1
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Hohenwarter L, Puil E, Rouhollahi E, Bohrmann L, Lu S, Saatchi K, Häfeli UO, Barr A, Böttger R, Viswanadham KKD, Li SD. A Novel Leu-Enkephalin Prodrug Produces Pain-Relieving and Antidepressant Effects. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:688-703. [PMID: 38243899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Persistent pain is a significant healthcare problem with limited treatment options. The high incidence of comorbid chronic pain and depression significantly reduces life quality and complicates the treatment of both conditions. Antidepressants are less effective for pain and depression than for depression alone and they induce severe side effects. Opioids are highly efficacious analgesics, but rapid development of tolerance, dependence, and debilitating side effects limit their efficacy and safe use. Leucine-enkephalin (Leu-ENK), the endogenous delta opioid receptor agonist, controls pain and mood and produces potent analgesia with reduced adverse effects compared to conventional opioids. High proteolytic instability, however, makes Leu-ENK ineffective after systemic administration and limits its clinical usefulness. KK-103, a Leu-ENK prodrug, was developed to overcome these limitations of Leu-ENK via markedly increased plasma stability in mice. We showed rapid and substantially increased systemic adsorption and blood plasma exposure of KK-103 compared to Leu-ENK. We also observed brain uptake of radiolabeled KK-103 after systemic administration, indicating a central effect of KK-103. We then established KK-103's prolonged antinociceptive efficacy in the ramped hot plate and formalin test. In both models, KK-103 produced a comparable dose to the maximum antinociceptive-effect relationship. The pain-alleviating effect of KK-103 primarily resulted from activating the delta opioid receptor after the likely conversion of KK-103 to Leu-ENK in vivo. Finally, KK-103 produced an antidepressant-like activity comparable to the antidepressant desipramine, but with minimal gastrointestinal inhibition and no incidence of sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Hohenwarter
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Ernest Puil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Elham Rouhollahi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lennart Bohrmann
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shawna Lu
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Katayoun Saatchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Urs O Häfeli
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Alasdair Barr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Roland Böttger
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - K K DurgaRao Viswanadham
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Shyh-Dar Li
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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2
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Nagella SR, Choi S, Park SY, Ha CS, Jung Y, Chitumalla RK, Jang J, Yoon JY, Chung I. Depolymerized Chitosan-g-[Poly(MMA-co-HEMA-cl-EGDMA)] Based Nanogels for Controlled Local Release of Bupivacaine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16470. [PMID: 38003661 PMCID: PMC10671397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is designed to formulate and characterize chitosan-based nanogels that provide the controlled delivery of anesthetic drugs, such as bupivacaine (BPV), for effective postoperative pain management over prolonged periods of time. Drug carriers of chitosan/poly (MMA-co-HEMA-cl-EGDMA) (CsPMH) nanogels were prepared by varying the composition of comonomers such as MMA, HEMA, and redox initiator CAN. The nanogels were then characterized using FTIR, TGA, SEM, and TEM. The CsPMH nanogels showed greater encapsulation efficiencies from 43.20-91.77%. Computational studies were also conducted to evaluate the interaction between the drug and CsPMH nanoparticles. Finally, BPV-loaded nanoparticles were used to examine their in vitro release behavior. At pH 7.4, all the drug carriers displayed the "n" value around 0.7, thus the BPV release follows anomalous diffusion. Drug carrier 7 demonstrated a steady and sustained release of BPV for approximately 24 h and released about 91% of BPV, following the K-P mechanism of drug release. On the other hand, drug carrier 6 exhibited controlled release for approximately 12 h and released only 62% of BPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivagangi Reddy Nagella
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (S.R.N.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Soojeong Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (S.R.N.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Soo-Yong Park
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (S.R.N.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Chang-Sik Ha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (S.R.N.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Youngmi Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ramesh Kumar Chitumalla
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Joonkyung Jang
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea;
| | - Ji-Young Yoon
- Department of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, School of Dentistry, Pusan National University, Gyeongsangnam-do, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Gyeongsangnam-do, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Ildoo Chung
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea; (S.R.N.); (C.-S.H.)
- Dental Research Institute, Pusan National University Dental Hospital, Gyeongsangnam-do, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea
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3
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Deal PE, Lee H, Mondal A, Lolicato M, de Mendonca PRF, Black H, El-Hilali X, Bryant C, Isacoff EY, Renslo AR, Minor DL. Development of covalent chemogenetic K 2P channel activators. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.15.561774. [PMID: 37905049 PMCID: PMC10614804 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.15.561774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
K2P potassium channels regulate excitability by affecting cellular resting membrane potential in the brain, cardiovascular system, immune cells, and sensory organs. Despite their important roles in anesthesia, arrhythmia, pain, hypertension, sleep, and migraine, the ability to control K2P function remains limited. Here, we describe a chemogenetic strategy termed CATKLAMP (Covalent Activation of TREK family K+ channels to cLAmp Membrane Potential) that leverages the discovery of a site in the K2P modulator pocket that reacts with electrophile-bearing derivatives of a TREK subfamily small molecule activator, ML335, to activate the channel irreversibly. We show that the CATKLAMP strategy can be used to probe fundamental aspects of K2P function, as a switch to silence neuronal firing, and is applicable to all TREK subfamily members. Together, our findings exemplify a new means to alter K2P channel activity that should facilitate studies both molecular and systems level studies of K2P function and enable the search for new K2P modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker E. Deal
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | - Haerim Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | - Abhisek Mondal
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | - Marco Lolicato
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | | | - Holly Black
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xochina El-Hilali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | - Clifford Bryant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | - Ehud Y. Isacoff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Weill Neurohub, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | - Daniel L. Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
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4
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Benarroch E. What Is the Role of 2-Pore Domain Potassium Channels (K2P) in Pain? Neurology 2022; 99:516-521. [PMID: 36123135 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000201197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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5
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Zou Y, Xie J, Tian W, Wu L, Xie Y, Huang S, Tang Y, Deng X, Wu H, Xie X. Integrative Analysis of KCNK Genes and Establishment of a Specific Prognostic Signature for Breast Cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:839986. [PMID: 35656548 PMCID: PMC9152175 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.839986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-pore domains potassium channel subunits, encoded by KCNK genes, play vital roles in breast cancer progression. However, the characteristics of most KCNK genes in breast cancer has yet to be clarified. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the expression, alteration, prognosis, and biological functions of various KCNKs in breast cancer. The expression of KCNK1/4/6/9/10/13 were significantly upregulated, while KCNK2/3/5/7/17 were downregulated in breast cancer tissues compared to normal mammary tissues. Increased expression of KCNK1/3/4/9 was correlated with poor overall survival, while high expression of KCNK2/7/17 predicted better overall survival in breast cancer. Eight KCNK genes were altered in breast cancer patients with a genomic mutation rate ranged from 1.9% to 21%. KCNK1 and KCNK9 were the two most common mutations in breast cancer, occurred in 21% and 18% patients, respectively. Alteration of KCNK genes was associated with the worse clinical characteristics and higher TMB, MSI, and hypoxia score. Using machine learning method, a specific prognostic signature with seven KCNK genes was established, which manifested accuracy in predicting the prognosis of breast cancer in both training and validation cohorts. A nomogram with great predictive performance was afterwards constructed through incorporating KCNK-based risk score with clinical features. Furthermore, KCNKs were correlated with the activation of several tumor microenvironment cells, including T cells, mast cells, macrophages, and platelets. Presentation of antigen, stimulation of G protein signaling and toll-like receptor cascaded were regulated by KCNKs family. Taken together, KCNKs may regulate breast cancer progression via modulating immune response which can serve as ideal prognostic biomarkers for breast cancer patients. Our study provides novel insight for future studies evaluating their usefulness as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hao Wu
- *Correspondence: Hao Wu, ; Xinhua Xie,
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6
