1
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Yang XX, Li C, Chen SM, Gu ZG, Zhang J. Layer by Layer Spraying Fabrication of Aggregation-Induced Emission Metal-Organic Frameworks Thin Film. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400350. [PMID: 38407517 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
The development of new metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) thin films is important for expanding their functions and applications. Herein, we first report a new kind of MOF thin film by using aggregation-induced emission (AIE) dicarboxyl ligand through a liquid-phase epitaxial (LPE) layer-by-layer (LBL) spraying method (named AIE surface-coordinated metal-organic frameworks thin film, AIE-SURMOF). The obtained AIE-SURMOF Zn4O(TPE)3 (ZnTPE) has highly growth orientation and homogeneous thin film, showing strong fluorescent property. Furthermore, by loading chiral guest in the MOF pore, the formed chiral encapsulated AIE-SURMOF can clearly indicate obvious circularly polarized luminescence performance with glum of 0.01. This study provides new MOF thin film and new strategy for expanding function and application of MOF materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Xian Yang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Chong Li
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Shu-Mei Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Gu
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Fujian College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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2
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Aceves Rodriguez UA, Guimarães F, Brinker S, Lounis S. Magnetic exchange interactions at the proximity of a superconductor. J Phys Condens Matter 2024; 36:295801. [PMID: 38471158 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad32de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Interfacing magnetism with superconductivity gives rise to a wonderful playground for intertwining key degrees of freedom: Cooper pairs, spin, charge, and spin-orbit interaction, from which emerge a wealth of exciting phenomena, fundamental in the nascent field of superconducting spinorbitronics and topological quantum technologies. Magnetic exchange interactions (MEIs), being isotropic or chiral such as the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions, are vital in establishing the magnetic behavior at these interfaces as well as in dictating not only complex transport phenomena, but also the manifestation of topologically trivial or non-trivial objects. Here, we propose a methodology enabling the extraction of the tensor of MEI from electronic structure simulations accounting for superconductivity. We apply our scheme to the case of a Mn layer deposited on Nb(110) surface and explore proximity-induced impact on the MEI. The latter are weakly modified by a realistic electron-phonon coupling. However, tuning the superconducting order parameter, we unveil potential change of the magnetic order accompanied with chirality switching, as induced by the interplay of spin-orbit interaction and Cooper pairing. Owing to its simple formulation, our methodology can be readily implemented in state-of-the-art frameworks capable of tackling superconductivity and magnetism. We thus foresee implications in the simulations and prediction of topological superconducting bits as well as of cryogenic superconducting hybrid devices involving magnetic units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uriel A Aceves Rodriguez
- Peter Grünberg Institut and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Physics & CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47053 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Filipe Guimarães
- Jülich Supercomputing Centre, Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Sascha Brinker
- Peter Grünberg Institut and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Samir Lounis
- Peter Grünberg Institut and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich & JARA, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Physics & CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47053 Duisburg, Germany
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3
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Patel BB, Feng H, Loo WS, Snyder CR, Eom C, Murphy J, Sunday DF, Nealey PF, DeLongchamp DM. Self-Assembly of Hierarchical High-χ Fluorinated Block Copolymers with an Orthogonal Smectic-within-Lamellae 3 nm Sublattice and Vertical Surface Orientation. ACS Nano 2024. [PMID: 38623826 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Hierarchical structure-within-structure assemblies offer a route toward increasingly complex and multifunctional materials while pushing the limits of block copolymer self-assembly. We present a detailed study of the self-assembly of a series of fluorinated high-χ block copolymers (BCPs) prepared via postmodification of a single poly(styrene)-block-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (S-b-G) parent polymer with the fluorinated alkylthiol pendent groups containing 1, 6, or 8 fluorinated carbons (termed trifluoro-ethanethiol (TFET), perfluoro-octylthiol (PFOT), and perfluoro-decylthiol (PFDT), respectively). Bulk X-ray scattering of thermally annealed samples demonstrates hierarchical molecular assembly with phase separation between the two blocks and within the fluorinated block. The degree of ordering within the fluorinated block is highly sensitive to synthetic variation; a lamellar sublattice was formed for S-b-GPFOT and S-b-GPFDT. Thermal analyses of S-b-GPFOT reveal that the fluorinated block exhibits liquid crystal-like ordering. The complex thin-film self-assembly behavior of an S-b-GPFOT polymer was investigated using real-space (atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and reciprocal-space (resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS), grazing incidence small- and wide-angle scattering) measurements. After thermal annealing in nitrogen or vacuum, films thicker than 1.5 times the primary lattice spacing exhibit a 90-degree grain boundary, exposing a thin layer of vertical lamellae at the free interface, while exhibiting horizontal lamellae on the preferential (polystyrene brush) substrate. RSoXS measurements reveal the near-perfect orthogonality between the primary and sublattice orientations, demonstrating hierarchical patterning at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijal B Patel
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Hongbo Feng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Whitney S Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Chad R Snyder
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Christopher Eom
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Julia Murphy
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Daniel F Sunday
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Paul F Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Dean M DeLongchamp
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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4
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Hendeniya N, Chittick C, Hillery K, Abtahi S, Mosher C, Chang B. Revealing the Kinetic Phase Behavior of Block Copolymer Complexes Using Solvent Vapor Absorption-Desorption Isotherms. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:18144-18153. [PMID: 38530201 PMCID: PMC11009910 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the self-assembled morphologies in block copolymers heavily depends on their molecular architecture and processing conditions. Solvent vapor annealing is a versatile processive pathway to obtain highly periodic self-assemblies from high chi (χ) block copolymers (BCPs) and supramolecular BCP complexes. Despite the importance of navigating the energy landscape, controlled solvent vapor annealing (SVA) has not been investigated in BCP complexes, partly due to its intricate multicomponent nature. We introduce characteristic absorption-desorption solvent vapor isotherms as an effective way to understand swelling behavior and follow the morphological evolution of the polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) block copolymer complexed with pentadecylphenol (PS-b-P4VP(PDP)). Using the sorption isotherms, we identify the glass transition points, polymer-solvent interaction parameters, and bulk modulus. These parameters indicate that complexation completely screens the polymer interchain interactions. Furthermore, we established that the sorption isotherm of the homopolymer blocks serves to deconvolute the intricacy of BCP complexes. We applied our findings by developing annealing pathways for grain coarsening while preventing macroscopic film dewetting under SVA. Here, grain coarsening obeyed a power law and the growth exponent revealed a kinetic transition point for rapid self-assembly. Overall, SVA-based sorption isotherms have emerged as a critical method for understanding and developing annealing pathways for BCP complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayanathara Hendeniya
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Caden Chittick
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Hillery
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Shaghayegh Abtahi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Curtis Mosher
- Roy
J. Carver High-Resolution Microscopy Facility, Office of Biotechnology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Boyce Chang
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa
State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
- Micro-Electronics
Research Center, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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5
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Thomas A, Saha P, Sahad E M, Krishnan K N, Das BC. Versatile Titanium Carbide MXene Thin-Film Memristors with Adaptive Learning Behavior. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024. [PMID: 38594622 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c19177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
With the advent of the modern era, there is a huge demand for memristor-based neuromorphic computing hardware to overcome the von Neumann bottleneck in traditional computers. Here, we have prepared two-dimensional titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx) MXene following the conventional HF etching technique in solution. After confirmation of Ti3C2Tx properties by Raman scattering and crystallinity measurements, high-quality thin-film deposition is realized using an immiscible liquid-liquid interfacial growth technique. Following this, the memristor is fabricated by sandwiching a Ti3C2Tx layer with a thickness of 70 nm between two electrodes. Subsequently, current-voltage (I-V) characteristics are measured, revealing a nonvolatile resistive switching property characterized by a swift switching speed of 30 ns and an impressive current On/Off ratio of approximately 103. Furthermore, it exhibits endurance through 500 cycles and retains the states for at least 1 × 104 s without observable degradation. Additionally, it maintains a current On/Off ratio of about 102 while consuming only femtojoules (fJ) of electrical energy per reading. Systematic I-V results and conductive AFM-based current mapping image analysis are converged to support the electroforming mediated filamentary conduction mechanism. Furthermore, our Ti3C2Tx memristor was found to be truly versatile as an all-in-one device for demonstrating edge computation, logic gate operation, and classical conditioning of learning by the brain in Psychology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athulya Thomas
- eNDR Laboratory, School of Physics, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Puranjay Saha
- eNDR Laboratory, School of Physics, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Muhammed Sahad E
- eNDR Laboratory, School of Physics, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Navaneeth Krishnan K
- eNDR Laboratory, School of Physics, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Bikas C Das
- eNDR Laboratory, School of Physics, IISER Thiruvananthapuram, Trivandrum, Kerala 695551, India
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6
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Maslyuk V, Pop O, Holovey V, Loya V, Svatiuk N, Birov M. New structural-optical effect in LiF-Li 2B 4O 7 thin-film structures in the crystallization. LUMINESCENCE 2024; 39:e4733. [PMID: 38556359 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The effect of optical radiation during the phase transition from the amorphous to the crystalline state of matter was investigated for the first time. The results were obtained on nanoscale films of (LiF)x(Li2B4O7)1-x compositions by sputtering on cold Ni substrates. The starting materials for films were chosen due to their wide use for tissue-equivalent ionizing radiation dosimetry. It is shown that the detected thermoluminescence effect is sensitive to the thickness of the films. The paper compares the results of these studies with the study of the thermoluminescence characteristics of films irradiated by an M-30 microtron with bremsstrahlung radiation with a maximum energy of 6 MeV. The absorbed radiation dose was 1 kGy. Differences in the luminescence characteristics of irradiated and nonirradiated films were revealed. The nature of the demonstrated structural-optical effect is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Oksana Pop
- Institute of Electron Physics, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
| | | | - Vasyl Loya
- Institute of Electron Physics, Uzhhorod, Ukraine
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7
