradation (ISA3) have been described. Here, we created transgenic potato plants with simultaneously decreased expression of all three isoamylases using a chimeric RNAi construct targeting all three isoforms. Constitutive expression of the hairpin RNA using the 35S CaMV promoter resulted in efficient silencing of all three isoforms in leaves, growing tubers, and sprouting tubers. Neither plant growth nor tuber yield was effected in isoamylase-deficient potato lines. Interestingly, starch metabolism was found to be impaired in a tissue-specific manner. While leaf starch content was unaffected, tuber starch was significantly reduced. The reduction in tuber starch content in the transgenic plants was accompanied by a decrease in starch granules size, an increased sucrose content and decreased hexose levels. Despite the effects on granule size, only little changes in chain length composition of soluble and insoluble glucose polymers were detected. The transgenic tubers displayed an early sprouting phenotype that was accompanied by an increased level of sucrose in parenchyma cells below the outgrowing bud. Since high sucrose levels promote sprouting, we propose that the increased number of small starch granules may cause an accelerated turnover of glucan chains and hence a more rapid synthesis of sucrose. This observation links alterations in starch structure/degradation with developmental processes like meristem activation and sprout outgrowth in potato tubers.
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32
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Hou J, Zhang H, Liu J, Reid S, Liu T, Xu S, Tian Z, Sonnewald U, Song B, Xie C. Amylases StAmy23, StBAM1 and StBAM9 regulate cold-induced sweetening of potato tubers in distinct ways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:2317-2331. [PMID: 28369567 PMCID: PMC5447890 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cold-induced sweetening (CIS) in potato is detrimental to the quality of processed products. Conversion of starch to reducing sugars (RS) by amylases is considered one of the main pathways in CIS but is not well studied. The amylase genes StAmy23, StBAM1, and StBAM9 were studied for their functions in potato CIS. StAmy23 is localized in the cytoplasm, whereas StBAM1 and StBAM9 are targeted to the plastid stroma and starch granules, respectively. Genetic transformation of these amylases in potatoes by RNA interference showed that β-amylase activity could be decreased in cold-stored tubers by silencing of StBAM1 and collective silencing of StBAM1 and StBAM9. However, StBAM9 silencing did not decrease β-amylase activity. Silencing StBAM1 and StBAM9 caused starch accumulation and lower RS, which was more evident in simultaneously silenced lines, suggesting functional redundancy. Soluble starch content increased in RNAi-StBAM1 lines but decreased in RNAi-StBAM9 lines, suggesting that StBAM1 may regulate CIS by hydrolysing soluble starch and StBAM9 by directly acting on starch granules. Moreover, StBAM9 interacted with StBAM1 on the starch granules. StAmy23 silencing resulted in higher phytoglycogen and lower RS accumulation in cold-stored tubers, implying that StAmy23 regulates CIS by degrading cytosolic phytoglycogen. Our findings suggest that StAmy23, StBAM1, and StBAM9 function in potato CIS with varying levels of impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephen Reid
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tengfei Liu
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Shijing Xu
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Biochemistry Division, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuernberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Botao Song
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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33
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Xu X, Dees D, Huang XF, Visser RG, Trindade LM. Heterologous expression of two Arabidopsis
starch dikinases in potato. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xu
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding; Wageningen University and Research; Wageningen The Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Ministry of Education; Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Dianka Dees
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding; Wageningen University and Research; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Xing-Feng Huang
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding; Wageningen University and Research; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Richard G.F. Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding; Wageningen University and Research; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Luisa M. Trindade
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding; Wageningen University and Research; Wageningen The Netherlands
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34
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Nazarian-Firouzabadi F, Visser RGF. Potato starch synthases: Functions and relationships. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 10:7-16. [PMID: 29114568 PMCID: PMC5637242 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Starch, a very compact form of glucose units, is the most abundant form of storage polyglucan in nature. The starch synthesis pathway is among the central biochemical pathways, however, our understanding of this important pathway regarding genetic elements controlling this pathway, is still insufficient. Starch biosynthesis requires the action of several enzymes. Soluble starch synthases (SSs) are a group of key players in starch biosynthesis which have proven their impact on different aspects of the starch biosynthesis and functionalities. These enzymes have been studied in different plant species and organs in detail, however, there seem to be key differences among species regarding their contributions to the starch synthesis. In this review, we consider an update on various SSs with an emphasis on potato SSs as a model for storage organs. The genetics and regulatory mechanisms of potato starch synthases will be highlighted. Different aspects of various isoforms of SSs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Nazarian-Firouzabadi
- Agronomy and Plant Breeding Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University, P.O.Box 465, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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35
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Engineering Potato Starch with a Higher Phosphate Content. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169610. [PMID: 28056069 PMCID: PMC5215930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphate esters are responsible for valuable and unique functionalities of starch for industrial applications. Also in the cell phosphate esters play a role in starch metabolism, which so far has not been well characterized in storage starch. Laforin, a human enzyme composed of a carbohydrate-binding module and a dual-specificity phosphatase domain, is involved in the dephosphorylation of glycogen. To modify phosphate content and better understand starch (de)phosphorylation in storage starch, laforin was engineered and introduced into potato (cultivar Kardal). Interestingly, expression of an (engineered) laforin in potato resulted in significantly higher phosphate content of starch, and this result was confirmed in amylose-free potato genetic background (amf). Modified starches exhibited altered granule morphology and size compared to the control. About 20–30% of the transgenic lines of each series showed red-staining granules upon incubation with iodine, and contained higher phosphate content than the blue-stained starch granules. Moreover, low amylose content and altered gelatinization properties were observed in these red-stained starches. Principle component and correlation analysis disclosed a complex correlation between starch composition and starch physico-chemical properties. Ultimately, the expression level of endogenous genes involved in starch metabolism was analysed, revealing a compensatory response to the decrease of phosphate content in potato starch. This study provides a new perspective for engineering starch phosphate content in planta by making use of the compensatory mechanism in the plant itself.
