Tbx16 regulates hox gene activation in mesodermal progenitor cells

Comparative analysis of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells and the cognate umbilical cord mesenchymal stem/stromal cells

Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) show tremendous potential for regenerative medicine due to their self-renewal, multi-differentiation and immunomodulatory capabilities. Largely studies had indicated conventional tissue-derived MSCs have considerable limited expandability and donor variability which hinders further application. Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs)-derived MSCs (iMSCs) have created exciting source for standardized cellular therapy. However, the cellular and molecular differences between iMSCs and the cognate tissue-derived MSCs remains poorly explored. In this study, we first successfully reprogrammed human umbilical cords-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (UMSCs) into iPSCs by using the cocktails of mRNA. Subsequently, iPSCs were further differentiated into iMSCs in xeno-free induction medium. Then, iMSCs were compared with the donor matched UMSCs by assessing proliferative state, differentiation capability, immunomodulatory potential through immunohistochemical analysis, flow cytometric analysis, transcriptome sequencing analysis, and combine with coculture with immune cell population. The results showed that iMSCs exhibited high expression of MSCs positive-makers CD73, CD90, CD105 and lack expression of negative-maker cocktails CD34, CD45, CD11b, CD19, HLA-DR; also successfully differentiated into osteocytes, chondrocytes and adipocytes. Further, the iMSCs were similar with their parental UMSCs in cell proliferative state detected by the CCK-8 assay, and in cell rejuvenation state assessed by β-Galactosidase staining and telomerase activity related mRNA and protein analysis. However, iMSCs exhibited similarity to resident MSCs in Homeobox (Hox) genes expression profile and presented better neural differentiation potential by activation of NESTIN related pathway. Moreover, iMSCs owned enhanced immunosuppression capacity through downregulation pools of pro-inflammatory factors, including IL6, IL1B etc. and upregulation anti-inflammatory factors NOS1, TGFB etc. signals. In summary, our study provides an attractive cell source for basic research and offers fundamental biological insight of iMSCs-based therapy.

Bicyclic Caged Morpholino Oligonucleotides for Optical Gene Silencing

Caged morpholino oligonucleotides (cMOs) are synthetic tools that allow light-inducible gene silencing in live organisms. Previously reported cMOs have utilized hairpin, duplex, and cyclic structures, as well as caged nucleobases. While these antisense technologies enable efficient optical control of RNA splicing and translation, they can have limited dynamic range. A new caging strategy was developed where the two MO termini are conjugated to an internal position through a self-immolative trifunctional linker, thereby generating a bicyclic cMO that is conformationally resistant to RNA binding. The efficacy of this alternative cMO design has been demonstrated in zebrafish embryos and compared to linear MOs and monocyclic constructs.

The Development and Application of Opto-Chemical Tools in the Zebrafish

The zebrafish is one of the most widely adopted animal models in both basic and translational research. This popularity of the zebrafish results from several advantages such as a high degree of similarity to the human genome, the ease of genetic and chemical perturbations, external fertilization with high fecundity, transparent and fast-developing embryos, and relatively low cost-effective maintenance. In particular, body translucency is a unique feature of zebrafish that is not adequately obtained with other vertebrate organisms. The animal's distinctive optical clarity and small size therefore make it a successful model for optical modulation and observation. Furthermore, the convenience of microinjection and high embryonic permeability readily allow for efficient delivery of large and small molecules into live animals. Finally, the numerous number of siblings obtained from a single pair of animals offers large replicates and improved statistical analysis of the results. In this review, we describe the development of opto-chemical tools based on various strategies that control biological activities with unprecedented spatiotemporal resolution. We also discuss the reported applications of these tools in zebrafish and highlight the current challenges and future possibilities of opto-chemical approaches, particularly at the single cell level.

Combined effects of S-metolachlor and benoxacor on embryo development in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

It is necessary to study the combined toxicity of an herbicide and its safener because the two are often used in combination. S-metolachlor and its safener benoxacor have been detected in aquatic environments and can individually damage the oxidative stress system in zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio). However, only their separate toxicity in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo development has been reported. This study assessed the combined toxicity of benoxacor and S-metolachlor in zebrafish embryo development, including acute toxicity, developmental toxicity, oxidative damage, and cell apoptosis. The 96-h LC₅₀ values were higher in mixtures of benoxacor and S-metolachlor than in benoxacor alone. The treatments included S-metolachlor, Mix-1 (0.1 mg/L benoxacor + 0.1 mg/L S-metolachlor), Mix-2 (0.1 mg/L benoxacor + 0.3 mg/L S-metolachlor) and benoxacor alone. Embryos exposed to Mix-1 and Mix-2 had lower developmental toxicities, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, osx and cat expression levels than those exposed to benoxacor alone. Moreover, glutathione S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, and the expressions of tbx16, nrf2, bcl2, and caspase9 were higher in the mixtures than in the benoxacor group. High-throughput RNA sequencing revealed that benoxacor had a greater effect on gene regulation than Mix-1 and Mix-2. The malformation rate, different enrichment gene numbers, and gene expression levels of hatched embryos were higher in Mix-1 than in Mix-2. The results indicate that a mixture of S-metolachlor and benoxacor has antagonistic effects in the early stage of embryo development. The mixtures can break the reactive oxygen species balance, causing abnormal cell apoptosis and developmental malformation in embryos. Besides investigating the combined toxicity of benoxacor and S-metolachlor in zebrafish embryo development, this study provides a risk assessment basis for a herbicide combined with its safener.

