1
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Miron S, Legrand P, Dupaigne P, van Rossum-Fikkert SE, Ristic D, Majeed A, Kanaar R, Zinn-Justin S, Zelensky AN. DMC1 and RAD51 bind FxxA and FxPP motifs of BRCA2 via two separate interfaces. Nucleic Acids Res 2024:gkae452. [PMID: 38828772 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the BRCA2 protein is essential for meiotic and somatic homologous recombination due to its interaction with the RAD51 and DMC1 recombinases through FxxA and FxPP motifs (here named A- and P-motifs, respectively). The A-motifs present in the eight BRC repeats of BRCA2 compete with the A-motif of RAD51, which is responsible for its self-oligomerization. BRCs thus disrupt RAD51 nucleoprotein filaments in vitro. The role of the P-motifs is less studied. We recently found that deletion of Brca2 exons 12-14 encoding one of them (the prototypical 'PhePP' motif), disrupts DMC1 but not RAD51 function in mouse meiosis. Here we provide a mechanistic explanation for this phenotype by solving the crystal structure of the complex between a BRCA2 fragment containing the PhePP motif and DMC1. Our structure reveals that, despite sharing a conserved phenylalanine, the A- and P-motifs bind to distinct sites on the ATPase domain of the recombinases. The P-motif interacts with a site that is accessible in DMC1 octamers and nucleoprotein filaments. Moreover, we show that this interaction also involves the adjacent protomer and thus increases the stability of the DMC1 nucleoprotein filaments. We extend our analysis to other P-motifs from RAD51AP1 and FIGNL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Miron
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, HelioBio group, L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pauline Dupaigne
- Genome Maintenance and Molecular Microscopy UMR 9019 CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sari E van Rossum-Fikkert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dejan Ristic
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Atifa Majeed
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alex N Zelensky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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2
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Kong LR, Gupta K, Wu AJ, Perera D, Ivanyi-Nagy R, Ahmed SM, Tan TZ, Tan SLW, Fuddin A, Sundaramoorthy E, Goh GS, Wong RTX, Costa ASH, Oddy C, Wong H, Patro CPK, Kho YS, Huang XZ, Choo J, Shehata M, Lee SC, Goh BC, Frezza C, Pitt JJ, Venkitaraman AR. A glycolytic metabolite bypasses "two-hit" tumor suppression by BRCA2. Cell 2024; 187:2269-2287.e16. [PMID: 38608703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Knudson's "two-hit" paradigm posits that carcinogenesis requires inactivation of both copies of an autosomal tumor suppressor gene. Here, we report that the glycolytic metabolite methylglyoxal (MGO) transiently bypasses Knudson's paradigm by inactivating the breast cancer suppressor protein BRCA2 to elicit a cancer-associated, mutational single-base substitution (SBS) signature in nonmalignant mammary cells or patient-derived organoids. Germline monoallelic BRCA2 mutations predispose to these changes. An analogous SBS signature, again without biallelic BRCA2 inactivation, accompanies MGO accumulation and DNA damage in Kras-driven, Brca2-mutant murine pancreatic cancers and human breast cancers. MGO triggers BRCA2 proteolysis, temporarily disabling BRCA2's tumor suppressive functions in DNA repair and replication, causing functional haploinsufficiency. Intermittent MGO exposure incites episodic SBS mutations without permanent BRCA2 inactivation. Thus, a metabolic mechanism wherein MGO-induced BRCA2 haploinsufficiency transiently bypasses Knudson's two-hit requirement could link glycolysis activation by oncogenes, metabolic disorders, or dietary challenges to mutational signatures implicated in cancer evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren Kong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Komal Gupta
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Andy Jialun Wu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - David Perera
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | - Syed Moiz Ahmed
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Shawn Lu-Wen Tan
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana S H Costa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Callum Oddy
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Hannan Wong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - C Pawan K Patro
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Yun Suen Kho
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Xiao Zi Huang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Joan Choo
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Mona Shehata
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Soo Chin Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; University of Cologne, 50923 Köln, Germany
| | - Jason J Pitt
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Ashok R Venkitaraman
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
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3
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Lim PX, Zaman M, Feng W, Jasin M. BRCA2 promotes genomic integrity and therapy resistance primarily through its role in homology-directed repair. Mol Cell 2024; 84:447-462.e10. [PMID: 38244544 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2023.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Tumor suppressor BRCA2 functions in homology-directed repair (HDR), the protection of stalled replication forks, and the suppression of replicative gaps, but their relative contributions to genome integrity and chemotherapy response are under scrutiny. Here, we report that mouse and human cells require a RAD51 filament stabilization motif in BRCA2 for fork protection and gap suppression but not HDR. In mice, the loss of fork protection/gap suppression does not compromise genome stability or shorten tumor latency. By contrast, HDR deficiency increases spontaneous and replication stress-induced chromosome aberrations and tumor predisposition. Unlike with HDR, fork protection/gap suppression defects are also observed in Brca2 heterozygous cells, likely due to reduced RAD51 stabilization at stalled forks/gaps. Gaps arise from PRIMPOL activity, which is associated with 5-hydroxymethyl-2'-deoxyuridine sensitivity due to the formation of SMUG1-generated abasic sites and is exacerbated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. However, HDR proficiency has the major role in mitigating sensitivity to chemotherapeutics, including PARP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Xin Lim