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36
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Zhang H, Hou J, Liu J, Zhang J, Song B, Xie C. The roles of starch metabolic pathways in the cold-induced sweetening process in potatoes. STARCH-STARKE 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Zhang
- College of Forestry; Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU); Ministry of Education, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China); Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Juan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU); Ministry of Education, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China); Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU); Ministry of Education, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China); Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Juping Zhang
- College of Forestry; Henan University of Science and Technology; Luoyang P.R. China
| | - Botao Song
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU); Ministry of Education, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China); Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P.R. China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU); Ministry of Education, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China); Huazhong Agricultural University; Wuhan P.R. China
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37
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Characterization of Starch Degradation Related Genes in Postharvest Kiwifruit. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122112. [PMID: 27983700 PMCID: PMC5187912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch is one of the most important storage carbohydrates in plants. Kiwifruit typically accumulate large amounts of starch during development. The fruit retain starch until commercial maturity, and its postharvest degradation is essential for consumer acceptance. The activity of genes related to starch degradation has, however, rarely been investigated. Based on the kiwifruit genome sequence and previously reported starch degradation-related genes, 17 novel genes were isolated and the relationship between their expression and starch degradation was examined using two sets of materials: ethylene-treated (100 µL/L, 20 °C; ETH) vs. control (20 °C; CK) and controlled atmosphere stored (CA, 5% CO2 + 2% O2, 0 °C) vs. normal atmosphere in cold storage (NA, 0 °C). Physiological analysis indicated that ETH accelerated starch degradation and increased soluble solids content (SSC) and soluble sugars (glucose, fructose and sucrose), while CA inhibited starch reduction compared with NA. Using these materials, expression patterns of 24 genes that may contribute to starch degradation (seven previously reported and 17 newly isolated) were analyzed. Among the 24 genes, AdAMY1, AdAGL3 and AdBAM3.1/3L/9 were significantly induced by ETH and positively correlated with starch degradation. Furthermore, these five genes were also inhibited by CA, conforming the likely involvement of these genes in starch degradation. Thus, the present study has identified the genes with potential for involvement in starch degradation in postharvest kiwifruit, which will be useful for understanding the regulation of kiwifruit starch content and metabolism.