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Rafiei M, Afsahi M, Karbalaeikhani A, Kheradmand B, Hazrati E. Lidocaine Plus Morphine Versus Lidocaine Plus Paracetamol for Bier Block: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. J Perianesth Nurs 2022; 37:380-385. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jopan.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Pope L, Minor DL. The Polysite Pharmacology of TREK K 2P Channels. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1349:51-65. [PMID: 35138610 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
K2P (KCNK) potassium channels form "background" or "leak" currents that have critical roles in cell excitability control in the brain, cardiovascular system, and somatosensory neurons. Similar to many ion channel families, studies of K2Ps have been limited by poor pharmacology. Of six K2P subfamilies, the thermo- and mechanosensitive TREK subfamily comprising K2P2.1 (TREK-1), K2P4.1 (TRAAK), and K2P10.1 (TREK-2) are the first to have structures determined for each subfamily member. These structural studies have revealed key architectural features that underlie K2P function and have uncovered sites residing at every level of the channel structure with respect to the membrane where small molecules or lipids can control channel function. This polysite pharmacology within a relatively small (~70 kDa) ion channel comprises four structurally defined modulator binding sites that occur above (Keystone inhibitor site), at the level of (K2P modulator pocket), and below (Fenestration and Modulatory lipid sites) the C-type selectivity filter gate that is at the heart of K2P function. Uncovering this rich structural landscape provides the framework for understanding and developing subtype-selective modulators to probe K2P function that may provide leads for drugs for anesthesia, pain, arrhythmia, ischemia, and migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Pope
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, US
| | - Daniel L Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, US. .,Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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8
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Zheng X, Yang J, Zhu Z, Fang Y, Tian Y, Xie M, Wang W, Liu Y. The Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel TREK-1 Promotes Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown and Exacerbates Neuronal Death After Focal Cerebral Ischemia in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2305-2327. [PMID: 35067892 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02702-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Earlier studies have shown the neuroprotective role of TWIK-related K+ channel 1 (TREK-1) in global cerebral and spinal cord ischemia, while its function in focal cerebral ischemia has long been debated. This study used TREK-1-deficient mice to directly investigate the role of TREK-1 after focal cerebral ischemia. First, immunofluorescence assays in the mouse cerebral cortex indicated that TREK-1 expression was mostly abundant in astrocytes, neurons, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells but was low in myelinating oligodendrocytes, microglia, or endothelial cells. TREK-1 deficiency did not affect brain weight and morphology or the number of neurons, astrocytes, or microglia but did increase glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in astrocytes of the cerebral cortex. The anatomy of the major cerebral vasculature, number and structure of brain micro blood vessels, and blood-brain barrier integrity were unaltered. Next, mice underwent 60 min of focal cerebral ischemia and 72 h of reperfusion induced by the intraluminal suture method. TREK-1-deficient mice showed less neuronal death, smaller infarction size, milder blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, reduced immune cell invasion, and better neurological function. Finally, the specific pharmacological inhibition of TREK-1 also decreased infarction size and improved neurological function. These results demonstrated that TREK-1 might play a detrimental rather than beneficial role in focal cerebral ischemia, and inhibition of TREK-1 would be a strategy to treat ischemic stroke in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yongkang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yeye Tian
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Minjie Xie
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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9
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Regulation of Two-Pore-Domain Potassium TREK Channels and their Involvement in Pain Perception and Migraine. Neurosci Lett 2022; 773:136494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Two-Pore-Domain Potassium (K 2P-) Channels: Cardiac Expression Patterns and Disease-Specific Remodelling Processes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112914. [PMID: 34831137 PMCID: PMC8616229 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-pore-domain potassium (K2P-) channels conduct outward K+ currents that maintain the resting membrane potential and modulate action potential repolarization. Members of the K2P channel family are widely expressed among different human cell types and organs where they were shown to regulate important physiological processes. Their functional activity is controlled by a broad variety of different stimuli, like pH level, temperature, and mechanical stress but also by the presence of lipids or pharmacological agents. In patients suffering from cardiovascular diseases, alterations in K2P-channel expression and function have been observed, suggesting functional significance and a potential therapeutic role of these ion channels. For example, upregulation of atrial specific K2P3.1 (TASK-1) currents in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients was shown to contribute to atrial action potential duration shortening, a key feature of AF-associated atrial electrical remodelling. Therefore, targeting K2P3.1 (TASK-1) channels might constitute an intriguing strategy for AF treatment. Further, mechanoactive K2P2.1 (TREK-1) currents have been implicated in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac fibrosis and heart failure. Cardiovascular expression of other K2P channels has been described, functional evidence in cardiac tissue however remains sparse. In the present review, expression, function, and regulation of cardiovascular K2P channels are summarized and compared among different species. Remodelling patterns, observed in disease models are discussed and compared to findings from clinical patients to assess the therapeutic potential of K2P channels.
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11
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García G, Martínez-Rojas VA, Murbartián J. TREK-1 potassium channels participate in acute and long-lasting nociceptive hypersensitivity induced by formalin in rats. Behav Brain Res 2021; 413:113446. [PMID: 34224765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
TREK-1 channels are expressed in small nociceptive dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons where they participate in acute inflammatory and neuropathic pain. However, the role of TREK-1 in persistent pain is not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the local peripheral and spinal participation of TREK-1 in formalin-induced acute and long-lasting nociceptive hypersensitivity. Local peripheral or intrathecal pre-treatment with spadin, selective blocker of TREK-1, increased acute flinching behavior and secondary mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia behavior observed 6 days after formalin injection. Local peripheral or intrathecal pre-treatment with BL-1249, selective opener of TREK-1, decreased long-lasting secondary mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by formalin. Pre-treatment with BL-1249 prevented the pro-nociceptive effect of spadin on acute nociception and long-lasting mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia in rats. Pre-treatment with two recombinant channels that produce a high TREK-1 current, S300A and S333A (non-phosphorylated state of TREK-1), reduced formalin-induced acute pain and long-lasting mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia. Besides, post-treatment with S300A, S333A or BL-1249 reversed long-lasting mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by formalin. Formalin increased TREK-1 expression at 1 and 6 days in DRG and dorsal spinal cord in rats, whereas that it increased c-fos expression at the DRG. Intrathecal repeated transfection of rats with S300A and S333A or injection with BL-1249 reduced formalin-induced enhanced c-fos expression. Data suggest that TREK-1 activity at peripheral and spinal sites reduces neuronal excitability in the process of acute and long-lasting nociception induced by formalin in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe García
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - Janet Murbartián
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Sede Sur, Mexico City, Mexico.
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12
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Mathie A, Veale EL, Golluscio A, Holden RG, Walsh Y. Pharmacological Approaches to Studying Potassium Channels. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 267:83-111. [PMID: 34195873 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we consider the pharmacology of potassium channels from the perspective of these channels as therapeutic targets. Firstly, we describe the three main families of potassium channels in humans and disease states where they are implicated. Secondly, we describe the existing therapeutic agents which act on potassium channels and outline why these channels represent an under-exploited therapeutic target with potential for future drug development. Thirdly, we consider the evidence desired in order to embark on a drug discovery programme targeting a particular potassium channel. We have chosen two "case studies": activators of the two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channel TREK-2 (K2P10.1), for the treatment of pain and inhibitors of the voltage-gated potassium channel KV1.3, for use in autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis. We describe the evidence base to suggest why these are viable therapeutic targets. Finally, we detail the main technical approaches available to characterise the pharmacology of potassium channels and identify novel regulatory compounds. We draw particular attention to the Comprehensive in vitro Proarrhythmia Assay initiative (CiPA, https://cipaproject.org ) project for cardiac safety, as an example of what might be both desirable and possible in the future, for ion channel regulator discovery projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Mathie
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, UK. .,Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich, London, UK. .,School of Engineering, Arts, Science and Technology, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK.