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Madadi M, Heikkinen M, Philip A, Karppinen M. Conformal High-Aspect-Ratio Solid Electrolyte Thin Films for Li-Ion Batteries by Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS Appl Electron Mater 2024; 6:1574-1580. [PMID: 38558950 PMCID: PMC10976887 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) is a state-of-the-art solid electrolyte material for thin-film microbatteries. These applications require conformal thin films on challenging 3D surface structures, and among the advanced thin-film deposition techniques, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is believed to stand out in terms of producing appreciably conformal thin films. Here we quantify the conformality (i.e., the evenness of deposition) of thin ALD-grown LiPON films using lateral high-aspect-ratio test structures. Two different lithium precursors, lithium tert-butoxide (LiOtBu) and lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (Li-HMDS), were investigated in combination with diethyl phosphoramidate as the source of oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen. The results indicate that the film growth proceeded significantly deeper into the 3D cavities for the films grown from LiOtBu, while the Li-HMDS-based films grew more evenly initially, right after the cavity entrances. These observations can be explained by differences in the precursor diffusion and reactivity. The results open possibilities for the use of LiPON as a solid electrolyte in batteries with high-surface-area electrodes. This could enable faster charging and discharging as well as the use of thin-film technology in fabricating thin-film electrodes of meaningful charge capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Madadi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Mari Heikkinen
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Anish Philip
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
- Chipmetrics
Ltd., Yliopistokatu 7, Joensuu FI-80130, Finland
| | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
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8
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Wang X, Li Z, Jin B, Lu W, Feng M, Dong B, Liu Q, Yan HJ, Wang SM, Xue DJ. Sustainable Recycling of Selenium-Based Optoelectronic Devices. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024:e2400615. [PMID: 38489666 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Selenium (Se), the world's oldest optoelectronic material, has been widely applied in various optoelectronic devices such as commercial X-ray flat-panel detectors and photovoltaics. However, despite the rare and widely-dispersed nature of Se element, a sustainable recycling of Se and other valuable materials from spent Se-based devices has not been developed so far. Here a sustainable strategy is reported that makes use of the significantly higher vapor pressure of volatile Se compared to other functional layers to recycle all of them from end-of-life Se-based devices through a closed-space evaporation process, utilizing Se photovoltaic devices as a case study. This strategy results in high recycling yields of ≈ 98% for Se and 100% for other functional materials including valuable gold electrodes and glass/FTO/TiO2 substrates. The refabricated photovoltaic devices based on these recycled materials achieve an efficiency of 12.33% under 1000-lux indoor illumination, comparable to devices fabricated using commercially sourced materials and surpassing the current indoor photovoltaic industry standard of amorphous silicon cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Zongbao Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China
- School of Material and Chemical Engineering, Tongren University, Tongren, 554300, China
| | - Bowen Jin
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Wenbo Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingjie Feng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Binghai Dong
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Qingxiang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hui-Juan Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shi-Min Wang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Ding-Jiang Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Nanostructure and Nanotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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9
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Chen WM, Hsieh HY, Wu DZ, Tang HY, Chang-Liao KS, Chi PW, Wu PM, Wu MK. Advanced TiO 2/Al 2O 3 Bilayer ALD Coatings for Improved Lithium-Rich Layered Oxide Electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:13029-13040. [PMID: 38422346 PMCID: PMC10941074 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Surface modification is a highly effective strategy for addressing issues in lithium-rich layered oxide (LLO) cathodes, including phase transformation, particle cracking, oxygen gas release, and transition-metal ion dissolution. Existing single-/double-layer coating strategies face drawbacks such as poor component contact and complexity. Herein, we present the results of a low-temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD) process for creating a TiO2/Al2O3 bilayer on composite cathodes made of AS200 (Li1.08Ni0.34Co0.08Mn0.5O2). Electrochemical analysis demonstrates that TiO2/Al2O3-coated LLO electrodes exhibit improved discharge capacities and enhanced capacity retention compared with uncoated samples. The TAA-5/AS200 bilayer-coated electrode, in particular, demonstrates exceptional capacity retention (∼90.4%) and a specific discharge capacity of 146 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at 1C within the voltage range of 2.2 to 4.6 V. The coated electrodes also show reduced voltage decay, lower surface film resistance, and improved interfacial charge transfer resistances, contributing to enhanced stability. The ALD-deposited TiO2/Al2O3 bilayer coatings exhibit promising potential for advancing the electrochemical performance of lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes in lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Chen
- Institute
of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Nano
Science and Technology Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Tsing Hua University, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department
of Engineering and System Science, National
Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Hsieh
- Institute
of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Dong-Ze Wu
- Institute
of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate
Institute of Energy and Sustainability Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Sec 4, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Yi Tang
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, National Chi Nan University, 1 University Road, Puli, Nantou 545301, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Shu Chang-Liao
- Department
of Engineering and System Science, National
Tsing Hua University, 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wei Chi
- Institute
of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Phillip M. Wu
- Institute
of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- College of
Science, National Chung Hsing University, 145 Xingda Rd., South Dist., Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Maw-Kuen Wu
- Institute
of Physics, Academia Sinica, 128, Section 2, Academia Road, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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10
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Wasem Klein F, Huntzinger JR, Astié V, Voiry D, Parret R, Makhlouf H, Juillaguet S, Decams JM, Contreras S, Landois P, Zahab AA, Sauvajol JL, Paillet M. Determining by Raman spectroscopy the average thickness and N-layer-specific surface coverages of MoS 2 thin films with domains much smaller than the laser spot size. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2024; 15:279-296. [PMID: 38476324 PMCID: PMC10928926 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.15.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy is a widely used technique to characterize nanomaterials because of its convenience, non-destructiveness, and sensitivity to materials change. The primary purpose of this work is to determine via Raman spectroscopy the average thickness of MoS2 thin films synthesized by direct liquid injection pulsed-pressure chemical vapor deposition (DLI-PP-CVD). Such samples are constituted of nanoflakes (with a lateral size of typically 50 nm, i.e., well below the laser spot size), with possibly a distribution of thicknesses and twist angles between stacked layers. As an essential preliminary, we first reassess the applicability of different Raman criteria to determine the thicknesses (or layer number, N) of MoS2 flakes from measurements performed on reference samples, namely well-characterized mechanically exfoliated or standard chemical vapor deposition MoS2 large flakes deposited on 90 ± 6 nm SiO2 on Si substrates. Then, we discuss the applicability of the same criteria for significantly different DLI-PP-CVD MoS2 samples with average thicknesses ranging from sub-monolayer up to three layers. Finally, an original procedure based on the measurement of the intensity of the layer breathing modes is proposed to evaluate the surface coverage for each N (i.e., the ratio between the surface covered by exactly N layers and the total surface) in DLI-PP-CVD MoS2 samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Wasem Klein
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Roch Huntzinger
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Astié
- Annealsys, 139 Rue des Walkyries, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Damien Voiry
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Université Montpellier, ENSCM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Parret
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, CINAM, UMR 7325, Campus de Luminy, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Houssine Makhlouf
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandrine Juillaguet
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sylvie Contreras
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Périne Landois
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Ahmed-Azmi Zahab
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Louis Sauvajol
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthieu Paillet
- Laboratoire Charles Coulomb, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, F-34095, Montpellier, France
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11
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Wang G, Sun F, Zhou S, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Wang H, Huang J, Zheng Y. Enhanced Memristive Performance via a Vertically Heterointerface in Nanocomposite Thin Films for Artificial Synapses. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:12073-12084. [PMID: 38381527 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Memristors can be used to mimic synaptic behavior in artificial neural networks, which makes them a key component in neuromorphic computing and holds promise for advancing the field. In this study, a memory artificial synaptic device based on ZnO-BaTiO3 (ZnO-BTO) vertically aligned nanocomposite thin films was prepared. The vertical interface between the two phases can be used as a conduit for oxygen vacancy (OV) accumulation and a channel for OV movement, which greatly optimizes the resistive switching performance of the device and has the potential for multistage storage. By applying different pulse sequences to the device, the conductance of the device is adjusted from multiple angles, and a variety of synaptic functions are simulated, such as paired-pulse facilitation, spike-timing-dependent plasticity, short-term plasticity to long-term plasticity (STP-LTP), and long-term potentiation/depression (LTP/LTD). Finally, we construct a neural network for image recognition, and the recognition accuracy can reach 91%. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using composite thin-film vertical interface to regulate the resistive performance of memristors and its great potential in artificial synaptic simulation and neuromorphic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Wang
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fei Sun
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shiyu Zhou
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jijie Huang
- School of Materials, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yue Zheng
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Centre for Physical Mechanics and Biophysics, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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12
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Jung J, Choi S, Kang I, Choi K. Ultra-Thin Ion Exchange Membranes by Low Ionomer Blending for Energy Harvesting. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:478. [PMID: 38470806 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Exploring the utilization of ion exchange membranes (IEMs) in salinity gradient energy harvesting, a technique that capitalizes on the salinity difference between seawater and freshwater to generate electricity, this study focuses on optimizing PVDF to Nafion ratios to create ultra-thin membranes. Specifically, our investigation aligns with applications such as reverse electrodialysis (RED), where IEMs facilitate selective ion transport across salinity gradients. We demonstrate that membranes with reduced Nafion content, particularly the 50:50 PVDF:Nafion blend, retain high permselectivity comparable to those with higher Nafion content. This challenges traditional understandings of membrane design, highlighting a balance between thinness and durability for energy efficiency. Voltage-current analyses reveal that, despite lower conductivity, the 50:50 blend shows superior short-circuit current density under salinity gradient conditions. This is attributed to effective ion diffusion facilitated by the blend's unique microstructure. These findings suggest that blended membranes are not only cost-effective but also exhibit enhanced performance for energy harvesting, making them promising candidates for sustainable energy solutions. Furthermore, these findings will pave the way for advances in membrane technology, offering new insights into the design and application of ion exchange membranes in renewable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Jung
- NextE&M Research Institute, Environmental Industry Research Complex, 410 Jeongseojin-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeong Choi
- NextE&M Research Institute, Environmental Industry Research Complex, 410 Jeongseojin-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Ilsuk Kang
- National Nanofab Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiwoon Choi
- NextE&M Research Institute, Environmental Industry Research Complex, 410 Jeongseojin-ro, Seo-gu, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
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13
