1
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Wang YJ, Lai HC, Chen YA, Huang R, Hsin T, Liu HJ, Zhu R, Gao P, Li C, Yu P, Chen YC, Li J, Chen YC, Yeh JW, Chu YH. High Entropy Nonlinear Dielectrics with Superior Thermally Stable Performance. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304128. [PMID: 37540571 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
A high configurational entropy, achieved through a proper design of compositions, can minimize the Gibbs free energy and stabilize the quasi-equilibrium phases in a solid-solution form. This leads to the development of high-entropy materials with unique structural characteristics and excellent performance, which otherwise could not be achieved through conventional pathways. This work develops a high-entropy nonlinear dielectric system, based on the expansion of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate. A dense and uniform distribution of nano-polar regions is observed in the samples owing to the addition of Ba, Hf, and Zr ions, which lead to enhanced performance of nonlinear dielectrics. The fact that no structural phase transformation is detected up to 250 °C, and no noticeable change or a steep drop in structural and electrical characteristics is observed at high temperatures suggests a robust thermal stability of the dielectric systems developed. With these advantages, these materials hold vast potential for applications such as dielectric energy storage, dielectric tunability, and electrocaloric effect. Thus, this work offers a new high-entropy configuration with elemental modulation, with enhanced dielectric material features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jyun Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chi Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE) and Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices (MOE) and Department of Electronics, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Ti Hsin
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Heng-Jui Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Ruixue Zhu
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Peng Gao
- International Center for Quantum Materials, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Pu Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Physics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701401, Taiwan
| | - Jiangyu Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Jien-Wei Yeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hao Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 30010, Taiwan
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2
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Kavle P, Zorn JA, Dasgupta A, Wang B, Ramesh M, Chen LQ, Martin LW. Strain-Driven Mixed-Phase Domain Architectures and Topological Transitions in Pb 1- x Sr x TiO 3 Thin Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2203469. [PMID: 35917499 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The potential for creating hierarchical domain structures, or mixtures of energetically degenerate phases with distinct patterns that can be modified continually, in ferroelectric thin films offers a pathway to control their mesoscale structure beyond lattice-mismatch strain with a substrate. Here, it is demonstrated that varying the strontium content provides deterministic strain-driven control of hierarchical domain structures in Pb1- x Srx TiO3 solid-solution thin films wherein two types, c/a and a1 /a2 , of nanodomains can coexist. Combining phase-field simulations, epitaxial thin-film growth, detailed structural, domain, and physical-property characterization, it is observed that the system undergoes a gradual transformation (with increasing strontium content) from droplet-like a1 /a2 domains in a c/a domain matrix, to a connected-labyrinth geometry of c/a domains, to a disconnected labyrinth structure of the same, and, finally, to droplet-like c/a domains in an a1 /a2 domain matrix. A relationship between the different mixed-phase modulation patterns and its topological nature is established. Annealing the connected-labyrinth structure leads to domain coarsening forming distinctive regions of parallel c/a and a1 /a2 domain stripes, offering additional design flexibility. Finally, it is found that the connected-labyrinth domain patterns exhibit the highest dielectric permittivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin Kavle
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jacob A Zorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Arvind Dasgupta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Maya Ramesh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Long-Qing Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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3
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Fernandez A, Acharya M, Lee HG, Schimpf J, Jiang Y, Lou D, Tian Z, Martin LW. Thin-Film Ferroelectrics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108841. [PMID: 35353395 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 30 years, the study of ferroelectric oxides has been revolutionized by the implementation of epitaxial-thin-film-based studies, which have driven many advances in the understanding of ferroelectric physics and the realization of novel polar structures and functionalities. New questions have motivated the development of advanced synthesis, characterization, and simulations of epitaxial thin films and, in turn, have provided new insights and applications across the micro-, meso-, and macroscopic length scales. This review traces the evolution of ferroelectric thin-film research through the early days developing understanding of the roles of size and strain on ferroelectrics to the present day, where such understanding is used to create complex hierarchical domain structures, novel polar topologies, and controlled chemical and defect profiles. The extension of epitaxial techniques, coupled with advances in high-throughput simulations, now stands to accelerate the discovery and study of new ferroelectric materials. Coming hand-in-hand with these new materials is new understanding and control of ferroelectric functionalities. Today, researchers are actively working to apply these lessons in a number of applications, including novel memory and logic architectures, as well as a host of energy conversion devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abel Fernandez
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Megha Acharya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Han-Gyeol Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jesse Schimpf
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Yizhe Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Djamila Lou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zishen Tian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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4
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High-density switchable skyrmion-like polar nanodomains integrated on silicon. Nature 2022; 603:63-67. [PMID: 35236971 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04338-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Topological domains in ferroelectrics1-5 have received much attention recently owing to their novel functionalities and potential applications6,7 in electronic devices. So far, however, such topological polar structures have been observed only in superlattices grown on oxide substrates, which limits their applications in silicon-based electronics. Here we report the realization of room-temperature skyrmion-like polar nanodomains in lead titanate/strontium titanate bilayers transferred onto silicon. Moreover, an external electric field can reversibly switch these nanodomains into the other type of polar texture, which substantially modifies their resistive behaviours. The polar-configuration-modulated resistance is ascribed to the distinct band bending and charge carrier distribution in the core of the two types of polar texture. The integration of high-density (more than 200 gigabits per square inch) switchable skyrmion-like polar nanodomains on silicon may enable non-volatile memory applications using topological polar structures in oxides.