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Mahdia Zaman
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Weiran Feng
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Maria Jasin
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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4
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Sengodan SK, Hu X, Peddibhotla V, Balamurugan K, Mitrophanov AY, McKennett L, Kharat SS, Sanawar R, Singh VK, Albaugh ME, Burkett SS, Zhao Y, Tran B, Malys T, Sterneck E, De S, Sharan SK. Mismatch repair protein MLH1 suppresses replicative stress in BRCA2-deficient breast tumors. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e173718. [PMID: 38271119 PMCID: PMC10977984 DOI: 10.1172/jci173718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Loss of BRCA2 (breast cancer 2) is lethal for normal cells. Yet it remains poorly understood how, in BRCA2 mutation carriers, cells undergoing loss of heterozygosity overcome the lethality and undergo tissue-specific neoplastic transformation. Here, we identified mismatch repair gene mutL homolog 1 (MLH1) as a genetic interactor of BRCA2 whose overexpression supports the viability of Brca2-null cells. Mechanistically, we showed that MLH1 interacts with Flap endonuclease 1 (FEN1) and competes to process the RNA flaps of Okazaki fragments. Together, they restrained the DNA2 nuclease activity on the reversed forks of lagging strands, leading to replication fork (RF) stability in BRCA2-deficient cells. In these cells, MLH1 also attenuated R-loops, allowing the progression of stable RFs, which suppressed genomic instability and supported cell viability. We demonstrated the significance of their genetic interaction by the lethality of Brca2-mutant mice and inhibition of Brca2-deficient tumor growth in mice by Mlh1 loss. Furthermore, we described estrogen as inducing MLH1 expression through estrogen receptor α (ERα), which might explain why the majority of BRCA2 mutation carriers develop ER-positive breast cancer. Taken together, our findings reveal a role of MLH1 in relieving replicative stress and show how it may contribute to the establishment of BRCA2-deficient breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh K. Sengodan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland USA
| | - Xiaoju Hu
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Vaishnavi Peddibhotla
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland USA
| | - Kuppusamy Balamurugan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexander Y. Mitrophanov
- Statistical Consulting and Scientific Programming, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Lois McKennett
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Suhas S. Kharat
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland USA
| | - Rahul Sanawar
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Vinod Kumar Singh
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mary E. Albaugh
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland USA
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Sandra S. Burkett
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland USA
| | - Yongmei Zhao
- NCI Advanced Technology Research Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Bao Tran
- NCI Advanced Technology Research Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Tyler Malys
- Statistical Consulting and Scientific Programming, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, NIH, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Esta Sterneck
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Subhajyoti De
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shyam K. Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland USA
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5
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Wang J, Chen Y, Li S, Liu W, Zhou XA, Luo Y, Xu Z, Xiong Y, Cheng K, Ruan M, Yu W, Li X, Wang W, Wang J. PP2A inhibition causes synthetic lethality in BRCA2-mutated prostate cancer models via spindle assembly checkpoint reactivation. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e172137. [PMID: 37934606 PMCID: PMC10760972 DOI: 10.1172/jci172137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the BRCA2 tumor suppressor gene have been associated with an increased risk of developing prostate cancer. One of the paradoxes concerning BRCA2 is the fact that its inactivation affects genetic stability and is deleterious for cellular and organismal survival, while BRCA2-mutated cancer cells adapt to this detriment and malignantly proliferate. Therapeutic strategies for tumors arising from BRCA2 mutations may be discovered by understanding these adaptive mechanisms. In this study, we conducted forward genetic synthetic viability screenings in Caenorhabditis elegans brc-2 (Cebrc-2) mutants and found that Ceubxn-2 inactivation rescued the viability of Cebrc-2 mutants. Moreover, loss of NSFL1C, the mammalian ortholog of CeUBXN-2, suppressed the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) activation and promoted the survival of BRCA2-deficient cells. Mechanistically, NSFL1C recruited USP9X to inhibit the polyubiquitination of AURKB and reduce the removal of AURKB from the centromeres by VCP, which is essential for SAC activation. SAC inactivation is common in BRCA2-deficient prostate cancer patients, but PP2A inhibitors could reactivate the SAC and achieve BRCA2-deficient prostate tumor synthetic lethality. Our research reveals the survival adaptation mechanism of BRCA2-deficient prostate tumor cells and provides different angles for exploring synthetic lethal inhibitors in addition to targeting DNA damage repair pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuke Chen