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Jeong TJ, Yu X, Harris TAL. Scaled Production of Functionally Gradient Thin Films Using Slot Die Coating on a Roll-to-Roll System. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:9264-9274. [PMID: 38329929 PMCID: PMC10895578 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Polymer thin films with a cross-web gradient structure is a burgeoning area of research, having received more attention in the last two decades, for improvements in the performance and material properties. Such patterned films have been fabricated using several techniques, but in practice these techniques are non-scalable, material-dependent, wasteful, and not highly efficient. Slot die coating, a well-known scalable manufacturing process, is used to fabricate gradient polymer thin films which will be investigated herein. By incorporating slot die with the custom roll-to-roll imaging system, gradient thin films are successfully fabricated by forcing two fluidic materials into the slot die simultaneously and by manipulating the viscous, diffusive, and inertial forces. The materials will be allowed to intermix, with the aim of having approximately a 50% mix along the centerline of any two contiguous stripes. Moreover, several characterizations such as FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, and SEM are performed to assess the quality of the gradient polymer thin films. The gradient structure fabricated using functional and nonfunctional materials has successfully improved the functional properties compared to fully blended two materials. This work will provide an understanding of the mechanisms to obtain gradient polymer thin-film structures that exhibit the desired geometric structure and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Joong Jeong
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 813 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30349, United States
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 813 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30349, United States
| | - Tequila A L Harris
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 813 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30349, United States
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14
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Zhang L, Li W, Wang Z. Sub-Diffraction Readout Method of High-Capacity Optical Data Storage Based on Polarization Modulation. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:364. [PMID: 38392737 PMCID: PMC10892038 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
The big data era demands an efficient and permanent data storage technology with the capacity of PB to EB scale. Optical data storage (ODS) offers a good candidate for long-lifetime storage, as the developing far-field super-resolution nanoscale writing technology improves its capacity to the PB scale. However, methods to efficiently read out this intensive ODS data are still lacking. In this paper, we demonstrate a sub-diffraction readout method based on polarization modulation, which experimentally achieves the sub-diffraction readout on Disperse Red 13 thin film with a resolution of 500 nm, exceeding the diffraction limit by 1.2 times (NA = 0.5). Differing from conventional binary encoding, we propose a specific polarization encoding method that enhances the capacity of ODS by 1.5 times. In the simulation, our method provides an optical data storage readout resolution of 150 nm, potentially to 70 nm, equivalent to 1.1 PB in a DVD-sized disk. This sub-diffraction readout method has great potential as a powerful readout tool for next-generation optical data storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China;
- School of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Zhongyang Wang
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China;
- School of Microelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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15
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Asano S, Hata JI, Watanabe K, Shimizu K, Matsui N, Yamada NL, Suzuki K, Kanno R, Hirayama M. Formation Processes of a Solid Electrolyte Interphase at a Silicon/Sulfide Electrolyte Interface in a Model All-Solid-State Li-Ion Battery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:7189-7199. [PMID: 38315660 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the electrochemical reactions at the interface between a Si anode and a solid sulfide electrolyte is essential in improving the cycle stabilities of Si anodes in all-solid-state batteries (ASSBs). Highly dense Si films with very low roughnesses of <1 nm were fabricated at room temperature via cathodic arc plasma deposition, which led to the formation of a Si/sulfide electrolyte model interface. Li (de)alloying through the model interface hardly occurred during the first cycle, whereas it proceeded stably in subsequent cycles. Hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and neutron reflectometry directly revealed that the reduction or oxidation of the interfacial component or Li3PS4 electrolyte occurred during the first cycle. Consequently, an interfacial layer with a thickness of 13 nm and primarily composed of Li2S, SiS2, and P2S5 glasses was formed during the first cycle. The interfacial layer acted as a Li-conductive, electron-insulating solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) that provided reversible (de)lithiation. Our model interface directly demonstrates the electrochemical reaction processes at the Si/Li3PS4 interface and provides insights into the structures and electrochemical properties of SEIs to activate the (de)lithiation of Si anodes using a sulfide electrolyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Asano
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Kenta Watanabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Keisuke Shimizu
- Research Center for All-Solid-State Battery, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Naoki Matsui
- Research Center for All-Solid-State Battery, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Norifumi L Yamada
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Ohno, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan
| | - Kota Suzuki
- Research Center for All-Solid-State Battery, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Ryoji Kanno
- Research Center for All-Solid-State Battery, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Masaaki Hirayama
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
- Research Center for All-Solid-State Battery, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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16
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Burak D, Seo DC, An HE, Jeong S, Lee SE, Cho SH. Chitosan-Based Structural Color Films for Humidity Sensing with Antiviral Effect. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:351. [PMID: 38392724 PMCID: PMC10892554 DOI: 10.3390/nano14040351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This scientific investigation emphasizes the essential integration of nature's influence in crafting multifunctional surfaces with bio-inspired designs for enhanced functionality and environmental advantages. The study introduces an innovative approach, merging color decoration, humidity sensing, and antiviral properties into a unified surface using chitosan, an organo-biological polymer, to create cost-effective multilayered films through sol-gel deposition and UV photoinduced deposition of metal nanoparticles. The resulting chitosan films showcase diverse structural colors and demonstrate significant antiviral efficiency, with a 50% and 85% virus inhibition rate within a rapid 20 min reaction, validated through fluorescence cell expression and real-time qPCR (polymerase chain reaction) assays. Silver-deposited chitosan films further enhance antiviral activity, achieving remarkable 91% and 95% inhibition in independent assays. These films exhibit humidity-responsive color modifications across a 25-90% relative humidity range, enabling real-time monitoring validated through simulation studies. The proposed three-in-one functional surface can have versatile applications in surface decoration, medicine, air conditioning, and the food industry. It can serve as a real-time humidity sensor for indoor and outdoor surfaces, find use in biomedical devices for continuous humidity monitoring, and offer antiviral protection for frequently handled devices and tools. The customizable colors enhance visual appeal, making it a comprehensive solution for diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Burak
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (D.B.); (H.-E.A.); (S.J.)
- Department of Nanomaterial Science and Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Seo
- Research Animal Resources Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea;
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Eun An
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (D.B.); (H.-E.A.); (S.J.)
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee Jeong
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (D.B.); (H.-E.A.); (S.J.)
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Research Animal Resources Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea;
| | - So-Hye Cho
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science & Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea; (D.B.); (H.-E.A.); (S.J.)
- Department of Nanomaterial Science and Engineering, Korea University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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17
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Jiménez-Guerra M, Calvo-Barrio L, Asensi JM, Caño-Prades I, Yan S, Barrena E, Puigdollers J, Jehl Z, Sánchez Y, Saucedo E. KCN Chemical Etching of van der Waals Sb 2Se 3 Thin Films Synthesized at Low Temperature Leads to Inverted Surface Polarity and Improved Solar Cell Efficiency. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2024; 7:874-884. [PMID: 38362252 PMCID: PMC10865286 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.3c01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Recent developments in Sb2Se3 van der Waals material as an absorber candidate for thin film photovoltaic applications have demonstrated the importance of surface management for improving the conversion efficiency of this technology. Sb2Se3 thin films' versatility in delivering good efficiencies in both superstrate and substrate configurations, coupled with a compatibility with various low-temperature deposition techniques (below 500 °C and often below 350 °C), makes them highly attractive for advanced photovoltaic applications. This study presents a comparative analysis of the most effective chemical etchings developed for related thin film chalcogenide technologies to identify and understand the most appropriate surface chemical treatments for Sb2Se3 in substrate configuration, synthesized using a sequential process at very low temperatures (320 °C). Eight different chemical etchings were tested and investigated, and the results show that only KCN-based solutions lead to an improvement in the solar cell's performance, primarily due to an increase in the fill factor. Surface analysis of the samples shows that KCN etching produces very Sb-rich surfaces that do not affect the properties of the bulk. It is proposed that this Sb-rich interface inverts the surface polarity, creating a "buried junction" with CdS, thereby explaining the improvement of the fill factor of the devices, as confirmed by device modeling. The results of this study underscore the importance of surface management in low-temperature synthesized Sb2Se3 absorbers, where Sb-rich interfaces are crucial for achieving high-efficiency devices. This research contributes to ongoing efforts to improve the performance of Sb2Se3 thin film photovoltaic technology and could pave the way for the development of more efficient solar cells with optimized interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maykel Jiménez-Guerra
- Electronic
Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya (UPC), Photovoltaic Lab − Micro and Nano Technologies
Group (MNT), EEBE, Av
Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Catalonia, Spain
- Barcelona
Center for Multiscale Science & Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Calvo-Barrio
- Centres
Científics i Tecnològics (CCiTUB), Universitat de Barcelona, C. Lluis Solé i Sabaris 1-3, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- IN2UB,
Departament d′Enginyeria Electrònica i Biomèdica, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martí i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Asensi
- Departament
de Física Aplicada, Universitat de
Barcelona, C. Martí
i Franquès, 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Caño-Prades
- Electronic
Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya (UPC), Photovoltaic Lab − Micro and Nano Technologies
Group (MNT), EEBE, Av
Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Catalonia, Spain
- Barcelona
Center for Multiscale Science & Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Shunya Yan
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB), Carrer dels Til·lers, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Esther Barrena
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB), Carrer dels Til·lers, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Joaquim Puigdollers
- Electronic
Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya (UPC), Photovoltaic Lab − Micro and Nano Technologies
Group (MNT), EEBE, Av
Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Catalonia, Spain
- Barcelona
Center for Multiscale Science & Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Zacharie Jehl
- Electronic
Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya (UPC), Photovoltaic Lab − Micro and Nano Technologies
Group (MNT), EEBE, Av
Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Catalonia, Spain
- Barcelona
Center for Multiscale Science & Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Yudania Sánchez
- Institut
de Recerca en Energia de Catalunya (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre, 1, 08930 Sant Adrià del Besòs, Spain
| | - Edgardo Saucedo
- Electronic
Engineering Department, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya (UPC), Photovoltaic Lab − Micro and Nano Technologies
Group (MNT), EEBE, Av
Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Catalonia, Spain
- Barcelona