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5
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Feng YP, Jiang RJ, Zhu YL, Tang YL, Wang YJ, Zou MJ, Geng WR, Ma XL. Strain coupling of ferroelastic domains and misfit dislocations in [101]-oriented ferroelectric PbTiO 3 films. RSC Adv 2022; 12:20423-20431. [PMID: 35919158 PMCID: PMC9280779 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03584g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
High-index perovskite ferroelectric thin films possess excellent dielectric permittivity, piezoelectric coefficient, and exotic ferroelectric switching properties. They also exhibit complications in the ferroelastic domains, misfit dislocations, and strain-relaxation behaviors. Exploring the relationship of the ferroelastic domains and misfit dislocations may be of benefit for promoting the high-quality growth of these thin films. Here, the strain field of the ferroelastic domains and misfit dislocations in [101]-oriented PbTiO3/(La, Sr)(Al, Ta)O3 epitaxial thin films were investigated by advanced aberration-corrected (scanning) transmission electron microscopy (TEM) combined with geometry phase analysis (GPA). Two types of misfit dislocations with projected Burgers vectors of a[001] or a[100] on the (010) plane were elucidated, whose strain fields included in-plane strain and lattice rotation coupled with the c domains above them. Besides, it was demonstrated that the coupling was kept inside the PbTiO3 films when the film thickness was increased. Furthermore, the polarization rotation was observed in both narrow c domains and around the misfit dislocation cores, which may be attributed to the flexoelectric effect. These results are expected to provide useful information for understanding the nucleation and propagation mechanism of ferroelastic domains and for further modifying the growth of high-index ferroelectric thin films. The strain coupling of misfit dislocations and ferroelastic domains is revealed in [101]-oriented PbTiO3/(La, Sr)(Al, Ta)O3 films and flexoelectric-induced polarization rotation is observed around the misfit dislocation cores.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. P. Feng
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - R. J. Jiang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Y. L. Zhu
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Y. L. Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Y. J. Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - M. J. Zou
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - W. R. Geng
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - X. L. Ma
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- State Key Lab of Advanced Processing and Recycling on Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Langongping Road 287, Lanzhou 730050, China
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6
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Kashir A, Hwang H. A CMOS-compatible morphotropic phase boundary. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:445706. [PMID: 34293723 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Morphotropic phase boundaries (MPBs) show substantial piezoelectric and dielectric responses, which have practical applications. The predicted existence of MPB in HfO2-ZrO2solid solution thin film has provided a new way to increase the dielectric properties of a silicon-compatible device. Here, we present a new fabrication design by which the density of MPBρMPBand consequently the dielectric constantϵrof HfO2-ZrO2thin film was considerably increased. TheρMPBwas controlled by fabrication of a 10 nm [1 nm Hf0.5Zr0.5O2(ferroelectric)/1 nm ZrO2(antiferroelectric)] nanolaminate followed by an appropriate annealing process. The coexistence of orthorhombic and tetragonal structures, which are the origins of ferroelectric (FE) and antiferroelectric (AFE) behaviors, respectively, was structurally confirmed, and a double hysteresis loop that originates from AFE ordering, with some remnant polarization that originates from FE ordering, was observed inP-Ecurve. A remarkable increase inϵrcompared to the conventional HfO2-ZrO2thin film was achieved by controlling the FE-AFE ratio. The fabrication process was performed at low temperature (250 °C) and the device is compatible with silicon technology, so the new design yields a device that has possible applications in near-future electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Kashir
- Center for Single Atom-Based Semiconductor Device and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsang Hwang
- Center for Single Atom-Based Semiconductor Device and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
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7
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Zhang M, Chen Z, Yue Y, Chen T, Yan Z, Jiang Q, Yang B, Eriksson M, Tang J, Zhang D, Shen Z, Abrahams I, Yan H. Terahertz Reading of Ferroelectric Domain Wall Dielectric Switching. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:12622-12628. [PMID: 33685119 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric domain walls (DWs) are important nanoscale interfaces between two domains. It is widely accepted that ferroelectric domain walls work idly at terahertz (THz) frequencies, consequently discouraging efforts to engineer the domain walls to create new applications that utilize THz radiation. However, the present work clearly demonstrates the activity of domain walls at THz frequencies in a lead-free Aurivillius phase ferroelectric ceramic, Ca0.99Rb0.005Ce0.005Bi2Nb2O9, examined using THz-time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The dynamics of domain walls are different at kHz and THz frequencies. At low frequencies, domain walls work as a group to increase dielectric permittivity. At THz frequencies, the defective nature of domain walls serves to lower the overall dielectric permittivity. This is evidenced by higher dielectric permittivity in the THz band after poling, reflecting decreased domain wall density. An elastic vibrational model has also been used to verify that a single frustrated dipole in a domain wall represents a weaker contribution to the permittivity than its counterpart within a domain. The work represents a fundamental breakthrough in understanding the dielectric contributions of domain walls at THz frequencies. It also demonstrates that THz probing can be used to read domain wall dielectric switching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Zhe Chen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Thornton Science Park, Chester CH2 4NU, United Kingdom
- College of Electronic Information Engineering, South-Central University for Nationalities, Minyuan Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yajun Yue
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Zhongna Yan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Qinghui Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Chester, Thornton Science Park, Chester CH2 4NU, United Kingdom
| | - Mirva Eriksson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianhua Tang
- Cancer Research UK Manchester Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Dou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, South Lushan Road, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Zhijian Shen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Isaac Abrahams
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Haixue Yan
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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8
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Chen S, Yuan S, Hou Z, Tang Y, Zhang J, Wang T, Li K, Zhao W, Liu X, Chen L, Martin LW, Chen Z. Recent Progress on Topological Structures in Ferroic Thin Films and Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2000857. [PMID: 32815214 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Topological spin/polarization structures in ferroic materials continue to draw great attention as a result of their fascinating physical behaviors and promising applications in the field of high-density nonvolatile memories as well as future energy-efficient nanoelectronic and spintronic devices. Such developments have been made, in part, based on recent advances in theoretical calculations, the synthesis of high-quality thin films, and the characterization of their emergent phenomena and exotic phases. Herein, progress over the last decade in the study of topological structures in ferroic thin films and heterostructures is explored, including the observation of topological structures and control of their structures and emergent physical phenomena through epitaxial strain, layer thickness, electric, magnetic fields, etc. First, the evolution of topological spin structures (e.g., magnetic skyrmions) and associated functionalities (e.g., topological Hall effect) in magnetic thin films and heterostructures is discussed. Then, the exotic polar topologies (e.g., domain walls, closure domains, polar vortices, bubble domains, and polar skyrmions) and their emergent physical properties in ferroelectric oxide films and heterostructures are explored. Finally, a brief overview and prospectus of how the field may evolve in the coming years is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanquan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhipeng Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute for Advanced Materials, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Yunlong Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenhua Road 72, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Jinping Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kang Li
