1
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Gonciarz RL, Jiang H, Tram L, Hugelshofer CL, Ekpenyong O, Knemeyer I, Aron AT, Chang CJ, Flygare JA, Collisson EA, Renslo AR. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of labile iron in xenograft models and liver using FeAL-1, an iron-activatable form of D-luciferin. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1468-1477.e6. [PMID: 37820725 PMCID: PMC10841594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulated iron homeostasis underlies diverse pathologies, from ischemia-reperfusion injury to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and drug-tolerant "persister" cancer cell states. Here, we introduce ferrous iron-activatable luciferin-1 (FeAL-1), a small-molecule probe for bioluminescent imaging of the labile iron pool (LIP) in luciferase-expressing cells and animals. We find that FeAL-1 detects LIP fluctuations in cells after iron supplementation, depletion, or treatment with hepcidin, the master regulator of systemic iron in mammalian physiology. Utilizing FeAL-1 and a dual-luciferase reporter system, we quantify LIP in mouse liver and three different orthotopic pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma tumors. We observed up to a 10-fold increase in FeAL-1 bioluminescent signal in xenograft tumors as compared to healthy liver, the major organ of iron storage in mammals. Treating mice with hepcidin further elevated hepatic LIP, as predicted. These studies reveal a therapeutic index between tumoral and hepatic LIP and suggest an approach to sensitize tumors toward LIP-activated therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Honglin Jiang
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Linh Tram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Cedric L Hugelshofer
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Oscar Ekpenyong
- ADME & Discovery Toxicology, Merck & Co, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ian Knemeyer
- ADME & Discovery Toxicology, Merck & Co, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Allegra T Aron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - John A Flygare
- Department of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Eric A Collisson
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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2
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Deal PE, Lee H, Mondal A, Lolicato M, de Mendonca PRF, Black H, El-Hilali X, Bryant C, Isacoff EY, Renslo AR, Minor DL. Development of covalent chemogenetic K 2P channel activators. bioRxiv 2023:2023.10.15.561774. [PMID: 37905049 PMCID: PMC10614804 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.15.561774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
K2P potassium channels regulate excitability by affecting cellular resting membrane potential in the brain, cardiovascular system, immune cells, and sensory organs. Despite their important roles in anesthesia, arrhythmia, pain, hypertension, sleep, and migraine, the ability to control K2P function remains limited. Here, we describe a chemogenetic strategy termed CATKLAMP (Covalent Activation of TREK family K+ channels to cLAmp Membrane Potential) that leverages the discovery of a site in the K2P modulator pocket that reacts with electrophile-bearing derivatives of a TREK subfamily small molecule activator, ML335, to activate the channel irreversibly. We show that the CATKLAMP strategy can be used to probe fundamental aspects of K2P function, as a switch to silence neuronal firing, and is applicable to all TREK subfamily members. Together, our findings exemplify a new means to alter K2P channel activity that should facilitate studies both molecular and systems level studies of K2P function and enable the search for new K2P modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parker E. Deal
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | - Haerim Lee
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | - Abhisek Mondal
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | - Marco Lolicato
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | | | - Holly Black
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Xochina El-Hilali
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | - Clifford Bryant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | - Ehud Y. Isacoff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Weill Neurohub, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
| | - Daniel L. Minor
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
- California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, California 93858-2330 USA
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3
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Abstract
Recently developed molecular imaging approaches can be used to visualize specific host responses and pathology in a quest to image infections where few microbe-specific tracers have been developed and in recognition that host responses contribute to morbidity and mortality in their own right. Here we highlight several recent examples of these imaging approaches adapted for imaging infections. The early successes and new avenues described here encompass diverse imaging modalities and leverage diverse aspects of the host response to infection-including inflammation, tissue injury and healing, and key nutrients during host-pathogen interactions. Clearly, these approaches merit further preclinical and clinical study as they are complementary and orthogonal to the pathogen-focused imaging modalities currently under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Foss
- Russel H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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4
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Konstantinidou M, Visser EJ, Vandenboorn E, Chen S, Jaishankar P, Overmans M, Dutta S, Neitz RJ, Renslo AR, Ottmann C, Brunsveld L, Arkin MR. Structure-Based Optimization of Covalent, Small-Molecule Stabilizers of the 14-3-3σ/ERα Protein-Protein Interaction from Nonselective Fragments. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20328-20343. [PMID: 37676236 PMCID: PMC10515640 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The stabilization of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) has emerged as a promising strategy in chemical biology and drug discovery. The identification of suitable starting points for stabilizing native PPIs and their subsequent elaboration into selective and potent molecular glues lacks structure-guided optimization strategies. We have previously identified a disulfide fragment that stabilized the hub protein 14-3-3σ bound to several of its clients, including ERα and C-RAF. Here, we show the structure-based optimization of the nonselective fragment toward selective and highly potent small-molecule stabilizers of the 14-3-3σ/ERα complex. The more elaborated molecular glues, for example, show no stabilization of 14-3-3σ/C-RAF up to 150 μM compound. Orthogonal biophysical assays, including mass spectrometry and fluorescence anisotropy, were used to establish structure-activity relationships. The binding modes of 37 compounds were elucidated with X-ray crystallography, which further assisted the concomitant structure-guided optimization. By targeting specific amino acids in the 14-3-3σ/ERα interface and locking the conformation with a spirocycle, the optimized covalent stabilizer 181 achieved potency, cooperativity, and selectivity similar to the natural product Fusicoccin-A. This case study showcases the value of addressing the structure, kinetics, and cooperativity for molecular glue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markella Konstantinidou
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center (SMDC), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Emira J. Visser
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Edmee Vandenboorn
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center (SMDC), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center (SMDC), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Maurits Overmans
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shubhankar Dutta
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center (SMDC), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - R. Jeffrey Neitz
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center (SMDC), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center (SMDC), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory
of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle R. Arkin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center (SMDC), University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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5
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Visser EJ, Jaishankar P, Sijbesma E, Pennings MAM, Vandenboorn EMF, Guillory X, Neitz RJ, Morrow J, Dutta S, Renslo AR, Brunsveld L, Arkin MR, Ottmann C. From Tethered to Freestanding Stabilizers of 14-3-3 Protein-Protein Interactions through Fragment Linking. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202308004. [PMID: 37455289 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule stabilization of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) is a promising strategy in chemical biology and drug discovery. However, the systematic discovery of PPI stabilizers remains a largely unmet challenge. Herein we report a fragment-linking approach targeting the interface of 14-3-3 and a peptide derived from the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) protein. Two classes of fragments-a covalent and a noncovalent fragment-were co-crystallized and subsequently linked, resulting in a noncovalent hybrid molecule in which the original fragment interactions were largely conserved. Supported by 20 crystal structures, this initial hybrid molecule was further optimized, resulting in selective, 25-fold stabilization of the 14-3-3/ERα interaction. The high-resolution structures of both the single fragments, their co-crystal structures and those of the linked fragments document a feasible strategy to develop orthosteric PPI stabilizers by linking to an initial tethered fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emira J Visser
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Centre (SMDC), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Eline Sijbesma
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes A M Pennings
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Edmee M F Vandenboorn
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Guillory
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeffrey Neitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Centre (SMDC), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - John Morrow
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Centre (SMDC), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Shubhankar Dutta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Centre (SMDC), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Centre (SMDC), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Luc Brunsveld
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Centre (SMDC), University of California San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Christian Ottmann
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Den Dolech 2, 5612, AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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6
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Fink EA, Bardine C, Gahbauer S, Singh I, Detomasi TC, White K, Gu S, Wan X, Chen J, Ary B, Glenn I, O'Connell J, O'Donnell H, Fajtová P, Lyu J, Vigneron S, Young NJ, Kondratov IS, Alisoltani A, Simons LM, Lorenzo‐Redondo R, Ozer EA, Hultquist JF, O'Donoghue AJ, Moroz YS, Taunton J, Renslo AR, Irwin JJ, García‐Sastre A, Shoichet BK, Craik CS. Large library docking for novel SARS-CoV-2 main protease non-covalent and covalent inhibitors. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4712. [PMID: 37354015 PMCID: PMC10364469 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Antiviral therapeutics to treat SARS-CoV-2 are needed to diminish the morbidity of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. A well-precedented drug target is the main viral protease (MPro ), which is targeted by an approved drug and by several investigational drugs. Emerging viral resistance has made new inhibitor chemotypes more pressing. Adopting a structure-based approach, we docked 1.2 billion non-covalent lead-like molecules and a new library of 6.5 million electrophiles against the enzyme structure. From these, 29 non-covalent and 11 covalent inhibitors were identified in 37 series, the most potent having an IC50 of 29 and 20 μM, respectively. Several series were optimized, resulting in low micromolar inhibitors. Subsequent crystallography confirmed the docking predicted binding modes and may template further optimization. While the new chemotypes may aid further optimization of MPro inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2, the modest success rate also reveals weaknesses in our approach for challenging targets like MPro versus other targets where it has been more successful, and versus other structure-based techniques against MPro itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa A. Fink
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Graduate Program in BiophysicsUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Conner Bardine
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- Graduate Program in Chemistry and Chemical BiologyUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stefan Gahbauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Isha Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Tyler C. Detomasi
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Kris White
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Shuo Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Xiaobo Wan
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Beatrice Ary
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Isabella Glenn
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joseph O'Connell
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Henry O'Donnell
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California‐San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jiankun Lyu
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Seth Vigneron
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Nicholas J. Young
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ivan S. Kondratov
- Enamine Ltd.KyïvUkraine
- V.P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and PetrochemistryNational Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyïvUkraine
| | - Arghavan Alisoltani
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Lacy M. Simons
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo‐Redondo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Egon A. Ozer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Judd F. Hultquist
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Feinberg School of MedicineNorthwestern UniversityChicagoIllinoisUSA
| | - Anthony J. O'Donoghue
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of California‐San DiegoSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yurii S. Moroz
- National Taras Shevchenko University of KyïvKyïvUkraine
- Chemspace LLCKyïvUkraine
| | - Jack Taunton
- Department of Cellular and Molecular PharmacologyUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - John J. Irwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Adolfo García‐Sastre