Center for Multiscale Science & Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Av Eduard Maristany 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Catalonia, Spain
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18
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Kusumi M, Inoue B, Hirai Y, Yasuda M. Prediction of secondary electron yield for metal materials using deep learning. Microscopy (Oxf) 2024; 73:31-36. [PMID: 37300556 DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This article describes a neural network system for predicting the secondary electron yield of metallic materials. For bulk metals, experimental values are used as training data. Due to the strong correlation between the secondary electron yield and the work function, deep learning predicts the secondary electron yield with relatively high accuracy even with a small amount of training data. Our approach demonstrates the importance of the work function in predicting the secondary electron yield. For the secondary electron yield of thin metal films on metal substrates, deep learning predictions are generated using training data obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. The accuracy of the secondary yield predictions of thin films on substrates could be improved by adding experimental values of bulk metals to the training data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Kusumi
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-Ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Bunta Inoue
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-Ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Hirai
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-Ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yasuda
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-Ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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19
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Casella J, Morzy J, Gilshtein E, Yarema M, Futscher MH, Romanyuk YE. Electrochemical Activation of Fe-LiF Conversion Cathodes in Thin-Film Solid-State Batteries. ACS Nano 2024; 18:4352-4359. [PMID: 38284312 PMCID: PMC10851659 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal fluoride (TMF) conversion-type cathodes promise up to 4 times higher gravimetric energy densities compared to those of common intercalation-type cathodes. However, TMF cathodes demonstrate sluggish kinetics, poor efficiencies, and incompatibility with many liquid electrolytes. In this work, coevaporated heterostructured iron and lithium fluoride (Fe-LiF) cathodes are investigated in thin-film solid-state batteries with a LiPON electrolyte and a lithium metal anode. The cells were cycled 2000 times at a cycling rate of 6C. They show a gradual improvement in voltaic efficiency (37-53%) and specific capacity (146-216 mAh/g) during cycling. After 2000 cycles, the cathode capacity reaches 480 mAh/g at a cycling rate of C/3.6, close to its theoretical capacity of 498 mAh/g, at room temperature conditions. This capacity gain is correlated with an observed electrochemically activated nanorestructuring of the cathode, characterized by cycling-induced coarsening (from 2.8 to 4.2 nm) of the metallic iron phase and its accumulation near the current collector interface, as well as lithium fluoride phase accumulation near the LiPON interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Casella
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa –
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Jȩdrzej Morzy
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa –
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Evgeniia Gilshtein
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa –
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maksym Yarema
- Chemistry
and Materials Design, Institute for Electronics,, Department of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering,
ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Moritz H. Futscher
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa –
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Yaroslav E. Romanyuk
- Laboratory
for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa –
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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20
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Stone DM, Morgan SE, Abdelmigeed MO, Nguyen J, Bennett TD, Parsons GN, Cowan MG. Control of ZIF-62 and a g ZIF-62 Film Thickness within Asymmetric Tubular Supports through Pressure and Dose Time Variation of Atomic Layer Deposition. Small 2024:e2307202. [PMID: 38308381 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Thin-films of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have widespread potential applications, especially with the emergence of glass-forming MOFs, which remove the inherent issue of grain boundaries and allow coherent amorphous films to be produced. Herein, it is established that atomic layer deposition (ALD) of zinc oxide lends excellent control over the thickness and localization of resultant polycrystalline and glass zeolitic imidazole framework-62 (ZIF-62) thin-films within tubular α-alumina supports. Through the reduction of the chamber pressure and dose times during zinc oxide deposition, the resultant ZIF-62 films are reduced from 38 µm to 16 µm, while the presence of sporadic ZIF-62 (previously forming as far as 280 µm into the support) is prevented. Furthermore, the glass transformation shows a secondary reduction in film thickness from 16 to 2 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Stone
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Sarah E Morgan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Mai O Abdelmigeed
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Jimmy Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CBS 0FS, UK
| | - Gregory N Parsons
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27606, USA
| | - Matthew G Cowan
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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21
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Griffo R, Di Natale F, Minale M, Sirignano M, Parisi A, Carotenuto C. Analysis of Carbon Nanoparticle Coatings via Wettability. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:301. [PMID: 38334572 PMCID: PMC10856743 DOI: 10.3390/nano14030301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Wettability, typically estimated through the contact angle, is a fundamental property of surfaces with wide-ranging implications in both daily life and industrial processes. Recent scientific interest has been paid to the surfaces exhibiting extreme wettability: superhydrophobic and superhydrophilic surfaces, characterized by high water repellency and exceptional water wetting, respectively. Both chemical composition and morphology play a role in the determination of the wettability "performance" of a surface. To tune surface-wetting properties, we considered coatings of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) in this study. They are a new class of nanomaterials synthesized in flames whose chemistry, dimension, and shape depend on combustion conditions. For the first time, we systematically studied the wettability of CNP coatings produced in a controlled rich ethylene/air flame stabilized over a McKenna burner. A selected substrate was intermittently inserted in the flame at 15 mm above the burner to form a thin coating thanks to a thermophoretic-driven deposition mechanism. The chemical-physical quality and the deposed quantity of the CNPs were varied by opportunely combing the substrate flame insertion number (from 1 to 256) and the carbon-to-oxygen ratio, C/O (from 0.67 to 0.87). The wettability of the coatings was evaluated by measuring the contact angle, CA, with the sessile drop method. When the C/O = 0.67, the CNPs were nearly spherical, smaller than 8 nm, and always generated hydrophilic coatings (CA < 35°). At higher C/O ratios, the CNPs reached dimensions of 100 nm, and fractal shape aggregates were formed. In this case, either hydrophilic (CA < 76°) or superhydrophobic (CA ~166°) behavior was observed, depending on the number of carbon nanoparticles deposed, i.e., film thickness. It is known that wettability is susceptible to liquid surface tension, and therefore, tests were conducted with different fluids to establish a correlation between the flame conditions and the nanostructure of the film. This method offers a fast and simple approach to determining mesoscale information for coating roughness and topographical homogeneity/inhomogeneity of their surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Griffo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 81031 Aversa (Caserta), Italy;
| | - Francesco Di Natale
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (F.D.N.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Mario Minale
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 81031 Aversa (Caserta), Italy;
| | - Mariano Sirignano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (F.D.N.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Arianna Parisi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (F.D.N.); (M.S.); (A.P.)
| | - Claudia Carotenuto
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università della Campania “L. Vanvitelli”, 81031 Aversa (Caserta), Italy;
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22
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Surendran M, Singh S, Chen H, Wu C, Avishai A, Shao YT, Ravichandran J. A Hybrid Pulsed Laser Deposition Approach to Grow Thin Films of Chalcogenides. Adv Mater 2024:e2312620. [PMID: 38288906 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202312620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Vapor-pressure mismatched materials such as transition metal chalcogenides have emerged as electronic, photonic, and quantum materials with scientific and technological importance. However, epitaxial growth of vapor-pressure mismatched materials are challenging due to differences in the reactivity, sticking coefficient, and surface adatom mobility of the mismatched species constituting the material, especially sulfur containing compounds. Here, a novel approach is reported to grow chalcogenides-hybrid pulsed laser deposition-wherein an organosulfur precursor is used as a sulfur source in conjunction with pulsed laser deposition to regulate the stoichiometry of the deposited films. Epitaxial or textured thin films of sulfides with variety of structure and chemistry such as alkaline metal chalcogenides, main group chalcogenides, transition metal chalcogenides, and chalcogenide perovskites are demonstrated, and structural characterization reveal improvement in thin film crystallinity, and surface and interface roughness compared to the state-of-the-art. The growth method can be broadened to other vapor-pressure mismatched chalcogenides such as selenides and tellurides. This work opens up opportunities for broader epitaxial growth of chalcogenides, especially sulfide-based thin film technological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mythili Surendran
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Core Center for Excellence in Nano Imaging, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Shantanu Singh
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Huandong Chen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Claire Wu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Amir Avishai
- Core Center for Excellence in Nano Imaging, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yu-Tsun Shao
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and Core Center for Excellence in Nano Imaging, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jayakanth Ravichandran
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Core Center for Excellence in Nano Imaging and Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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23
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Macías-Naranjo M, Sánchez-Domínguez M, Rubio-Valle JF, Rodríguez CA, Martín-Alfonso JE, García-López E, Vazquez-Lepe E. A Study of PLA Thin Film on SS 316L Coronary Stents Using a Dip Coating Technique. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:284. [PMID: 38276692 PMCID: PMC10818791 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The dip coating process is one of the recognized techniques used to generate polymeric coatings on stents in an easy and low-cost way. However, there is a lack of information about the influence of the process parameters of this technique on complex geometries such as stents. This paper studies the dip coating process parameters used to provide a uniform coating of PLA with a 4-10 µm thickness. A stainless-steel tube (AISI 316L) was laser-cut, electropolished, and dip-coated in a polylactic acid (PLA) solution whilst changing the process parameters. The samples were characterized to examine the coating's uniformity, thickness, surface roughness, weight, and chemical composition. FTIR and Raman investigations indicated the presence of PLA on the stent's surface, the chemical stability of PLA during the coating process, and the absence of residual chloroform in the coatings. Additionally, the water contact angle was measured to determine the hydrophilicity of the coating. Our results indicate that, when using entry and withdrawal speeds of 500 mm min-1 and a 15 s immersion time, a uniform coating thickness was achieved throughout the tube and in the stent with an average thickness of 7.8 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Macías-Naranjo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.M.-N.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Margarita Sánchez-Domínguez
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, Apodaca 66628, Nuevo León, Mexico;
| | - J. F. Rubio-Valle
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ETSI, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (J.F.R.-V.); (J.E.M.-A.)
| | - Ciro A. Rodríguez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.M.-N.); (C.A.R.)
| | - J. E. Martín-Alfonso
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ETSI, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (J.F.R.-V.); (J.E.M.-A.)
| | - Erika García-López
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.M.-N.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Elisa Vazquez-Lepe
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.M.-N.); (C.A.R.)