- Flexible Printed Electronics Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Flexible Printed Electronics Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xingjun Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lang Chen
- Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Zuhuang Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- Flexible Printed Electronics Technology Center, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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9
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Ma J, Zhu Y, Tang Y, Han M, Wang Y, Zhang N, Zou M, Feng Y, Geng W, Ma X. Modulation of charged a 1/a 2 domains and piezoresponses of tensile strained PbTiO 3 films by the cooling rate. RSC Adv 2019; 9:13981-13990. [PMID: 35519315 PMCID: PMC9063998 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02485a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling domain width, orientation, and patterns in oxide ferroelectrics are not only important for fundamental research but also for potential electronic application. Here, a series of PbTiO3 thin films under various cooling rates were deposited on (110)-oriented NdScO3 substrates by pulsed laser deposition and investigated by using conventional transmission electron microscopy, Cs-corrected scanning TEM and piezoresponse force microscopy. Contrast analysis and electron diffraction revealed that PbTiO3 films are a1/a2 domain patterns under large tensile strains with different cooling rates. The a1/a2 domains distribute periodically and the domain width increases with decrease in the cooling rates. Upon increasing the cooling rate, the domain density increases and the domain configurations become complicated. There are special square frame-like domain patterns with charged domain walls found in the PTO films with the fast cooling rate. PFM measurement shows that the PTO films with high cooling rate exhibit enhanced piezoresponse behavior which is ascribed to the high density domain/domain walls and special domain configurations. The formation mechanism of the different domain configurations is discussed in terms of the effect of cooling rates, defects and thermal kinetics. These results are expected to provide useful information for domain/domain wall control and thus facilitate further modulation of the properties for potential applications. The cooling rates can induce domain configurations to change, thus realizing the evolution of the domains of the PTO films.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyuan Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,State Key Lab of Advanced Processing and Recycling on Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology Langongping Road 287 730050 Lanzhou China.,School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yinlian Zhu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Yunlong Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Mengjiao Han
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Yuquan Road 19 100049 Beijing China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China
| | - Ningbin Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Minjie Zou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yanpeng Feng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Yuquan Road 19 100049 Beijing China
| | - Wanrong Geng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 China
| | - Xiuliang Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Wenhua Road 72 110016 Shenyang China .,State Key Lab of Advanced Processing and Recycling on Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology Langongping Road 287 730050 Lanzhou China
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10
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Xu R, Liu S, Saremi S, Gao R, Wang JJ, Hong Z, Lu H, Ghosh A, Pandya S, Bonturim E, Chen ZH, Chen LQ, Rappe AM, Martin LW. Kinetic control of tunable multi-state switching in ferroelectric thin films. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1282. [PMID: 30894533 PMCID: PMC6427024 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Deterministic creation of multiple ferroelectric states with intermediate values of polarization remains challenging due to the inherent bi-stability of ferroelectric switching. Here we show the ability to select any desired intermediate polarization value via control of the switching pathway in (111)-oriented PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 films. Such switching phenomena are driven by kinetic control of the volume fraction of two geometrically different domain structures which are generated by two distinct switching pathways: one direct, bipolar-like switching and another multi-step switching process with the formation of a thermodynamically-stable intermediate twinning structure. Such control of switching pathways is enabled by the competition between elastic and electrostatic energies which favors different types of ferroelastic switching that can occur. Overall, our work demonstrates an alternative approach that transcends the inherent bi-stability of ferroelectrics to create non-volatile, deterministic, and repeatedly obtainable multi-state polarization without compromising other important properties, and holds promise for non-volatile multi-state functional applications. The use of ferroeletric materials for multi-state device applications is still challenging. Here, the authors present a mechanism to stabilize non-volatile polarization states by populating volume fractions of two domain structures in PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 via kinetic control of switching pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - S Liu
- Extreme Materials Initiative, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, 20015, USA
| | - S Saremi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - R Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - J J Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Z Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - H Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - A Ghosh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - S Pandya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - E Bonturim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Z H Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.,School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - L Q Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, 16802, USA
| | - A M Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6323, USA
| | - L W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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11
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Shepley PM, Stoica LA, Li Y, Burnell G, Bell AJ. Effects of poling and crystallinity on the dielectric properties of Pb(In 1/2Nb 1/2)O 3-Pb(Mg 1/3Nb 2/3)O 3-PbTiO 3 at cryogenic temperatures. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2442. [PMID: 30792435 PMCID: PMC6385292 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38995-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the anomalously large, room temperature piezoelectric activity of relaxor-PbTiO3 type single crystals have previously been linked to low temperature relaxations in the piezoelectric and dielectric properties. We investigate the properties of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 between 10 and 300 K using dielectric permittivity measurements. We compare results on single crystal plates measured in the [001] and [111] directions with a polycrystalline ceramic of the same composition. Poled crystals have very different behaviour to unpoled crystals, whereas the dielectric spectrum of the polycrystalline ceramic changes very little on poling. A large, frequency dependent dielectric relaxation is seen in the poled [001] crystal around 100 K. The relaxation is much less prominent in the [111] cut crystal, and is not present in the polycrystalline ceramic. The unique presence of the large relaxation in poled, [001] oriented crystals indicates that the phenomenon is not due their relaxor nature alone. We propose that heterophase dynamics such as the motion of phase domain boundaries are responsible for both the anomalous electromechanical and dielectric behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Shepley