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell‐Based MedicineIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- QBI COVID‐19 Research Group (QCRG)San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Brian K. Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- QBI COVID‐19 Research Group (QCRG)San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of California‐San FranciscoSan FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
- QBI COVID‐19 Research Group (QCRG)San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
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7
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Togo T, Tram L, Denton LG, ElHilali-Pollard X, Gu J, Jiang J, Liu C, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Zheng Y, Zheng Y, Yang J, Fan P, Arkin MR, Härmä H, Sun D, Canan SS, Wheeler SE, Renslo AR. Systematic Study of Heteroarene Stacking Using a Congeneric Set of Molecular Glues for Procaspase-6. J Med Chem 2023. [PMID: 37406165 PMCID: PMC10388292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Heteroaromatic stacking interactions are important in drug binding, supramolecular chemistry, and materials science, making protein-ligand model systems of these interactions of considerable interest. Here we studied 30 congeneric ligands that each present a distinct heteroarene for stacking between tyrosine residues at the dimer interface of procaspase-6. Complex X-ray crystal structures of 10 analogs showed that stacking geometries were well conserved, while high-accuracy computations showed that heteroarene stacking energy was well correlated with predicted overall ligand binding energies. Empirically determined KD values in this system thus provide a useful measure of heteroarene stacking with tyrosine. Stacking energies are discussed in the context of torsional strain, the number and positioning of heteroatoms, tautomeric state, and coaxial orientation of heteroarene in the stack. Overall, this study provides an extensive data set of empirical and high-level computed binding energies in a versatile new protein-ligand system amenable to studies of other intermolecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Togo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Linh Tram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Laura G Denton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Xochina ElHilali-Pollard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jun Gu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Viva Biotech, Pu Dong New Area, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Jinglei Jiang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Viva Biotech, Pu Dong New Area, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Chenglei Liu
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Viva Biotech, Pu Dong New Area, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Viva Biotech, Pu Dong New Area, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Yanlong Zhao
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Viva Biotech, Pu Dong New Area, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Yinzhe Zheng
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Viva Biotech, Pu Dong New Area, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Yunping Zheng
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Viva Biotech, Pu Dong New Area, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Yang
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Viva Biotech, Pu Dong New Area, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Panpan Fan
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Viva Biotech, Pu Dong New Area, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Harri Härmä
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Deqian Sun
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Viva Biotech, Pu Dong New Area, 201203 Shanghai, China
| | - Stacie S Canan
- Departments of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Elgia Therapeutics, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Steven E Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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8
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Van Horn KS, Wang D, Medina-Cleghorn D, Lee PS, Bryant C, Altobelli C, Jaishankar P, Leung KK, Ng RA, Ambrose AJ, Tang Y, Arkin MR, Renslo AR. Engaging a Non-catalytic Cysteine Residue Drives Potent and Selective Inhibition of Caspase-6. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10015-10021. [PMID: 37104712 PMCID: PMC10176470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Caspases are a family of cysteine-dependent proteases with important cellular functions in inflammation and apoptosis, while also implicated in human diseases. Classical chemical tools to study caspase functions lack selectivity for specific caspase family members due to highly conserved active sites and catalytic machinery. To overcome this limitation, we targeted a non-catalytic cysteine residue (C264) unique to caspase-6 (C6), an enigmatic and understudied caspase isoform. Starting from disulfide ligands identified in a cysteine trapping screen, we used a structure-informed covalent ligand design to produce potent, irreversible inhibitors (3a) and chemoproteomic probes (13-t) of C6 that exhibit unprecedented selectivity over other caspase family members and high proteome selectivity. This approach and the new tools described will enable rigorous interrogation of the role of caspase-6 in developmental biology and in inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt S. Van Horn
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Dongju Wang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Daniel Medina-Cleghorn
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Peter S. Lee
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Clifford Bryant
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Chad Altobelli
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Kevin K. Leung
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Raymond A. Ng
- Chempartner
Corporation, 280 Utah
Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Andrew J. Ambrose
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Yinyan Tang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Michelle R. Arkin
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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9
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Blank B, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Renslo AR. Artefenomel Regioisomer RLA-3107 Is a Promising Lead for the Discovery of Next-Generation Endoperoxide Antimalarials. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:493-498. [PMID: 37077383 PMCID: PMC10108391 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical development of the antimalarial artefenomel was recently halted due to formulation challenges stemming from the drug's lipophilicity and low aqueous solubility. The symmetry of organic molecules is known to influence crystal packing energies and by extension solubility and dissolution rates. Here we evaluate RLA-3107, a desymmetrized, regioisomeric form of artefenomel in vitro and in vivo, finding that the regioisomer retains potent antiplasmodial activity while offering improved human microsome stability and aqueous solubility as compared to artefenomel. We also report in vivo efficacy data for artefenomel and its regioisomer across 12 different dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian
R. Blank
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department
of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department
of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital,
University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- E-mail: . Phone: 415-514-9698.
Fax: 415-514-4507
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10
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Gonciarz RL, Sakhamuri S, Hooshdaran N, Kumar G, Kim H, Evans MJ, Renslo AR. Elevated labile iron in castration-resistant prostate cancer is targetable with ferrous iron-activatable antiandrogen therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 249:115110. [PMID: 36708680 PMCID: PMC10210592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Clinical responses to second generation androgen signaling inhibitors (e.g., enzalutamide) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) are variable and transient, and are associated with dose limiting toxicities, including rare but severe CNS effects. We hypothesized that changes to iron metabolism coincident with more advanced disease might be leveraged for tumor-selective delivery of antiandrogen therapy. Using the recently described chemical probes SiRhoNox and 18F-TRX in mCRPC models, we found elevated Fe2+ to be a common feature of mCRPC in vitro and in vivo. We next synthesized ferrous-iron activatable drug conjugates of second and third-generation antiandrogens and found these conjugates possessed comparable or enhanced antiproliferative activity across mCRPC cell line models. Mouse pharmacokinetic studies showed that these prototype antiandrogen conjugates are stable in vivo and limited exposure to conjugate or free antiandrogen in the brain. Our results reveal elevated Fe2+ to be a feature of mCRPC that might be leveraged to improve the tolerability and efficacy of antiandrogen therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Sasank Sakhamuri
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Nima Hooshdaran
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Garima Kumar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States.
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States.
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11
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Admasu TD, Kim K, Rae M, Avelar R, Gonciarz RL, Rebbaa A, Pedro de Magalhães J, Renslo AR, Stolzing A, Sharma A. Selective ablation of primary and paracrine senescent cells by targeting iron dyshomeostasis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112058. [PMID: 36753419 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescent cells can spread the senescent phenotype to other cells by secreting senescence-associated secretory phenotype factors. The resulting paracrine senescent cells make a significant contribution to the burden of senescent cell accumulation with age. Previous efforts made to characterize paracrine senescence are unreliable due to analyses being based on mixed populations of senescent and non-senescent cells. Here, we use dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) as a surface maker to isolate senescent cells from mixed populations. Using this technique, we enrich the percentage of paracrine senescence from 40% to 85%. We then use this enriched culture to characterize DPP4+ primary and paracrine senescent cells. We observe ferroptosis dysregulation and ferrous iron accumulation as a common phenomenon in both primary and paracrine senescent cells. Finally, we identify ferroptosis induction and ferrous iron-activatable prodrug as a broad-spectrum senolytic approach to ablate multiple types of primary and paracrine senescent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristie Kim
- SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Michael Rae
- SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA 94041, USA
| | - Roberto Avelar
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ryan L Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Stolzing
- Loughborough University, Centre for Biological Engineering, School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Epinal Way, Loughborough LE113TU, UK
| | - Amit Sharma
- SENS Research Foundation, Mountain View, CA 94041, USA.
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12
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Gahbauer S, Correy GJ, Schuller M, Ferla MP, Doruk YU, Rachman M, Wu T, Diolaiti M, Wang S, Neitz RJ, Fearon D, Radchenko DS, Moroz YS, Irwin JJ, Renslo AR, Taylor JC, Gestwicki JE, von Delft F, Ashworth A, Ahel I, Shoichet BK, Fraser JS. Iterative computational design and crystallographic screening identifies potent inhibitors targeting the Nsp3 macrodomain of SARS-CoV-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2212931120. [PMID: 36598939 PMCID: PMC9926234 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212931120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The nonstructural protein 3 (NSP3) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) contains a conserved macrodomain enzyme (Mac1) that is critical for pathogenesis and lethality. While small-molecule inhibitors of Mac1 have great therapeutic potential, at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, there were no well-validated inhibitors for this protein nor, indeed, the macrodomain enzyme family, making this target a pharmacological orphan. Here, we report the structure-based discovery and development of several different chemical scaffolds exhibiting low- to sub-micromolar affinity for Mac1 through iterations of computer-aided design, structural characterization by ultra-high-resolution protein crystallography, and binding evaluation. Potent scaffolds were designed with in silico fragment linkage and by ultra-large library docking of over 450 million molecules. Both techniques leverage the computational exploration of tangible chemical space and are applicable to other pharmacological orphans. Overall, 160 ligands in 119 different scaffolds were discovered, and 153 Mac1-ligand complex crystal structures were determined, typically to 1 Å resolution or better. Our analyses discovered selective and cell-permeable molecules, unexpected ligand-mediated conformational changes within the active site, and key inhibitor motifs that will template future drug development against Mac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gahbauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Galen J. Correy
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Marion Schuller
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3RE, UK
| | - Matteo P. Ferla
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7BN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OxfordOX4 2PG, UK
| | - Yagmur Umay Doruk
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Moira Rachman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Taiasean Wu
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Morgan Diolaiti
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Siyi Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - R. Jeffrey Neitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Daren Fearon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0DE, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0FA, UK
| | - Dmytro S. Radchenko
- Enamine Ltd., Kyiv02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv01601, Ukraine
| | - Yurii S. Moroz
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv01601, Ukraine
- Chemspace, Kyiv02094, Ukraine
| | - John J. Irwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Jenny C. Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, OxfordOX3 7BN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, OxfordOX4 2PG, UK
| | - Jason E. Gestwicki
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Frank von Delft
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0DE, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, DidcotOX11 0FA, UK
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, HeadingtonOX3 7DQ, UK