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24
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Leimkuhl DP, Donley CL, Jackson MN. Controlling Nucleation Sites for Metal Oxide Film Growth on Glassy Carbon via Electrochemical Preoxidation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:2868-2876. [PMID: 38179989 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Coating electrode materials with metal oxide thin films can improve the performance of electrocatalysts and charge storage materials. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) enables the deposition of conformal, uniform films on a wide range of electrodes; however, an even film depends on the availability of nucleation sites directly on the electrode surface. Here, we show that the electrochemical oxidation of glassy carbon electrodes prior to the deposition of alumina thin films by ALD leads to more uniform electrochemically passivating films. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrate that film uniformity increases with the increasing potential of preoxidation until 2.50 V versus Ag/AgCl, at which point the films are fully passivating and appear continuous by SEM. Further increasing the potential of preoxidation leads to uniform but less consistently passivating alumina films. These findings show that electrochemical preoxidation is a rapid and readily tunable strategy for controlling oxygenic nucleation sites and therefore the growth of thin metal oxide films on glassy carbon electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devon P Leimkuhl
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Carrie L Donley
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Megan N Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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25
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Nguyen JA, Becker A, Kanhaiya K, Heinz H, Weimer AW. Analyzing the Li-Al-O Interphase of Atomic Layer-Deposited Al 2O 3 Films on Layered Oxide Cathodes Using Atomistic Simulations. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:1861-1875. [PMID: 38124667 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Alumina surface coatings are commonly applied to layered oxide cathode particles for lithium-ion battery applications. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is one such surface coating technique, and ultrathin alumina ALD films (<2 nm) are shown to improve the electrochemical performance of LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 materials, with groups hypothesizing that a beneficial Li-Al-O product is being formed during the alumina ALD process. However, the atomic structure of these films is still not well understood, and quantifying the interface of ultrathin (∼1 nm) ALD films is an arduous experimental task. Here, we perform molecular dynamics simulations of amorphous alumina films of varying thickness in contact with the (0001) LiCoO2 (LCO) surface to quantify the film nanostructure. We calculate elemental mass density profiles through the films and observe that the Li-Al-O interphase extends ∼2 nm from the LCO surface. Additionally, we observe layering of Al and O atoms at the LCO-film interface that extends for ∼1.5 nm. To access the short-range order of the amorphous film, we calculated the Al coordination numbers through the film. We find that while [4]Al is the prevailing coordination environment, significant amounts of [6]Al exist at the interface between the LiCoO2 surface and the film. Taken together, these principal findings point to a pseudomorphic Li-Al-O overlayer that approximates the underlying layered LiCoO2 lattice but does not exactly replicate it. Additionally, with sufficient thickness, the Li-Al-O film transitions to an amorphous alumina structure. We anticipate that our findings on the ALD-like, Li-Al-O film nanostructure can be applied to other layered LiNixMnyCo1-x-yO2 materials because of their shared crystal structure with LiCoO2. This work provides insight into the nanostructure of amorphous ALD alumina films to help inform their use as protective coatings for Li-ion battery cathode active materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Abigayle Becker
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Krishan Kanhaiya
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Alan W Weimer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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26
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Ariga K. Materials Nanoarchitectonics at Dynamic Interfaces: Structure Formation and Functional Manipulation. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:271. [PMID: 38204123 PMCID: PMC10780059 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The next step in nanotechnology is to establish a methodology to assemble new functional materials based on the knowledge of nanotechnology. This task is undertaken by nanoarchitectonics. In nanoarchitectonics, we architect functional material systems from nanounits such as atoms, molecules, and nanomaterials. In terms of the hierarchy of the structure and the harmonization of the function, the material created by nanoarchitectonics has similar characteristics to the organization of the functional structure in biosystems. Looking at actual biofunctional systems, dynamic properties and interfacial environments are key. In other words, nanoarchitectonics at dynamic interfaces is important for the production of bio-like highly functional materials systems. In this review paper, nanoarchitectonics at dynamic interfaces will be discussed, looking at recent typical examples. In particular, the basic topics of "molecular manipulation, arrangement, and assembly" and "material production" will be discussed in the first two sections. Then, in the following section, "fullerene assembly: from zero-dimensional unit to advanced materials", we will discuss how various functional structures can be created from the very basic nanounit, the fullerene. The above examples demonstrate the versatile possibilities of architectonics at dynamic interfaces. In the last section, these tendencies will be summarized, and future directions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiko Ariga
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Ibaraki, Japan;
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa 277-8561, Chiba, Japan
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27
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Toyoki K, Kitaguchi D, Shiratsuchi Y, Nakatani R. Influence of long- and short-range chemical order on spontaneous magnetization in single-crystalline Fe 0.6Al 0.4compound thin films. J Phys Condens Matter 2023; 36:135805. [PMID: 38112082 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad16ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
We systematically investigate the long- and short-range chemical order, lattice volume, and spontaneous magnetization in single-crystalline Fe0.6Al0.4compound thin films. The vapor-quenching method based on a molecular beam epitaxy technique is utilized to fabricate the single-crystalline Fe0.6Al0.4compound with the differentB2 long-range order parameterS. Swas varied by the deposition temperatureTd,and it increases with increasingTd. The lattice volumeVdecreased with increasingTd, while the tetragonal distortion, ∼4%, due to epitaxial strain were observed. The changes inSandVwere accompanied with the change in the magnetic moment per Fe,μFe.μFeshowed the monotonic decrease as a function ofSwhereasμFemonotonically increases withV. With considering tetragonal distortion,μFe-Vrelationship has a good agreement with the previous reports. TheμFe-Srelationship showed the steep decrease ofμFearoundS∼ 0.6. In contrast toμFe-Vrelationship,μFe-Srelationship does not match only from ours to previous studies but also among other reports. It implies the statistical number of the nearest-neighbor Fe-Fe bonds, i.e.S, cannot be an enough explanatory parameter. To clarify the structural origin of change inμFe, the short-range order (SRO) parameter inferred from the analysis of superlattice diffractions were introduced. They showed the clear difference for the films with high and lowμFe. The results suggest that the transition from the long- to the SRO state plays the significant role onμFe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Toyoki
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Spintronics Research Network Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Daigo Kitaguchi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yu Shiratsuchi
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Spintronics Research Network Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Nakatani
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Spintronics Research Network Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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28
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Rivasto E, Aye MM, Huhtinen H, Paturi P. Enhanced critical current density in optimized high-temperature superconducting bilayer thin films. J Phys Condens Matter 2023; 36:135702. [PMID: 38100827 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ad162c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The superconducting and structural properties of bilayer thin films based on YBa2Cu3O7-x / YBa2Cu3O7-x+6%BaZrO3heterstructures have been studied. In a broad range of magnetic field strengths and temperatures, the optimal bilayer film comprises 30% YBCO at the substrate interface and 70% YBCO+6%BZO on the top. The critical current density measured for the optimal bilayer structure is shown to outperform the corresponding single layer films up to almost 60%. The obtained results are comprehensively discussed in the light of our previously published theoretical framework (Rivastoet al2023J. Phys.: Condens. Matter35075701:1-10). We conclude that the bilayering provides an efficient and easily applicable way to further increase the performance and applicability of high-temperature superconductors in various applications. Consequently, the bilayer films should be seriously considered as candidates for the upcoming generation of coated conductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rivasto
- Wihuri Physical Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - M M Aye
- Wihuri Physical Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
- University of Turku Graduate School (UTUGS), University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - H Huhtinen
- Wihuri Physical Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - P Paturi
- Wihuri Physical Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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29
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Mazur M, Kiliszkiewicz M, Posadowski W, Domaradzki J, Małachowska A, Sokołowski P. A Comprehensive Investigation of the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of AZO Transparent Conducting Oxide Thin Films Deposited by Medium Frequency Magnetron Sputtering. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:81. [PMID: 38203938 PMCID: PMC10779917 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents a detailed analysis of aluminium-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films and considers them a promising alternative to indium tin oxide in transparent electrodes. The study focusses on critical properties of AZO, including optical, electrical, and mechanical properties, with potential applications in displays, photovoltaic cells, and protective coatings. The deposited AZO thin films are characterised by excellent optical and electrical parameters, with transparency in the visible light range exceeding 80% and resistivity of 10-3 Ω·cm, which gives a high value of figure of merit of 63. Structural analysis confirms the nanocrystalline nature of as-deposited AZO thin films, featuring hexagonal ZnO, orthorhombic Al2O3, and cubic Al2ZnO4 phases. The study includes nanoindentation measurements, which reveal exceptional hardness (11.4 GPa) and reduced elastic modulus (98 GPa), exceeding typical values reported in the literature, highlighting their protective potential. Abrasion tests have shown extraordinary scratch resistance due to the lack of impact on topography and surface roughness up to 10,000 cycles. This comprehensive study demonstrated that as-deposited AZO thin films are multifunctional materials with exceptional optical, electrical, and mechanical properties. The findings open up possibilities for a variety of applications, especially in protective coatings, where the combination of hardness, scratch resistance, and transparency is both rare and valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Mazur
- Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (W.P.)
| | - Milena Kiliszkiewicz
- Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (W.P.)
| | - Witold Posadowski
- Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (W.P.)
| | - Jarosław Domaradzki
- Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372 Wroclaw, Poland; (M.M.); (M.K.); (W.P.)
| | - Aleksandra Małachowska
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 5, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.M.); (P.S.)
| | - Paweł Sokołowski
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Lukasiewicza 5, 50-371 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.M.); (P.S.)
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30
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Enea N, Ion V, Viespe C, Constantinoiu I, Bonciu A, Stîngescu ML, Bîrjega R, Scarisoreanu ND. Lead-Free Perovskite Thin Films for Gas Sensing through Surface Acoustic Wave Device Detection. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 14:39. [PMID: 38202494 PMCID: PMC10780711 DOI: 10.3390/nano14010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Thin film technology shows great promise in fabricating electronic devices such as gas sensors. Here, we report the fabrication of surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors based on thin films of (1 - x) Ba(Ti0.8Zr0.2)O3-x(Ba0.7Ca0.3)TiO3 (BCTZ50, x = 50) and Polyethylenimine (PEI). The layers were deposited by two laser-based techniques, namely pulsed laser deposition (PLD) for the lead-free material and matrix assisted pulsed laser evaporation (MAPLE) for the sensitive polymer. In order to assay the impact of the thickness, the number of laser pulses was varied, leading to thicknesses between 50 and 350 nm. The influence of BCTZ film's crystallographic features on the characteristics and performance of the SAW device was studied by employing substrates with different crystal structures, more precisely cubic Strontium Titanate (SrTiO3) and orthorhombic Gadolinium Scandium Oxide (GdScO3). The SAW sensors were further integrated into a testing system to evaluate the response of the BCTZ thin films with PEI, and then subjected to tests for N2, CO2 and O2 gases. The influence of the MAPLE's deposited PEI layer on the overall performance was demonstrated. For the SAW sensors based on BCTZ/GdScO3 thin films with a PEI polymer, a maximum frequency shift of 39.5 kHz has been obtained for CO2; eight times higher compared to the sensor without the polymeric layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Enea
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Via G. Sansone 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Valentin Ion
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Cristian Viespe
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Izabela Constantinoiu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Anca Bonciu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Maria Luiza Stîngescu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bucharest, 077125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Ruxandra Bîrjega
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
| | - Nicu Doinel Scarisoreanu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, 077125 Magurele, Romania or (N.E.); (C.V.); (I.C.); (A.B.); (M.L.S.); (R.B.); (N.D.S.)