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK. .,School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
| | - Laura A Stoica
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Yang Li
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gavin Burnell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Andrew J Bell
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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12
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Feng Y, Tang Y, Ma D, Zhu Y, Zou M, Han M, Ma J, Ma X. Thickness-Dependent Evolution of Piezoresponses and Stripe 90° Domains in (101)-Oriented Ferroelectric PbTiO 3 Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:24627-24637. [PMID: 29969007 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-index ferroelectric films as (101)-orientated ones exhibit enhanced dielectric responses, piezoelectric responses, and exotic ferroelectric switching behaviors, which are potential candidates for applications in memories and capacitors. However, possible domain patterns and domain wall structures in (101)-oriented ferroelectric thin films are still elusive, which results in difficulties in understanding the origin and further modulating their special properties. In this work, a series of PbTiO3 (PTO) thin films with 35, 50, 60, and 70 nm in thickness were grown on (101)-oriented (LaAlO3)0.29(SrTa1/2Al1/2O3)0.71 (LSAT(101)) substrates by pulsed laser deposition and investigated by both piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and (scanning) transmission electron microscopy ((S)TEM). PFM measurements reveal that periodic stripe domains are dominant in 50 nm thick PTO films. Besides stripe domains, a/ c domains appear in films with thickness more than 60 nm. A thickness-dependent evolution of piezoresponse amplitude indicates that the 50 nm thick PTO films demonstrate a superior piezoresponse. Electron diffraction and contrast analysis clarify that all these (101)-oriented PTO films contain periodic stripe ferroelectric 90° domains. The domain periods increase with the film thickness following Kittel's law. Aberration-corrected STEM imaging reveals that the stripe ferroelectric 90° domains have an alternate arrangement of wide and narrow c domains with polarization directions along [100] for c1 domains and [001̅] for c2 domains, forming a "head-to-tail" polarization configuration. Further strain analysis reveals that stripe domains have uniform strain distributions and distinct lattice rotations around domain walls. It is proposed that the periodic arrangement of high-density stripe 90° domains in 50 nm thick PTO films is the main contributor to the superior piezoresponse behavior. These results are expected to provide useful information to understand the domain structures in (101)-oriented PTO thin films and thus facilitate further modulation of the properties for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Feng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan Road 19 , 100049 Beijing , China
| | - Yunlong Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
| | - Desheng Ma
- School of Physics , Nankai University , Weijin Road 94 , 300071 Tianjin , China
| | - Yinlian Zhu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
| | - Minjie Zou
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- School of Material Science and Engineering , University of Science and Technology of China , 230026 Hefei , China
| | - Mengjiao Han
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Yuquan Road 19 , 100049 Beijing , China
| | - Jinyuan Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- School of Materials Sciences and Engineering , Lanzhou University of Technology , Langongping Road 287 , 730050 Lanzhou , China
| | - Xiuliang Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Wenhua Road 72 , 110016 Shenyang , China
- School of Materials Sciences and Engineering , Lanzhou University of Technology , Langongping Road 287 , 730050 Lanzhou , China
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13
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Xu R, Gao R, Reyes-Lillo SE, Saremi S, Dong Y, Lu H, Chen Z, Lu X, Qi Y, Hsu SL, Damodaran AR, Zhou H, Neaton JB, Martin LW. Reducing Coercive-Field Scaling in Ferroelectric Thin Films via Orientation Control. ACS NANO 2018; 12:4736-4743. [PMID: 29641177 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The desire for low-power/voltage operation of devices is driving renewed interest in understanding scaling effects in ferroelectric thin films. As the dimensions of ferroelectrics are reduced, the properties can vary dramatically, including the robust scaling relationship between coercive field ( Ec) and thickness ( d), also referred to as the Janovec-Kay-Dunn (JKD) law, wherein Ec ∝ d-2/3. Here, we report that whereas (001)-oriented heterostructures follow JKD scaling across the thicknesses range of 20-330 nm, (111)-oriented heterostructures of the canonical tetragonal ferroelectric PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 exhibit a deviation from JKD scaling wherein a smaller scaling exponent for the evolution of Ec is observed in films of thickness ≲ 165 nm. X-ray diffraction reveals that whereas (001)-oriented heterostructures remain tetragonal for all thicknesses, (111)-oriented heterostructures exhibit a transition from tetragonal-to-monoclinic symmetry in films of thickness ≲ 165 nm as a result of the compressive strain. First-principles calculations suggest that this symmetry change contributes to the deviation from the expected scaling, as the monoclinic phase has a lower energy barrier for switching. This structural evolution also gives rise to changes in the c/ a lattice parameter ratio, wherein this ratio increases and decreases in (001)- and (111)-oriented heterostructures, respectively, as the films are made thinner. In (111)-oriented heterostructures, this reduced tetragonality drives a reduction of the remanent polarization and, therefore, a reduction of the domain-wall energy and overall energy barrier to switching, which further exacerbates the deviation from the expected scaling. Overall, this work demonstrates a route toward reducing coercive fields in ferroelectric thin films and provides a possible mechanism to understand the deviation from JKD scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ran Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Sebastian E Reyes-Lillo
- Departamento de Ciencias Físicas , Universidad Andres Bello , Santiago 837-0136 , Chile
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Sahar Saremi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Yongqi Dong
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory and CAS Key Laboratory of Materials for Energy Conversion , University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026 , China
| | - Hongling Lu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Zuhuang Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- School of Civil Engineering , Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001 , China
| | - Yajun Qi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Hubei University , Wuhan 430062 , China
| | - Shang-Lin Hsu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Anoop R Damodaran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source , Argonne National Laboratory , Argonne , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Jeffrey B Neaton
- Department of Physics , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute at Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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14