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shiwei Li
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wanchang Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Albert Zhou
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yefei Luo
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanzhan Xu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yundong Xiong
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiqi Cheng
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjian Ruan
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Yu
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoman Li
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Weibin Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiadong Wang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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6
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Minello A, Carreira A. BRCA1/2 Haploinsufficiency: Exploring the Impact of Losing one Allele. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168277. [PMID: 37714298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Since their discovery in the late 20th century, significant progress has been made in elucidating the functions of the tumor suppressor proteins BRCA1 and BRCA2. These proteins play vital roles in maintaining genome integrity, including DNA repair, replication fork protection, and chromosome maintenance. It is well-established that germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer; however, the precise mechanism underlying tumor formation in this context is not fully understood. Contrary to the long-standing belief that the loss of the second wild-type allele is necessary for tumor development, a growing body of evidence suggests that tumorigenesis can occur despite the presence of a single functional allele. This entails that heterozygosity in BRCA1/2 confers haploinsufficiency, where a single copy of the gene is not sufficient to fully suppress tumor formation. Here we provide an overview of the findings and the ongoing debate regarding BRCA haploinsufficiency. We further put out the challenges in studying this topic and discuss its potential relevance in the prevention and treatment of BRCA-related cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Minello
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France
| | - Aura Carreira
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Paris-Saclay University CNRS, UMR3348, F-91405 Orsay, France; Genome Instability and Cancer Predisposition Lab, Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, CSIC-UAM), Madrid 28049, Spain.
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7
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Brooks DM, Anand S, Cohen MS. Immunomodulatory roles of PARPs: Shaping the tumor microenvironment, one ADP-ribose at a time. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 77:102402. [PMID: 37801755 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
PARPs encompass a small yet pervasive group of 17 enzymes that catalyze a post-translational modification known as ADP-ribosylation. PARP1, the founding member, has received considerable focus; however, in recent years, the spotlight has shifted to other members within the PARP family. In this opinion piece, we first discuss surprising findings that some FDA-approved PARP1 inhibitors activate innate immune signaling in cancer cells that harbor mutations in the DNA repair pathway. We then discuss hot-off-the-press genetic and pharmacological studies that reveal roles for PARP7, PARP11, and PARP14 in immune signaling in both tumor cells and tumor-associated immune cells. We conclude with thoughts on tuning PARP1-inhibitor-mediated innate immune activation and explore the unrealized potential for small molecule modulators of other PARP family members as next-generation immuno-oncology drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deja M Brooks
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sudarshan Anand
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Department of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael S Cohen
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA; Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
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8
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Appleby R, Joudeh L, Cobbett K, Pellegrini L. Structural basis for stabilisation of the RAD51 nucleoprotein filament by BRCA2. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7003. [PMID: 37919288 PMCID: PMC10622577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42830-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The BRCA2 tumour suppressor protein preserves genomic integrity via interactions with the DNA-strand exchange RAD51 protein in homology-directed repair. The RAD51-binding TR2 motif at the BRCA2 C-terminus is essential for protection and restart of stalled replication forks. Biochemical evidence shows that TR2 recognises filamentous RAD51, but existing models of TR2 binding to RAD51 lack a structural basis. Here we used cryo-electron microscopy and structure-guided mutagenesis to elucidate the mechanism of TR2 binding to nucleoprotein filaments of human RAD51. We find that TR2 binds across the protomer interface in the filament, acting as a brace for adjacent RAD51 molecules. TR2 targets an acidic-patch motif on human RAD51 that serves as a recruitment hub in fission yeast Rad51 for recombination mediators Rad52 and Rad55-Rad57. Our findings provide a structural rationale for RAD51 filament stabilisation by BRCA2 and reveal a common recruitment mechanism of recombination mediators to the RAD51 filament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Appleby
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Luay Joudeh
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Katie Cobbett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK
| | - Luca Pellegrini
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1GA, UK.