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38
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Xu X, Dechesne A, Visser RGF, Trindade LM. Expression of an (Engineered) 4,6-α-Glucanotransferase in Potato Results in Changes in Starch Characteristics. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166981. [PMID: 27911907 PMCID: PMC5135068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch structure strongly influences starch physicochemical properties, determining the end uses of starch in various applications. To produce starches with novel structure and exploit the mechanism of starch granule formation, an (engineered) 4, 6-α-glucanotransferase (GTFB) from Lactobacillus reuteri 121 was introduced into two potato genetic backgrounds: amylose-containing line Kardal and amylose-free mutant amf. The resulting starches showed severe changes in granule morphology regardless of genetic backgrounds. Modified starches from amf background exhibited a significant increase in granule size and starch phosphate content relative to the control, while starches from Kardal background displayed a higher digestibility, but did not show changes in granule size and phosphate content. Transcriptome analysis revealed the existence of a mechanism to restore the regular packing of double helices in starch granules, which possibly resulted in the removal of novel glucose chains potentially introduced by the (engineered) GTFB. This amendment mechanics would also explain the difficulties to detect alterations in starch fine structure in the transgenic lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xu
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700, AJ, Wageningen. The Netherlands
- National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Annemarie Dechesne
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700, AJ, Wageningen. The Netherlands
| | - Richard G. F. Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700, AJ, Wageningen. The Netherlands
| | - Luisa M. Trindade
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700, AJ, Wageningen. The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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39
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Xu X, Dees D, Dechesne A, Huang XF, Visser RGF, Trindade LM. Starch phosphorylation plays an important role in starch biosynthesis. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 157:1628-1637. [PMID: 27987877 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Starch phosphate esters are crucial in starch metabolism and render valuable functionality to starches for various industrial applications. A potato glucan, water dikinase (GWD1) was introduced in tubers of two different potato genetic backgrounds: an amylose-containing line Kardal and the amylose-free mutant amf. In both backgrounds, this resulted in two contrasting effects, a number of plants showed higher phosphate content compared to the respective control, while others lines exhibited lower phosphate content, thereby generating two series of starches with broad-scale variation in phosphate content. The results of systematic analyses on these two series of starches revealed that starch phosphate content strongly influenced starch granule morphology, amylose content, starch fine structure, gelatinization characteristics and freeze-thaw stability of starch gels. Further analyses on the expression level of genes involved in starch metabolism suggested that starch phosphorylation regulates starch synthesis by controlling the carbon flux into starch while simultaneously modulating starch-synthesizing genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xu
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands; National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Dianka Dees
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Annemarie Dechesne
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Xing-Feng Huang
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Richard G F Visser
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Luisa M Trindade
- Wageningen UR Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 386, 6700 AJ Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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40
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O’Neill EC, Kelly S. Engineering biosynthesis of high-value compounds in photosynthetic organisms. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:779-802. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2016.1237467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven Kelly
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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41
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Gentry MS, Brewer MK, Vander Kooi CW. Structural biology of glucan phosphatases from humans to plants. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 40:62-69. [PMID: 27498086 PMCID: PMC5161650 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucan phosphatases are functionally conserved at the enzymatic level, dephosphorylating glycogen in animals and starch in plants. The human glucan phosphatase laforin is the founding member of the family and it is comprised of a carbohydrate binding module (CBM) domain followed by a dual specificity phosphatase (DSP) domain. Plants encode two glucan phosphatases: Starch EXcess4 (SEX4) and Like Sex Four2 (LSF2). SEX4 contains a DSP domain followed by a CBM domain, while LSF2 contains a DSP domain and lacks a CBM. This review demonstrates how glucan phosphatase function is conserved and highlights how each family member employs a unique mechanism to bind and dephosphorylate glucan substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
| | - M Kathryn Brewer
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States.
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42
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Ludewig F, Sonnewald U. Demand for food as driver for plant sink development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 203:110-115. [PMID: 27316916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Starting with the first humans settling down to build their lives on agriculture and stock breeding, the development of food and feed became tremendously important. With increasing population, in particular boosted by industrialization, the need for more food rose further. One way to cope with the needs of people was to open up new and optimize already existing resources like the introduction of potato into the European population's diet and the development of grasses to high-yielding cereals, respectively. The process of plant improvement is still ongoing. Nowadays, yield enhancement is still an important breeding aim for several plant species as world population further increases, especially in less developed regions. However, in addition to quantity improvement, food quality is in the focus to prevent human malnutrition and resulting diseases or early death. In this review we will give a brief historical overview on how plants were developed to nourish the population and will discuss more recent approaches to secure sufficient food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Ludewig
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Uwe Sonnewald