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Chen M, Burn PL, Shaw PE. Utilizing Different Diffusion Mechanisms for Thin Film Fluorescence-Based Detection and Discrimination of Illicit Drug Vapors. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4607-4614. [PMID: 38051524 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Film-based fluorescence sensors have been demonstrated to be powerful tools for real-time detection of trace chemical vapors. While explosive vapor detection via fluorescence quenching has been widely explored, fluorescence-based real-time detection and identification of illicit drug vapors remains a challenge. Here, we report two perylene diimide-based sensing materials, P1 and P2, incorporating 2,2-dihexyloctanyl chains and 4-[tris(4-{tert-butyl}phenyl)methyl]phenyl moieties at the imide positions, respectively. Quartz crystal microbalance with in situ photoluminescence measurements showed that N-methylphenethylamine, a simulant of methamphetamine (MA), diffused into films of P1 and P2 via Fickian and case-II mechanisms, respectively. The difference in the analyte diffusion mechanism led to P2 showing significantly faster luminescence quenching but slower luminescence recovery compared to P1. Finally, the different diffusion mechanisms were used as the basis for developing a simple sensor array based on P1 and P2 that could selectively detect free-base illicit drugs (MA, cocaine, and tetrahydrocannabinol) from potential interferants (organic amines, alcohol, and cosmetics) within 40 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Chen
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul L Burn
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Paul E Shaw
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
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32
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Qian Y, Xue G, Chen L, Xu G, Wang GE. Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets Constructed Hierarchical Water Transport Biological Channel for High-Performance Interfacial Seawater Evaporation. Adv Mater 2023:e2310795. [PMID: 38098293 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Solar interfacial water evaporation shows great potential to address the global freshwater scarcity. Water evaporation being inherently energy intensive, Joule-heating assisted solar evaporation for addressing insufficient vapor under natural conditions is an ideal strategy. However, the simultaneous optimization of low evaporation enthalpy, high photothermal conversion, and excellent Joule-heating steam generation within a single material remain a rare achievement. Herein, inspired by the biological channel structures, a large-area film with hierarchical macro/microporous structures is elaborately designed by stacking the nanosheet of a conductive metal-organic framework (MOF), Ni3 (HITP)2 , on a paper substrate. By combining the above three features in one material, the water evaporation enthalpy reduces from 2455 J g-1 to 1676 J g-1 , and the photothermal conversion efficiency increases from 13.75% to 96.25%. Benefiting from the synergistic photothermal and Joule-heating effects, the evaporation rate achieves 2.60 kg m-2 h-1 under one sun plus input electrical power of 4 W, surpassing the thermodynamic limit and marking the highest reported value in MOF-based evaporators. Moreover, Ni3 (HITP)2 -paper exhibits excellent long-term stability in simulated seawater, where no salt crystallization and evaporation rate degradation are observed. This design strategy for nanosheet films with hierarchical macro/microporous channels provides inspiration for electronics, biological devices, and energy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Qian
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced High-Field Superconducting Materials and Engineering, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Guanfeng Xue
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced High-Field Superconducting Materials and Engineering, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Luzhuo Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, College of Physics and Energy, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced High-Field Superconducting Materials and Engineering, Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
| | - Gang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, 350108, P. R. China
| | - Guan-E Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Fuzhou, 350117, P. R. China
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Jamshidi M, Bouheriche J, Gardner JM. Photoluminescent copper(I) iodide alkylpyridine thin films as sensors for volatile halogenated compounds. Front Chem 2023; 11:1330227. [PMID: 38146426 PMCID: PMC10749296 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1330227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The paper presents the fabrication and characterization of [CuI(L)]n thin films, where L represents various alkylpyridine ligands including 4-methylpyridine, 3-methylpyridine, 2-methylpyridine, 4-tbutylpyridine, 3,4-dimethylpyridine, and 3,5-dimethylpyridine. The thin films were synthesized by exposing the corresponding ligands to CuI thin films through vapor deposition. The coordination reactions occurring on the films were investigated using PXRD and time-dependent photoluminescence spectroscopy, and a comparison was made between the structures of the thin films and the corresponding powder phases. The films showed primarly blue emission (λem = 457-515 nm) and polymeric structures with excited state lifetimes ranging from 0.6 to 5.5 μs. Significantly, the studied compounds exhibited fast reversible luminescence quenching when exposed to vapors of dichloromethane and dibromomethane (15 and 30 min respectively), and the luminescence was restored upon re-exposure to the alkylpyridine ligand (after 20 min). These findings indicate that these thin films hold promise for applications as sensors (with sensitive and reversible detection capability) for volatile halogen-based compounds (VHC).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James M. Gardner
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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34
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Chon S, Nakayama R, Iwamoto S, Kobayashi S, Shimizu R, Hitosugi T. Orientation Control of a Two-Dimensional Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Thin Film by a Pyridine Vapor-Assisted Dry Process. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:56057-56063. [PMID: 38009945 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are attractive materials with periodic pore structures constructed by coordinating metal ions and organic ligands. Recently, Cu3(HHTP)2 (HHTP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexahydroxytriphenylene), a two-dimensional conductive MOF, has attracted attention as a promising device material. Owing to the anisotropy of Cu3(HHTP)2 properties, oriented thin films of this MOF are desired for evaluating its physical properties and device integration. To date, wet processes have been used to fabricate Cu3(HHTP)2 films, whereas dry processes are essential for high-quality devices. However, oriented Cu3(HHTP)2 thin films have not yet been fabricated by using dry processes. In this study, we succeed in fabricating an orientation-controlled Cu3(HHTP)2 film on Al2O3 (001) by using a two-step dry process involving (1) the multilayer deposition of copper acetate and HHTP using a vapor deposition system and (2) pyridine vapor-assisted annealing. In-plane and out-of-plane X-ray diffraction patterns confirm the successful fabrication of the (001)-oriented Cu3(HHTP)2 films. The conductivity evaluated by four-probe measurements is 2.6 × 10-2 S cm-1, comparable to that of films fabricated by wet processes. This study provides a novel guideline for the orientation control of two-dimensional conductive MOF thin films via a dry process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoungmin Chon
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakayama
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Shunta Iwamoto
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ryota Shimizu
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Taro Hitosugi
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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35
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Salvitti C, de Petris G, Troiani A, Managò M, Di Noi A, Ricci A, Pepi F. Sulfuric Acid Catalyzed Esterification of Amino Acids in Thin Film. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2023; 34:2748-2754. [PMID: 37904271 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
The esterification reaction of different amino acids with methanol catalyzed by H2SO4 was first studied in the small volume of thin films generated by ESI microdroplet deposition. The reaction is promoted by the pneumatic spray of the ESI source and reaches its maximum efficiency at a thin film temperature of 70 °C. Selective esterification of the COOH moiety was demonstrated. Microdroplet size and thin film volume and lifetime are critical parameters that influenced the reaction outcome. As expected, l-tyrosine and l-phenylalanine having aromatic side chain substituents were the most reactive amino acids, reaching absolute yields of around 40-50%. The amino acid esterification catalyzed by H2SO4 in a thin film occurs under synthetic conditions in which the same reaction in the bulk is not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Salvitti
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia de Petris
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Troiani
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Managò
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Di Noi
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Andreina Ricci
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania L. Vanvitelli, Viale Lincoln 5, 81100, Caserta, Italy
| | - Federico Pepi
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Department of Chemistry and Drug Technologies P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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36
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Cui J, Yuan Q, Wang W, Chen G, Ke P, Zhang W, Nishimura K, Jiang N. Ultra-Large Compressive Plasticity of E-Ga 2 O 3 Thin Films at the Submicron Scale. Small Methods 2023:e2301288. [PMID: 38054606 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202301288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Gallium oxide (Ga2 O3 ) usually fractures in the brittle form, and achieving large plastic deformability to avoid catastrophic failure is in high demand. Here, ε-Ga2 O3 thin films with columnar crystals and partial unoccupied Ga sites are synthesized, and it is demonstrated that the ε-Ga2 O3 at the submicron scale can be compressed to an ultra-large plastic strain of 48.5% without cracking. The compressive behavior and related mechanisms are investigated by in situ transmission electron microscope nanomechanical testing combined with atomic-resolution characterizations. The serrated plastic flow and large strain burst are two major deformation forms of ε-Ga2 O3 during compression, which are attributed to the dislocation nucleation and avalanches, formation of new grains, and amorphization. The ultra-large compressive plasticity of ε-Ga2 O3 thin films at the submicron scale can inspire new applications of Ga2 O3 in micro- or nano- electronic and optoelectronic devices, especially those that require impact resistance during processing or service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Cui
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Public Technology Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Qilong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Guoxin Chen
- Public Technology Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Peiling Ke
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
- Public Technology Center, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Kazuhito Nishimura
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
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37
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Xi Z, Yan S, Liu Z, Yang L, Zhang M, Guo Y, Tang W. Tunable Ga2O3 solar-blind photosensing performance via thermal reorder engineering and energy-band modulation. Nanotechnology 2023. [PMID: 38029450 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad10e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