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Balke N, Ramesh R, Yu P. Manipulating Ferroelectrics through Changes in Surface and Interface Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:39736-39746. [PMID: 29058429 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectric materials are used in many applications of modern technologies including information storage, transducers, sensors, tunable capacitors, and other novel device concepts. In many of these applications, the ferroelectric properties, such as switching voltages, piezoelectric constants, or stability of nanodomains, are crucial. For any application, even for material characterization, the material itself needs to be interfaced with electrodes. On the basis of the structural, chemical, and electronic properties of the interfaces, the measured material properties can be determined by the interface. This is also true for surfaces. However, the importance of interfaces and surfaces and their effect on experiments are often neglected, which results in many dramatically different experimental results for nominally identical samples. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the role of the interface and surface properties on internal bias fields and the domain switching process. Here, the nanoscale ferroelectric switching process and the stability of nanodomains for Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 thin films are investigated by using scanning probe microscopy. Interface and surface properties are modulated through the selection/redesign of electrode materials as well as tuning the surface-near oxygen vacancies, which both can result in changes of the electric fields acting across the sample, and consequently this controls the measured ferroelectric and domain retention properties. By understanding the role of surfaces and interfaces, ferroelectric properties can be tuned to eliminate the problem of asymmetric domain stability by combining the effects of different electrode materials. This study forms an important step toward integrating ferroelectric materials in electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Balke
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory , 1 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ramamoorthy Ramesh
- University of California at Berkeley , 210 Hearst Memorial Mining Building, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pu Yu
- Tsinghua University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter , Beijing 100084, China
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS) , Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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15
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Yamada T, Ito D, Sluka T, Sakata O, Tanaka H, Funakubo H, Namazu T, Wakiya N, Yoshino M, Nagasaki T, Setter N. Charge screening strategy for domain pattern control in nano-scale ferroelectric systems. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5236. [PMID: 28701690 PMCID: PMC5507871 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05475-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Strain engineering is a widespread strategy used to enhance performance of devices based on semiconductor thin films. In ferroelectrics strain engineering is used to control the domain pattern: When an epitaxial film is biaxially compressed, e.g. due to lattice mismatch with the substrate, the film displays out-of-plane, often strongly enhanced polarization, while stretching the film on the substrate results in in-plane polarization. However, this strategy is of a limited applicability in nanorods because of the small rod/substrate contact area. Here we demonstrate another strategy, in which the polar axis direction is controlled by charge screening. When charge screening is maintained by bottom and top metallization, the nanorods display an almost pure c-domain configuration (polarization perpendicular to the substrate); when the sidewalls of the nanorods are metallized too, a-domain formation prevails (polarization parallel to the substrate). Simulations of the depolarization fields under various boundary conditions support the experimental observations. The employed approach can be expanded to other low-dimensional nano-scale ferroelectric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoaki Yamada
- Department of Materials, Physics and Energy Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan. .,PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Ito
- Department of Materials, Physics and Energy Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Tomas Sluka
- Ceramics Laboratory, EPFL - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Osami Sakata
- Synchrotron X-ray Station at SPring-8 and Synchrotron X-ray Group, National Institute for Materials Science, Sayo, 679-5148, Japan.,School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Hidenori Tanaka
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Funakubo
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Takahiro Namazu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aichi Institute of Technology, Toyota, 470-0392, Japan
| | - Naoki Wakiya
- Research Institute of Electronics, Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu, 432-8561, Japan
| | - Masahito Yoshino
- Department of Materials, Physics and Energy Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takanori Nagasaki
- Department of Materials, Physics and Energy Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Nava Setter
- Ceramics Laboratory, EPFL - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, 69978, Israel
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16
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Liu S, Cohen RE. Stable charged antiparallel domain walls in hyperferroelectrics. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:244003. [PMID: 28443824 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa6f95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Charge-neutral 180° domain walls that separate domains of antiparallel polarization directions are common structural topological defects in ferroelectrics. In normal ferroelectrics, charged 180° domain walls running perpendicular to the polarization directions are highly energetically unfavorable because of the depolarization field and are difficult to stabilize. We explore both neutral and charged 180° domain walls in hyperferroelectrics, a class of proper ferroelectrics with persistent polarization in the presence of a depolarization field, using density functional theory. We obtain zero temperature equilibrium structures of head-to-head and tail-to-tail walls in recently discovered ABC-type hexagonal hyperferroelectrics. Charged domain walls can also be stabilized in canonical ferroelectrics represented by LiNbO3 without any dopants, defects or mechanical clamping. First-principles electronic structure calculations show that charged domain walls can reduce and even close the band gap of host materials and support quasi-two-dimensional electron(hole) gas with enhanced electrical conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Extreme Materials Initiative, Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC 20015-1305, United States of America
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17
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Takenaka H, Grinberg I, Liu S, Rappe AM. Slush-like polar structures in single-crystal relaxors. Nature 2017; 546:391-395. [DOI: 10.1038/nature22068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Godau C, Kämpfe T, Thiessen A, Eng LM, Haußmann A. Enhancing the Domain Wall Conductivity in Lithium Niobate Single Crystals. ACS NANO 2017; 11:4816-4824. [PMID: 28448123 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Domain walls (DWs) in ferroelectric/ferroic materials have been a central research focus for the last 50 years; DWs bear a multitude of extraordinary physical parameters within a unit-cell-sized lateral confinement. Especially, one outstanding feature has recently attracted a lot of attention for room-temperature applications, which is the potential to use DWs as two-dimensional (2D) conducting channels that completely penetrate bulk compounds. Domain wall currents in lithium niobate (LNO) so far lie in the lower pA regime. In this work, we report on an easy-to-use and reliable protocol that allows enhancing domain wall conductivity (DWC) in single-crystalline LNO (sc-LNO) by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude. sc-LNO thus has become one of the most prospective candidates to engineer DWC applications, notably for domain wall transport both with and without photoexcitation. DWs were investigated here for several days to weeks, both before and after DWC enhancement. 2D local-scale inspections were carried out using adequate local-probe techniques, i.e., piezoresponse force microscopy and conductive atomic force microscopy, while Cerenkov second-harmonic generation was applied for mapping the DW constitution in three-dimensional space across the full LNO single crystal. The comparison between these nano- and microscale inspections allows us to unambiguously correlate the DW inclination angle α close to the sample surface to the measured domain wall current distribution. Moreover, ohmic or diode-like electronic transport characteristics along such DWs can be readily interpreted when analyzing the DW inclination profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Godau