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Staudtstraße 5, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Mahlow S, Orzechowski S, Fettke J. Starch phosphorylation: insights and perspectives. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2753-64. [PMID: 27147464 PMCID: PMC11108486 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
During starch metabolism, the phosphorylation of glucosyl residues of starch, to be more precise of amylopectin, is a repeatedly observed process. This phosphorylation is mediated by dikinases, the glucan, water dikinase (GWD) and the phosphoglucan, water dikinase (PWD). The starch-related dikinases utilize ATP as dual phosphate donor transferring the terminal γ-phosphate group to water and the β-phosphate group selectively to either C6 position or C3 position of a glucosyl residue within amylopectin. By the collaborative action of both enzymes, the initiation of a transition of α-glucans from highly ordered, water-insoluble state to a less order state is realized and thus the initial process of starch degradation. Consequently, mutants lacking either GWD or PWD reveal a starch excess phenotype as well as growth retardation. In this review, we focus on the increased knowledge collected over the last years related to enzymatic properties, the precise definition of the substrates, the physiological implications, and discuss ongoing questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Mahlow
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Institute of General Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Planetarium 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Sławomir Orzechowski
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joerg Fettke
- Biopolymer Analytics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht 24-25, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
- Department of Biochemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
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Meekins DA, Vander Kooi CW, Gentry MS. Structural mechanisms of plant glucan phosphatases in starch metabolism. FEBS J 2016; 283:2427-47. [PMID: 26934589 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucan phosphatases are a recently discovered class of enzymes that dephosphorylate starch and glycogen, thereby regulating energy metabolism. Plant genomes encode two glucan phosphatases, called Starch EXcess4 (SEX4) and Like Sex Four2 (LSF2), that regulate starch metabolism by selectively dephosphorylating glucose moieties within starch glucan chains. Recently, the structures of both SEX4 and LSF2 were determined, with and without phosphoglucan products bound, revealing the mechanism for their unique activities. This review explores the structural and enzymatic features of the plant glucan phosphatases, and outlines how they are uniquely adapted to perform their cellular functions. We outline the physical mechanisms used by SEX4 and LSF2 to interact with starch glucans: SEX4 binds glucan chains via a continuous glucan-binding platform comprising its dual-specificity phosphatase domain and carbohydrate-binding module, while LSF2 utilizes surface binding sites. SEX4 and LSF2 both contain a unique network of aromatic residues in their catalytic dual-specificity phosphatase domains that serve as glucan engagement platforms and are unique to the glucan phosphatases. We also discuss the phosphoglucan substrate specificities inherent to SEX4 and LSF2, and outline structural features within the active site that govern glucan orientation. This review defines the structural mechanism of the plant glucan phosphatases with respect to phosphatases, starch metabolism and protein-glucan interaction, thereby providing a framework for their application in both agricultural and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Meekins
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Craig W Vander Kooi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Matthew S Gentry
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry and Center for Structural Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Bowerman AF, Newberry M, Dielen AS, Whan A, Larroque O, Pritchard J, Gubler F, Howitt CA, Pogson BJ, Morell MK, Ral JP. Suppression of glucan, water dikinase in the endosperm alters wheat grain properties, germination and coleoptile growth. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2016; 14:398-408. [PMID: 25989474 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Starch phosphate ester content is known to alter the physicochemical properties of starch, including its susceptibility to degradation. Previous work producing wheat (Triticum aestivum) with down-regulated glucan, water dikinase, the primary gene responsible for addition of phosphate groups to starch, in a grain-specific manner found unexpected phenotypic alteration in grain and growth. Here, we report on further characterization of these lines focussing on mature grain and early growth. We find that coleoptile length has been increased in these transgenic lines independently of grain size increases. No changes in starch degradation rates during germination could be identified, or any major alteration in soluble sugar levels that may explain the coleoptile growth modification. We identify some alteration in hormones in the tissues in question. Mature grain size is examined, as is Hardness Index and starch conformation. We find no evidence that the increased growth of coleoptiles in these lines is connected to starch conformation or degradation or soluble sugar content and suggest these findings provide a novel means of increasing coleoptile growth and early seedling establishment in cereal crop species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Bowerman
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Marcus Newberry
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Anne-Sophie Dielen
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Alex Whan
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Oscar Larroque
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jenifer Pritchard
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Frank Gubler
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Crispin A Howitt
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Barry J Pogson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthew K Morell
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Ral
- Agriculture Flagship, Commonwealth Science and Industrial Research Organisation, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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O'Neill EC, Field RA. Underpinning Starch Biology with in vitro Studies on Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes and Biosynthetic Glycomaterials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2015; 3:136. [PMID: 26442250 PMCID: PMC4561517 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2015.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Starch makes up more than half of the calories in the human diet and is also a valuable bulk commodity that is used across the food, brewing and distilling, medicines and renewable materials sectors. Despite its importance, our understanding of how plants make starch, and what controls the deposition of this insoluble, polymeric, liquid crystalline material, remains rather limited. Advances are hampered by the challenges inherent in analyzing enzymes that operate across the solid-liquid interface. Glyconanotechnology, in the form of glucan-coated sensor chips and metal nanoparticles, present novel opportunities to address this problem. Herein, we review recent developments aimed at the bottom-up generation and self-assembly of starch-like materials, in order to better understand which enzymes are required for starch granule biogenesis and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellis C O'Neill
