1
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Madadi M, Heikkinen M, Philip A, Karppinen M. Conformal High-Aspect-Ratio Solid Electrolyte Thin Films for Li-Ion Batteries by Atomic Layer Deposition. ACS Appl Electron Mater 2024; 6:1574-1580. [PMID: 38558950 PMCID: PMC10976887 DOI: 10.1021/acsaelm.3c01565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Lithium phosphorus oxynitride (LiPON) is a state-of-the-art solid electrolyte material for thin-film microbatteries. These applications require conformal thin films on challenging 3D surface structures, and among the advanced thin-film deposition techniques, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is believed to stand out in terms of producing appreciably conformal thin films. Here we quantify the conformality (i.e., the evenness of deposition) of thin ALD-grown LiPON films using lateral high-aspect-ratio test structures. Two different lithium precursors, lithium tert-butoxide (LiOtBu) and lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (Li-HMDS), were investigated in combination with diethyl phosphoramidate as the source of oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen. The results indicate that the film growth proceeded significantly deeper into the 3D cavities for the films grown from LiOtBu, while the Li-HMDS-based films grew more evenly initially, right after the cavity entrances. These observations can be explained by differences in the precursor diffusion and reactivity. The results open possibilities for the use of LiPON as a solid electrolyte in batteries with high-surface-area electrodes. This could enable faster charging and discharging as well as the use of thin-film technology in fabricating thin-film electrodes of meaningful charge capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Madadi
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Mari Heikkinen
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
| | - Anish Philip
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
- Chipmetrics
Ltd., Yliopistokatu 7, Joensuu FI-80130, Finland
| | - Maarit Karppinen
- Department
of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto
University, Espoo FI-00076, Finland
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2
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Lin Y, Välikangas J, Sliz R, Molaiyan P, Hu T, Lassi U. Optimized Morphology and Tuning the Mn 3+ Content of LiNi 0.5Mn 1.5O 4 Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:3116. [PMID: 37109953 PMCID: PMC10142292 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The advantages of cobalt-free, high specific capacity, high operating voltage, low cost, and environmental friendliness of spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (LNMO) material make it one of the most promising cathode materials for next-generation lithium-ion batteries. The disproportionation reaction of Mn3+ leads to Jahn-Teller distortion, which is the key issue in reducing the crystal structure stability and limiting the electrochemical stability of the material. In this work, single-crystal LNMO was synthesized successfully by the sol-gel method. The morphology and the Mn3+ content of the as-prepared LNMO were tuned by altering the synthesis temperature. The results demonstrated that the LNMO_110 material exhibited the most uniform particle distribution as well as the presence of the lowest concentration of Mn3+, which was beneficial to ion diffusion and electronic conductivity. As a result, this LNMO cathode material had an optimized electrochemical rate performance of 105.6 mAh g-1 at 1 C and cycling stability of 116.8 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C after 100 cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Juho Välikangas
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
- Kokkola University Consortium Chydenius, University of Jyvaskyla, 67100 Kokkola, Finland
| | - Rafal Sliz
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Unit, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Palanivel Molaiyan
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Tao Hu
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulla Lassi
- Research Unit of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, 90570 Oulu, Finland
- Kokkola University Consortium Chydenius, University of Jyvaskyla, 67100 Kokkola, Finland
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3