As an ultra-wide bandgap semiconductor, gallium oxide (Ga2O3) has been extensively applied in solar-blind photodetectors owing to the absorbance cut-off wavelength of shorter than 280 nm, and the optimized technologies of detection performance is seriously essential for its further usages. Herein, a feasible thermal reorder engineering method was performed through annealing Ga2O3 films in vacuum, O2 and oxygen plasma atmospheres, realizing to tune solar-blind photosensing performance of Ga2O3 photodetectors. Thermal treatment, in fact a crystal reorder process, significantly suppressed the noise in Ga2O3-based photodetectors and enhanced the photo-sensitivity, with the dark current decreasing from 154.63 pA to 269 fA and photo-to-dark current ratio magically raising from 288 to 2.85×104. This achievement is dependent of energy-band modulation in Ga2O3 semiconductor, that is certified by first-principles calculation. Additionally, annealing in oxygen atmospheres notably reduces the concentration of oxygen vacancies in the surface of films, thereby improving the performance of the photodetectors; the oxygen vacancy is extremely concerned in oxide semiconductors in the view of physics of surface defects. In all, this work could display a promising guidance for modulating the performance of photodetectors based on wide bandgap oxide semiconductor, especially for hot Ga2O3 issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Xi
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.9, Wenyuan Road, Yadong New District, Nanjing, Nanjing, 210003, CHINA
| | - Sihan Yan
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.9, Wenyuan Road, Yadong New District, Nanjing, Nanjing, 210003, CHINA
| | - Zeng Liu
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.9, Wenyuan Road, Yadong New District, Nanjing, Nanjing, 210003, CHINA
| | - Lili Yang
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.9, Wenyuan Road, Yadong New District, Nanjing, Nanjing, 210003, CHINA
| | - Maolin Zhang
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9, , 210003, CHINA
| | - Yufeng Guo
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.9, Wenyuan Road, Yadong New District, Nanjing, Nanjing, 210003, CHINA
| | - Weihua Tang
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, No.9, Wenyuan Road, Yadong New District, Nanjing, Nanjing, 210003, CHINA
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38
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Waqar M, Chai J, Wong LM, Lim PC, Chen S, Liew WH, Wang S, Chen J, He Q, Yao K, Wang J. Large Electromechanical Response in a Polycrystalline Alkali-Deficient (K,Na)NbO 3 Thin Film on Silicon. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 38010147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The demand for large electromechanical performance in lead-free polycrystalline piezoelectric thin films is driven by the need for compact, high-performance microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) based devices operating at low voltages. Here we significantly enhance the electromechanical response in a polycrystalline lead-free oxide thin film by utilizing lattice-defect-induced structural inhomogeneities. Unlike prior observations in mismatched epitaxial films with limited low-frequency enhancements, we achieve large electromechanical strain in a polycrystalline (K,Na)NbO3 film integrated on silicon. This is achieved by inducing self-assembled Nb-rich planar faults with a nonstoichiometric composition. The film exhibits an effective piezoelectric coefficient of 565 pm V-1 at 1 kHz, surpassing those of lead-based counterparts. Notably, lattice defect growth is substrate-independent, and the large electromechanical response is extended to even higher frequencies in a polycrystalline film. Improved properties arise from unique lattice defect morphology and frequency-dependent relaxation behavior, offering a new route to remarkable electromechanical response in polycrystalline thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moaz Waqar
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Jianwei Chai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Lai Mun Wong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Poh Chong Lim
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Shuting Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Weng Heng Liew
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Shijie Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jingsheng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Qian He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
| | - Kui Yao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - John Wang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117574, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing 401123, People's Republic of China
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Burak D, Rahman MA, Seo DC, Byun JY, Han J, Lee SE, Cho SH. In Situ Metal Deposition on Perhydropolysilazane-Derived Silica for Structural Color Surfaces with Antiviral Activity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:54143-54156. [PMID: 37942676 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Structural coloration has recently sparked considerable attention on the laboratory and industrial scale. Structural colors can create vivid, saturated, and long-lasting colors on metallic surfaces for optical filters, digital displays, and surface decoration. This study used an all-solution, low-cost method, free of a specific setup procedure, to fabricate structural colors of a multilayered metal-dielectric structure based on interference effects within a Fabry-Perot cavity. The insulating (dielectric) layer was produced from perhydropolysilazane, an inorganic silicon-containing polymer, from which hydrogen was liberated during conversion into silica and applied in situ to reduce metallic nanoparticles on the silica surface. This simple manufacturing technique contributes to the fabrication of large, high-quality surfaces, which could potentially be employed for surface decoration. The fabricated surfaces also exhibited excellent hydrophobic properties with contact angles up to 137°, endowing them with self-cleaning properties. In addition, the antiviral and antibacterial impact of the silver (Ag)/silica (SiO2)/stainless steel (SUS) film was also examined, as Ag has been reported to have antimicrobial and, recently, antiviral properties. According to three independently conducted antiviral assays, the fluorescence expression of virus-infected cells, PCR analysis, and modified tissue culture infectious dose assay, the film inhibited lentivirus by 75, 97, and 99% when exposed to the virus for 20 min, 1 h, and 20 min, respectively. Furthermore, the film had exceptional antibacterial activity with no colony growth observed for 24 and 12 h of inoculation. It is thus conceivable that these structural color-based films can be used to not only decorate metal surfaces with aesthetic colors but also limit virus and bacterium propagation successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Burak
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology (Nanomaterials Science and Engineering), University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Abdur Rahman
- Extreme Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Seo
- Research Animal Resources Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Byun
- Extreme Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonsoo Han
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Research Animal Resources Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Hye Cho
- Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, 5 Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
- Division of Nano & Information Technology (Nanomaterials Science and Engineering), University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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40
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Ho DQ, Hu R, To DQ, Bryant GW, Janotti A. Emerging Nontrivial Topology in Ultra thin Films of Rare-Earth Pnictides. ACS Nano 2023; 17:20991-20998. [PMID: 37870504 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Thin films of rare-earth monopnictide (RE-V) semimetals are expected to turn into semiconductors due to quantum confinement effects (QCE), lifting the overlap between electron pockets at Brillouin zone edges (X) and hole pockets at the zone center (Γ). Instead, using LaSb as an example, we find the emergence of the quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulator phase in (001)-oriented films as the thickness is reduced to 7, 5, or 3 monolayers (MLs). This is attributed to a strong QCE on the in-plane electron pockets and the lack of quantum confinement on the out-of-plane pocket projected onto the zone center, resulting in a band inversion. Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) opens a sizable nontrivial gap in the band structure of ultrathin films. Such effect is anticipated to be general in rare-earth monopnictides and may lead to interesting phenomena when coupled with the 4f magnetic moments present in other members of this family of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Q Ho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quy Nhon University, Quy Nhon 590000, Vietnam
| | - Ruiqi Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - D Quang To
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Garnett W Bryant
- Nanoscale Device Characterization Division, Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8423, United States
- University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Anderson Janotti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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41
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Lazauskas A, Gimžauskaitė D, Ilickas M, Marcinauskas L, Aikas M, Abakevičienė B, Volyniuk D. Laser Ablation of Silicon Nanoparticles and Their Use in Charge-Coupled Devices for UV Light Sensing via Wavelength-Shifting Properties. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2915. [PMID: 37999270 PMCID: PMC10674811 DOI: 10.3390/nano13222915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the controlled laser ablation and corresponding properties of silicon nanoparticles (Si NP) with potential applications in ultraviolet (UV) light sensing. The size distribution of Si NPs was manipulated by adjusting the laser scanning speed during laser ablation of a silicon target in a styrene solution. Characterization techniques, including transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and photoluminescence analysis, were employed to investigate the Si NP structural and photophysical properties. Si NP produced at a laser scanning speed of 3000 mm/s exhibited an average diameter of ~4 nm, polydispersity index of 0.811, and a hypsochromic shift in the Raman spectrum peak position. Under photoexcitation at 365 nm, these Si NPs emitted apparent white light, demonstrating their potential for optoelectronic applications. Photoluminescence analysis revealed biexponential decay behavior, suggesting multiple radiative recombination pathways within the nanoscale structure. Furthermore, a thin film containing Si NP was utilized as a passive filter for a 2nd generation CCD detector, expanding the functionality of the non-UV-sensitive detectors in optics, spectrometry, and sensor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Algirdas Lazauskas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.I.); (B.A.)
| | - Dovilė Gimžauskaitė
- Plasma Processing Laboratory, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, LT44403 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.G.); (L.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Mindaugas Ilickas
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.I.); (B.A.)
| | - Liutauras Marcinauskas
- Plasma Processing Laboratory, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, LT44403 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.G.); (L.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Mindaugas Aikas
- Plasma Processing Laboratory, Lithuanian Energy Institute, Breslaujos 3, LT44403 Kaunas, Lithuania; (D.G.); (L.M.); (M.A.)
| | - Brigita Abakevičienė
- Institute of Materials Science, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania; (M.I.); (B.A.)
| | - Dmytro Volyniuk
- Department of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, K. Baršausko 59, LT51423 Kaunas, Lithuania;
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42
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Slynchuk V, Schedel C, Scheele M, Schnepf A. Stabilization of Colloidal Germanium Nanoparticles: From the Study to the Prospects of the Application in Thin-Film Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15948. [PMID: 37958931 PMCID: PMC10649905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We present the stabilization of halide-terminated Ge nanoparticles prepared via a disproportionation reaction of metastable Ge(I)X solutions with well-defined size distribution. Further tailoring of the stability of the Ge nanoparticles was achieved using variations in the substituent. Ge nanoparticles obtained in this way are readily dispersed in organic solvents, long-term colloidally stable, and are perfect prerequisites for thin-film preparation. This gives these nanomaterials a future in surface-dependent optical applications, as shown for the halide-terminated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Slynchuk
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
| | - Christine Schedel
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany (M.S.)