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9
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Lim PX, Zaman M, Jasin M. BRCA2 promotes genomic integrity and therapy resistance primarily through its role in homology-directed repair. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.11.536470. [PMID: 37090587 PMCID: PMC10120702 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.11.536470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Highlights Gap suppression requires BRCA2 C-terminal RAD51 binding in mouse and human cells Brca2 heterozygosity in mice results in fork protection and gap suppression defects Gap suppression mitigates sensitivity to hmdU, but only when HDR is unperturbedHDR deficiency is the primary driver of chemotherapeutic sensitivity. eTOC blurb Lim et al . report that gap suppression as well as fork protection require BRCA2 stabilization of RAD51 filaments in human and mouse cells but have minimal impact on genome integrity, oncogenesis, and drug resistance. BRCA2 suppression of PRIMPOL-mediated replication gaps confers resistance to the nucleotide hmdU, incorporation of which leads to cytotoxic abasic sites.This effect is diminished when HDR is abrogated. Summary Tumor suppressor BRCA2 functions in homology-directed repair (HDR), protection of stalled replication forks, and suppression of replicative gaps. The relative contributions of these pathways to genome integrity and chemotherapy response are under scrutiny. Here, we report that mouse and human cells require a RAD51 filament stabilization motif in BRCA2 for both fork protection and gap suppression, but not HDR. Loss of fork protection and gap suppression do not compromise genome instability or shorten tumor latency in mice or cause replication stress in human mammary cells. By contrast, HDR deficiency increases spontaneous and replication stress-induced chromosome aberrations and tumor predisposition. Unlike with HDR, fork protection and gap suppression defects are also observed in Brca2 heterozygous mouse cells, likely due to reduced RAD51 stabilization at stalled forks and gaps. Gaps arise from PRIMPOL activity, which is associated with sensitivity to 5-hydroxymethyl-2’-deoxyuridine due to the formation of abasic sites by SMUG1 glycosylase and is exacerbated by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibition. However, HDR deficiency ultimately modulates sensitivity to chemotherapeutics, including PARP inhibitors.
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10
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Biswas K, Mohammed A, Sharan SK, Shoemaker RH. Genetically engineered mouse models for hereditary cancer syndromes. Cancer Sci 2023; 114:1800-1815. [PMID: 36715493 PMCID: PMC10154891 DOI: 10.1111/cas.15737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in molecular diagnostics have led to improved diagnosis and molecular understanding of hereditary cancers in the clinic. Improving the management, treatment, and potential prevention of cancers in carriers of predisposing mutations requires preclinical experimental models that reflect the key pathogenic features of the specific syndrome associated with the mutations. Numerous genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of hereditary cancer have been developed. In this review, we describe the models of Lynch syndrome and hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome, the two most common hereditary cancer predisposition syndromes. We focus on Lynch syndrome models as illustrative of the potential for using mouse models to devise improved approaches to prevention of cancer in a high-risk population. GEM models are an invaluable tool for hereditary cancer models. Here, we review GEM models for some hereditary cancers and their potential use in cancer prevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Biswas
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Altaf Mohammed
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert H Shoemaker
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA
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11