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Celeste A, Brescia R, Greco G, Torelli P, Mauri S, Silvestri L, Pellegrini V, Brutti S. Pushing Stoichiometries of Lithium-Rich Layered Oxides Beyond Their Limits. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2022; 5:1905-1913. [PMID: 35252774 PMCID: PMC8889532 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-rich layered oxides (LRLOs) are opening unexplored frontiers for high-capacity/high-voltage positive electrodes in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) to meet the challenges of green and safe transportation as well as cheap and sustainable stationary energy storage from renewable sources. LRLOs exploit the extra lithiation provided by the Li1.2TM0.8O2 stoichiometries (TM = a blend of transition metals with a moderate cobalt content) achievable by a layered structure to disclose specific capacities beyond 200-250 mA h g-1 and working potentials in the 3.4-3.8 V range versus Li. Here, we demonstrate an innovative paradigm to extend the LRLO concept. We have balanced the substitution of cobalt in the transition-metal layer of the lattice with aluminum and lithium, pushing the composition of LRLO to unexplored stoichiometries, that is, Li1.2+x (Mn,Ni,Co,Al)0.8-x O2-δ. The fine tuning of the composition of the metal blend results in an optimized layered material, that is, Li1.28Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.02Al0.03O2-δ, with outstanding electrochemical performance in full LIBs, improved environmental benignity, and reduced manufacturing costs compared to the state-of-the-art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcangelo Celeste
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università
degli Studi di Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rosaria Brescia
- Electron
Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di
Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giorgia Greco
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università di Roma La
Sapienza, p.le Aldo Moro
5, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Piero Torelli
- Laboratorio
TASC, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)−CNR, Area Science Park, S.S.14, km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvia Mauri
- Laboratorio
TASC, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (IOM)−CNR, Area Science Park, S.S.14, km 163.5, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Fisica, University of Trieste, via A. Valerio 2, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Laura Silvestri
- Dipartimento
di Tecnologie Energetiche e Fonti Rinnovabili, ENEA C.R. Casaccia, via Anguillarese 301, 00123 Roma, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pellegrini
- Graphene
Labs, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- BeDimensional
Spa, via Torrentesecca
3d, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Sergio Brutti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università di Roma La
Sapienza, p.le Aldo Moro
5, 00185 Roma, Italy
- GISEL—Centro
di Riferimento Nazionale per i Sistemi di Accumulo Elettrochimico
di Energia, INSTM, via
G. Giusti, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- ISC-CNR OUS Sapienza, Via dei Tarquini, 00185 Roma, Italy
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4
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Garcia A, Biswas S, McNulty D, Roy A, Raha S, Trabesinger S, Nicolosi V, Singha A, Holmes JD. One-Step Grown Carbonaceous Germanium Nanowires and Their Application as Highly Efficient Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2022; 5:1922-1932. [PMID: 35252775 PMCID: PMC8889535 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c03404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing a simple, cheap, and scalable synthetic method for the fabrication of functional nanomaterials is crucial. Carbon-based nanowire nanocomposites could play a key role in integrating group IV semiconducting nanomaterials as anodes into Li-ion batteries. Here, we report a very simple, one-pot solvothermal-like growth of carbonaceous germanium (C-Ge) nanowires in a supercritical solvent. C-Ge nanowires are grown just by heating (380-490 °C) a commercially sourced Ge precursor, diphenylgermane (DPG), in supercritical toluene, without any external catalysts or surfactants. The self-seeded nanowires are highly crystalline and very thin, with an average diameter between 11 and 19 nm. The amorphous carbonaceous layer coating on Ge nanowires is formed from the polymerization and condensation of light carbon compounds generated from the decomposition of DPG during the growth process. These carbonaceous Ge nanowires demonstrate impressive electrochemical performance as an anode material for Li-ion batteries with high specific charge values (>1200 mAh g-1 after 500 cycles), greater than most of the previously reported for other "binder-free" Ge nanowire anode materials, and exceptionally stable capacity retention. The high specific charge values and impressively stable capacity are due to the unique morphology and composition of the nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Garcia
- School
of Chemistry & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- AMBER
Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Subhajit Biswas
- School
of Chemistry & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- AMBER
Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
- . Tel: +353 (0)21 4905143
| | - David McNulty
- Battery
Electrodes and Cells, Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
- Bernal
Institute & Chemical Sciences Department, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Ahin Roy
- School
of Chemistry and CRANN, AMBER Centre, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sreyan Raha
- Department
of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Sigita Trabesinger