| | - Emma L Veale
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, UK.,Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Alessia Golluscio
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, UK.,Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Robyn G Holden
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, UK.,Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich, London, UK
| | - Yvonne Walsh
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Kent, UK.,Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich, London, UK
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13
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Weiss N, Zamponi GW. Opioid Receptor Regulation of Neuronal Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:839-847. [PMID: 32514826 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal voltage-gated calcium channels play a pivotal role in the conversion of electrical signals into calcium entry into nerve endings that is required for the release of neurotransmitters. They are under the control of a number of cellular signaling pathways that serve to fine tune synaptic activities, including G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and the opioid system. Besides modulating channel activity via activation of second messengers, GPCRs also physically associate with calcium channels to regulate their function and expression at the plasma membrane. In this mini review, we discuss the mechanisms by which calcium channels are regulated by classical opioid and nociceptin receptors. We highlight the importance of this regulation in the control of neuronal functions and their implication in the development of disease conditions. Finally, we present recent literature concerning the use of novel μ-opioid receptor/nociceptin receptor modulators and discuss their use as potential drug candidates for the treatment of pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Weiss
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Biology and Medical Genetics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Gerald W Zamponi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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14
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Othayoth AK, Paul S, Muralidharan K. Polyvinyl alcohol-phytic acid polymer films as promising gas/vapor sorption materials. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02603-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Natale AM, Deal PE, Minor DL. Structural Insights into the Mechanisms and Pharmacology of K 2P Potassium Channels. J Mol Biol 2021; 433:166995. [PMID: 33887333 PMCID: PMC8436263 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.166995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Leak currents, defined as voltage and time independent flows of ions across cell membranes, are central to cellular electrical excitability control. The K2P (KCNK) potassium channel class comprises an ion channel family that produces potassium leak currents that oppose excitation and stabilize the resting membrane potential in cells in the brain, cardiovascular system, immune system, and sensory organs. Due to their widespread tissue distribution, K2Ps contribute to many physiological and pathophysiological processes including anesthesia, pain, arrythmias, ischemia, hypertension, migraine, intraocular pressure regulation, and lung injury responses. Structural studies of six homomeric K2Ps have established the basic architecture of this channel family, revealed key moving parts involved in K2P function, uncovered the importance of asymmetric pinching and dilation motions in the K2P selectivity filter (SF) C-type gate, and defined two K2P structural classes based on the absence or presence of an intracellular gate. Further, a series of structures characterizing K2P:modulator interactions have revealed a striking polysite pharmacology housed within a relatively modestly sized (~70 kDa) channel. Binding sites for small molecules or lipids that control channel function are found at every layer of the channel structure, starting from its extracellular side through the portion that interacts with the membrane bilayer inner leaflet. This framework provides the basis for understanding how gating cues sensed by different channel parts control function and how small molecules and lipids modulate K2P activity. Such knowledge should catalyze development of new K2P modulators to probe function and treat a wide range of disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Natale
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Parker E Deal
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel L Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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16
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Yin CY, Li LD, Xu C, Du ZW, Wu JM, Chen X, Xia T, Huang SY, Meng F, Zhang J, Xu PJ, Hua FZ, Muhammad N, Han F, Zhou QG. A novel method for automatic pharmacological evaluation of sucrose preference change in depression mice. Pharmacol Res 2021; 168:105601. [PMID: 33838294 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose preference test (SPT) is a most frequently applied method for measuring anhedonia, a core symptom of depression, in rodents. However, the method of SPT still remains problematic mainly due to the primitive, irregular, and inaccurate various types of home-made equipment in laboratories, causing imprecise, inconsistent, and variable results. To overcome this issue, we devised a novel method for automatic detection of anhedonia in mice using an electronic apparatus with its program for automated detecting the behavior of drinking of mice instead of manual weighing the water bottles. In this system, the liquid surface of the bottles was monitored electronically by infrared monitoring elements which were assembled beside the plane of the water surface and the information of times and duration of each drinking was collected to the principal machine. A corresponding computer program was written and installed in a computer connected to the principal machine for outputting and analyzing the data. This new method, based on the automated system, was sensitive, reliable, and adaptable for evaluation of stress- or drug-induced anhedonia, as well as taste preference and effects of addictive drugs. Extensive application of this automated apparatus for SPT would greatly improve and standardize the behavioral assessment method of anhedonia, being instrumental in novel antidepressant screening and depression researching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Yin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Neonatal Medical Center, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lian-Di Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chu Xu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Zi-Wei Du
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jia-Min Wu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Shu-Ying Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Fan Meng
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Pei-Jin Xu
- Wanxiang Biotechnology company, Nanyang 473061, China
| | - Fu-Zhou Hua
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
| | - Naveed Muhammad
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Qi-Gang Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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17
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Huang L, Xu G, Jiang R, Luo Y, Zuo Y, Liu J. Development of Non-opioid Analgesics Targeting Two-pore Domain Potassium Channels. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:16-26. [PMID: 33827408 PMCID: PMC9199554 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210407152528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels are a diverse family of potassium channels. K2P channels generate background leak potassium currents to regulate cellular excitability and are thereby involved in a wide range of neurological disorders. K2P channels are modulated by a variety of physicochemical factors such as mechanical stretch, temperature, and pH. In the the peripheral nervous system (PNS), K2P channels are widely expressed in nociceptive neurons and play a critical roles in pain perception. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the pharmacological properties of K2P channels, with a focus on the exogenous small-molecule activators targeting K2P channels. We emphasize the subtype-selectivity, cellular and in vivo pharmacological properties of all the reported small-molecule activators. The key underlying analgesic mechanisms mediated by K2P are also summarized based on the data in the literature from studies using small-molecule activators and genetic knock-out animals. We discuss advantages and limitations of the translational perspectives of K2P in pain medicine and provide outstanding questions for future studies in the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Huang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan. China
| | - Guangyin Xu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu. China
| | - Ruotian Jiang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan. China
| | - Yuncheng Luo
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan. China
| | - Yunxia Zuo
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan. China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, Sichuan. China
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18
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Lee H, Lolicato M, Arrigoni C, Minor DL. Production of K 2P2.1 (TREK-1) for structural studies. Methods Enzymol 2021; 653:151-188. [PMID: 34099170 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
K2P (KCNK) potassium channels form 'background' or 'leak' currents that are important for controlling cell excitability in the brain, cardiovascular system, and somatosensory neurons. K2P2.1 (TREK-1) is one of the founding members of this family and one of the first well-characterized polymodal ion channels capable of responding to a variety of physical and chemical gating cues. Of the six K2P subfamilies, the thermo-and mechano-sensitive TREK subfamily comprising K2P2.1 (TREK-1), K2P4.1 (TRAAK), and K2P10.1 (TREK-2) is the first to have structures determined for each subfamily member. These structural studies have revealed key architectural features that provide a framework for understanding how gating cues sensed by different channel elements converge on the K2P selectivity filter C-type gate. TREK family structural studies have also revealed numerous sites where small molecules or lipids bind and affect channel function. This rich structural landscape provides the framework for probing K2P function and for the development of new K2P-directed agents. Such molecules may be useful for affecting processes where TREK channels are important such as anesthesia, pain, arrythmia, ischemia, migraine, intraocular pressure, and lung injury. Production of high quality protein samples is key to addressing new questions about K2P function and pharmacology. Here, we present methods for producing pure K2P2.1 (TREK-1) suitable for advancing towards these goals through structural and biochemical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haerim Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Marco Lolicato
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Cristina Arrigoni
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel L Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, United States; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, United States.
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19
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Midavaine É, Côté J, Marchand S, Sarret P. Glial and neuroimmune cell choreography in sexually dimorphic pain signaling. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:168-192. [PMID: 33582232 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major global health issue that affects all populations regardless of sex, age, ethnicity/race, or country of origin, leading to persistent physical and emotional distress and to the loss of patients' autonomy and quality of life. Despite tremendous efforts in the elucidation of the mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of chronic pain, the identification of new potential pain targets, and the development of novel analgesics, the pharmacological treatment options available for pain management remain limited, and most novel pain medications have failed to achieve advanced clinical development, leaving many patients with unbearable and undermanaged pain. Sex-specific susceptibility to chronic pain conditions as well as sex differences in pain sensitivity, pain tolerance and analgesic efficacy are increasingly recognized in the literature and have thus prompted scientists to seek mechanistic explanations. Hence, recent findings have highlighted that the signaling mechanisms underlying pain hypersensitivity are sexually dimorphic, which sheds light on the importance of conducting preclinical and clinical pain research on both sexes and of developing sex-specific pain medications. This review thus focuses on the clinical and preclinical evidence supporting the existence of sex differences in pain neurobiology. Attention is drawn to the sexually dimorphic role of glial and immune cells, which are both recognized as key players in neuroglial maladaptive plasticity at the origin of the transition from acute pain to chronic pathological pain. Growing evidence notably attributes to microglial cells a pivotal role in the sexually dimorphic pain phenotype and in the sexually dimorphic analgesic efficacy of opioids. This review also summarizes the recent advances in understanding the pathobiology underpinning the development of pain hypersensitivity in both males and females in different types of pain conditions, with particular emphasis on the mechanistic signaling pathways driving sexually dimorphic pain responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élora Midavaine
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Serge Marchand
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke, CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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20
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García G, Méndez-Reséndiz KA, Oviedo N, Murbartián J. PKC- and PKA-dependent phosphorylation modulates TREK-1 function in naïve and neuropathic rats. J Neurochem 2020; 157:2039-2054. [PMID: 33006141 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PKC and PKA phosphorylation inhibit TREK-1 channels downstream of Gs protein-coupled receptor activation in vitro. However, the role of phosphorylation of TREK-1 in neuropathic pain is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether altered TREK-1 channel function by PKA and PKC modulators contributes to antiallodynia in neuropathic rats. Furthermore, we investigated if the in vitro described sites for PKC and PKA phosphorylation (S300 and S333, respectively) participate in the modulation of TREK-1 in naïve and neuropathic rats. L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) induced tactile allodynia. Intrathecal injection of BL-1249 (TREK-1 activator) reversed nerve injury-induced tactile allodynia, whereas spadin (TREK-1 blocker) produced tactile allodynia in naïve rats and reversed the antiallodynic effect induced by BL-1249 in neuropathic rats. Intrathecal administration of rottlerin or Rp-cAMPs (PKC and PKA inhibitors, respectively) enhanced the antiallodynia observed with BL-1249 in neuropathic rats. In contrast, pretreatment with PdBu or forskolin (PKC and PKA activators, respectively) reduced the BL-1249-induced antiallodynia. Intrathecal injection of two high-activity TREK-1 recombinant channels, using a in vivo transfection method with lipofectamine, with mutations at PKC/PKA phosphosites (S300A and S333A) reversed tactile allodynia in neuropathic rats, with no effect in naïve rats. In contrast, transfection of two low-activity TREK-1 recombinant channels with phosphomimetic mutations at those sites (S300D and S333D) produced tactile allodynia in naïve rats and interfered with antiallodynic effects of rottlerin/BL-1249 or Rp-cAMPs/BL-1249. Data suggest that TREK-1 channel activity can be dynamically tuned in vivo by PKC/PKA to provoke allodynia and modulate its antiallodynic role in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe García
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Sede Sur., Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Norma Oviedo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Centro Médico Nacional, La Raza, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Janet Murbartián
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav, Sede Sur., Mexico City, Mexico
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21
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Lolicato M, Natale AM, Abderemane-Ali F, Crottès D, Capponi S, Duman R, Wagner A, Rosenberg JM, Grabe M, Minor DL. K 2P channel C-type gating involves asymmetric selectivity filter order-disorder transitions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/44/eabc9174. [PMID: 33127683 PMCID: PMC7608817 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc9174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
K2P potassium channels regulate cellular excitability using their selectivity filter (C-type) gate. C-type gating mechanisms, best characterized in homotetrameric potassium channels, remain controversial and are attributed to selectivity filter pinching, dilation, or subtle structural changes. The extent to which such mechanisms control C-type gating of innately heterodimeric K2Ps is unknown. Here, combining K2P2.1 (TREK-1) x-ray crystallography in different potassium concentrations, potassium anomalous scattering, molecular dynamics, and electrophysiology, we uncover unprecedented, asymmetric, potassium-dependent conformational changes that underlie K2P C-type gating. These asymmetric order-disorder transitions, enabled by the K2P heterodimeric architecture, encompass pinching and dilation, disrupt the S1 and S2 ion binding sites, require the uniquely long K2P SF2-M4 loop and conserved "M3 glutamate network," and are suppressed by the K2P C-type gate activator ML335. These findings demonstrate that two distinct C-type gating mechanisms can operate in one channel and underscore the SF2-M4 loop as a target for K2P channel modulator development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lolicato
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA
| | - Andrew M Natale
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA
| | - Fayal Abderemane-Ali
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA
| | - David Crottès
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA
| | - Sara Capponi
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA
| | - Ramona Duman
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Armin Wagner
- Science Division, Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - John M Rosenberg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Michael Grabe
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA
| | - Daniel L Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA.