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Kämpfe
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Thiessen
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Lukas M Eng
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexander Haußmann
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, and Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed), Technische Universität Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
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19
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Roytburd AL, Ouyang J, Artemev A. Polydomain structures in ferroelectric and ferroelastic epitaxial films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:163001. [PMID: 28300042 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/29/16/163001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A review of theoretical models, phase field modeling and experimental studies of domain structures in epitaxial films is presented. The thermodynamic theory of such domain structures is presented within the macroscopic thermo-mechanical framework. The theory allows for the evaluation of the main parameters of the domain structure using the energy minimization approach applied to the energy of elastic interactions. For homophase (polytwin) films, the thermodynamic theory provides a quantitative tool that can be used to estimate domain fractions in the film and the type of domain structure architecture. For heterophase films, the theory describes (a) the conditions under which two-phase structures can be obtained in epitaxial films, and (b) the phase and domain fractions in these films. The thermodynamic theory can also be used to describe the extrinsic contributions from domain structures to the functional properties of epitaxial ferroelectric films. The review of phase field modeling demonstrates that computational results reproduce the predictions of the thermodynamic theory. It is also shown that the phase field modeling that utilizes the energy minimization procedure for elastic and interfacial energies can be used to predict domain morphology for the films with two-phase structures produced either by phase transformation or through the co-deposition of immiscible phases. The experimental data presented in the review validate predictions of the thermodynamic model and the results of phase field modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Roytburd
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America. Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, United States of America
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20
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Yang MM, Bhatnagar A, Luo ZD, Alexe M. Enhancement of Local Photovoltaic Current at Ferroelectric Domain Walls in BiFeO 3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43070. [PMID: 28216672 PMCID: PMC5380211 DOI: 10.1038/srep43070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Domain walls, which are intrinsically two dimensional nano-objects exhibiting nontrivial electronic and magnetic behaviours, have been proven to play a crucial role in photovoltaic properties of ferroelectrics. Despite this recognition, the electronic properties of domain walls under illumination until now have been accessible only to macroscopic studies and their effects upon the conduction of photovoltaic current still remain elusive. The lack of understanding hinders the developing of nanoscale devices based on ferroelectric domain walls. Here, we directly characterize the local photovoltaic and photoconductive properties of 71° domain walls on BiFeO3 thin films with a nanoscale resolution. Local photovoltaic current, proven to be driven by the bulk photovoltaic effect, has been probed over the whole illuminated surface by using a specially designed photoelectric atomic force microscopy and found to be significantly enhanced at domain walls. Additionally, spatially resolved photoconductive current distribution reveals a higher density of excited carriers at domain walls in comparison with domains. Our measurements demonstrate that domain wall enhanced photovoltaic current originates from its high conduction rather than the internal electric field. This photoconduction facilitated local photovoltaic current is likely to be a universal property of topological defects in ferroelectric semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Min Yang
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Akash Bhatnagar
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.,Centre for Innovation Competence SiLi-Nano, Karl-Freiherr-von-Fritsch-Straße 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Zheng-Dong Luo
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Marin Alexe
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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21
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Xu YB, Tang YL, Zhu YL, Liu Y, Li S, Zhang SR, Ma XL. Misfit Strain Relaxation of Ferroelectric PbTiO 3/LaAlO 3 (111) Thin Film System. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35172. [PMID: 27725752 PMCID: PMC5057106 DOI: 10.1038/srep35172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferroelectric thin films grown on high index substrates show unusual structural and switching dynamics due to their special strain states. Understanding the misfit relaxation behavior is crucial to facilitate the high index thin film growth with improved quality. In this paper, ferroelectric PbTiO3 thin films were grown on LaAlO3 (111) substrates by pulsed laser deposition technique. The microstructures were investigated by combinations of conventional and aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. Diffraction contrast analysis and high resolution imaging reveal that high density interfacial dislocations were distributed at the interfaces. These dislocations have mixed character with Burgers vectors of a <110> and line directions of <112>. The edge components of the dislocations, with the Burgers vectors parallel to the interface, accommodate the lattice mismatch and are the main contributor to the misfit relaxation of this system. The formation mechanism of these dislocations is proposed and discussed to elucidate the novel mismatch relaxation behavior of <111> oriented perovskite films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y B Xu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Y L Tang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Y L Zhu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - Y Liu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - S Li
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - S R Zhang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, China
| | - X L Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, 110016 Shenyang, China
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22
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Ito D, Yamada T, Sakata O, Kuroishi J, Namazu T, Funakubo H, Yoshino M, Nagasaki T. Fabrication of Tetragonal Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Nanorods by Focused Ion Beam and Characterization of the Domain Structure. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ULTRASONICS, FERROELECTRICS, AND FREQUENCY CONTROL 2016; 63:1642-1646. [PMID: 28113419 DOI: 10.1109/tuffc.2016.2569625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been widely revealed and discussed that the properties of ferroelectric nanostructures vary with their dimensionality and size. The mechanical substrate clamping and the depolarization field are considered as major factors, which cause their unique properties. In this paper, we fabricated tetragonal {100}-Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 rods with 100 nm - 4 μm widths on Nb-doped SrTiO3 substrates by using focused ion beam, and characterized their domain structure by synchrotron micro X-ray diffraction. It was found that the clapping angle in the a/c-domain structure became larger with decreasing the rod width, which indicates the significant reduction of substrate clamping by fabricating narrow rods.