- Battery
Electrodes and Cells, Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Valeria Nicolosi
- School
of Chemistry and CRANN, AMBER Centre, Trinity
College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Achintya Singha
- Department
of Physics, Bose Institute, 93/1, A.P.C. Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Justin D. Holmes
- School
of Chemistry & Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
- AMBER
Centre, Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
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5
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Ray A, Saruhan B. Application of Ionic Liquids for Batteries and Supercapacitors. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:2942. [PMID: 34072536 PMCID: PMC8197857 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, the rapid development and demand of high-performance, lightweight, low cost, portable/wearable electronic devices in electrical vehicles, aerospace, medical systems, etc., strongly motivates researchers towards advanced electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices and technologies. The electrolyte is also one of the most significant components of EES devices, such as batteries and supercapacitors. In addition to rapid ion transport and the stable electrochemical performance of electrolytes, great efforts are required to overcome safety issues due to flammability, leakage and thermal instability. A lot of research has already been completed on solid polymer electrolytes, but they are still lagging for practical application. Over the past few decades, ionic liquids (ILs) as electrolytes have been of considerable interest in Li-ion batteries and supercapacitor applications and could be an important way to make breakthroughs for the next-generation EES systems. The high ionic conductivity, low melting point (lower than 100 °C), wide electrochemical potential window (up to 5-6 V vs. Li+/Li), good thermal stability, non-flammability, low volatility due to cation-anion combinations and the promising self-healing ability of ILs make them superior as "green" solvents for industrial EES applications. In this short review, we try to provide an overview of the recent research on ILs electrolytes, their advantages and challenges for next-generation Li-ion battery and supercapacitor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bilge Saruhan
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Department of High-Temperature and Functional Coatings, Institute of Materials Research, 51147 Cologne, Germany;
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6
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Li H, Erinmwingbovo C, Birkenstock J, Schowalter M, Rosenauer A, La Mantia F, Mädler L, Pokhrel S. Double Flame-Fabricated High-Performance AlPO 4/LiMn 2O 4 Cathode Material for Li-Ion Batteries. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2021; 4:4428-4443. [PMID: 34060544 PMCID: PMC8157533 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The spinel LiMn2O4 (LMO) is a promising cathode material for rechargeable Li-ion batteries due to its excellent properties, including cost effectiveness, eco-friendliness, high energy density, and rate capability. The commercial application of LiMn2O4 is limited by its fast capacity fading during cycling, which lowers the electrochemical performance. In the present work, phase-pure and crystalline LiMn2O4 spinel in the nanoscale were synthesized using single flame spray pyrolysis via screening 16 different precursor-solvent combinations. To overcome the drawback of capacity fading, LiMn2O4 was homogeneously mixed with different percentages of AlPO4 using versatile multiple flame sprays. The mixing was realized by producing AlPO4 and LiMn2O4 aerosol streams in two independent flames placed at 20° to the vertical axis. The structural and morphological analyses by X-ray diffraction indicated the formation of a pure LMO phase and/or AlPO4-mixed LiMn2O4. Electrochemical analysis indicated that LMO nanoparticles of 17.8 nm (d BET) had the best electrochemical performance among the pure LMOs with an initial capacity and a capacity retention of 111.4 mA h g-1 and 88% after 100 cycles, respectively. A further increase in the capacity retention to 93% and an outstanding initial capacity of 116.1 mA h g-1 were acquired for 1% AlPO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Li
- Faculty
of Production Engineering, University of
Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute for Materials Engineering IWT, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Collins Erinmwingbovo
- Energiespeicher-
und Energiewandlersysteme, Universität
Bremen, Bibliothekstr.
1, 28325 Bremen, Germany
| | - Johannes Birkenstock
- Central
Laboratory for Crystallography and Applied Materials, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Marco Schowalter
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Andreas Rosenauer
- Institute
of Solid State Physics, University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Fabio La Mantia
- Energiespeicher-
und Energiewandlersysteme, Universität
Bremen, Bibliothekstr.