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 93858-2330, USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720 USA
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22
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Busserolles J, Ben Soussia I, Pouchol L, Marie N, Meleine M, Devilliers M, Judon C, Schopp J, Clémenceau L, Poupon L, Chapuy E, Richard S, Noble F, Lesage F, Ducki S, Eschalier A, Lolignier S. TREK1 channel activation as a new analgesic strategy devoid of opioid adverse effects. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:4782-4795. [PMID: 32851651 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Opioids are effective painkillers. However, their risk-benefit ratio is dampened by numerous adverse effects and opioid misuse has led to a public health crisis. Safer alternatives are required, but isolating the antinociceptive effect of opioids from their adverse effects is a pharmacological challenge because activation of the μ opioid receptor triggers both the antinociceptive and adverse effects of opioids. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The TREK1 potassium channel is activated downstream of μ receptor and involved in the antinociceptive activity of morphine but not in its adverse effects. Bypassing the μ opioid receptor to directly activate TREK1 could therefore be a safer analgesic strategy. KEY RESULTS We developed a selective TREK1 activator, RNE28, with antinociceptive activity in naive rodents and in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. This activity was lost in TREK1 knockout mice or wild-type mice treated with the TREK1 blocker spadin, showing that TREK1 is required for the antinociceptive activity of RNE28. RNE28 did not induce respiratory depression, constipation, rewarding effects, or sedation at the analgesic doses tested. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This proof-of-concept study shows that TREK1 activators could constitute a novel class of painkillers, inspired by the mechanism of action of opioids but devoid of their adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Busserolles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ismail Ben Soussia
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Labex ICST, Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, Valbonne, France
| | - Laetitia Pouchol
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Marie
- Neuroplasticité et thérapie des addictions, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Meleine
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maïly Devilliers
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Judon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Schopp
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Loïc Clémenceau
- Neuroplasticité et thérapie des addictions, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Laura Poupon
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Chapuy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Serge Richard
- Centre de Recherches Biologiques, CERB, Baugy, France
| | - Florence Noble
- Neuroplasticité et thérapie des addictions, Université Paris Descartes, CNRS, Inserm, Paris, France
| | - Florian Lesage
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Labex ICST, Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, Valbonne, France
| | - Sylvie Ducki
- ICCF, SIGMA Clermont, Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Eschalier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Lolignier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, F-63000, France.,Faculté de Médecine, Institut Analgesia, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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23
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Mathie A, Veale EL, Cunningham KP, Holden RG, Wright PD. Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channels as Drug Targets: Anesthesia and Beyond. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2020; 61:401-420. [PMID: 32679007 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-030920-111536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two-pore domain potassium (K2P) channels stabilize the resting membrane potential of both excitable and nonexcitable cells and, as such, are important regulators of cell activity. There are many conditions where pharmacological regulation of K2P channel activity would be of therapeutic benefit, including, but not limited to, atrial fibrillation, respiratory depression, pulmonary hypertension, neuropathic pain, migraine, depression, and some forms of cancer. Up until now, few if any selective pharmacological regulators of K2P channels have been available. However, recent publications of solved structures with small-molecule activators and inhibitors bound to TREK-1, TREK-2, and TASK-1 K2P channels have given insight into the pharmacophore requirements for compound binding to these sites. Together with the increasing availability of a number of novel, active, small-molecule compounds from K2P channel screening programs, these advances have opened up the possibility of rational activator and inhibitor design to selectively target K2P channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair Mathie
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich and University of Kent, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom;
| | - Emma L Veale
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich and University of Kent, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom;
| | - Kevin P Cunningham
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, United Kingdom
| | - Robyn G Holden
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Greenwich and University of Kent, Kent ME4 4TB, United Kingdom;
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Pope L, Lolicato M, Minor DL. Polynuclear Ruthenium Amines Inhibit K 2P Channels via a "Finger in the Dam" Mechanism. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:511-524.e4. [PMID: 32059793 PMCID: PMC7245552 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The trinuclear ruthenium amine ruthenium red (RuR) inhibits diverse ion channels, including K2P potassium channels, TRPs, the calcium uniporter, CALHMs, ryanodine receptors, and Piezos. Despite this extraordinary array, there is limited information for how RuR engages targets. Here, using X-ray crystallographic and electrophysiological studies of an RuR-sensitive K2P, K2P2.1 (TREK-1) I110D, we show that RuR acts by binding an acidic residue pair comprising the "Keystone inhibitor site" under the K2P CAP domain archway above the channel pore. We further establish that Ru360, a dinuclear ruthenium amine not known to affect K2Ps, inhibits RuR-sensitive K2Ps using the same mechanism. Structural knowledge enabled a generalizable design strategy for creating K2P RuR "super-responders" having nanomolar sensitivity. Together, the data define a "finger in the dam" inhibition mechanism acting at a novel K2P inhibitor binding site. These findings highlight the polysite nature of K2P pharmacology and provide a new framework for K2P inhibitor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne Pope
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA
| | - Marco Lolicato
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA
| | - Daniel L Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA; Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, CA 93858-2330, USA; Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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25
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Qiu Y, Huang L, Fu J, Han C, Fang J, Liao P, Chen Z, Mo Y, Sun P, Liao D, Yang L, Wang J, Zhang Q, Liu J, Liu F, Liu T, Huang W, Yang H, Jiang R. TREK Channel Family Activator with a Well-Defined Structure–Activation Relationship for Pain and Neurogenic Inflammation. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3665-3677. [PMID: 32162512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunguang Qiu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chenxia Han
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jing Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ping Liao
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Yiqing Mo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Peihua Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Daqing Liao
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Linghui Yang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Qiansen Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Feng Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre and West China-Liverpool Biomedical Research Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Huaiyu Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ruotian Jiang
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University & The Research Units of West China (2018RU012), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
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Busserolles J, Lolignier S, Kerckhove N, Bertin C, Authier N, Eschalier A. Replacement of current opioid drugs focusing on MOR-related strategies. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 210:107519. [PMID: 32165137 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The scarcity and limited risk/benefit ratio of painkillers available on the market, in addition to the opioid crisis, warrant reflection on new innovation strategies. The pharmacopoeia of analgesics is based on products that are often old and derived from clinical empiricism, with limited efficacy or spectrum of action, or resulting in an unsatisfactory tolerability profile. Although they are reference analgesics for nociceptive pain, opioids are subject to the same criticism. The use of opium as an analgesic is historical. Morphine was synthesized at the beginning of the 19th century. The efficacy of opioids is limited in certain painful contexts and these drugs can induce potentially serious and fatal adverse effects. The current North American opioid crisis, with an ever-rising number of deaths by opioid overdose, is a tragic illustration of this. It is therefore legitimate to develop research into molecules likely to maintain or increase opioid efficacy while improving their tolerability. Several avenues are being explored including targeting of the mu opioid receptor (MOR) splice variants, developing biased agonists or targeting of other receptors such as heteromers with MOR. Ion channels acting as MOR effectors, are also targeted in order to offer compounds without MOR-dependent adverse effects. Another route is to develop opioid analgesics with peripheral action or limited central nervous system (CNS) access. Finally, endogenous opioids used as drugs or compounds that modify the metabolism of endogenous opioids (Dual ENKephalinase Inhibitors) are being developed. The aim of the present review is to present these various targets/strategies with reference to current indications for opioids, concerns about their widespread use, particularly in chronic non-cancer pains, and ways of limiting the risk of opioid abuse and misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Busserolles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, CHU, NEURO-DOL Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut ANALGESIA, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Lolignier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, CHU, NEURO-DOL Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut ANALGESIA, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Kerckhove