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23
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Wei XK, Jia CL, Sluka T, Wang BX, Ye ZG, Setter N. Néel-like domain walls in ferroelectric Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 single crystals. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12385. [PMID: 27539075 PMCID: PMC4992163 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to the flexible rotation of magnetization direction in ferromagnets, the spontaneous polarization in ferroelectric materials is highly confined along the symmetry-allowed directions. Accordingly, chirality at ferroelectric domain walls was treated only at the theoretical level and its real appearance is still a mystery. Here we report a Néel-like domain wall imaged by atom-resolved transmission electron microscopy in Ti-rich ferroelectric Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3 crystals, where nanometre-scale monoclinic order coexists with the tetragonal order. The formation of such domain walls is interpreted in the light of polarization discontinuity and clamping effects at phase boundaries between the nesting domains. Phase-field simulation confirms that the coexistence of both phases as encountered near the morphotropic phase boundary promotes the polarization to rotate in a continuous manner. Our results provide a further insight into the complex domain configuration in ferroelectrics, and establish a foundation towards exploring chiral domain walls in ferroelectrics. Flexible rotation of spontaneous polarization at ferroelectric domain walls is predicted in theory but lacks evidence from experiment. Here, Wei et al. image a Néel-like domain wall in Ti-rich ferroelectric Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3 crystals, providing insight in exploring chiral domain walls in ferroelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kui Wei
- Ceramics Laboratory, EPFL-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland.,Peter Grünberg Institute and Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Chun-Lin Jia
- Peter Grünberg Institute and Ernst Ruska-Centre for Microscopy and Spectroscopy with Electrons, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.,The School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Tomas Sluka
- Ceramics Laboratory, EPFL-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Bi-Xia Wang
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Zuo-Guang Ye
- Department of Chemistry and 4D LABS, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6.,Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education and International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Nava Setter
- Ceramics Laboratory, EPFL-Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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24
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Controlled creation and displacement of charged domain walls in ferroelectric thin films. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31323. [PMID: 27507433 PMCID: PMC4979207 DOI: 10.1038/srep31323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Charged domain walls in ferroelectric materials are of high interest due to their potential use in nanoelectronic devices. While previous approaches have utilized complex scanning probe techniques or frustrative poling here we show the creation of charged domain walls in ferroelectric thin films during simple polarization switching using either a conductive probe tip or patterned top electrodes. We demonstrate that ferroelectric switching is accompanied - without exception - by the appearance of charged domain walls and that these walls can be displaced and erased reliably. We ascertain from a combination of scanning probe microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and phase field simulations that creation of charged domain walls is a by-product of, and as such is always coupled to, ferroelectric switching. This is due to the (110) orientation of the tetragonal (Pb,Sr)TiO3 thin films and the crucial role played by the limited conduction of the LSMO bottom electrode layer used in this study. This work highlights that charged domain walls, far from being exotic, unstable structures, as might have been assumed previously, can be robust, stable easily-controlled features in ferroelectric thin films.
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25
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Damodaran AR, Agar JC, Pandya S, Chen Z, Dedon L, Xu R, Apgar B, Saremi S, Martin LW. New modalities of strain-control of ferroelectric thin films. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2016; 28:263001. [PMID: 27187744 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/28/26/263001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferroelectrics, with their spontaneous switchable electric polarization and strong coupling between their electrical, mechanical, thermal, and optical responses, provide functionalities crucial for a diverse range of applications. Over the past decade, there has been significant progress in epitaxial strain engineering of oxide ferroelectric thin films to control and enhance the nature of ferroelectric order, alter ferroelectric susceptibilities, and to create new modes of response which can be harnessed for various applications. This review aims to cover some of the most important discoveries in strain engineering over the past decade and highlight some of the new and emerging approaches for strain control of ferroelectrics. We discuss how these new approaches to strain engineering provide promising routes to control and decouple ferroelectric susceptibilities and create new modes of response not possible in the confines of conventional strain engineering. To conclude, we will provide an overview and prospectus of these new and interesting modalities of strain engineering helping to accelerate their widespread development and implementation in future functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop R Damodaran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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26
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Liu S, Grinberg I, Rappe AM. Intrinsic ferroelectric switching from first principles. Nature 2016; 534:360-3. [DOI: 10.1038/nature18286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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27
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Agar JC, Damodaran AR, Okatan MB, Kacher J, Gammer C, Vasudevan RK, Pandya S, Dedon LR, Mangalam RVK, Velarde GA, Jesse S, Balke N, Minor AM, Kalinin SV, Martin LW. Highly mobile ferroelastic domain walls in compositionally graded ferroelectric thin films. NATURE MATERIALS 2016; 15:549-556. [PMID: 26878312 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Domains and domain walls are critical in determining the response of ferroelectrics, and the ability to controllably create, annihilate, or move domains is essential to enable a range of next-generation devices. Whereas electric-field control has been demonstrated for ferroelectric 180° domain walls, similar control of ferroelastic domains has not been achieved. Here, using controlled composition and strain gradients, we demonstrate deterministic control of ferroelastic domains that are rendered highly mobile in a controlled and reversible manner. Through a combination of thin-film growth, transmission-electron-microscopy-based nanobeam diffraction and nanoscale band-excitation switching spectroscopy, we show that strain gradients in compositionally graded PbZr1-xTixO3 heterostructures stabilize needle-like ferroelastic domains that terminate inside the film. These needle-like domains are highly labile in the out-of-plane direction under applied electric fields, producing a locally enhanced piezoresponse. This work demonstrates the efficacy of novel modes of epitaxy in providing new modalities of domain engineering and potential for as-yet-unrealized nanoscale functional devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Agar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - A R Damodaran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M B Okatan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - J Kacher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - C Gammer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R K Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - S Pandya