1, 28325 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lutz Mädler
- Faculty
of Production Engineering, University of
Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute for Materials Engineering IWT, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Suman Pokhrel
- Faculty
of Production Engineering, University of
Bremen, Badgasteiner Str. 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Leibniz
Institute for Materials Engineering IWT, Badgasteiner Str. 3, 28359 Bremen, Germany
- Central
Laboratory for Crystallography and Applied Materials, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
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7
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Cariello M, Johnston B, Bhosale M, Amores M, Wilson E, McCarron LJ, Wilson C, Corr SA, Cooke G. Benzo-Dipteridine Derivatives as Organic Cathodes for Li- and Na-ion Batteries. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2020; 3:8302-8308. [PMID: 33015587 PMCID: PMC7525807 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.0c00829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic-based electrodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries present attractive alternatives to commonly applied inorganic counterparts which can often carry with them supply-chain risks, safety concerns with thermal runaway, and adverse environmental impact. The ability to chemically direct the structure of organic electrodes through control over functional groups is of particular importance, as this provides a route to fine-tune electrochemical performance parameters. Here, we report two benzo-dipteridine derivatives, BF-Me2 and BF-H2 , as high-capacity electrodes for use in Li- and Na-ion batteries. These moieties permit binding of multiple Li-ions per molecule while simultaneously ensuring low solubility in the supporting electrolyte, often a precluding issue with organic electrodes. Both display excellent electrochemical stability, with discharge capacities of 142 and 182 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at a C/10 rate and Coulombic efficiencies of 96% and ∼ 100% demonstrated for BF-Me2 and BF-H2 , respectively. The application of a Na-ion cell has also been demonstrated, showing discharge capacities of 88.8 and 137 mAh g-1 after 100 cycles at a C/2 rate for BF-Me2 and BF-H2 , respectively. This work provides an encouraging precedent for these and related structures to provide versatile, high-energy density, and long cycle-life electrochemical energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cariello
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Beth Johnston
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Manik Bhosale
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Amores
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Wilson
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. McCarron
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Wilson
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Serena A. Corr
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Cooke
- School
of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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8
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Self EC, Naguib M, Ruther RE, McRen EC, Wycisk R, Liu G, Nanda J, Pintauro PN. High Areal Capacity Si/LiCoO 2 Batteries from Electrospun Composite Fiber Mats. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:1823-1831. [PMID: 28276166 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201700096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Freestanding nanofiber mat Li-ion battery anodes containing Si nanoparticles, carbon black, and poly(acrylic acid) (Si/C/PAA) are prepared using electrospinning. The mats are compacted to a high fiber volume fraction (≈0.85), and interfiber contacts are welded by exposing the mat to methanol vapor. A compacted+welded fiber mat anode containing 40 wt % Si exhibits high capacities of 1484 mA h g-1 (3500 mA h g-1Si ) at 0.1 C and 489 mA h g-1 at 1 C and good cycling stability (e.g., 73 % capacity retention over 50 cycles). Post-mortem analysis of the fiber mats shows that the overall electrode structure is preserved during cycling. Whereas many nanostructured Si anodes are hindered by their low active material loadings and densities, thick, densely packed Si/C/PAA fiber mat anodes reported here have high areal and volumetric capacities (e.g., 4.5 mA h cm-2 and 750 mA h cm-3 , respectively). A full cell containing an electrospun Si/C/PAA anode and electrospun LiCoO2 -based cathode has a high specific energy density of 270 Wh kg-1 . The excellent performance of the electrospun Si/C/PAA fiber mat anodes is attributed to the: i) PAA binder, which interacts with the SiOx surface of Si nanoparticles and ii) high material loading, high fiber volume fraction, and welded interfiber contacts of the electrospun mats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Self
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Michael Naguib
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Rose E Ruther
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Emily C McRen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Ryszard Wycisk
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Gao Liu
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jagjit Nanda
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Peter N Pintauro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
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9
