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Macías-Naranjo M, Sánchez-Domínguez M, Rubio-Valle JF, Rodríguez CA, Martín-Alfonso JE, García-López E, Vazquez-Lepe E. A Study of PLA Thin Film on SS 316L Coronary Stents Using a Dip Coating Technique. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:284. [PMID: 38276692 PMCID: PMC10818791 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The dip coating process is one of the recognized techniques used to generate polymeric coatings on stents in an easy and low-cost way. However, there is a lack of information about the influence of the process parameters of this technique on complex geometries such as stents. This paper studies the dip coating process parameters used to provide a uniform coating of PLA with a 4-10 µm thickness. A stainless-steel tube (AISI 316L) was laser-cut, electropolished, and dip-coated in a polylactic acid (PLA) solution whilst changing the process parameters. The samples were characterized to examine the coating's uniformity, thickness, surface roughness, weight, and chemical composition. FTIR and Raman investigations indicated the presence of PLA on the stent's surface, the chemical stability of PLA during the coating process, and the absence of residual chloroform in the coatings. Additionally, the water contact angle was measured to determine the hydrophilicity of the coating. Our results indicate that, when using entry and withdrawal speeds of 500 mm min-1 and a 15 s immersion time, a uniform coating thickness was achieved throughout the tube and in the stent with an average thickness of 7.8 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Macías-Naranjo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.M.-N.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Margarita Sánchez-Domínguez
- Centro de Investigación en Materiales Avanzados, S.C. (CIMAV), Unidad Monterrey, Alianza Norte 202, Apodaca 66628, Nuevo León, Mexico;
| | - J. F. Rubio-Valle
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ETSI, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (J.F.R.-V.); (J.E.M.-A.)
| | - Ciro A. Rodríguez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.M.-N.); (C.A.R.)
| | - J. E. Martín-Alfonso
- Pro2TecS—Chemical Product and Process Technology Research Center, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, ETSI, Universidad de Huelva, Campus de “El Carmen”, 21071 Huelva, Spain; (J.F.R.-V.); (J.E.M.-A.)
| | - Erika García-López
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.M.-N.); (C.A.R.)
| | - Elisa Vazquez-Lepe
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico; (M.M.-N.); (C.A.R.)
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Olivas-Alanis LH, Fraga-Martínez AA, García-López E, Lopez-Botello O, Vazquez-Lepe E, Cuan-Urquizo E, Rodriguez CA. Mechanical Properties of AISI 316L Lattice Structures via Laser Powder Bed Fusion as a Function of Unit Cell Features. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1025. [PMID: 36770032 PMCID: PMC9919713 DOI: 10.3390/ma16031025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The growth of additive manufacturing processes has enabled the production of complex and smart structures. These fabrication techniques have led research efforts to focus on the application of cellular materials, which are known for their thermal and mechanical benefits. Herein, we studied the mechanical behavior of stainless-steel (AISI 316L) lattice structures both experimentally and computationally. The lattice architectures were body-centered cubic, hexagonal vertex centroid, and tetrahedron in two cell sizes and at two different rotation angles. A preliminary computational study assessed the deformation behavior of porous cylindrical samples under compression. After the simulation results, selected samples were manufactured via laser powder bed fusion. The results showed the effects of the pore architecture, unit cell size, and orientation on the reduction in the mechanical properties. The relative densities between 23% and 69% showed a decrease in the bulk material stiffness up to 93%. Furthermore, the different rotation angles resulted in a similar porosity level but different stiffnesses. The simulation analysis and experimental results indicate that the variation in the strut position with respect to the force affected the deformation mechanism. The tetrahedron unit cell showed the smallest variation in the elastic modulus and off-axis displacements due to the cell orientation. This study collected computational and experimental data for tuning the mechanical properties of lattice structures by changing the geometry, size, and orientation of the unit cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis H. Olivas-Alanis
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
| | - Antonio Abraham Fraga-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
| | - Erika García-López
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
| | - Omar Lopez-Botello
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
| | - Elisa Vazquez-Lepe
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
| | - Enrique Cuan-Urquizo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Epigmenio González 500, Querétaro 76130, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Ciro A. Rodriguez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Laboratorio Nacional de Manufactura Aditiva y Digital MADiT, Autopista al Aeropuerto, Km. 9.5, Calle Alianza Norte 100, Parque PIIT, Apodaca 66629, Mexico
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