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, CHU, NEURO-DOL Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut ANALGESIA, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Observatoire Français des Médicaments Antalgiques (OFMA), French monitoring centre for analgesic drugs, CHU, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Célian Bertin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, CHU, NEURO-DOL Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut ANALGESIA, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Observatoire Français des Médicaments Antalgiques (OFMA), French monitoring centre for analgesic drugs, CHU, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Authier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, CHU, NEURO-DOL Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut ANALGESIA, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Observatoire Français des Médicaments Antalgiques (OFMA), French monitoring centre for analgesic drugs, CHU, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Alain Eschalier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, CHU, NEURO-DOL Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la douleur, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; Institut ANALGESIA, Faculté de Médecine, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Paschou M, Maier L, Papazafiri P, Selescu T, Dedos SG, Babes A, Doxakis E. Neuronal microRNAs modulate TREK two-pore domain K + channel expression and current density. RNA Biol 2020; 17:651-662. [PMID: 31994436 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1722450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The TREK family of leak potassium channels has been found to play critical roles in nociception, sensitivity to general anaesthetics, neuroprotection, and memory. The three members of the family, TREK1, TREK2 and TRAAK establish the resting potential and modify the duration, frequency and amplitude of action potentials. Despite their apparent importance, the repertoire of regulatory interactions utilized by cells to control their expression is poorly understood. Herein, the contribution of miRNAs in the regulation of their post-transcriptional gene expression has been examined. Using different assays, miR-124 and to a lesser extent miR-128 and miR-183 were found to reduce TREK1 and TREK2 levels through specific binding to their 3'UTRs. In contrast, miR-9 which was predicted to bind to TRAAK 3'UTR, did not alter its expression. Expression of miR-124, miR-128 and miR-183 was found to mirror that of Trek1 and Trek2 mRNAs during brain development. Moreover, application of proinflammatory mediators in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons revealed an inverse correlation between miR-124 and Trek1 and Trek2 mRNA expression. Voltage clamp recordings of TREK2-mediated currents showed that miR-124 reduced the sensitivity of TREK2-expressing cells to non-aversive warmth stimulation. Overall, these findings reveal a significant regulatory mechanism by which TREK1 and TREK2 expression and hence activity are controlled in neurons and uncover new druggable targets for analgesia and neuroprotection.Abbreviations: microRNA: miRNA; UTR: untranslated region; K2p channels: two-pore domain K+channels; DRG: dorsal root ganglion; CNS: central nervous system; FBS: fetal bovine serum; TuD: Tough Decoy; TREK: tandem P-domain weak inward rectifying K+ (TWIK)-related K+ channel 1; TRAAK: TWIK-related arachidonic acid K+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paschou
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Larisa Maier
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Panagiota Papazafiri
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Tudor Selescu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Skarlatos G Dedos
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexandru Babes
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Epaminondas Doxakis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Rivas-Ramírez P, Reboreda A, Rueda-Ruzafa L, Herrera-Pérez S, Lamas JA. PIP 2 Mediated Inhibition of TREK Potassium Currents by Bradykinin in Mouse Sympathetic Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020389. [PMID: 31936257 PMCID: PMC7014146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK), a hormone inducing pain and inflammation, is known to inhibit potassium M-currents (IM) and to increase the excitability of the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons by activating the Ca2+-calmodulin pathway. M-current is also reduced by muscarinic agonists through the depletion of membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate (PIP2). Similarly, the activation of muscarinic receptors inhibits the current through two-pore domain potassium channels (K2P) of the “Tandem of pore-domains in a Weakly Inward rectifying K+ channel (TWIK)-related channels” (TREK) subfamily by reducing PIP2 in mouse SCG neurons (mSCG). The aim of this work was to test and characterize the modulation of TREK channels by bradykinin. We used the perforated-patch technique to investigate riluzole (RIL) activated currents in voltage- and current-clamp experiments. RIL is a drug used in the palliative treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and, in addition to blocking voltage-dependent sodium channels, it also selectively activates the K2P channels of the TREK subfamily. A cell-attached patch-clamp was also used to investigate TREK-2 single channel currents. We report here that BK reduces spike frequency adaptation (SFA), inhibits the riluzole-activated current (IRIL), which flows mainly through TREK-2 channels, by about 45%, and reduces the open probability of identified single TREK-2 channels in cultured mSCG cells. The effect of BK on IRIL was precluded by the bradykinin receptor (B2R) antagonist HOE-140 (d-Arg-[Hyp3, Thi5, d-Tic7, Oic8]BK) but also by diC8PIP2 which prevents PIP2 depletion when phospholipase C (PLC) is activated. On the contrary, antagonizing inositol triphosphate receptors (IP3R) using 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2-APB) or inhibiting protein kinase C (PKC) with bisindolylmaleimide did not affect the inhibition of IRIL by BK. In conclusion, bradykinin inhibits TREK-2 channels through the activation of B2Rs resulting in PIP2 depletion, much like we have demonstrated for muscarinic agonists. This mechanism implies that TREK channels must be relevant for the capture of information about pain and visceral inflammation.
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Fisher C, Johnson K, Okerman T, Jurgenson T, Nickell A, Salo E, Moore M, Doucette A, Bjork J, Klein AH. Morphine Efficacy, Tolerance, and Hypersensitivity Are Altered After Modulation of SUR1 Subtype K ATP Channel Activity in Mice. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1122. [PMID: 31695594 PMCID: PMC6817471 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are found in the nervous system and are downstream targets of opioid receptors. KATP channel activity can effect morphine efficacy and may beneficial for relieving chronic pain in the peripheral and central nervous system. Unfortunately, the KATP channels exists as a heterooctomers, and the exact subtypes responsible for the contribution to chronic pain and opioid signaling in either dorsal root ganglia (DRG) or the spinal cord are yet unknown. Chronic opioid exposure (15 mg/kg morphine, s.c., twice daily) over 5 days produces significant downregulation of Kir6.2 and SUR1 in the spinal cord and DRG of mice. In vitro studies also conclude potassium flux after KATP channel agonist stimulation is decreased in neuroblastoma cells treated with morphine for several days. Mice lacking the KATP channel SUR1 subunit have reduced opioid efficacy in mechanical paw withdrawal behavioral responses compared to wild-type and heterozygous littermates (5 and 15 mg/kg, s.c., morphine). Using either short hairpin RNA (shRNA) or SUR1 cre-lox strategies, downregulation of SUR1 subtype KATP channels in the spinal cord and DRG of mice potentiated the development of morphine tolerance and withdrawal. Opioid tolerance was attenuated with intraplantar injection of SUR1 agonists, such as diazoxide and NN-414 (100 μM, 10 μL) compared to vehicle treated animals. These studies are an important first step in determining the role of KATP channel subunits in antinociception, opioid signaling, and the development of opioid tolerance, and shed light on the potential translational ability of KATP channel targeting pharmaceuticals and their possible future clinical utilization. These data suggest that increasing neuronal KATP channel activity in the peripheral nervous system may be a viable option to alleviate opioid tolerance and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole Fisher
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Kayla Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Travis Okerman
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Taylor Jurgenson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Austin Nickell
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Erin Salo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Madelyn Moore
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Alexis Doucette
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - James Bjork
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School Duluth, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Amanda H Klein
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
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N-Glycosylation of TREK-1/hK 2P2.1 Two-Pore-Domain Potassium (K 2P) Channels. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205193. [PMID: 31635148 PMCID: PMC6829520 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanosensitive hTREK-1 two-pore-domain potassium (hK2P2.1) channels give rise to background currents that control cellular excitability. Recently, TREK-1 currents have been linked to the regulation of cardiac rhythm as well as to hypertrophy and fibrosis. Even though the pharmacological and biophysical characteristics of hTREK-1 channels have been widely studied, relatively little is known about their posttranslational modifications. This study aimed to evaluate whether hTREK-1 channels are N-glycosylated and whether glycosylation may affect channel functionality. Following pharmacological inhibition of N-glycosylation, enzymatic digestion or mutagenesis, immunoblots of Xenopus laevis oocytes and HEK-293T cell lysates were used to assess electrophoretic mobility. Two-electrode voltage clamp measurements were employed to study channel function. TREK-1 channel subunits undergo N-glycosylation at asparagine residues 110 and 134. The presence of sugar moieties at these two sites increases channel function. Detection of glycosylation-deficient mutant channels in surface fractions and recordings of macroscopic potassium currents mediated by these subunits demonstrated that nonglycosylated hTREK-1 channel subunits are able to reach the cell surface in general but with seemingly reduced efficiency compared to glycosylated subunits. These findings extend our understanding of the regulation of hTREK-1 currents by posttranslational modifications and provide novel insights into how altered ion channel glycosylation may promote arrhythmogenesis.