| | - Andreas Schnepf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany;
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43
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Zhang W, Komatsu H, Maruyama S, Kaminaga K, Matsumoto Y. Ionic Liquid Crystal Thin Film as Switching Layer in Nonvolatile Resistive Memory. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37910855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we propose the use of an ionic liquid crystal (ILC) as a new resistive switching layer in nonvolatile resistive random-access memory (ReRAM) devices. The high-quality vacuum-deposited ILC films of 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C16mim][PF6]) enabled to demonstrate the first operation of ReRAM devices with a low set voltage of ∼1 V and stable switching behavior for up to ∼44 cycles. The key to the successful operation is that the ILC layer is in the liquid crystal phase (smectic A), where the electric double layers formed at the electrode-ILC interfaces play a significant role. The results of basic electrical properties and I-V curve fittings suggested the following operation principle: the formation and rupture of charge-composed filaments within the ILC film, where the current conduction is primarily governed by the trap charge limited current (TCLC) mechanism. These achievements will pave the way for advanced studies of ILC-based electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Haruka Komatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Shingo Maruyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kaminaga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsumoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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Shao TN, Zhang ZT, Qiao YJ, Zhao Q, Liu HW, Chen XX, Jiang WM, Yao CL, Chen XY, Chen MH, Dou RF, Xiong CM, Zhang GM, Yang YF, Nie JC. Kondo scattering in underdoped Nd 1-xSr xNiO 2 infinite-layer superconducting thin films. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad112. [PMID: 37818115 PMCID: PMC10561711 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent discovery of superconductivity in infinite-layer nickelates generates tremendous research endeavors, but the ground state of their parent compounds is still under debate. Here, we report experimental evidence for the dominant role of Kondo scattering in the underdoped Nd1-xSrxNiO2 thin films. A resistivity minimum associated with logarithmic temperature dependence in both longitudinal and Hall resistivities are observed in the underdoped Nd1-xSrxNiO2 samples before the superconducting transition. At lower temperatures down to 0.04 K, the resistivities become saturated, following the prediction of the Kondo model. A linear scaling behavior [Formula: see text] between anomalous Hall conductivity [Formula: see text] and conductivity [Formula: see text]is revealed, verifying the dominant Kondo scattering at low temperature. The effect of weak (anti-)localization is found to be secondary. Our experiments can help in clarifying the basic physics in the underdoped Nd1-xSrxNiO2 infinite-layer thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Na Shao
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Zi-Tao Zhang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Yu-Jie Qiao
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Hai-Wen Liu
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Chen
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Wei-Min Jiang
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Chun-Li Yao
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Xing-Yu Chen
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Mei-Hui Chen
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Rui-Fen Dou
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Chang-Min Xiong
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
| | - Guang-Ming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing100084, China
| | - Yi-Feng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan523808, China
| | - Jia-Cai Nie
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
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Pleshakov GA, Kalinin IA, Ivanov AV, Roslyakov IV, Yaminsky IV, Napolskii KS. Towards High-Temperature MEMS: Two-Step Annealing Suppressed Recrystallization in Thin Multilayer Pt-Rh/Zr Films. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:2003. [PMID: 38004860 PMCID: PMC10673003 DOI: 10.3390/mi14112003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Platinum-based thin films are widely used to create microelectronic devices operating at temperatures above 500 °C. One of the most effective ways to increase the high-temperature stability of platinum-based films involves incorporating refractory metal oxides (e.g., ZrO2, HfO2). In such structures, refractory oxide is located along the metal grain boundaries and hinders the mobility of Pt atoms. However, the effect of annealing conditions on the morphology and functional properties of such multiphase systems is rarely studied. Here, we show that the two-step annealing of 250-nm-thick Pt-Rh/Zr multilayer films instead of the widely used isothermal annealing leads to a more uniform film morphology without voids and hillocks. The composition and morphology of as-deposited and annealed films were investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy, combined with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. At the first annealing step at 450 °C, zirconium oxidation was observed. The second high-temperature annealing at 800-1000 °C resulted in the recrystallization of the Pt-Rh alloy. In comparison to the one-step annealing of Pt-Rh and Pt-Rh/Zr films, after two-step annealing, the metal phase in the Pt-Rh/Zr films has a smaller grain size and a less pronounced texture in the <111> direction, manifesting enhanced high-temperature stability. After two-step annealing at 450/900 °C, the Pt-Rh/Zr thin film possessed a grain size of 60 ± 27 nm and a resistivity of 17 × 10-6 Ω·m. The proposed annealing protocol can be used to create thin-film MEMS devices for operation at elevated temperatures, e.g., microheater-based gas sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgii A. Pleshakov
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Bld. 73 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia (I.A.K.); (A.V.I.)
| | - Ivan A. Kalinin
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Bld. 73 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia (I.A.K.); (A.V.I.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Bld. 3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Ivanov
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Bld. 73 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia (I.A.K.); (A.V.I.)
- Skoltech Center for Energy Science and Technology, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 3 Nobel Street, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Ilya V. Roslyakov
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Bld. 73 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia (I.A.K.); (A.V.I.)
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninskii Avenue, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Igor V. Yaminsky
- Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Bld. 2 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kirill S. Napolskii
- Department of Materials Science, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Bld. 73 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia (I.A.K.); (A.V.I.)
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1, Bld. 3 Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russia
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46
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Kumar A, Sanger A, Kang SB, Chandra R. Interface Engineering-Driven Room-Temperature Ultralow Gas Sensors with Elucidating Sensing Performance of Heterostructure Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Thin Films. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3824-3835. [PMID: 37769211 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c01290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we investigate the room-temperature gas sensing performance of heterostructure transition metal dichalcogenide (MoSe2/MoS2, WS2/MoS2, and WSe2/MoS2) thin films grown over a silicon substrate using a pulse laser deposition technique. The sensing response of the aforementioned sensors to a low concentration range of NO2, NH3, H2, CO, and H2S gases in air has been assessed at room temperature. The obtained results reveal that the heterojunctions of metal dichalcogenide show a drastic change in gas sensing performance compared to the monolayer thin films at room temperature. Nevertheless, the WSe2/MoS2-based sensor was found to have an excellent selectivity toward NO2 gas with a particularly high sensitivity of 10 ppb. The sensing behavior is explained on the basis of a change in electrical resistance as well as carrier localization prospects. Favorably, by developing a heterojunction of diselenide and disulfide nanomaterials, one may find a simple way of improving the sensing capabilities of gas sensors at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Kumar
- Nanoscience Laboratory, Institute Instrumentation Centre, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
- Department of Physics, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248002, India
| | - Amit Sanger
- Department of Physics, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka Sector-3, New Delhi 110078, India
| | - Sung Bum Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ramesh Chandra
- Nanoscience Laboratory, Institute Instrumentation Centre, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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47
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Li J, Dyer A, Smith D, Mulvaney P. Gold Nanodrum Resonators. ACS Nano 2023; 17:20551-20559. [PMID: 37823374 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanodrum resonators have been fabricated using nanometer-thick gold films as the drumheads. The fabrication method is favorable for large-area array manufacture of arbitrary shapes. The drum resonators exhibit fundamental mode vibration frequencies in the MHz regime. We use the stretched-plate model to describe the natural vibrations of the drum. The Q factor of the fundamental mode increases as the thickness of the drum increases and decreases as the drum diameter goes up. The highest Q factor of the fundamental mode reaches 290 at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Based on the deduced material properties we estimate that the resonator has a mass sensitivity of 1.11 × 10-22 g/Hz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Li
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ash Dyer
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Dan Smith
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, 151 Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Paul Mulvaney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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48
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Basyooni-M. Kabatas MA, Zaki SE, Rahmani K, En-nadir R, Eker YR. Negative Photoconductivity in 2D α-MoO 3/Ir Self-Powered Photodetector: Impact of Post-Annealing. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6756. [PMID: 37895738 PMCID: PMC10608330 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Surface plasmon technology is regarded as having significant potential for the enhancement of the performance of 2D oxide semiconductors, especially in terms of improving the light absorption of 2D MoO3 photodetectors. An ultrathin MoO3/Ir/SiO2/Si heterojunction Schottky self-powered photodetector is introduced here to showcase positive photoconductivity. In wafer-scale production, the initial un-annealed Mo/2 nm Ir/SiO2/Si sample displays a sheet carrier concentration of 5.76 × 1011/cm², which subsequently increases to 6.74 × 1012/cm² after annealing treatment, showing a negative photoconductivity behavior at a 0 V bias voltage. This suggests that annealing enhances the diffusion of Ir into the MoO3 layer, resulting in an increased phonon scattering probability and, consequently, an extension of the negative photoconductivity behavior. This underscores the significance of negative photoconductive devices in the realm of optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Basyooni-M. Kabatas
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Graduate School of Applied and Natural Science, Selçuk University, Konya 42030, Turkey
| | - Shrouk E. Zaki
- Department of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials, Graduate School of Applied and Natural Science, Selçuk University, Konya 42030, Turkey
| | - Khalid Rahmani
- Department of Physics, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS), Mohammed V University, Rabat 10140, Morocco
| | - Redouane En-nadir
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics, Faculty of Sciences Dhar el Mahraz, University Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah, P.O. Box 1796, Atlas Fez 30000, Morocco
| | - Yasin Ramazan Eker
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey;
- Science and Technology Research and Application Center (BITAM), Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya 42090, Turkey
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49
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Kozuka Y, Sasaki TT, Tadano T, Fujioka J. Epitaxy and transport properties of alkali-earth palladate thin films. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2023; 24:2265431. [PMID: 37867576 PMCID: PMC10586081 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2265431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Topological insulators and semimetals are an interesting class of materials for new electronic and optical applications owing to their characteristic electromagnetic responses originating from the spin-orbit coupled band structures. However, topological electronic structures are rare in oxide materials despite their chemical stability being preferable for applications. In this study, given the theoretical prediction of Dirac bands in CaPd3O4, we investigate the fabrication and transport properties of SrPd3O4 and CaPd3O4 thin films as candidates of oxide Dirac semimetals. We have found that these materials are epitaxially grown on MgO (100) substrate under limited growth conditions by pulsed laser deposition. The transport properties show a weak temperature dependence, suggestive of narrow-gap properties, although unintentionally doped holes hinder us from revealing the presence of the Dirac band. Our study establishes the basic thermodynamics of thin-film fabrication of these materials and will lead to interesting properties characteristic of topological band structure by modulating the electronic structure by, for example, chemical substitutions or pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kozuka
- Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Taisuke T. Sasaki
- Research Center for Magnetic and Spintronic Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Terumasa Tadano
- Research Center for Magnetic and Spintronic Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Jun Fujioka
- Department of Material Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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50
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Kim H, Lim M, Jang B, Park SW, Park JY, Shen H, Koo K, Cho HB, Choa YH. Enhanced capacitive pressure sensing performance by charge generation from filler movement in thin and flexible PVDF-GNP composite films. Sci Technol Adv Mater 2023; 24:2260301. [PMID: 37854120 PMCID: PMC10580860 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2023.2260301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces an approach to overcome the limitations of conventional pressure sensors by developing a thin and lightweight composite film specifically tailored for flexible capacitive pressure sensors, with a particular emphasis on the medium and high pressure range. To accomplish this, we have engineered a composite film by combining polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and graphite nanoplatelets (GNP) derived from expanded graphite (Ex-G). A uniform sized GNPs with an average lateral size of 2.55av and an average thickness of 33.74 av with narrow size distribution was obtained with a gas-induced expansion of expandable graphite (EXP-G) combined with tip sonication in solvent. By this precisely controlled GNP within the composite film, a remarkable improvement in sensor sensitivity has been achieved, surpassing 4.18 MPa-1 within the pressure range of 0.1 to 1.6 MPa. This enhancement can be attributed to the generation of electric charge from the movement of GNP in the polymer matrix. Additionally, stability testing has demonstrated the reliable operation of the composite film over 1000 cycles. Notably, the composite film exhibits exceptional continuous pressure sensing capabilities with a rapid response time of approximately 100 milliseconds. Experimental validation using a 3 × 3 sensor array has confirmed the accurate detection of specific contact points, thus highlighting the potential of the composite film in selective pressure sensing. These findings signify an advancement in the field of flexible capacitive pressure sensors that offer enhanced sensitivity, consistent operation, rapid response time, and the unique ability to selectively sense pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseob Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Byungkwon Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-woo Park
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Institute of Environmental and Energy Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Haishan Shen
- Institute of Environmental and Energy Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangmo Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Baek Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Choa
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
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