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, HeadingtonOX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park2006, South Africa
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3RE, UK
| | - Brian K. Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
| | - James S. Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA94158
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13
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Gahbauer S, Correy GJ, Schuller M, Ferla MP, Doruk YU, Rachman M, Wu T, Diolaiti M, Wang S, Neitz RJ, Fearon D, Radchenko D, Moroz Y, Irwin JJ, Renslo AR, Taylor JC, Gestwicki JE, von Delft F, Ashworth A, Ahel I, Shoichet BK, Fraser JS. Iterative computational design and crystallographic screening identifies potent inhibitors targeting the Nsp3 Macrodomain of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv 2022:2022.06.27.497816. [PMID: 35794891 PMCID: PMC9258288 DOI: 10.1101/2022.06.27.497816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The nonstructural protein 3 (NSP3) of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) contains a conserved macrodomain enzyme (Mac1) that is critical for pathogenesis and lethality. While small molecule inhibitors of Mac1 have great therapeutic potential, at the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic there were no well-validated inhibitors for this protein nor, indeed, the macrodomain enzyme family, making this target a pharmacological orphan. Here, we report the structure-based discovery and development of several different chemical scaffolds exhibiting low- to sub-micromolar affinity for Mac1 through iterations of computer-aided design, structural characterization by ultra-high resolution protein crystallography, and binding evaluation. Potent scaffolds were designed with in silico fragment linkage and by ultra-large library docking of over 450 million molecules. Both techniques leverage the computational exploration of tangible chemical space and are applicable to other pharmacological orphans. Overall, 160 ligands in 119 different scaffolds were discovered, and 152 Mac1-ligand complex crystal structures were determined, typically to 1 Å resolution or better. Our analyses discovered selective and cell-permeable molecules, unexpected ligand-mediated protein dynamics within the active site, and key inhibitor motifs that will template future drug development against Mac1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Gahbauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Galen J. Correy
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Marion Schuller
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Matteo P. Ferla
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Yagmur Umay Doruk
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Moira Rachman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Taiasean Wu
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Morgan Diolaiti
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Siyi Wang
- Chemistry and Chemical Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - R. Jeffrey Neitz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Daren Fearon
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
| | - Dmytro Radchenko
- Enamine Ltd., Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv 02094, Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Yurii Moroz
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska Street 60, Kyiv, 01601, Ukraine
- Chemspace, Chervonotkatska Street 78, Kyiv, 02094, Ukraine
| | - John J. Irwin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Jenny C. Taylor
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX4 2PG, UK
| | - Jason E. Gestwicki
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Frank von Delft
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, OX11 0DE, UK
- Research Complex at Harwell, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0FA, UK
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington OX3 7DQ, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Alan Ashworth
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ivan Ahel
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Brian K. Shoichet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - James S. Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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14
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Sacco MD, Defrees K, Zhang X, Lawless W, Nwanochie E, Balsizer A, Darch SE, Renslo AR, Chen Y. Structure-Based Ligand Design Targeting Pseudomonas aeruginosa LpxA in Lipid A Biosynthesis. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1231-1240. [PMID: 35653508 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Enzymes involved in lipid A biosynthesis are promising antibacterial drug targets in Gram-negative bacteria. In this study, we use a structure-based design approach to develop a series of novel tetrazole ligands with low μM affinity for LpxA, the first enzyme in the lipid A pathway. Aided by previous structural data, X-ray crystallography, and surface plasmon resonance bioanalysis, we identify 17 hit compounds. Two of these hits were subsequently modified to optimize interactions with three regions of the LpxA active site. This strategy ultimately led to the discovery of ligand L13, which had a KD of 3.0 μM. The results reveal new chemical scaffolds as potential LpxA inhibitors, important binding features for ligand optimization, and protein conformational changes in response to ligand binding. Specifically, they show that a tetrazole ring is well-accommodated in a small cleft formed between Met169, the "hydrophobic-ruler" and His156, both of which demonstrate significant conformational flexibility. Furthermore, we find that the acyl-chain binding pocket is the most tractable region of the active site for realizing affinity gains and, along with a neighboring patch of hydrophobic residues, preferentially binds aliphatic and aromatic groups. The results presented herein provide valuable chemical and structural information for future inhibitor discovery against this important antibacterial drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Sacco
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Kyle Defrees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - William Lawless
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Emeka Nwanochie
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Amelia Balsizer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Sophie E. Darch
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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15
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Hulce KR, Jaishankar P, Lee GM, Bohn MF, Connelly EJ, Wucherer K, Ongpipattanakul C, Volk RF, Chuo SW, Arkin MR, Renslo AR, Craik CS. Inhibiting a dynamic viral protease by targeting a non-catalytic cysteine. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:785-798.e19. [PMID: 35364007 PMCID: PMC9133232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are responsible for some of the most deadly human diseases, yet available vaccines and antivirals address only a fraction of the potential viral human pathogens. Here, we provide a methodology for managing human herpesvirus (HHV) infection by covalently inactivating the HHV maturational protease via a conserved, non-catalytic cysteine (C161). Using human cytomegalovirus protease (HCMV Pr) as a model, we screened a library of disulfides to identify molecules that tether to C161 and inhibit proteolysis, then elaborated hits into irreversible HCMV Pr inhibitors that exhibit broad-spectrum inhibition of other HHV Pr homologs. We further developed an optimized tool compound targeted toward HCMV Pr and used an integrative structural biology and biochemical approach to demonstrate inhibitor stabilization of HCMV Pr homodimerization, exploiting a conformational equilibrium to block proteolysis. Irreversible HCMV Pr inhibition disrupts HCMV infectivity in cells, providing proof of principle for targeting proteolysis via a non-catalytic cysteine to manage viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin R Hulce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Gregory M Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Markus-Frederik Bohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Emily J Connelly
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Kristin Wucherer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Chayanid Ongpipattanakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Regan F Volk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Shih-Wei Chuo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall, San Francisco, CA 94143-2280, USA.
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16
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Jiang H, Muir RK, Gonciarz RL, Olshen AB, Yeh I, Hann BC, Zhao N, Wang YH, Behr SC, Korkola JE, Evans MJ, Collisson EA, Renslo AR. Ferrous iron–activatable drug conjugate achieves potent MAPK blockade in KRAS-driven tumors. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213060. [PMID: 35262628 PMCID: PMC8916116 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20210739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS mutations drive a quarter of cancer mortality, and most are undruggable. Several inhibitors of the MAPK pathway are FDA approved but poorly tolerated at the doses needed to adequately extinguish RAS/RAF/MAPK signaling in the tumor cell. We found that oncogenic KRAS signaling induced ferrous iron (Fe2+) accumulation early in and throughout mutant KRAS-mediated transformation. We converted an FDA-approved MEK inhibitor into a ferrous iron–activatable drug conjugate (FeADC) and achieved potent MAPK blockade in tumor cells while sparing normal tissues. This innovation allowed sustainable, effective treatment of tumor-bearing animals, with tumor-selective drug activation, producing superior systemic tolerability. Ferrous iron accumulation is an exploitable feature of KRAS transformation, and FeADCs hold promise for improving the treatment of KRAS-driven solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglin Jiang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ryan K. Muir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ryan L. Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Adam B. Olshen
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Iwei Yeh
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Byron C. Hann
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Yung-hua Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Spencer C. Behr
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - James E. Korkola
- Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland, OR
| | - Michael J. Evans
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Eric A. Collisson
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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17
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Gunderson EL, Bryant C, Bulman CA, Fischer C, Luo M, Vogel I, Lim KC, Jawahar S, Tricoche N, Voronin D, Corbo C, Ayiseh RB, Manfo FPT, Mbah GE, Cho-Ngwa F, Beerntsen B, Renslo AR, Lustigman S, Sakanari JA. Pyrvinium Pamoate and Structural Analogs Are Early Macrofilaricide Leads. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:189. [PMID: 35215301 PMCID: PMC8880385 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis are neglected tropical diseases caused by infection with filarial worms. Annual or biannual mass drug administration with microfilaricidal drugs that kill the microfilarial stages of the parasites has helped reduce infection rates and thus prevent transmission of both infections. However, success depends on high population coverage that is maintained for the duration of the adult worm's lifespan. Given that these filarial worms can live up to 14 years in their human hosts, a macrofilaricidal drug would vastly accelerate elimination efforts. Here, we have evaluated the repurposed drug pyrvinium pamoate as well as newly synthesized analogs of pyrvinium for their efficacy against filarial worms in vitro and in vivo. We found that pyrvinium pamoate, tetrahydropyrvinium and one of the analogs were highly potent in inhibiting worms in in vitro whole-worm screening assays, and that all three compounds reduced female worm fecundity and inhibited embryogenesis in the Brugia pahangi-gerbil in vivo model of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L. Gunderson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.L.G.); (C.B.); (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (M.L.); (I.V.); (K.-C.L.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Clifford Bryant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.L.G.); (C.B.); (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (M.L.); (I.V.); (K.-C.L.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Christina A. Bulman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.L.G.); (C.B.); (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (M.L.); (I.V.); (K.-C.L.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Chelsea Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.L.G.); (C.B.); (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (M.L.); (I.V.); (K.-C.L.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Mona Luo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.L.G.); (C.B.); (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (M.L.); (I.V.); (K.-C.L.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Ian Vogel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.L.G.); (C.B.); (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (M.L.); (I.V.); (K.-C.L.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Kee-Chong Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.L.G.); (C.B.); (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (M.L.); (I.V.); (K.-C.L.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Shabnam Jawahar
- Molecular Parasitology, New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.J.); (N.T.); (D.V.)
| | - Nancy Tricoche
- Molecular Parasitology, New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.J.); (N.T.); (D.V.)
| | - Denis Voronin
- Molecular Parasitology, New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.J.); (N.T.); (D.V.)
| | - Christopher Corbo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wagner College, Staten Island, NY 10301, USA;
| | - Rene B. Ayiseh
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon; (R.B.A.); (F.P.T.M.); (G.E.M.); (F.C.-N.)
| | - Faustin P. T. Manfo
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon; (R.B.A.); (F.P.T.M.); (G.E.M.); (F.C.-N.)
| | - Glory E. Mbah
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon; (R.B.A.); (F.P.T.M.); (G.E.M.); (F.C.-N.)
- Higher Teacher Training College (HTTC), The University of Bamenda, Bamenda P.O. Box 39, Cameroon
| | - Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Onchocerciasis Drug Research, Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon; (R.B.A.); (F.P.T.M.); (G.E.M.); (F.C.-N.)
| | - Brenda Beerntsen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.L.G.); (C.B.); (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (M.L.); (I.V.); (K.-C.L.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Sara Lustigman
- Molecular Parasitology, New York Blood Center, Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA; (S.J.); (N.T.); (D.V.)
| | - Judy A. Sakanari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (E.L.G.); (C.B.); (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (M.L.); (I.V.); (K.-C.L.); (A.R.R.)