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Yang F, Liu Y, Martha SK, Wu Z, Andrews JC, Ice GE, Pianetta P, Nanda J. Nanoscale morphological and chemical changes of high voltage lithium-manganese rich NMC composite cathodes with cycling. Nano Lett 2014; 14:4334-41. [PMID: 25054780 PMCID: PMC4134180 DOI: 10.1021/nl502090z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the evolution of chemical composition and morphology of battery materials during electrochemical cycling is fundamental to extending battery cycle life and ensuring safety. This is particularly true for the much debated high energy density (high voltage) lithium-manganese rich cathode material of composition Li(1 + x)M(1 - x)O2 (M = Mn, Co, Ni). In this study we combine full-field transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) to spatially resolve changes in chemical phase, oxidation state, and morphology within a high voltage cathode having nominal composition Li1.2Mn0.525Ni0.175Co0.1O2. Nanoscale microscopy with chemical/elemental sensitivity provides direct quantitative visualization of the cathode, and insights into failure. Single-pixel (∼ 30 nm) TXM XANES revealed changes in Mn chemistry with cycling, possibly to a spinel conformation and likely including some Mn(II), starting at the particle surface and proceeding inward. Morphological analysis of the particles revealed, with high resolution and statistical sampling, that the majority of particles adopted nonspherical shapes after 200 cycles. Multiple-energy tomography showed a more homogeneous association of transition metals in the pristine particle, which segregate significantly with cycling. Depletion of transition metals at the cathode surface occurs after just one cycle, likely driven by electrochemical reactions at the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yang
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University
of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Surendra K. Martha
- Materials
Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Ziyu Wu
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University
of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Joy C. Andrews
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Gene E. Ice
- Materials
Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford
Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC
National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jagjit Nanda
- Materials
Science & Technology Division, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Tennessee 37996, United States
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10
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Meirer F, Cabana J, Liu Y, Mehta A, Andrews JC, Pianetta P. Three-dimensional imaging of chemical phase transformations at the nanoscale with full-field transmission X-ray microscopy. J Synchrotron Radiat 2011; 18:773-81. [PMID: 21862859 PMCID: PMC3161818 DOI: 10.1107/s0909049511019364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The ability to probe morphology and phase distribution in complex systems at multiple length scales unravels the interplay of nano- and micrometer-scale factors at the origin of macroscopic behavior. While different electron- and X-ray-based imaging techniques can be combined with spectroscopy at high resolutions, owing to experimental time limitations the resulting fields of view are too small to be representative of a composite sample. Here a new X-ray imaging set-up is proposed, combining full-field transmission X-ray microscopy (TXM) with X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to follow two-dimensional and three-dimensional morphological and chemical changes in large volumes at high resolution (tens of nanometers). TXM XANES imaging offers chemical speciation at the nanoscale in thick samples (>20 µm) with minimal preparation requirements. Further, its high throughput allows the analysis of large areas (up to millimeters) in minutes to a few hours. Proof of concept is provided using battery electrodes, although its versatility will lead to impact in a number of diverse research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Meirer
- Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Via Sommarive 18, I-38050 Povo, Italy
| | - Jordi Cabana
- Environmental Energy Technologies Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yijin Liu
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Apurva Mehta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Joy C. Andrews
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
- Correspondence e-mail:
| | - Piero Pianetta
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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Basch A, Albering JH. Preparation and characterization of core-shell battery materials for Li-ion batteries manufactured by substrate induced coagulation. J Power Sources 2011; 196:3290-3295. [PMID: 21415909 PMCID: PMC3029556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Revised: 10/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this work Substrate Induced Coagulation (SIC) was used to coat the cathode material LiCoO(2), commonly used in Li-ion batteries, with fine nano-sized particulate titania. Substrate Induced Coagulation is a self-assembled dip-coating process capable of coating different surfaces with fine particulate materials from liquid media. A SIC coating consists of thin and rinse-prove layers of solid particles. An advantage of this dip-coating method is that the method is easy and cheap and that the materials can be handled by standard lab equipment. Here, the SIC coating of titania on LiCoO(2) is followed by a solid-state reaction forming new inorganic layers and a core-shell material, while keeping the content of active battery material high. This titania based coating was designed to confine the reaction of extensively delithiated (charged) LiCoO(2) and the electrolyte. The core-shell materials were characterized by SEM, XPS, XRD and Rietveld analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Basch
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Jörg H. Albering
- Institute for Chemical Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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