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Wang J, Cui Y, Wang D. Design of Hollow Nanostructures for Energy Storage, Conversion and Production. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1801993. [PMID: 30238544 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201801993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hollow nanostructures have shown great promise for energy storage, conversion, and production technologies. Significant efforts have been devoted to the design and synthesis of hollow nanostructures with diverse compositional and geometric characteristics in the past decade. However, the correlation between their structure and energy-related performance has not been reviewed thoroughly in the literature. Here, some representative examples of designing hollow nanostructure to effectively solve the problems of energy-related technologies are highlighted, such as lithium-ion batteries, lithium-metal anodes, lithium-sulfur batteries, supercapacitors, dye-sensitized solar cells, electrocatalysis, and photoelectrochemical cells. The great effect of structure engineering on the performance is discussed in depth, which will benefit the better design of hollow nanostructures to fulfill the requirements of specific applications and simultaneously enrich the diversity of the hollow nanostructure family. Finally, future directions of hollow nanostructure design to solve emerging challenges and further improve the performance of energy-related technologies are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyan Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beiertiao, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing, 100190, China
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Gold Coast Campus Griffith University, Queensland, 4222, Australia
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32
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Al-Moubarak E, Veale EL, Mathie A. Pharmacologically reversible, loss of function mutations in the TM2 and TM4 inner pore helices of TREK-1 K2P channels. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12394. [PMID: 31455781 PMCID: PMC6712037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48855-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the gating of TREK two pore domain potassium (K2P) channels and their activation by compounds such as the negatively charged activator, flufenamic acid (FFA) is critical in the search for more potent and selective activators of these channels. Currents through wild-type and mutated human K2P channels expressed in tsA201 cells were measured using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in the presence and absence of FFA. Mutation of the TM2.6 residue of TREK-1 to a phenylalanine (G171F) and a similar mutation of TM4.6 (A286F) substantially reduced current through TREK-1 channels. In complementary experiments, replacing the natural F residues at the equivalent position in TRESK channels, significantly enhanced current. Known, gain of function mutations of TREK-1 (G137I, Y284A) recovered current through these mutated channels. This reduction in current could be also be reversed pharmacologically, by FFA. However, an appropriate length MTS (MethaneThioSulfonate) cross-linking reagent (MTS14) restricted the activation of TREK-1_A286C channels by repeated application of FFA. This suggests that the cross-linker stabilises the channel in a conformation which blunts FFA activation. Pharmacologically reversible mutations of TREK channels will help to clarify the importance of these channels in pathophysiological conditions such as pain and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Al-Moubarak
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Emma L Veale
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Alistair Mathie
- Medway School of Pharmacy, University of Kent, Central Avenue, Chatham Maritime, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
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Chao PK, Chang HF, Chang WT, Yeh TK, Ou LC, Chuang JY, Tsu-An Hsu J, Tao PL, Loh HH, Shih C, Ueng SH, Yeh SH. BPR1M97, a dual mu opioid receptor/nociceptin-orphanin FQ peptide receptor agonist, produces potent antinociceptive effects with safer properties than morphine. Neuropharmacology 2019; 166:107678. [PMID: 31278929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
There is unmet need to design an analgesic with fewer side effects for severe pain management. Although traditional opioids are the most effective painkillers, they are accompanied by severe adverse responses, such as respiratory depression, constipation symptoms, tolerance, withdrawal, and addiction. We indicated BPR1M97 as a dual mu opioid receptor (MOP)/nociceptin-orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) receptor full agonist and investigated the pharmacology of BPR1M97 in multiple animal models. In vitro studies on BPR1M97 were assessed using cyclic-adenosine monophosphate production, β-arrestin, internalization, and membrane potential assays. In vivo studies were characterized using the tail-flick, tail-clip, lung functional, heart functional, acetone drop, von Frey hair, charcoal meal, glass bead, locomotor activity, conditioned place preference (CPP) and naloxone precipitation tests. BPR1M97 elicited full agonist properties for all cell-based assays tested in MOP-expressing cells. However, it acted as a G protein-biased agonist for NOP. BPR1M97 initiated faster antinociceptive effects at 10 min after subcutaneous injection and elicited better analgesia in cancer-induced pain than morphine. Unlike morphine, BPR1M97 caused less respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal dysfunction. In addition, BPR1M97 decreased global activity and induced less withdrawal jumping precipitated by naloxone. Thus, BPR1M97 could serve as a novel small molecule dual receptor agonist for antinociception with fewer side effects than morphine. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'New Vistas in Opioid Pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Kuan Chao
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fu Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Kuang Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Ou
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Ying Chuang
- The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - John Tsu-An Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Luh Tao
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Heath Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Horace H Loh
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, 55455-0217, USA
| | - Chuan Shih
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shau-Hua Ueng
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan; School of Pharmacy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Shiu-Hwa Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan; The PhD Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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Towards a TREK-1/2 (TWIK-Related K+ Channel 1 and 2) dual activator tool compound: Multi-dimensional optimization of BL-1249. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1601-1604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Nociceptor Signalling through ion Channel Regulation via GPCRs. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102488. [PMID: 31137507 PMCID: PMC6566991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prime task of nociceptors is the transformation of noxious stimuli into action potentials that are propagated along the neurites of nociceptive neurons from the periphery to the spinal cord. This function of nociceptors relies on the coordinated operation of a variety of ion channels. In this review, we summarize how members of nine different families of ion channels expressed in sensory neurons contribute to nociception. Furthermore, data on 35 different types of G protein coupled receptors are presented, activation of which controls the gating of the aforementioned ion channels. These receptors are not only targeted by more than 20 separate endogenous modulators, but can also be affected by pharmacotherapeutic agents. Thereby, this review provides information on how ion channel modulation via G protein coupled receptors in nociceptors can be exploited to provide improved analgesic therapy.
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Lamas JA, Fernández-Fernández D. Tandem pore TWIK-related potassium channels and neuroprotection. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:1293-1308. [PMID: 30964046 PMCID: PMC6524494 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.253506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
TWIK-related potassium channels (TREK) belong to a subfamily of the two-pore domain potassium channels family with three members, TREK1, TREK2 and TWIK-related arachidonic acid-activated potassium channels. The two-pore domain potassium channels is the last big family of channels being discovered, therefore it is not surprising that most of the information we know about TREK channels predominantly comes from the study of heterologously expressed channels. Notwithstanding, in this review we pay special attention to the limited amount of information available on native TREK-like channels and real neurons in relation to neuroprotection. Mainly we focus on the role of free fatty acids, lysophospholipids and other neuroprotective agents like riluzole in the modulation of TREK channels, emphasizing on how important this modulation may be for the development of new therapies against neuropathic pain, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, ischemia and cardiac complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antonio Lamas
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Diego Fernández-Fernández
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), University of Vigo, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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37
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Pope L, Arrigoni C, Lou H, Bryant C, Gallardo-Godoy A, Renslo AR, Minor DL. Protein and Chemical Determinants of BL-1249 Action and Selectivity for K 2P Channels. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:3153-3165. [PMID: 30089357 PMCID: PMC6302903 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
K2P potassium channels generate leak currents that stabilize the resting membrane potential of excitable cells. Various K2P channels are implicated in pain, ischemia, depression, migraine, and anesthetic responses, making this family an attractive target for small molecule modulator development efforts. BL-1249, a compound from the fenamate class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is known to activate K2P2.1(TREK-1), the founding member of the thermo- and mechanosensitive TREK subfamily; however, its mechanism of action and effects on other K2P channels are not well-defined. Here, we demonstrate that BL-1249 extracellular application activates all TREK subfamily members but has no effect on other K2P subfamilies. Patch clamp experiments demonstrate that, similar to the diverse range of other chemical and physical TREK subfamily gating cues, BL-1249 stimulates the selectivity filter "C-type" gate that controls K2P function. BL-1249 displays selectivity among the TREK subfamily, activating K2P2.1(TREK-1) and K2P10.1(TREK-2) ∼10-fold more potently than K2P4.1(TRAAK). Investigation of mutants and K2P2.1(TREK-1)/K2P4.1(TRAAK) chimeras highlight the key roles of the C-terminal tail in BL-1249 action and identify the M2/M3 transmembrane helix interface as a key site of BL-1249 selectivity. Synthesis and characterization of a set of BL-1249 analogs demonstrates that both the tetrazole and opposing tetralin moieties are critical for function, whereas the conformational mobility between the two ring systems impacts selectivity. Together, our findings underscore the landscape of modes by which small molecules can affect K2P channels and provide crucial information for the development of better and more selective K2P modulators of the TREK subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel L. Minor
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
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38
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Gada K, Plant LD. Two-pore domain potassium channels: emerging targets for novel analgesic drugs: IUPHAR Review 26. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:256-266. [PMID: 30325008 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain is a debilitating and increasingly common medical problem with few effective treatments. In addition to the direct and indirect economic burden of pain syndromes, the concomitant increase in prescriptions for narcotics has contributed to a sharp rise in deaths associated with drug misuse - the 'opioid crisis'. Together, these issues highlight the unmet clinical and social need for a new generation of safe, efficacious analgesics. The detection and transmission of pain stimuli is largely mediated by somatosensory afferent fibres of the dorsal root ganglia. These nociceptive cells express an array of membrane proteins that have received significant attention as attractive targets for new pain medications. Among these, a growing body of evidence supports a role for the two-pore domain potassium (K2P) family of K+ channels. Here, we provide a concise review of the K2P channels, their role in pain biology and their potential as targets for novel analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirin Gada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in the School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leigh D Plant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences in the School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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39
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Djillani A, Pietri M, Mazella J, Heurteaux C, Borsotto M. Fighting against depression with TREK-1 blockers: Past and future. A focus on spadin. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 194:185-198. [PMID: 30291907 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a devastating mood disorder and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Depression affects approximately one in five individuals in the world and represents heavy economic and social burdens. The neurobiological mechanisms of depression are not fully understood, but evidence highlights the role of monoamine neurotransmitter balance. Several antidepressants (ADs) are marketed to treat depression and related mood disorders. However, despite their efficacy, they remain nonspecific and unsafe because they trigger serious adverse effects. Therefore, developing new molecules for new targets in depression has become a real necessity. Eight years ago, spadin was described as a natural peptide with AD properties. This 17-amino acid peptide blocks TREK-1 channels, an original target in depression. Compared to the classical AD drugs such as fluoxetine, which requires 3-4 weeks for the AD effect to manifest, spadin acts rapidly within only 4 days of treatment. The AD properties are associated with increased neurogenesis and synaptogenesis in the brain. Despite the advantages of this fast-acting AD, the in vivo stability is weak and does not last for >7 h. The present review summarizes different strategies such as retro-inverso strategy, cyclization, and shortening the spadin sequence that has led to the development and optimization of spadin as an AD. Shortened spadin analogs present increased inhibition potency for TREK-1, an improved AD activity, and prolonged in vivo bioavailability. Finally, we also discuss about other inhibitors of TREK-1 channels with a proven efficacy in treating depression in the clinic, such as fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaeddine Djillani
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, France
| | - Mariel Pietri
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, France
| | - Jean Mazella
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, France
| | - Catherine Heurteaux
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, France
| | - Marc Borsotto
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275, Université Côte d'Azur, Valbonne, France; Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, IPMC, France.