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18
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Kemp MT, Nichols DA, Zhang X, Defrees K, Na I, Renslo AR, Chen Y. Mutation of the conserved Asp-Asp pair impairs the structure, function, and inhibition of CTX-M Class A β-lactamase. FEBS Lett 2021; 595:2981-2994. [PMID: 34704263 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The Asp233-Asp246 pair is highly conserved in Class A β-lactamases, which hydrolyze β-lactam antibiotics. Here, we characterize its function using CTX-M-14 β-lactamase. The D233N mutant displayed decreased activity that is substrate-dependent, with reductions in kcat /Km ranging from 20% for nitrocefin to 6-fold for cefotaxime. In comparison, the mutation reduced the binding of a known reversible inhibitor by 10-fold. The mutant structures showed movement of the 213-219 loop and the loss of the Thr216-Thr235 hydrogen bond, which was restored by inhibitor binding. Mutagenesis of Thr216 further highlighted its contribution to CTX-M activity. These results demonstrate the importance of the aspartate pair to CTX-M hydrolysis of substrates with bulky side chains, while suggesting increased protein flexibility as a means to evolve drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Trent Kemp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Derek A Nichols
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Kyle Defrees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Insung Na
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, FL, USA
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19
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Kim GHJ, Mo H, Liu H, Wu Z, Chen S, Zheng J, Zhao X, Nucum D, Shortland J, Peng L, Elepano M, Tang B, Olson S, Paras N, Li H, Renslo AR, Arkin MR, Huang B, Lu B, Sirota M, Guo S. A zebrafish screen reveals Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors as neuroprotective via mitochondrial restoration in dopamine neurons. eLife 2021; 10:69795. [PMID: 34550070 PMCID: PMC8457844 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder without effective disease-modifying therapeutics. Here, we establish a chemogenetic dopamine (DA) neuron ablation model in larval zebrafish with mitochondrial dysfunction and robustness suitable for high-content screening. We use this system to conduct an in vivo DA neuron imaging-based chemical screen and identify the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) inhibitors as significantly neuroprotective. Knockdown of the angiotensin receptor 1 (agtr1) in DA neurons reveals a cell-autonomous mechanism of neuroprotection. DA neuron-specific RNA-seq identifies mitochondrial pathway gene expression that is significantly restored by RAAS inhibitor treatment. The neuroprotective effect of RAAS inhibitors is further observed in a zebrafish Gaucher disease model and Drosophila pink1-deficient PD model. Finally, examination of clinical data reveals a significant effect of RAAS inhibitors in delaying PD progression. Our findings reveal the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of targeting the RAAS pathway for neuroprotection and demonstrate a salient approach that bridges basic science to translational medicine. Parkinson’s disease is caused by the slow death and deterioration of brain cells, in particular of the neurons that produce a chemical messenger known as dopamine. Certain drugs can mitigate the resulting drop in dopamine levels and help to manage symptoms, but they cause dangerous side-effects. There is no treatment that can slow down or halt the progress of the condition, which affects 0.3% of the population globally. Many factors, both genetic and environmental, contribute to the emergence of Parkinson’s disease. For example, dysfunction of the mitochondria, the internal structures that power up cells, is a known mechanism associated with the death of dopamine-producing neurons. Zebrafish are tiny fish which can be used to study Parkinson’s disease, as they are easy to manipulate in the lab and share many characteristics with humans. In particular, they can be helpful to test the effects of various potential drugs on the condition. Here, Kim et al. established a new zebrafish model in which dopamine-producing brain cells die due to their mitochondria not working properly; they then used this assay to assess the impact of 1,403 different chemicals on the integrity of these cells. A group of molecules called renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) inhibitors was shown to protect dopamine-producing neurons and stopped them from dying as often. These are already used to treat high blood pressure as they help to dilate blood vessels. In the brain, however, RAAS worked by restoring certain mitochondrial processes. Kim et al. then investigated whether these results are relevant in other, broader contexts. They were able to show that RAAS inhibitors have the same effect in other animals, and that Parkinson’s disease often progresses more slowly in patients that already take these drugs for high blood pressure. Taken together, these findings therefore suggest that RAAS inhibitors may be useful to treat Parkinson’s disease, as well as other brain illnesses that emerge because of mitochondria not working properly. Clinical studies and new ways to improve these drugs are needed to further investigate and capitalize on these potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gha-Hyun J Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Han Mo
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Harrison Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Graduate Program of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Steven Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jiashun Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Daryl Nucum
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - James Shortland
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Longping Peng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mannuel Elepano
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IND), UCSF Weill Institute forNeurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Benjamin Tang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IND), UCSF Weill Institute forNeurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Steven Olson
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IND), UCSF Weill Institute forNeurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Nick Paras
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IND), UCSF Weill Institute forNeurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Graduate Program of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Marina Sirota
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Su Guo
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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20
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Jílková A, Rubešová P, Fanfrlík J, Fajtová P, Řezáčová P, Brynda J, Lepšík M, Mertlíková-Kaiserová H, Emal CD, Renslo AR, Roush WR, Horn M, Caffrey CR, Mareš M. Druggable Hot Spots in the Schistosomiasis Cathepsin B1 Target Identified by Functional and Binding Mode Analysis of Potent Vinyl Sulfone Inhibitors. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:1077-1088. [PMID: 33175511 PMCID: PMC8154419 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Schistosomiasis, a parasitic disease
caused by blood flukes of
the genus Schistosoma, is a global health problem
with over 200 million people infected. Treatment relies on just one
drug, and new chemotherapies are needed. Schistosoma mansoni cathepsin B1 (SmCB1) is a critical peptidase for the digestion of
host blood proteins and a validated drug target. We screened a library
of peptidomimetic vinyl sulfones against SmCB1 and identified the
most potent SmCB1 inhibitors reported to date that are active in the
subnanomolar range with second order rate constants (k2nd) of ∼2 × 105 M–1 s–1. High resolution crystal structures of the
two best inhibitors in complex with SmCB1 were determined. Quantum
chemical calculations of their respective binding modes identified
critical hot spot interactions in the S1′ and S2 subsites.
The most potent inhibitor targets the S1′ subsite with an N-hydroxysulfonic amide moiety and displays favorable functional
properties, including bioactivity against the pathogen, selectivity
for SmCB1 over human cathepsin B, and reasonable metabolic stability.
Our results provide structural insights for the rational design of
next-generation SmCB1 inhibitors as potential drugs to treat schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adéla Jílková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Rubešová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jindřich Fanfrlík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Řezáčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Brynda
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Lepšík
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Mertlíková-Kaiserová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Cory D. Emal
- Eastern Michigan University, 541 Mark Jefferson, Ypsilanti, Michigan 48197, United States
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - William R. Roush
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo n. 2, 16610 Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Gonciarz RL, Renslo AR. Emerging role of ferrous iron in bacterial growth and host-pathogen interaction: New tools for chemical (micro)biology and antibacterial therapy. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 61:170-178. [PMID: 33714882 PMCID: PMC8106656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chemical tools capable of detecting ferrous iron with oxidation-state specificity have only recently become available. Coincident with this development in chemical biology has been increased study and appreciation for the importance of ferrous iron during infection and more generally in host-pathogen interaction. Some of the recent findings are surprising and challenge long-standing assumptions about bacterial iron homeostasis and the innate immune response to infection. Here, we review these recent developments and their implications for antibacterial therapy.
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22
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Chen J, Gonciarz RL, Renslo AR. Expanded scope of Griesbaum co-ozonolysis for the preparation of structurally diverse sensors of ferrous iron. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34338-34342. [PMID: 35497286 PMCID: PMC9042324 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05932g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterically shielded 1,2,4-trioxolanes prepared by Griesbaum co-ozonolysis have been utilized as chemical sensors of ferrous iron in several recently described chemical probes of labile iron. Here we report optimized conditions for co-ozonolysis that proceed efficiently and with high diastereoselectivity across an expanded range of substrates, and should enable a new generation of labile iron probes with altered reaction kinetics and physicochemical properties. Improved, low temperature conditions for Griesbaum co-ozonolysis enables the preparation of structurally diverse 1,2,4-trioxolane-based sensors of ferrous iron for caging of reporters and therapeutic payloads.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Ryan L. Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
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23
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Chen J, Gonciarz RL, Renslo AR. Correction: Expanded scope of Griesbaum co-ozonolysis for the preparation of structurally diverse sensors of ferrous iron. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36625. [PMID: 35503277 PMCID: PMC9043589 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra90167b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Correction for ‘Expanded scope of Griesbaum co-ozonolysis for the preparation of structurally diverse sensors of ferrous iron’ by Jun Chen et al., RSC Adv., 2021, 11, 34338–34342, DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05932g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Ryan L. Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94143, USA
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24
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Gonciarz RL, Collisson EA, Renslo AR. Ferrous Iron-Dependent Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:7-18. [PMID: 33261861 PMCID: PMC7754709 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of oxidation state selective probes of cellular iron has produced a more nuanced understanding of how cells utilize this crucial nutrient to empower enzyme function, and also how labile ferrous iron contributes to iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis) and other disease pathologies including cancer, bacterial infections, and neurodegeneration. These findings, viewed in light of the Fenton chemistry promoted by ferrous iron, suggest a new category of therapeutics exhibiting ferrous iron-dependent pharmacology. While still in its infancy, this nascent field draws inspiration from the remarkable activity and tremendous clinical impact of the antimalarial artemisinin. Here, we review recent insights into the role of labile ferrous iron in biology and disease, and describe new therapeutic approaches designed to exploit this divalent transition metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Eric A. Collisson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,Correspondence:
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25
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Zhao N, Huang Y, Wang YH, Muir RK, Chen YC, Wei J, Hooshdaran N, Viswanath P, Seo Y, Ruggero D, Renslo AR, Evans MJ. Ferronostics: Measuring Tumoral Ferrous Iron with PET to Predict Sensitivity to Iron-Targeted Cancer Therapies. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:949-955. [PMID: 33246980 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.252460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although cancer has been known for decades to harbor an insatiable appetite for iron, only recently has the chemistry emerged to exploit this altered state therapeutically, by targeting the expanded cytosolic labile iron pool (LIP) of the cancer cell. The state of the art includes therapies that react with the LIP to produce cytotoxic radical species (in some cases also releasing drug payloads) and molecules that exacerbate LIP-induced oxidative stress to trigger ferroptosis. Effectively implementing LIP-targeted therapies in patients will require biomarkers to identify those tumors with the most elevated LIP and thus most likely to succumb to LIP-targeted interventions. Toward this goal, we tested whether tumor uptake of the novel LIP-sensing radiotracer 18F-TRX aligns with tumor sensitivity to LIP-targeted therapies. Methods: 18F-TRX uptake was assessed in vivo among 10 subcutaneous and orthotopic human xenograft models. Glioma and renal cell carcinoma were prioritized because these tumors have the highest relative expression levels of STEAP3, the oxidoreductase that reduces ferric iron to the ferrous oxidation state, in the Broad Institute Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. The antitumor effects of the LIP-activated prodrug TRX-CBI, which releases the DNA alkylator CBI, were compared in mice bearing U251 or PC3 xenografts, tumors with high and intermediate levels of 18F-TRX uptake, respectively. Results: 18F-TRX showed a wide range of tumor accumulation. An antitumor assessment study showed that the growth of U251 xenografts, the model with the highest 18F-TRX uptake, was potently inhibited by TRX-CBI. Moreover, the antitumor effects against U251 were significantly greater than those observed for PC3 tumors, consistent with the relative 18F-TRX-determined LIP levels in tumors before therapy. Lastly, a dosimetry study showed that the estimated effective human doses for adult male and female mice were comparable to those of other 18F-based imaging probes. Conclusion: We report the first evidence-to our knowledge-that tumor sensitivity to an LIP-targeted therapy can be predicted with a molecular imaging tool. More generally, these data bring a new dimension to the nuclear theranostic model by showing a requirement for imaging to quantify, in situ, the concentration of a metastable bioanalyte toward predicting tumor drug sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhao