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Robert A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park , Norwich , UK
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Carpenter MA, Joyce NI, Genet RA, Cooper RD, Murray SR, Noble AD, Butler RC, Timmerman-Vaughan GM. Starch phosphorylation in potato tubers is influenced by allelic variation in the genes encoding glucan water dikinase, starch branching enzymes I and II, and starch synthase III. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:143. [PMID: 25806042 PMCID: PMC4354307 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Starch phosphorylation is an important aspect of plant metabolism due to its role in starch degradation. Moreover, the degree of phosphorylation of starch determines its physicochemical properties and is therefore relevant for industrial uses of starch. Currently, starch is chemically phosphorylated to increase viscosity and paste stability. Potato cultivars with elevated starch phosphorylation would make this process unnecessary, thereby bestowing economic and environmental benefits. Starch phosphorylation is a complex trait which has been previously shown by antisense gene repression to be influenced by a number of genes including those involved in starch synthesis and degradation. We have used an association mapping approach to discover genetic markers associated with the degree of starch phosphorylation. A diverse collection of 193 potato lines was grown in replicated field trials, and the levels of starch phosphorylation at the C6 and C3 positions of the glucosyl residues were determined by mass spectrometry of hydrolyzed starch from tubers. In addition, the potato lines were genotyped by amplicon sequencing and microsatellite analysis, focusing on candidate genes known to be involved in starch synthesis. As potato is an autotetraploid, genotyping included determination of allele dosage. Significant associations (p < 0.001) were found with SNPs in the glucan water dikinase (GWD), starch branching enzyme I (SBEI) and the starch synthase III (SSIII) genes, and with a SSR allele in the SBEII gene. SNPs in the GWD gene were associated with C6 phosphorylation, whereas polymorphisms in the SBEI and SBEII genes were associated with both C6 and C3 phosphorylation and the SNP in the SSIII gene was associated with C3 phosphorylation. These allelic variants have potential as genetic markers for starch phosphorylation in potato.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nigel I. Joyce
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd.Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Russell A. Genet
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd.Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca D. Cooper
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd.Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah R. Murray
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd.Lincoln, New Zealand
| | | | - Ruth C. Butler
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Ltd.Lincoln, New Zealand
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49
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Hebelstrup KH, Sagnelli D, Blennow A. The future of starch bioengineering: GM microorganisms or GM plants? FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:247. [PMID: 25954284 PMCID: PMC4407504 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant starches regularly require extensive modification to permit subsequent applications. Such processing is usually done by the use of chemical and/or physical treatments. The use of recombinant enzymes produced by large-scale fermentation of GM microorganisms is increasingly used in starch processing and modification, sometimes as an alternative to chemical or physical treatments. However, as a means to impart the modifications as early as possible in the starch production chain, similar recombinant enzymes may also be expressed in planta in the developing starch storage organ such as in roots, tubers and cereal grains to provide a GM crop as an alternative to the use of enzymes from GM microorganisms. We here discuss these techniques in relation to important structural features and modifications of starches such as: starch phosphorylation, starch hydrolysis, chain transfer/branching and novel concepts of hybrid starch-based polysaccharides. In planta starch bioengineering is generally challenged by yield penalties and inefficient production of the desired product. However, in some situations, GM crops for starch bioengineering without deleterious effects have been achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim H. Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Kim H. Hebelstrup, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Domenico Sagnelli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Slagelse, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Zhang H, Liu J, Hou J, Yao Y, Lin Y, Ou Y, Song B, Xie C. The potato amylase inhibitor gene SbAI regulates cold-induced sweetening in potato tubers by modulating amylase activity. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2014; 12:984-93. [PMID: 24985879 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Potato cold-induced sweetening (CIS) is critical for the postharvest quality of potato tubers. Starch degradation is considered to be one of the key pathways in the CIS process. However, the functions of the genes that encode enzymes related to starch degradation in CIS and the activity regulation of these enzymes have received less attention. A potato amylase inhibitor gene known as SbAI was cloned from the wild potato species Solanum berthaultii. This genetic transformation confirmed that in contrast to the SbAI suppression in CIS-resistant potatoes, overexpressing SbAI in CIS-sensitive potatoes resulted in less amylase activity and a lower rate of starch degradation accompanied by a lower reducing sugar (RS) content in cold-stored tubers. This finding suggested that the SbAI gene may play crucial roles in potato CIS by modulating the amylase activity. Further investigations indicated that pairwise protein-protein interactions occurred between SbAI and α-amylase StAmy23, β-amylases StBAM1 and StBAM9. SbAI could inhibit the activities of both α-amylase and β-amylase in potato tubers primarily by repressing StAmy23 and StBAM1, respectively. These findings provide the first evidence that SbAI is a key regulator of the amylases that confer starch degradation and RS accumulation in cold-stored potato tubers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HAU), Ministry of Education, National Centre for Vegetable Improvement (Central China), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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