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Aldalaqan S, Dalgliesh C, Luzzi S, Siachisumo C, Reynard LN, Ehrmann I, Elliott DJ. Cryptic splicing: common pathological mechanisms involved in male infertility and neuronal diseases. Cell Cycle 2021; 21:219-227. [PMID: 34927545 PMCID: PMC8855859 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2021.2015672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of transcription and alternative splicing are recognized hallmarks of gene expression in the testis and largely driven by cells in meiosis. Because of this, the male meiosis stage of the cell cycle is often viewed as having a relatively permissive environment for gene expression. In this review, we highlight recent findings that identify the RNA binding protein RBMXL2 as essential for male meiosis. RBMXL2 functions as a “guardian of the transcriptome” that protects against the use of aberrant (or “cryptic”) splice sites that would disrupt gene expression. This newly discovered protective role during meiosis links with a wider field investigating mechanisms of cryptic splicing control that protect neurons from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. We discuss how the mechanism repressing cryptic splicing patterns during meiosis evolved, and why it may be essential for sperm production and male fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Aldalaqan
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway Newcastle, UK
| | - Caroline Dalgliesh
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway Newcastle, UK
| | - Sara Luzzi
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway Newcastle, UK
| | - Chileleko Siachisumo
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway Newcastle, UK
| | - Louise N Reynard
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway Newcastle, UK
| | - Ingrid Ehrmann
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway Newcastle, UK
| | - David J Elliott
- Newcastle University Bioscience Institute, Newcastle University, Central Parkway Newcastle, UK
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12
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Le HP, Heyer WD, Liu J. Guardians of the Genome: BRCA2 and Its Partners. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081229. [PMID: 34440403 PMCID: PMC8394001 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor BRCA2 functions as a central caretaker of genome stability, and individuals who carry BRCA2 mutations are predisposed to breast, ovarian, and other cancers. Recent research advanced our mechanistic understanding of BRCA2 and its various interaction partners in DNA repair, DNA replication support, and DNA double-strand break repair pathway choice. In this review, we discuss the biochemical and structural properties of BRCA2 and examine how these fundamental properties contribute to DNA repair and replication fork stabilization in living cells. We highlight selected BRCA2 binding partners and discuss their role in BRCA2-mediated homologous recombination and fork protection. Improved mechanistic understanding of how BRCA2 functions in genome stability maintenance can enable experimental evidence-based evaluation of pathogenic BRCA2 mutations and BRCA2 pseudo-revertants to support targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Phuong Le
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.P.L.); (W.-D.H.)
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Heyer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.P.L.); (W.-D.H.)
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (H.P.L.); (W.-D.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-530-752-3016
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13
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Evasion of cell death: A contributory factor in prostate cancer development and treatment resistance. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:213-221. [PMID: 34343635 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a natural process in organismal development, homeostasis and response to disease or infection that eliminates unnecessary or potentially dangerous cells and acts as an innate barrier to oncogenesis. Inactivation of cell death is a key step in tumour development and also impedes effective response to cancer therapy. Precise execution of unwanted cells is achieved through regulated cell death processes including the intrinsic apoptotic pathway that is governed by the BCL-2 (B-cell lymphoma 2) protein family. There is compelling evidence that intrinsic apoptosis is defective in prostate cancer, particularly in metastatic and castration resistant advanced disease, currently a lethal diagnosis. New therapeutics have been developed to target pro-survival BCL-2 proteins (including BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1) and show promise in reinstating apoptosis to destroy tumour cells in haematological cancers. Here we discuss perturbation of cell death in prostate cancer and how new therapeutics could improve treatment outcome in prostate cancer.