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yangjie Huang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yung-Hua Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ryan K Muir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Ying-Chu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Junnian Wei
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Nima Hooshdaran
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Pavithra Viswanath
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; .,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California; and
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26
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Chen YC, Oses-Prieto JA, Pope LE, Burlingame AL, Dixon SJ, Renslo AR. Reactivity-Based Probe of the Iron(II)-Dependent Interactome Identifies New Cellular Modulators of Ferroptosis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:19085-19093. [PMID: 33124817 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent form of cell death resulting from loss or inhibition of cellular machinery that protects from the accumulation of lipid hydroperoxides. Ferroptosis likely serves a tumor suppressing function in normal cellular homeostasis, but certain cancers exploit and become highly dependent on specific nodes of the pathway, presumably to survive under conditions of increased oxidative stress and elevated labile ferrous iron levels. Here we introduce Ferroptosis Inducing Peroxide for Chemoproteomics-1 (FIPC-1), a reactivity-based probe that couples Fenton-type reaction with ferrous iron to subsequent protein labeling via concomitant carbon-centered radical generation. We show that FIPC-1 induces ferroptosis in susceptible cell types and labels cellular proteins in an iron-dependent fashion. Use of FIPC-1 in a quantitative chemoproteomics workflow reproducibly enriched protein targets in the thioredoxin, oxidoreductase, and protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) families, among others. In further interrogating the saturable targets of FIPC-1, we identified the PDI family member P4HB and the functionally uncharacterized protein NT5DC2, a member of the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily, as previously unrecognized modulators of ferroptosis. Knockdown of these target genes sensitized cells to known ferroptosis inducers, while PACMA31, a previously reported inhibitor of P4HB, directly induced ferroptosis and was highly synergistic with erastin. Overall, this study introduces a new reactivity-based probe of the ferrous iron-dependent interactome and uncovers new targets for the therapeutic modulation of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Chu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Lauren E Pope
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 327 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Scott J Dixon
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 327 Campus Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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27
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Blank BR, Gonciarz RL, Talukder P, Gut J, Legac J, Rosenthal PJ, Renslo AR. Antimalarial Trioxolanes with Superior Drug-Like Properties and In Vivo Efficacy. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1827-1835. [PMID: 32369341 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of artemisinin resistance, combined with certain suboptimal properties of ozonide agents arterolane and artefenomel, has necessitated the search for new drug candidates in the endoperoxide class. Our group has focused on trioxolane analogues with substitution patterns not previously explored. Here, we describe the enantioselective synthesis of analogues bearing a trans-3″ carbamate side chain and find these to be superior, both in vitro and in vivo, to the previously reported amides. We identified multiple analogues that surpass the oral efficacy of arterolane in the Plasmodium berghei model while exhibiting drug-like properties (logD, solubility, metabolic stability) similar or superior to next-generation clinical candidates like E209 and OZ609. While the preclinical assessment of new analogues is still underway, current data suggest the potential of this chemotype as a likely source of future drug candidates from the endoperoxide class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Blank
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Ryan L. Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Poulami Talukder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jennifer Legac
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Philip J. Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, San Francisco General Hospital, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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28
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Bashore C, Jaishankar P, Skelton NJ, Fuhrmann J, Hearn BR, Liu PS, Renslo AR, Dueber EC. Cyanopyrrolidine Inhibitors of Ubiquitin Specific Protease 7 Mediate Desulfhydration of the Active-Site Cysteine. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:1392-1400. [PMID: 32302100 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ubiquitin specific protease 7 (USP7) regulates the protein stability of key cellular regulators in pathways ranging from apoptosis to neuronal development, making it a promising therapeutic target. Here we used an engineered, activated variant of the USP7 catalytic domain to perform structure-activity studies of electrophilic peptidomimetic inhibitors. Employing this USP7 variant, we found that inhibitors with a cyanopyrrolidine warhead unexpectedly promoted a β-elimination reaction of the initial covalent adducts, thereby converting the active-site cysteine residue to dehydroalanine. We determined that this phenomenon is specific for the USP7 catalytic cysteine and that structural features of the inhibitor and protein microenvironment impact elimination rates. Using comprehensive docking studies, we propose that the characteristic conformational dynamics of USP7 allow access to conformations that promote the ligand-induced elimination. Unlike in conventional reversible-covalent inhibition, the compounds described here irreversibly destroy a catalytic residue while simultaneously converting the inhibitor to a nonelectrophilic byproduct. Accordingly, this unexpected finding expands the scope of covalent inhibitor modalities and offers intriguing insights into enzyme-inhibitor dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | | | | | - Brian R. Hearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | | | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
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29
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Huff TC, Camarena V, Sant DW, Wilkes Z, Van Booven D, Aron AT, Muir RK, Renslo AR, Chang CJ, Monje PV, Wang G. Oscillatory cAMP signaling rapidly alters H3K4 methylation. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 3:3/1/e201900529. [PMID: 31882444 PMCID: PMC6935296 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This work explores how GPCR-cAMP signaling dynamically influences histone methylation by altering intracellular labile Fe(II) levels and subsequently modulating histone demethylase activity. Epigenetic variation reflects the impact of a dynamic environment on chromatin. However, it remains elusive how environmental factors influence epigenetic events. Here, we show that G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) alter H3K4 methylation via oscillatory intracellular cAMP. Activation of Gs-coupled receptors caused a rapid decrease of H3K4me3 by elevating cAMP, whereas stimulation of Gi-coupled receptors increased H3K4me3 by diminishing cAMP. H3K4me3 gradually recovered towards baseline levels after the removal of GPCR ligands, indicating that H3K4me3 oscillates in tandem with GPCR activation. cAMP increased intracellular labile Fe(II), the cofactor for histone demethylases, through a non-canonical cAMP target—Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor-2 (RapGEF2), which subsequently enhanced endosome acidification and Fe(II) release from the endosome via vacuolar H+-ATPase assembly. Removing Fe(III) from the media blocked intracellular Fe(II) elevation after stimulation of Gs-coupled receptors. Iron chelators and inhibition of KDM5 demethylases abolished cAMP-mediated H3K4me3 demethylation. Taken together, these results suggest a novel function of cAMP signaling in modulating histone demethylation through labile Fe(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C Huff
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Vladimir Camarena
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - David W Sant
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Zachary Wilkes
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Derek Van Booven
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Allegra T Aron
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ryan K Muir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Paula V Monje
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA .,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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30
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Pemberton OA, Jaishankar P, Akhtar A, Adams JL, Shaw LN, Renslo AR, Chen Y. Heteroaryl Phosphonates as Noncovalent Inhibitors of Both Serine- and Metallocarbapenemases. J Med Chem 2019; 62:8480-8496. [PMID: 31483651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gram-negative pathogens expressing serine β-lactamases (SBLs) and metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs), especially those with carbapenemase activity, threaten the clinical utility of almost all β-lactam antibiotics. Here we describe the discovery of a heteroaryl phosphonate scaffold that exhibits noncovalent cross-class inhibition of representative carbapenemases, specifically the SBL KPC-2 and the MBLs NDM-1 and VIM-2. The most potent lead, compound 16, exhibited low nM to low μM inhibition of KPC-2, NDM-1, and VIM-2. Compound 16 potentiated imipenem efficacy against resistant clinical and laboratory bacterial strains expressing carbapenemases while showing some cytotoxicity toward human HEK293T cells only at concentrations above 100 μg/mL. Complex structures with KPC-2, NDM-1, and VIM-2 demonstrate how these inhibitors achieve high binding affinity to both enzyme classes. These findings provide a structurally and mechanistically new scaffold for drug discovery targeting multidrug resistant Gram-negative pathogens and more generally highlight the active site features of carbapenemases that can be leveraged for lead discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orville A Pemberton
- Department of Molecular Medicine , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 3522 , Tampa , Florida 33612 , United States
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center , University of California, San Francisco , 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall N574 , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Afroza Akhtar
- Department of Molecular Medicine , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 3522 , Tampa , Florida 33612 , United States
| | - Jessie L Adams
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology , University of South Florida , 4202 E. Fowler Avenue , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Lindsey N Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology & Molecular Biology , University of South Florida , 4202 E. Fowler Avenue , Tampa , Florida 33620 , United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center , University of California, San Francisco , 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall N574 , San Francisco , California 94158 , United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine , University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine , 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC 3522 , Tampa , Florida 33612 , United States
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31
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Blank BR, Talukder P, Muir RK, Green ER, Skaar EP, Renslo AR. Targeting Mobilization of Ferrous Iron in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infection with an Iron(II)-Caged LpxC Inhibitor. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1366-1375. [PMID: 31140267 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Iron is essential to all life, and competition for this vital nutrient is central to host-pathogen interactions during infection. The opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa utilizes a diverse array of iron-acquisition strategies, including those enabling import of extracellular ferrous iron. We hypothesize that soluble and redox-active ferrous iron can be employed to activate caged antibiotics at sites of infection in vivo. Here we describe new chemistry that expands the application of our laboratory's Fe2+-activated-prodrug chemistry to cage hydroxamic acids, a class of drugs that present manifold development challenges. We synthesize the caged form of a known LpxC inhibitor and show that it is efficacious in an acute P. aeruginosa mouse-lung infection model, despite showing little activity in cell-culture experiments. Overall, our results are consistent with the Fe2+-promoted uncaging of an antibacterial payload at sites of infection in an animal and lend support to recent reports indicating that extracellular pools of ferrous iron can be utilized by bacterial pathogens like P. aeruginosa during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Blank
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Poulami Talukder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ryan K. Muir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Erin R. Green
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Eric P. Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Avenue South, Medical Center North, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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32
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Griffin AL, Jaishankar P, Grandjean JM, Olson SH, Renslo AR, Baraban SC. Zebrafish studies identify serotonin receptors mediating antiepileptic activity in Dravet syndrome. Brain Commun 2019; 1:fcz008. [PMID: 31667472 PMCID: PMC6798786 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dravet syndrome is a life-threatening early-onset epilepsy not well controlled by antiepileptic drugs. Drugs that modulate serotonin (5-HT) signalling, including clemizole, locaserin, trazodone and fenfluramine, have recently emerged as potential treatment options for Dravet syndrome. To investigate the serotonin receptors that could moderate this antiepileptic activity, we designed and synthesized 28 novel analogues of clemizole, obtained receptor binding affinity profiles, and performed in vivo screening in a scn1lab mutant zebrafish (Danio rerio) model which recapitulates critical clinical features of Dravet syndrome. We discovered three clemizole analogues with 5-HT receptor binding that exert powerful antiepileptic activity. Based on structure–activity relationships and medicinal chemistry-based analysis, we then screened an additional set of known 5-HT receptor specific drug candidates. Integrating our in vitro and in vivo data implicates 5-HT2B receptors as a critical mediator in the mechanism of seizure suppression observed in Dravet syndrome patients treated with 5-HT modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliesha L Griffin