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40
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Loucif AJC, Saintot P, Liu J, Antonio BM, Zellmer SG, Yoger K, Veale EL, Wilbrey A, Omoto K, Cao L, Gutteridge A, Castle NA, Stevens EB, Mathie A. GI-530159, a novel, selective, mechanosensitive two-pore-domain potassium (K 2P ) channel opener, reduces rat dorsal root ganglion neuron excitability. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:2272-2283. [PMID: 29150838 PMCID: PMC5980259 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE TREK two-pore-domain potassium (K2P ) channels play a critical role in regulating the excitability of somatosensory nociceptive neurons and are important mediators of pain perception. An understanding of the roles of TREK channels in pain perception and, indeed, in other pathophysiological conditions, has been severely hampered by the lack of potent and/or selective activators and inhibitors. In this study, we describe a new, selective opener of TREK channels, GI-530159. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effect of GI-530159 on TREK channels was demonstrated using 86 Rb efflux assays, whole-cell and single-channel patch-clamp recordings from recombinant TREK channels. The expression of K2P 2.1 (TREK1), K2P 10.1 (TREK2) and K2P 4.1 (TRAAK) channels was determined using transcriptome analysis from single dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells. Current-clamp recordings from cultured rat DRG neurons were used to measure the effect of GI-530159 on neuronal excitability. KEY RESULTS For recombinant human TREK1 channels, GI-530159 had similar low EC50 values in Rb efflux experiments and electrophysiological recordings. It activated TREK2 channels, but it had no detectable action on TRAAK channels nor any significant effect on other K channels tested. Current-clamp recordings from cultured rat DRG neurones showed that application of GI-530159 at 1 μM resulted in a significant reduction in firing frequency and a small hyperpolarization of resting membrane potential. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study provides pharmacological evidence for the presence of mechanosensitive TREK K2P channels in sensory neurones and suggests that development of selective K2P channel openers like GI-530159 could aid in the development of novel analgesic agents. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Recent Advances in Targeting Ion Channels to Treat Chronic Pain. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.12/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Emma L Veale
- Medway School of PharmacyUniversity of KentChatham MaritimeKentUK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alistair Mathie
- Medway School of PharmacyUniversity of KentChatham MaritimeKentUK
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41
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Peiró AM, Planelles B, Juhasz G, Bagdy G, Libert F, Eschalier A, Busserolles J, Sperlagh B, Llerena A. Pharmacogenomics in pain treatment. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2017; 31:131-42. [PMID: 27662648 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The experience of chronic pain is one of the commonest reasons for seeking medical attention, being a major issue in clinical practice. While pain is a universal experience, only a small proportion of people who felt pain develop pain syndromes. In addition, painkillers are associated with wide inter-individual variability in the analgesic response. This may be partly explained by the presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes encoding molecular entities involved in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. However, uptake of this information has been slow due in large part to the lack of robust evidences demonstrating clinical utility. Furthermore, novel therapies, including targeting of epigenetic changes and gene therapy-based approaches are further broadening future options for the treatment of chronic pain. The aim of this article is to review the evidences behind pharmacogenetics (PGx) to individualize therapy (boosting the efficacy and minimizing potential toxicity) and genes implicated in pain medicine, in two parts: (i) genetic variability with pain sensitivity and analgesic response; and (ii) pharmacological concepts applied on PGx.
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42
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Lolicato M, Arrigoni C, Mori T, Sekioka Y, Bryant C, Clark KA, Minor DL. K 2P2.1 (TREK-1)-activator complexes reveal a cryptic selectivity filter binding site. Nature 2017; 547:364-368. [PMID: 28693035 PMCID: PMC5778891 DOI: 10.1038/nature22988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polymodal K2P (KCNK) thermo- and mechanosensitive TREK1 potassium channels, generate ‘leak’ currents that regulate neuronal excitability, respond to lipids, temperature, and mechanical stretch, and influence pain, temperature perception, and anesthetic responses1–3. These dimeric voltage-gated ion channel (VGIC) superfamily members have a unique topology comprising two pore forming regions per subunit4–6. Contrasting other potassium channels, K2Ps use a selectivity filter ‘C-type’ gate7–10 as the principal gating site. Despite recent advances3,11,12, K2Ps suffer from a poor pharmacologic profile limiting mechanistic and biological studies. Here, we describe a new small molecule TREK activator class that directly stimulates the C-type gate by acting as molecular wedges that restrict interdomain interface movement behind the selectivity filter. Structures of K2P2.1(TREK-1) alone with two selective K2P2.1(TREK-1) and K2P10.1(TREK-2) activators, an N-aryl-sulfonamide, ML335, and a thiophene-carboxamide, ML402, define a cryptic binding pocket unlike other ion channel small molecule binding sites and, together with functional studies, identify a cation-π interaction that controls selectivity. Together, our data unveil a previously unknown, druggable K2P site that stabilizes the C-type gate ‘leak mode’ and provide direct evidence for K2P selectivity filter gating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lolicato
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 941158-9001, USA
| | - Cristina Arrigoni
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 941158-9001, USA
| | - Takahiro Mori
- Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Mishima-Gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Yoko Sekioka
- Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Mishima-Gun, Osaka 618-8585, Japan
| | - Clifford Bryant
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330, USA
| | - Kimberly A Clark
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 941158-9001, USA
| | - Daniel L Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 941158-9001, USA.,Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 941158-9001, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, California 941158-9001, USA.,Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California 941158-9001, USA.,Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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43
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González-Rodríguez S, Quadir MA, Gupta S, Walker KA, Zhang X, Spahn V, Labuz D, Rodriguez-Gaztelumendi A, Schmelz M, Joseph J, Parr MK, Machelska H, Haag R, Stein C. Polyglycerol-opioid conjugate produces analgesia devoid of side effects. eLife 2017; 6:e27081. [PMID: 28673386 DOI: 10.7554/elife.2708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel painkillers are urgently needed. The activation of opioid receptors in peripheral inflamed tissue can reduce pain without central adverse effects such as sedation, apnoea, or addiction. Here, we use an unprecedented strategy and report the synthesis and analgesic efficacy of the standard opioid morphine covalently attached to hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG-M) by a cleavable linker. With its high-molecular weight and hydrophilicity, this conjugate is designed to selectively release morphine in injured tissue and to prevent blood-brain barrier permeation. In contrast to conventional morphine, intravenous PG-M exclusively activated peripheral opioid receptors to produce analgesia in inflamed rat paws without major side effects such as sedation or constipation. Concentrations of morphine in the brain, blood, paw tissue, and in vitro confirmed the selective release of morphine in the inflamed milieu. Thus, PG-M may serve as prototype of a peripherally restricted opioid formulation designed to forego central and intestinal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara González-Rodríguez
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow, Germany
| | - Mohiuddin A Quadir
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolina A Walker
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Spahn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominika Labuz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio Rodriguez-Gaztelumendi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schmelz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Joseph
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria K Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Halina Machelska
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Stein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow, Germany
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44
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González-Rodríguez S, Quadir MA, Gupta S, Walker KA, Zhang X, Spahn V, Labuz D, Rodriguez-Gaztelumendi A, Schmelz M, Joseph J, Parr MK, Machelska H, Haag R, Stein C. Polyglycerol-opioid conjugate produces analgesia devoid of side effects. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28673386 PMCID: PMC5496737 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel painkillers are urgently needed. The activation of opioid receptors in peripheral inflamed tissue can reduce pain without central adverse effects such as sedation, apnoea, or addiction. Here, we use an unprecedented strategy and report the synthesis and analgesic efficacy of the standard opioid morphine covalently attached to hyperbranched polyglycerol (PG-M) by a cleavable linker. With its high-molecular weight and hydrophilicity, this conjugate is designed to selectively release morphine in injured tissue and to prevent blood-brain barrier permeation. In contrast to conventional morphine, intravenous PG-M exclusively activated peripheral opioid receptors to produce analgesia in inflamed rat paws without major side effects such as sedation or constipation. Concentrations of morphine in the brain, blood, paw tissue, and in vitro confirmed the selective release of morphine in the inflamed milieu. Thus, PG-M may serve as prototype of a peripherally restricted opioid formulation designed to forego central and intestinal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara González-Rodríguez
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow, Germany
| | - Mohiuddin A Quadir
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Shilpi Gupta
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karolina A Walker
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Viola Spahn
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominika Labuz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio Rodriguez-Gaztelumendi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Schmelz
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Joseph
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria K Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Halina Machelska
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Helmholtz Virtual Institute Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Stein
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Helmholtz Virtual Institute Multifunctional Biomaterials for Medicine, Teltow, Germany
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45
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Abstract
Acute and chronic pain complaints, although common, are generally poorly served by existing therapies. This unmet clinical need reflects a failure to develop novel classes of analgesics with superior efficacy, diminished adverse effects and a lower abuse liability than those currently available. Reasons for this include the heterogeneity of clinical pain conditions, the complexity and diversity of underlying pathophysiological mechanisms, and the unreliability of some preclinical pain models. However, recent advances in our understanding of the neurobiology of pain are beginning to offer opportunities for developing novel therapeutic strategies and revisiting existing targets, including modulating ion channels, enzymes and G-protein-coupled receptors.