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14
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Ghouil R, Miron S, Koornneef L, Veerman J, Paul MW, Le Du MH, Sleddens-Linkels E, van Rossum-Fikkert SE, van Loon Y, Felipe-Medina N, Pendas AM, Maas A, Essers J, Legrand P, Baarends WM, Kanaar R, Zinn-Justin S, Zelensky AN. BRCA2 binding through a cryptic repeated motif to HSF2BP oligomers does not impact meiotic recombination. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4605. [PMID: 34326328 PMCID: PMC8322138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24871-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BRCA2 and its interactors are required for meiotic homologous recombination (HR) and fertility. Loss of HSF2BP, a BRCA2 interactor, disrupts HR during spermatogenesis. We test the model postulating that HSF2BP localizes BRCA2 to meiotic HR sites, by solving the crystal structure of the BRCA2 fragment in complex with dimeric armadillo domain (ARM) of HSF2BP and disrupting this interaction in a mouse model. This reveals a repeated 23 amino acid motif in BRCA2, each binding the same conserved surface of one ARM domain. In the complex, two BRCA2 fragments hold together two ARM dimers, through a large interface responsible for the nanomolar affinity - the strongest interaction involving BRCA2 measured so far. Deleting exon 12, encoding the first repeat, from mBrca2 disrupts BRCA2 binding to HSF2BP, but does not phenocopy HSF2BP loss. Thus, results herein suggest that the high-affinity oligomerization-inducing BRCA2-HSF2BP interaction is not required for RAD51 and DMC1 recombinase localization in meiotic HR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Ghouil
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Simona Miron
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lieke Koornneef
- Department of Developmental Biology, Oncode Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper Veerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten W Paul
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Hélène Le Du
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Esther Sleddens-Linkels
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sari E van Rossum-Fikkert
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Loon
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia Felipe-Medina
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alberto M Pendas
- Molecular Mechanisms Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cáncer (CSIC-Universidad de Salamanca), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alex Maas
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Essers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Vascular Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Legrand
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Willy M Baarends
- Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roland Kanaar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sophie Zinn-Justin
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Uni Paris-Sud, Uni Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Alex N Zelensky
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Oncode Institute, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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BRCA2 Promotes Spontaneous Homologous Recombination In Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153663. [PMID: 34359565 PMCID: PMC8345144 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRCA2 is known to be a tumor suppressor involved in homologous recombination repair and presumed to prevent genome instability in normal tissues prior to the development of tumors. Typical assessment of BRCA2 deficiency on the genome involves cell-based models using cancer cells with mixed genetic contexts, but the role in normal tissue in vivo has not been clearly demonstrated. METHODS Using conditional deletion of Brca2 exon 11, the region containing all eight BRC repeats, in the retinal pigment epithelium and the pink-eyed unstable mouse model, we evaluate the frequency of DNA deletion events. RESULTS In the current study, we show that conditional loss of Brca2 exon 11 results in a decreased frequency of spontaneous homologous recombination compared to wild-type mice. Of note, we observe no apparent concomitant increase in events that indicate single-strand annealing by the pink-eyed unstable mouse model. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, our results demonstrate that BRCA2, as expected, is required for high-fidelity homologous recombination DNA repair in normal tissues, here in a tissue undergoing normal proliferation through normal development.
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16
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Wang Y, Guo T, Ke H, Zhang Q, Li S, Luo W, Qin Y. Pathogenic variants of meiotic double strand break (DSB) formation genes PRDM9 and ANKRD31 in premature ovarian insufficiency. Genet Med 2021; 23:2309-2315. [PMID: 34257419 PMCID: PMC8629753 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-021-01266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The etiology of premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is heterogeneous, and genetic factors account for 20–25% of the patients. The primordial follicle pool is determined by the meiosis process, which is initiated by programmed DNA double strand breaks (DSB) and homologous recombination. The objective of the study is to explore the role of DSB formation genes in POI pathogenesis. Methods Variants in DSB formation genes were analyzed from a database of exome sequencing in 1,030 patients with POI. The pathogenic effects of the potentially causative variants were verified by further functional studies. Results Three pathogenic heterozygous variants in PRDM9 and two in ANKRD31 were identified in seven patients. Functional studies showed the variants in PRDM9 impaired its methyltransferase activity, and the ANKRD31 variations disturbed its interaction with another DSB formation factor REC114 by haploinsufficiency effect, indicating the pathogenic effects of the two genes on ovarian function were dosage dependent. Conclusion Our study identified pathogenic variants of PRDM9 and ANKRD31 in POI patients, shedding new light on the contribution of meiotic DSB formation genes in ovarian development, further expanding the genetic architecture of POI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Wang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hanni Ke
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shan Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Key laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China. .,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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17
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Mouse Models for Deciphering the Impact of Homologous Recombination on Tumorigenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13092083. [PMID: 33923105 PMCID: PMC8123484 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13092083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is a fundamental evolutionarily conserved process that plays prime role(s) in genome stability maintenance through DNA repair and through the protection and resumption of arrested replication forks. Many HR genes are deregulated in cancer cells. Notably, the breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2, two important HR players, are the most frequently mutated genes in familial breast and ovarian cancer. Transgenic mice constitute powerful tools to unravel the intricate mechanisms controlling tumorigenesis in vivo. However, the genes central to HR are essential in mammals, and their knockout leads to early embryonic lethality in mice. Elaborated strategies have been developed to overcome this difficulty, enabling one to analyze the consequences of HR disruption in vivo. In this review, we first briefly present the molecular mechanisms of HR in mammalian cells to introduce each factor in the HR process. Then, we present the different mouse models of HR invalidation and the consequences of HR inactivation on tumorigenesis. Finally, we discuss the use of mouse models for the development of targeted cancer therapies as well as perspectives on the future potential for understanding the mechanisms of HR inactivation-driven tumorigenesis in vivo.