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory and Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jean-Marc Grandjean
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Steven H Olson
- Department of Neurology, Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Scott C Baraban
- Epilepsy Research Laboratory and Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA
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33
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Torelli NJ, Akhtar A, DeFrees K, Jaishankar P, Pemberton OA, Zhang X, Johnson C, Renslo AR, Chen Y. Active-Site Druggability of Carbapenemases and Broad-Spectrum Inhibitor Discovery. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1013-1021. [PMID: 30942078 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Serine and metallo-carbapenemases are a serious health concern due to their capability to hydrolyze nearly all β-lactam antibiotics. However, the molecular basis for their unique broad-spectrum substrate profile is poorly understood, particularly for serine carbapenemases, such as KPC-2. Using substrates and newly identified small molecules, we compared the ligand binding properties of KPC-2 with the noncarbapenemase CTX-M-14, both of which are Class A β-lactamases with highly similar active sites. Notably, compared to CTX-M-14, KPC-2 was more potently inhibited by hydrolyzed β-lactam products (product inhibition), as well as by a series of novel tetrazole-based inhibitors selected from molecular docking against CTX-M-14. Together with complex crystal structures, these data suggest that the KPC-2 active site has an enhanced ability to form favorable interactions with substrates and small molecule ligands due to its increased hydrophobicity and flexibility. Such properties are even more pronounced in metallo-carbapenemases, such as NDM-1, which was also inhibited by some of the novel tetrazole compounds, including one displaying comparable low μM affinities against both KPC-2 and NDM-1. Our results suggest that carbapenemase activity confers an evolutionary advantage on producers via a broad β-lactam substrate scope but also a mechanistic Achilles' heel that can be exploited for new inhibitor discovery. The complex structures demonstrate, for the first time, how noncovalent inhibitors can be engineered to simultaneously target both serine and metallo-carbapenemases. Despite the relatively modest activity of the current compounds, these studies also demonstrate that hydrolyzed products and tetrazole-based chemotypes can provide valuable starting points for broad-spectrum inhibitor discovery against carbapenemases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Torelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 3522, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Afroza Akhtar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 3522, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Kyle DeFrees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall N572B, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall N572B, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Orville A. Pemberton
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 3522, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 3522, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Cody Johnson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 3522, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th Street, Genentech Hall N572B, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 3522, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
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34
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DeFrees K, Kemp MT, ElHilali-Pollard X, Zhang X, Mohamed A, Chen Y, Renslo AR. An Empirical Study of Amide-Heteroarene π-Stacking Interactions Using Reversible Inhibitors of a Bacterial Serine Hydrolase. Org Chem Front 2019; 6:1749-1756. [PMID: 32774871 DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00342h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Compared to aryl-aryl π-stacking interactions, the analogous stacking of heteroarenes on amide π systems is less well understood and vastly underutilized in structure-based drug design. Recent theoretical studies have delineated the important geometric coordinates of the interaction, some of which have been confirmed with synthetic model systems based on Rebek imides. Unfortunately, a broadly useful and tractable protein-ligand model system of this interaction has remained elusive. Here we employed a known inhibitor scaffold to study π-stacking of diverse heteroarene substituents on the amide face of Gly238 in the cephalosporinases CTX-M-14 and CTX-M-27. Biochemical inhibition constants (K i) and biophysical binding constants (K d) were determined for nineteen new analogues against both enzymes, while multiple high-resolution co-crystal structures revealed remarkably consistent placement of the probe heteroarene on Gly238. The data presented support the predicted importance of opposing dipoles in amide-heteroarene interactions and should be useful for evaluating other theoretical predictions concerning these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle DeFrees
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th St., San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - M Trent Kemp
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901, Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 3522, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Xochina ElHilali-Pollard
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th St., San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901, Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 3522, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Ahmed Mohamed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th St., San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida College of Medicine, 12901, Bruce B. Downs Blvd, MDC 3522, Tampa, Florida 33612, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, 600 16th St., San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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Muir RK, Zhao N, Wei J, Wang YH, Moroz A, Huang Y, Chen YC, Sriram R, Kurhanewicz J, Ruggero D, Renslo AR, Evans MJ. Measuring Dynamic Changes in the Labile Iron Pool in Vivo with a Reactivity-Based Probe for Positron Emission Tomography. ACS Cent Sci 2019; 5:727-736. [PMID: 31041393 PMCID: PMC6487455 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.9b00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Redox cycling of iron powers various enzyme functions crucial for life, making the study of iron acquisition, storage, and disposition in the whole organism a worthy topic of inquiry. However, despite its important role in biology and disease, imaging iron in animals with oxidation-state specificity remains an outstanding problem in biology and medicine. Here we report a first-generation reactivity-based probe of labile ferrous iron suitable for positron emission tomography studies in live animals. The responses of this reagent to systemic changes in labile iron disposition were revealed using iron supplementation and sequestration treatments in mice, while the potential of this approach for in vivo imaging of cancer was demonstrated using genetically and pathologically diverse mouse models, including spontaneous tumors arising in a genetically engineered model of prostate cancer driven by loss of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K. Muir
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Graduate
Program in Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Junnian Wei
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yung-hua Wang
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Anna Moroz
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yangjie Huang
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Ying-Chu Chen
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Davide Ruggero
- Helen
Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Helen
Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael J. Evans
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Helen
Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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36
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Pope L, Arrigoni C, Lou H, Bryant C, Gallardo-Godoy A, Renslo AR, Minor DL. Protein and Chemical Determinants of BL-1249 Action and Selectivity for K 2P Channels. ACS Chem Neurosci 2018; 9:3153-3165. [PMID: 30089357 PMCID: PMC6302903 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
K2P potassium channels generate leak currents that stabilize the resting membrane potential of excitable cells. Various K2P channels are implicated in pain, ischemia, depression, migraine, and anesthetic responses, making this family an attractive target for small molecule modulator development efforts. BL-1249, a compound from the fenamate class of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is known to activate K2P2.1(TREK-1), the founding member of the thermo- and mechanosensitive TREK subfamily; however, its mechanism of action and effects on other K2P channels are not well-defined. Here, we demonstrate that BL-1249 extracellular application activates all TREK subfamily members but has no effect on other K2P subfamilies. Patch clamp experiments demonstrate that, similar to the diverse range of other chemical and physical TREK subfamily gating cues, BL-1249 stimulates the selectivity filter "C-type" gate that controls K2P function. BL-1249 displays selectivity among the TREK subfamily, activating K2P2.1(TREK-1) and K2P10.1(TREK-2) ∼10-fold more potently than K2P4.1(TRAAK). Investigation of mutants and K2P2.1(TREK-1)/K2P4.1(TRAAK) chimeras highlight the key roles of the C-terminal tail in BL-1249 action and identify the M2/M3 transmembrane helix interface as a key site of BL-1249 selectivity. Synthesis and characterization of a set of BL-1249 analogs demonstrates that both the tetrazole and opposing tetralin moieties are critical for function, whereas the conformational mobility between the two ring systems impacts selectivity. Together, our findings underscore the landscape of modes by which small molecules can affect K2P channels and provide crucial information for the development of better and more selective K2P modulators of the TREK subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Daniel L. Minor
- Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bio-imaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720 United States
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37
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Raleigh DR, Sever N, Choksi PK, Sigg MA, Hines KM, Thompson BM, Elnatan D, Jaishankar P, Bisignano P, Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Krup AL, Eberl M, Byrne EFX, Siebold C, Wong SY, Renslo AR, Grabe M, McDonald JG, Xu L, Beachy PA, Reiter JF. Cilia-Associated Oxysterols Activate Smoothened. Mol Cell 2018; 72:316-327.e5. [PMID: 30340023 PMCID: PMC6503851 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary cilia are required for Smoothened to transduce vertebrate Hedgehog signals, but how Smoothened accumulates in cilia and is activated is incompletely understood. Here, we identify cilia-associated oxysterols that promote Smoothened accumulation in cilia and activate the Hedgehog pathway. Our data reveal that cilia-associated oxysterols bind to two distinct Smoothened domains to modulate Smoothened accumulation in cilia and tune the intensity of Hedgehog pathway activation. We find that the oxysterol synthase HSD11β2 participates in the production of Smoothened-activating oxysterols and promotes Hedgehog pathway activity. Inhibiting oxysterol biosynthesis impedes oncogenic Hedgehog pathway activation and attenuates the growth of Hedgehog pathway-associated medulloblastoma, suggesting that targeted inhibition of Smoothened-activating oxysterol production may be therapeutically useful for patients with Hedgehog-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Raleigh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Navdar Sever
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pervinder K Choksi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Monika Abedin Sigg
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly M Hines
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bonne M Thompson
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Elnatan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paola Bisignano
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Francesc R Garcia-Gonzalo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexis Leigh Krup
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Markus Eberl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eamon F X Byrne
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian Siebold
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sunny Y Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Grabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Philip A Beachy
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Urology and Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy F Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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38
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Wertz I, Kategaya L, Lello PD, Rouge L, Pastor R, Clark KR, Drummond J, Kleinheinz T, Lin E, Upton JP, Prakash S, Heideker J, McCleland M, Ritorto MS, Alessi DR, Trost M, Bainbridge TW, Kwok MC, Ma TP, Stiffler Z, Brasher B, Tang Y, Jaishanker P, Hearn B, Renslo AR, Arkin MR, Cohen F, Yu K, Peale F, Gnad F, Chang MT, Klijn C, Blackwood E, Martin SE, Forrest WF, Ernst JA, Ndubaku C, Wang X, Beresini MH, Tsui V, Schwerdtfeger C, Blake RA, Murray J, Maurer T. Abstract SY23-03: Development and mechanistic characterization of USP7 deubiquitinase inhibitors. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-sy23-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The ubiquitin system regulates the majority of cellular processes in eukaryotes. Ubiquitin is ligated to substrate proteins as monomers or chains, and the topology of ubiquitin modifications regulates substrate interactions with specific proteins. Thus ubiquitination directs a variety of substrate fates, including proteasomal degradation. Deubiquitinase enzymes cleave ubiquitin from substrates and are implicated in disease; for example ubiquitin-specific protease-7 (USP7) regulates stability of the p53 tumor suppressor and other proteins critical for tumor cell survival. However, developing selective deubiquitinase inhibitors has been challenging and no co-crystal structures have been solved with small-molecule inhibitors. Here, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based screening and structure-based design, we describe the development of selective USP7 inhibitors GNE-6640 and GNE-6776. These compounds induce tumor cell death and enhance cytotoxicity with chemotherapeutics and targeted compounds, including PIM kinase inhibitors. Structural studies reveal that GNE-6640 and GNE-6776 noncovalently target USP7 12Å distant from the catalytic cysteine. The compounds attenuate ubiquitin binding and thus inhibit USP7 deubiquitinase activity. GNE-6640 and GNE-6776 interact with acidic residues that mediate H-bond interactions with the ubiquitin Lys-48 side-chain, suggesting that USP7 preferentially interacts with and cleaves ubiquitin moieties having free Lys-48 side-chains. We investigated this idea by engineering di-ubiquitin chains containing differential proximal and distal isotopic labels and measuring USP7 binding via NMR, a study that substantiated our hypothesis. This preferential binding significantly protracted the depolymerization kinetics of Lys-48-linked ubiquitin chains relative to Lys-63-linked chains. In summary, engineering compounds that inhibit USP7 activity by attenuating ubiquitin binding suggests opportunities for developing other deubiquitinase inhibitors and may be a strategy more broadly applicable to inhibiting proteins that require ubiquitin binding for full functional activity.