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1-(2,4-Dibromophenyl)-3,6,6-trimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-indazol-4-one: A Novel Opioid Receptor Agonist with Less Accompanying Gastrointestinal Dysfunction than Morphine. Anesthesiology 2017; 126:952-966. [PMID: 28212204 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000001568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors investigated the pharmacology and signaling pathways of the opioid receptors modulated by compound 1, 1-(2,4-dibromophenyl)-3,6,6-trimethyl-1,5,6,7-tetrahydro-4H-indazol-4-one. METHODS In vitro studies of compound 1 were assessed by using a radioligand-binding assay (n = 3), a cyclic adenosine monophosphate assay (n = 3), a β-arrestin assay (n = 3), an internalization assay (n = 3), and an immunohistochemistry (n = 8). In vivo studies of compound 1 were characterized using a tail-flick test (n = 5 to 6), tail-clip test (n = 7), von Frey hair test (n = 5), and charcoal meal test (n = 5). RESULTS Compound 1 elicited robust effects in μ-opioid (mean ± SD; binding affinity: 15 ± 2 nM; cyclic adenosine monophosphate assay: 24 ± 6 nM), δ-opioid (82 ± 7 nM; 1.9 ± 0.1 μM), and κ-opioid (76 ± 9 nM; 1.4 ± 0.5 μM) receptor-expressing cells. Compound 1 acts as a full agonist of β-arrestin-2 recruitment in μ-opioid (1.1 ± 0.3 μM) and δ-opioid (9.7 ± 1.9 μM) receptor-expressing cells. Compound 1 caused less gastrointestinal dysfunction (charcoal meal test: morphine: 82 ± 5%; compound 1: 42 ± 5%) as well as better antinociception in mechanical pain hypersensitivity (tail-clip test: morphine: 10 ± 3 s; compound 1: 19 ± 1 s) and in cancer-induced pain (von Frey hair test: morphine: 0.1 ± 0.1 g; compound 1: 0.3 ± 0.1 g) than morphine at equi-antinociceptive doses. CONCLUSIONS Compound 1 produced antinociception with less gastrointestinal dysfunction than morphine.
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Dadi PK, Vierra NC, Days E, Dickerson MT, Vinson PN, Weaver CD, Jacobson DA. Selective Small Molecule Activators of TREK-2 Channels Stimulate Dorsal Root Ganglion c-Fiber Nociceptor Two-Pore-Domain Potassium Channel Currents and Limit Calcium Influx. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:558-568. [PMID: 27805811 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-pore-domain potassium (K2P) channel TREK-2 serves to modulate plasma membrane potential in dorsal root ganglia c-fiber nociceptors, which tunes electrical excitability and nociception. Thus, TREK-2 channels are considered a potential therapeutic target for treating pain; however, there are currently no selective pharmacological tools for TREK-2 channels. Here we report the identification of the first TREK-2 selective activators using a high-throughput fluorescence-based thallium (Tl+) flux screen (HTS). An initial pilot screen with a bioactive lipid library identified 11-deoxy prostaglandin F2α as a potent activator of TREK-2 channels (EC50 ≈ 0.294 μM), which was utilized to optimize the TREK-2 Tl+ flux assay (Z' = 0.752). A HTS was then performed with 76 575 structurally diverse small molecules. Many small molecules that selectively activate TREK-2 were discovered. As these molecules were able to activate single TREK-2 channels in excised membrane patches, they are likely direct TREK-2 activators. Furthermore, TREK-2 activators reduced primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) c-fiber Ca2+ influx. Interestingly, some of the selective TREK-2 activators such as 11-deoxy prostaglandin F2α were found to inhibit the K2P channel TREK-1. Utilizing chimeric channels containing portions of TREK-1 and TREK-2, the region of the TREK channels that allows for either small molecule activation or inhibition was identified. This region lies within the second pore domain containing extracellular loop and is predicted to play an important role in modulating TREK channel activity. Moreover, the selective TREK-2 activators identified in this HTS provide important tools for assessing human TREK-2 channel function and investigating their therapeutic potential for treating chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna K. Dadi
- Department
of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Nicholas C. Vierra
- Department
of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Emily Days
- Institute
of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Matthew T. Dickerson
- Department
of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Paige N. Vinson
- Department
of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - C. David Weaver
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - David A. Jacobson
- Department
of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
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Vivier D, Soussia IB, Rodrigues N, Lolignier S, Devilliers M, Chatelain FC, Prival L, Chapuy E, Bourdier G, Bennis K, Lesage F, Eschalier A, Busserolles J, Ducki S. Development of the First Two-Pore Domain Potassium Channel TWIK-Related K+ Channel 1-Selective Agonist Possessing in Vivo Antinociceptive Activity. J Med Chem 2017; 60:1076-1088. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Vivier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ismail Ben Soussia
- Labex
ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 7275, Université Côte d’Azur, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Nuno Rodrigues
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Lolignier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maïly Devilliers
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Franck C. Chatelain
- Labex
ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 7275, Université Côte d’Azur, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Laetitia Prival
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Chapuy
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Geoffrey Bourdier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Khalil Bennis
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Florian Lesage
- Labex
ICST, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR CNRS 7275, Université Côte d’Azur, F-06560 Valbonne, France
| | - Alain Eschalier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jérôme Busserolles
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm, Neuro-Dol, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvie Ducki
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, ICCF, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Woo JS, Lee GW, Park SY, Han JT. Rapid transformation of transparent conducting films into superhydrophobic conductive films. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00931c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A smart multifunctional surface of conductive plastics with a superhydrophobic surface can potentially be very useful for electrostatic dissipation, electromagnetic interference shielding, and thin film heater with self-cleaning properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seok Woo
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
- Changwon
- Republic of Korea
- Major in Polymer Science and Engineering
| | - Geon-Woong Lee
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
- Changwon
- Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Park
- Major in Polymer Science and Engineering
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering
- Kyungpook National University
- Daegu
- Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Tark Han
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center
- Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute
- Changwon
- Republic of Korea
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François A, Scherrer G. Delta Opioid Receptor Expression and Function in Primary Afferent Somatosensory Neurons. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2017; 247:87-114. [PMID: 28993838 DOI: 10.1007/164_2017_58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The functional diversity of primary afferent neurons of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) generates a variety of qualitatively and quantitatively distinct somatosensory experiences, from shooting pain to pleasant touch. In recent years, the identification of dozens of genetic markers specifically expressed by subpopulations of DRG neurons has dramatically improved our understanding of this diversity and provided the tools to manipulate their activity and uncover their molecular identity and function. Opioid receptors have long been known to be expressed by discrete populations of DRG neurons, in which they regulate cell excitability and neurotransmitter release. We review recent insights into the identity of the DRG neurons that express the delta opioid receptor (DOR) and the ion channel mechanisms that DOR engages in these cells to regulate sensory input. We highlight recent findings derived from DORGFP reporter mice and from in situ hybridization and RNA sequencing studies in wild-type mice that revealed DOR presence in cutaneous mechanosensory afferents eliciting touch and implicated in tactile allodynia. Mechanistically, we describe how DOR modulates opening of voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) to control glutamatergic neurotransmission between somatosensory neurons and postsynaptic neurons in the spinal cord dorsal horn. We additionally discuss other potential signaling mechanisms, including those involving potassium channels, which DOR may engage to fine tune somatosensation. We conclude by discussing how this knowledge may explain the analgesic properties of DOR agonists against mechanical pain and uncovers an unanticipated specialized function for DOR in cutaneous mechanosensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury François
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Grégory Scherrer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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