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - L R Dedon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R V K Mangalam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - G A Velarde
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - S Jesse
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - N Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - A M Minor
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - L W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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28
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Jablonski ML, Liu S, Winkler CR, Damodaran AR, Grinberg I, Martin LW, Rappe AM, Taheri ML. Asymmetric Response of Ferroelastic Domain-Wall Motion under Applied Bias. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:2935-2941. [PMID: 26695346 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b08312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The switching of domains in ferroelectric and multiferroic materials plays a central role in their application to next-generation computer systems, sensing applications, and memory storage. A detailed understanding of the response to electric fields and the switching behavior in the presence of complex domain structures and extrinsic effects (e.g., defects and dislocations) is crucial for the design of improved ferroelectrics. In this work, in situ transmission electron microscopy is coupled with atomistic molecular dynamics simulations to explore the response of 71° ferroelastic domain walls in BiFeO3 with various orientations under applied electric-field excitation. We observe that 71° domain walls can have intrinsically asymmetric responses to opposing biases. In particular, when the electric field has a component normal to the domain wall, forward and backward domain-wall velocities can be dramatically different for equal and opposite fields. Additionally, the presence of defects and dislocations can strongly affect the local switching behaviors through pinning or nucleation of the domain walls. These results offer insight for controlled ferroelastic domain manipulation via electric-field engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Jablonski
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Shi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science , Washington, D.C. 20015, United States
| | - Christopher R Winkler
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Anoop R Damodaran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ilya Grinberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lane W Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mitra L Taheri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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29
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Li Q, Cao Y, Yu P, Vasudevan RK, Laanait N, Tselev A, Xue F, Chen LQ, Maksymovych P, Kalinin SV, Balke N. Giant elastic tunability in strained BiFeO3 near an electrically induced phase transition. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8985. [PMID: 26597483 PMCID: PMC4673877 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastic anomalies are signatures of phase transitions in condensed matters and have traditionally been studied using various techniques spanning from neutron scattering to static mechanical testing. Here, using band-excitation elastic/piezoresponse spectroscopy, we probed sub-MHz elastic dynamics of a tip bias-induced rhombohedral−tetragonal phase transition of strained (001)-BiFeO3 (rhombohedral) ferroelectric thin films from ∼103 nm3 sample volumes. Near this transition, we observed that the Young's modulus intrinsically softens by over 30% coinciding with two- to three-fold enhancement of local piezoresponse. Coupled with phase-field modelling, we also addressed the influence of polarization switching and mesoscopic structural heterogeneities (for example, domain walls) on the kinetics of this phase transition, thereby providing fresh insights into the morphotropic phase boundary in ferroelectrics. Furthermore, the giant electrically tunable elastic stiffness and corresponding electromechanical properties observed here suggest potential applications of BiFeO3 in next-generation frequency-agile electroacoustic devices, based on the utilization of the soft modes underlying successive ferroelectric phase transitions. Ferroelectric materials possess spontaneous electrical polarization coupled to their underlying lattice structure, which may be utilized technologically. Here, the authors use band-excitation piezoresponse/elastic spectroscopy to study the sub-megahertz dynamics of a structural phase transition in BiFeO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Li
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Y Cao
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - P Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics and Collaborative Innovation Center for Quantum Matter, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - R K Vasudevan
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - N Laanait
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - A Tselev
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - F Xue
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - L Q Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - P Maksymovych
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - S V Kalinin
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - N Balke
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences and Institute for Functional Imaging of Materials, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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30
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Xu R, Liu S, Grinberg I, Karthik J, Damodaran AR, Rappe AM, Martin LW. Ferroelectric polarization reversal via successive ferroelastic transitions. NATURE MATERIALS 2015; 14:79-86. [PMID: 25344784 DOI: 10.1038/nmat4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Switchable polarization makes ferroelectrics a critical component in memories, actuators and electro-optic devices, and potential candidates for nanoelectronics. Although many studies of ferroelectric switching have been undertaken, much remains to be understood about switching in complex domain structures and in devices. In this work, a combination of thin-film epitaxy, macro- and nanoscale property and switching characterization, and molecular dynamics simulations are used to elucidate the nature of switching in PbZr(0.2)Ti(0.8)O3 thin films. Differences are demonstrated between (001)-/(101)- and (111)-oriented films, with the latter exhibiting complex, nanotwinned ferroelectric domain structures with high densities of 90° domain walls and considerably broadened switching characteristics. Molecular dynamics simulations predict both 180° (for (001)-/(101)-oriented films) and 90° multi-step switching (for (111)-oriented films) and these processes are subsequently observed in stroboscopic piezoresponse force microscopy. These results have implications for our understanding of ferroelectric switching and offer opportunities to change domain reversal speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Shi Liu
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Ilya Grinberg
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - J Karthik
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Anoop R Damodaran
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Andrew M Rappe
- The Makineni Theoretical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6323, USA
| | - Lane W Martin
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA [2] Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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