Assessing the toxicity of three "inert" herbicide safeners toward Danio rerio: Effects on embryos development

Recent studies indicated that 'inert ingredients' exert negative effects on the environment. Herbicide safeners are classed as 'inert ingredients', which increase the selectivity and detoxification of herbicides. However, little attention has been focused on the environmental behavior of herbicide safeners. AD-67 (AD), fenclorim (FM), and flurazole (FZ) are three commercially available herbicide safeners. In this study, zebrafish embryos were used as a model to investigate the potential developmental toxicity of these three safeners. The results showed that AD, FM, and FZ 96 h-LC₅₀ values were 2.52, 1.26, and 2.01 mg/L, respectively. Significant decreased body lengths were observed in embryos after 96 h of exposure to 0.2 mg/L FM and FZ. Hatching rates significantly increased at 24 h and decreased at 96 h in all treatment groups (0.02 mg/L AD, 0.2 mg/L AD, 0.02 mg/L AD, 0.2 mg/L FZ, as well as 0.01 and 0.1 mg/L FM). No significant (p > 0.05) changes in heartbeat numbers (60 s), but clearly increased malformation rates were observed in response to safeners exposure. Furthermore, embryos showed signs of oxidative stress, such as decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, altered activities of glutathione reductase and catalase and cell apoptosis. The gene transcription related to body malformation (egf, krt 17, and tbx 16) and cell apoptosis (bcl 2 and bax) changed in treated groups. These genes have been connected to potential toxicological mechanisms. These results indicate that the herbicide safeners AD, FM, and FZ induced developmental toxicities in zebrafish embryos. This study is the first report of the toxicity of safeners in the development of zebrafish embryos. The results may be useful for assessing the risk of herbicides safeners in the aquatic ecosystem.

Hox13 genes are required for mesoderm formation and axis elongation during early zebrafish development

The early vertebrate embryo extends from anterior to posterior due to the addition of neural and mesodermal cells from a neuromesodermal progenitor (NMp) population located at the most posterior end of the embryo. In order to produce mesoderm throughout this time, the NMps produce their own niche, which is high in Wnt and low in retinoic acid. Using a loss-of-function approach, we demonstrate here that the two most abundant Hox13 genes in zebrafish have a novel role in providing robustness to the NMp niche by working in concert with the niche-establishing factor Brachyury to allow mesoderm formation. Mutants lacking both hoxa13b and hoxd13a in combination with reduced Brachyury activity have synergistic posterior body defects, in the strongest case producing embryos with severe mesodermal defects that phenocopy brachyury null mutants. Our results provide a new way of understanding the essential role of the Hox13 genes in early vertebrate development.This article has an associated 'The people behind the papers' interview.

Combinatorial control of gene function with wavelength-selective caged morpholinos

Caged morpholino oligonucleotides (cMOs) are useful research tools in developmental biology because they allow spatiotemporal control of gene expression in whole organisms. While cMOs are usually triggered by light of a single wavelength, the introduction of spectrally distinct chromophores can enable combinatorial regulation of multiple genes. This chapter describes the general principles and methods of wavelength-selective cMO design and synthesis from commercially available reagents. Synthetic protocols for the linkers and the two-step cMO assembly are described in detail, as well as the microinjection and photoactivation techniques. Following these protocols, spectrally separated cyclic cMOs for multiple genes of interest can be prepared, enabling their inhibition in zebrafish embryos and other animal models.

Optochemical Control of Biological Processes in Cells and Animals

Biological processes are naturally regulated with high spatial and temporal control, as is perhaps most evident in metazoan embryogenesis. Chemical tools have been extensively utilized in cell and developmental biology to investigate cellular processes, and conditional control methods have expanded applications of these technologies toward resolving complex biological questions. Light represents an excellent external trigger since it can be controlled with very high spatial and temporal precision. To this end, several optically regulated tools have been developed and applied to living systems. In this review we discuss recent developments of optochemical tools, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids that can be irreversibly or reversibly controlled through light irradiation, with a focus on applications in cells and animals.

Hydrogen peroxide-triggered gene silencing in mammalian cells through boronated antisense oligonucleotides

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) involved in various diseases, including neurodegeneration, diabetes, and cancer. Here, we introduce a new approach to use H2O2 to modulate specific gene expression in mammalian cells. H2O2-responsive nucleoside analogues, in which the Watson-Crick faces of the nucleobases are caged by arylboronate moieties, were synthesized. One of these analogues, boronated thymidine (dTB ), was incorporated into oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) using an automated DNA synthesizer. The hybridization ability of this boronated ODN to complementary RNA was clearly switched in the off-to-on direction upon H2O2 addition. Furthermore, we demonstrated H2O2-triggered gene silencing in mammalian cells using antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) modified with dTB . Our approach can be used for the regulation of any gene of interest by the sequence design of boronated ASOs and will contribute to the development of targeted disease therapeutics.

Illuminating developmental biology through photochemistry

Developmental biology has been continually shaped by technological advances, evolving from a descriptive science into one immersed in molecular and cellular mechanisms. Most recently, genome sequencing and 'omics' profiling have provided developmental biologists with a wealth of genetic and biochemical information; however, fully translating this knowledge into functional understanding will require new experimental capabilities. Photoactivatable probes have emerged as particularly valuable tools for investigating developmental mechanisms, as they can enable rapid, specific manipulations of DNA, RNA, proteins, and cells with spatiotemporal precision. In this Perspective, we describe optochemical and optogenetic systems that have been applied in multicellular organisms, insights gained through the use of these probes, and their current limitations. We also suggest how chemical biologists can expand the reach of photoactivatable technologies and bring new depth to our understanding of organismal development.