[LK, PDL, and LR contributed equally to this work.]
Citation Format: Ingrid Wertz, Lorna Kategaya, Paola Di Lello, Lionel Rouge, Richard Pastor, Kevin R. Clark, Jason Drummond, Tracy Kleinheinz, Eva Lin, John-Paul Upton, Sumit Prakash, Johanna Heideker, Mark McCleland, Maria Stella Ritorto, Dario R. Alessi, Matthias Trost, Travis W. Bainbridge, Michael C. Kwok, Taylur P. Ma, Zachary Stiffler, Bradley Brasher, Yinyan Tang, Priya Jaishanker, Brian Hearn, Adam R. Renslo, Michelle R. Arkin, Frederick Cohen, Kebing Yu, Frank Peale, Florian Gnad, Matthew T. Chang, Christiaan Klijn, Elizabeth Blackwood, Scott E. Martin, William F. Forrest, James A. Ernst, Chudi Ndubaku, Xiaojing Wang, Maureen H. Beresini, Vickie Tsui, Carsten Schwerdtfeger, Robert A. Blake, Jeremy Murray, Till Maurer. Development and mechanistic characterization of USP7 deubiquitinase inhibitors [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr SY23-03.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eva Lin
- 1Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Matthias Trost
- 3Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Yinyan Tang
- 5University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Brian Hearn
- 5University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- 5University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Kebing Yu
- 1Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
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39
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Tsai JC, Miller-Vedam LE, Anand AA, Jaishankar P, Nguyen HC, Renslo AR, Frost A, Walter P. Structure of the nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B reveals mechanism of memory-enhancing molecule. Science 2018; 359:359/6383/eaaq0939. [PMID: 29599213 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaq0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Regulation by the integrated stress response (ISR) converges on the phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2 in response to a variety of stresses. Phosphorylation converts eIF2 from a substrate to a competitive inhibitor of its dedicated guanine nucleotide exchange factor, eIF2B, thereby inhibiting translation. ISRIB, a drug-like eIF2B activator, reverses the effects of eIF2 phosphorylation, and in rodents it enhances cognition and corrects cognitive deficits after brain injury. To determine its mechanism of action, we solved an atomic-resolution structure of ISRIB bound in a deep cleft within decameric human eIF2B by cryo-electron microscopy. Formation of fully active, decameric eIF2B holoenzyme depended on the assembly of two identical tetrameric subcomplexes, and ISRIB promoted this step by cross-bridging a central symmetry interface. Thus, regulation of eIF2B assembly emerges as a rheostat for eIF2B activity that tunes translation during the ISR and that can be further modulated by ISRIB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan C Tsai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lakshmi E Miller-Vedam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Aditya A Anand
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Henry C Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter Walter
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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40
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Spangler B, Kline T, Hanson J, Li X, Zhou S, Wells JA, Sato AK, Renslo AR. Toward a Ferrous Iron-Cleavable Linker for Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:2054-2059. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Spangler
- Graduate Program in Chemistry & Chemical Biology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Toni Kline
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jeffrey Hanson
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Xiaofan Li
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Sihong Zhou
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | | | - Aaron K. Sato
- Sutro Biopharma, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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41
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Gentile DR, Rathinaswamy MK, Jenkins ML, Moss SM, Siempelkamp BD, Renslo AR, Burke JE, Shokat KM. Ras Binder Induces a Modified Switch-II Pocket in GTP and GDP States. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1455-1466.e14. [PMID: 29033317 PMCID: PMC5915340 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Covalent inhibitors of K-Ras(G12C) have been reported that exclusively recognize the GDP state. Here, we utilize disulfide tethering of a non-natural cysteine (K-Ras(M72C)) to identify a new switch-II pocket (S-IIP) binding ligand (2C07) that engages the active GTP state. Co-crystal structures of 2C07 bound to H-Ras(M72C) reveal binding in a cryptic groove we term S-IIG. In the GppNHp state, 2C07 binding to a modified S-IIP pushes switch I away from the nucleotide, breaking the network of polar contacts essential for adopting the canonical GTP state. Biochemical studies show that 2C07 alters nucleotide preference and inhibits SOS binding and catalyzed nucleotide exchange. 2C07 was converted to irreversible covalent analogs, which target both nucleotide states, inhibit PI3K activation in vitro, and function as occupancy probes to detect reversible engagement in competition assays. Targeting both nucleotide states opens the possibility of inhibiting oncogenic mutants of Ras, which exist predominantly in the GTP state in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Gentile
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Manoj K Rathinaswamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Meredith L Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Steven M Moss
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Braden D Siempelkamp
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Small Molecule Discovery Center and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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42
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Camarena V, Sant DW, Huff TC, Mustafi S, Muir RK, Aron AT, Chang CJ, Renslo AR, Monje PV, Wang G. cAMP signaling regulates DNA hydroxymethylation by augmenting the intracellular labile ferrous iron pool. eLife 2017; 6:29750. [PMID: 29239726 PMCID: PMC5745079 DOI: 10.7554/elife.29750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that cAMP regulates gene transcription principally by activating the protein kinase A (PKA)-targeted transcription factors. Here, we show that cAMP enhances the generation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) in multiple cell types. 5hmC is converted from 5-methylcytosine (5mC) by Tet methylcytosine dioxygenases, for which Fe(II) is an essential cofactor. The promotion of 5hmC was mediated by a prompt increase of the intracellular labile Fe(II) pool (LIP). cAMP enhanced the acidification of endosomes for Fe(II) release to the LIP likely through RapGEF2. The effect of cAMP on Fe(II) and 5hmC was confirmed by adenylate cyclase activators, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, and most notably by stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR). The transcriptomic changes caused by cAMP occurred in concert with 5hmC elevation in differentially transcribed genes. Collectively, these data show a previously unrecognized regulation of gene transcription by GPCR-cAMP signaling through augmentation of the intracellular labile Fe(II) pool and DNA hydroxymethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Camarena
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - David W Sant
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Tyler C Huff
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Sushmita Mustafi
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Ryan K Muir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Allegra T Aron
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Paula V Monje
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
| | - Gaofeng Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Dr. Nasser Ibrahim Al-Rashid Orbital Vision Research Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States.,Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, United States
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43
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Aron AT, Heffern MC, Lonergan ZR, Vander Wal MN, Blank BR, Spangler B, Zhang Y, Park HM, Stahl A, Renslo AR, Skaar EP, Chang CJ. In vivo bioluminescence imaging of labile iron accumulation in a murine model of Acinetobacter baumannii infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:12669-12674. [PMID: 29138321 PMCID: PMC5715752 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708747114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential metal for all organisms, yet disruption of its homeostasis, particularly in labile forms that can contribute to oxidative stress, is connected to diseases ranging from infection to cancer to neurodegeneration. Iron deficiency is also among the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide. To advance studies of iron in healthy and disease states, we now report the synthesis and characterization of iron-caged luciferin-1 (ICL-1), a bioluminescent probe that enables longitudinal monitoring of labile iron pools (LIPs) in living animals. ICL-1 utilizes a bioinspired endoperoxide trigger to release d-aminoluciferin for selective reactivity-based detection of Fe2+ with metal and oxidation state specificity. The probe can detect physiological changes in labile Fe2+ levels in live cells and mice experiencing iron deficiency or overload. Application of ICL-1 in a model of systemic bacterial infection reveals increased iron accumulation in infected tissues that accompany transcriptional changes consistent with elevations in both iron acquisition and retention. The ability to assess iron status in living animals provides a powerful technology for studying the contributions of iron metabolism to physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra T Aron
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Marie C Heffern
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Zachery R Lonergan
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Mark N Vander Wal
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Brian R Blank
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Benjamin Spangler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Yaofang Zhang
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Hyo Min Park
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Andreas Stahl
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232;
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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44
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Hallenbeck KK, Davies JL, Merron C, Ogden P, Sijbesma E, Ottmann C, Renslo AR, Wilson C, Arkin MR. A Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Method for Screening Disulfide Tethering Fragments. SLAS Discov 2017; 23:183-192. [PMID: 28945980 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217732072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the refinement of a high-throughput, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS)-based screening method for the identification of covalent small-molecule binders to proteins. Using a custom library of 1600 disulfide-capped fragments targeting surface cysteine residues, we optimize sample preparation, chromatography, and ionization conditions to maximize the reliability and flexibility of the approach. Data collection at a rate of 84 s per sample balances speed with reliability for sustained screening over multiple, diverse projects run over a 24-month period. The method is applicable to protein targets of various classes and a range of molecular masses. Data are processed in a custom pipeline that calculates a percent bound value for each compound and identifies false positives by calculating significance of detected masses (signal significance). An example pipeline is available through Biovia's ScienceCloud Protocol Exchange. Data collection and analysis methods for the screening of covalent adducts of intact proteins are now fast enough to screen the largest covalent compound libraries in 1 to 2 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth K Hallenbeck
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia L Davies
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Connie Merron
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pierce Ogden
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eline Sijbesma
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Ottmann
- 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory of Chemical Biology, and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Adam R Renslo
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Wilson
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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45
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Acker TM, Gable JE, Bohn MF, Jaishankar P, Thompson MC, Fraser JS, Renslo AR, Craik CS. Allosteric Inhibitors, Crystallography, and Comparative Analysis Reveal Network of Coordinated Movement across Human Herpesvirus Proteases. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:11650-11653. [PMID: 28759216 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b04030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of cryptic binding sites represents an attractive but underexplored approach to modulating protein function with small molecules. Using the dimeric protease (Pr) from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) as a model system, we sought to dissect a putative allosteric network linking a cryptic site at the dimerization interface to enzyme function. Five cryogenic X-ray structures were solved of the monomeric protease with allosteric inhibitors bound to the dimer interface site. Distinct coordinated movements captured by the allosteric inhibitors were also revealed as alternative states in room-temperature X-ray data and comparative analyses of other dimeric herpesvirus proteases. A two-step mechanism was elucidated through detailed kinetic analyses and suggests an enzyme isomerization model of inhibition. Finally, a representative allosteric inhibitor from this class was shown to be efficacious in a cellular model of viral infectivity. These studies reveal a coordinated dynamic network of atomic communication linking cryptic binding site occupancy and allosteric inactivation of KHSV Pr that can be exploited to target other members of this clinically relevant family of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Acker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jonathan E Gable
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Markus-Frederik Bohn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Michael C Thompson
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - James S Fraser
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Charles S Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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46
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Abstract
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We describe the first
systematic study of antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxolanes
bearing a substitution pattern regioisomeric to that of arterolane.
Conformational analysis suggested that trans-3″-substituted
trioxolanes would exhibit Fe(II) reactivity and antiparasitic activity
similar to that achieved with canonical cis-4″
substitution. The chiral 3″ analogues were prepared as single
stereoisomers and evaluated alongside their 4″ congeners against
cultured malaria parasites and in a murine malaria model. As predicted,
the trans-3″ analogues exhibited in vitro
antiplasmodial activity remarkably similar to that of their cis-4″ comparators. In contrast, efficacy in the Plasmodium berghei mouse model differed dramatically for
some of the congeneric pairs. The best of the novel 3″ analogues
(e.g., 12i) outperformed arterolane itself, producing
cures in mice after a single oral exposure. Overall, this study suggests
new avenues for modulating Fe(II) reactivity and the pharmacokinetic
and pharmacodynamic properties of 1,2,4-trioxolane antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Blank
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and ‡Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and ‡Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Philip J Rosenthal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and ‡Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and ‡Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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47
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Spangler B, Fontaine SD, Shi Y, Sambucetti L, Mattis AN, Hann B, Wells JA, Renslo AR. A Novel Tumor-Activated Prodrug Strategy Targeting Ferrous Iron Is Effective in Multiple Preclinical Cancer Models. J Med Chem 2016; 59:11161-11170. [PMID: 27936709 PMCID: PMC5184369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Here we describe
a new approach for tumor targeting in which augmented
concentrations of Fe(II) in cancer cells and/or the tumor microenvironment
triggers drug release from an Fe(II)-reactive prodrug conjugate. The
1,2,4-trioxolane scaffold developed to enable this approach can in
principle be applied to a broad range of cancer therapeutics and is
illustrated here with Fe(II)-targeted forms of a microtubule toxin
and a duocarmycin-class DNA-alkylating agent. We show that the intrinsic
reactivity/toxicity of the duocarmycin analog is masked in the conjugated
form and this greatly reduced toxicity in mice. This in turn permitted
elevated dosing levels, leading to higher systemic exposure and a
significantly improved response in tumor xenograft models. Overall
our results suggest that Fe(II)-dependent drug delivery via trioxolane
conjugates could have significant utility in expanding the therapeutic
index of a range of clinical and preclinical stage cancer chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Spangler
- Graduate Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Shaun D Fontaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yihui Shi
- SRI International , Menlo Park, California 94025-3493, United States
| | - Lidia Sambucetti
- SRI International , Menlo Park, California 94025-3493, United States
| | | | - Byron Hann
- Preclinical Therapeutic Core, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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48
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Gallagher CM, Garri C, Cain EL, Ang KKH, Wilson CG, Chen S, Hearn BR, Jaishankar P, Aranda-Diaz A, Arkin MR, Renslo AR, Walter P. Ceapins are a new class of unfolded protein response inhibitors, selectively targeting the ATF6α branch. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27435960 PMCID: PMC4954757 DOI: 10.7554/elife.11878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-bound transcription factor ATF6α plays a cytoprotective role in the unfolded protein response (UPR), required for cells to survive ER stress. Activation of ATF6α promotes cell survival in cancer models. We used cell-based screens to discover and develop Ceapins, a class of pyrazole amides, that block ATF6α signaling in response to ER stress. Ceapins sensitize cells to ER stress without impacting viability of unstressed cells. Ceapins are highly specific inhibitors of ATF6α signaling, not affecting signaling through the other branches of the UPR, or proteolytic processing of its close homolog ATF6β or SREBP (a cholesterol-regulated transcription factor), both activated by the same proteases. Ceapins are first-in-class inhibitors that can be used to explore both the mechanism of activation of ATF6α and its role in pathological settings. The discovery of Ceapins now enables pharmacological modulation all three UPR branches either singly or in combination. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11878.001 Newly made proteins must be folded into specific three-dimensional shapes before they can perform their roles in cells. Many proteins are folded in a cell compartment called the endoplasmic reticulum. The cell closely monitors the quality of the work done by this compartment. If the endoplasmic reticulum has more proteins to fold than it can handle, unfolded or misfolded proteins accumulate and trigger a stress response called the unfolded protein response. This increases the capacity of the endoplasmic reticulum to fold proteins to match the demand. However, if the stress persists, then the unfolded protein response instructs the cell to die to protect the rest of the body. A protein called ATF6α is one of three branches of the unfolded protein response. This protein is found in the endoplasmic reticulum where it is inactive. Endoplasmic stress causes ATF6α to move from the endoplasmic reticulum to another compartment called the Golgi apparatus. There, two enzymes cut ATF6α to release a fragment of the protein that then moves to the nucleus to increase the production of the machinery needed to fold proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. Errors in protein folding can cause serious diseases in humans and other animals. Drugs that target ATF6α might be able to regulate part of the unfolded protein response to treat these diseases. However, no drugs that act on ATF6α had been identified. Now, two groups of researchers have independently identified small molecules that specifically target ATF6α. Gallagher et al. screened over 100,000 compounds for their ability to reduce the activity of ATF6α-regulated genes. The experiments reveal that a class of small molecules termed Ceapins can selectively block the activity of ATF6α during endoplasmic reticulum stress, but had no effect on other proteins involved in the unfolded protein response. Furthermore, when human cells experiencing stress were treated with Ceapins, a greater number of cells died in comparison to cells that had not received Ceapins. An accompanying study by Gallagher and Walter reports on the mechanism by which Ceapins act on ATF6α. Independently, Plate et al. identified a type of small molecule that can activate ATF6. Together, the findings of Gallagher et al. and Plate et al. may lead to the development of new drugs for treating diseases associated with incorrect protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.11878.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara M Gallagher
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes MedicaI Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Carolina Garri
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes MedicaI Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States.,Fundación Ciencia Para la Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Erica L Cain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes MedicaI Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Kenny Kean-Hooi Ang
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Christopher G Wilson
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Steven Chen
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Brian R Hearn
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Andres Aranda-Diaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes MedicaI Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Howard Hughes MedicaI Institute, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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49
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Hearn BR, Jaishankar P, Sidrauski C, Tsai JC, Vedantham P, Fontaine SD, Walter P, Renslo AR. Structure-Activity Studies of Bis-O-Arylglycolamides: Inhibitors of the Integrated Stress Response. ChemMedChem 2016; 11:870-80. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian R. Hearn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and; Small Molecule Discovery Center; University of California; San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Priyadarshini Jaishankar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and; Small Molecule Discovery Center; University of California; San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Carmela Sidrauski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California; San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Jordan C. Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California; San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Punitha Vedantham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and; Small Molecule Discovery Center; University of California; San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Shaun D. Fontaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and; Small Molecule Discovery Center; University of California; San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Howard Hughes Medical Institute; University of California; San Francisco CA 94158 USA
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and; Small Molecule Discovery Center; University of California; San Francisco CA 94158 USA
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50
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Lauterwasser EMW, Fontaine SD, Li H, Gut J, Katneni K, Charman SA, Rosenthal PJ, Bogyo M, Renslo AR. Trioxolane-Mediated Delivery of Mefloquine Limits Brain Exposure in a Mouse Model of Malaria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:1145-9. [PMID: 26617969 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxidic antimalarial agents including the sequiterpene artemisinins and the synthetic 1,2,4-trioxolanes function via initial intraparasitic reduction of an endoperoxide bond. By chemically coupling this reduction to release of a tethered drug species it is possible to confer two distinct pharmacological effects in a parasite-selective fashion, both in vitro and in vivo. Here we demonstrate the trioxolane-mediated delivery of the antimalarial agent mefloquine in a mouse malaria model. Selective partitioning of the trioxolane-mefloquine conjugate in parasitized erythrocytes, combined with effective exclusion of the conjugate from brain significantly reduced brain exposure as compared to mice directly administered mefloquine. These studies suggest the potential of trioxolane-mediated drug delivery to mitigate off-target effects of existing drugs, including the adverse neuropsychiatric effects of mefloquine use in therapeutic and chemoprophylactic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hao Li
- Departments
of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | | | - Matthew Bogyo
- Departments
of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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