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18
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Roy U, Raghavan SC. Deleterious point mutations in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Mechanistic insights into leukemogenesis. Int J Cancer 2021; 149:1210-1220. [PMID: 33634864 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.33527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is characterized by the leukemogenic transformation of immature T cells, which accumulate an array of genetic and epigenetic lesions, leading to a sustained proliferation of abnormal T cells. Genetic alterations in the DNA repair genes, protooncogenes, transcription factors, and epigenetic modifiers have been studied in the past decade using next-generation sequencing and high-resolution copy number arrays. While other genomic lesions like chromosomal rearrangements, inversions, insertions, and gene fusions have been well studied at functional level, the mechanism of generation of driver mutations in T-ALL is the subject of current investigation. Novel oncogenic mutations in the TP53, BRCA2, PTEN, IL7R, RAS, NOTCH1, ETV6, BCL11B, WT1, DNMT3A, PRC2, PHF6, USP7, KDM6A and an array of other genes disrupt the genetic and epigenetic homeostasis in T-ALL. In this review, we have summarized the mechanistic role of deleterious driver mutations in T-ALL initiation and progression. We speculate that the formation of non-B DNA structures could be one of the primary reasons for the occurrence of different genomic lesions seen in T-ALL, which warrants further investigation. Understanding the mechanism behind the genesis of oncogenic mutations will pave the way to develop targeted therapies that can improve the overall survival and treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urbi Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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19
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Huang C, Guo T, Qin Y. Meiotic Recombination Defects and Premature Ovarian Insufficiency. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:652407. [PMID: 33763429 PMCID: PMC7982532 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.652407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is the depletion of ovarian function before 40 years of age due to insufficient oocyte formation or accelerated follicle atresia. Approximately 1–5% of women below 40 years old are affected by POI. The etiology of POI is heterogeneous, including genetic disorders, autoimmune diseases, infection, iatrogenic factors, and environmental toxins. Genetic factors account for 20–25% of patients. However, more than half of the patients were idiopathic. With the widespread application of next-generation sequencing (NGS), the genetic spectrum of POI has been expanded, especially the latest identification in meiosis and DNA repair-related genes. During meiotic prophase I, the key processes include DNA double-strand break (DSB) formation and subsequent homologous recombination (HR), which are essential for chromosome segregation at the first meiotic division and genome diversity of oocytes. Many animal models with defective meiotic recombination present with meiotic arrest, DSB accumulation, and oocyte apoptosis, which are similar to human POI phenotype. In the article, based on different stages of meiotic recombination, including DSB formation, DSB end processing, single-strand invasion, intermediate processing, recombination, and resolution and essential proteins involved in synaptonemal complex (SC), cohesion complex, and fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, we reviewed the individual gene mutations identified in POI patients and the potential candidate genes for POI pathogenesis, which will shed new light on the genetic architecture of POI and facilitate risk prediction, ovarian protection, and early intervention for POI women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzi Huang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Ting Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Research Center for Assisted Reproductive Technology and Reproductive Genetics, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology of Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Shandong Provincial Clinical Medicine Research Center for Reproductive Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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20
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Animal models of Fanconi anemia: A developmental and therapeutic perspective on a multifaceted disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 113:113-131. [PMID: 33558144 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is a genetic disorder characterized by developmental abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure, and increased susceptibility to cancer. FA animal models have been useful to understand the pathogenesis of the disease. Herein, we review FA developmental models that have been developed to simulate human FA, focusing on zebrafish and mouse models. We summarize the recapitulated phenotypes observed in these in vivo models including bone, gametogenesis and sterility defects, as well as marrow failure. We also discuss the relevance of aldehydes in pathogenesis of FA, emphasizing on hematopoietic defects. In addition, we provide a summary of potential therapeutic agents, such as aldehyde scavengers, TGFβ inhibitors, and gene therapy for FA. The diversity of FA animal models makes them useful for understanding FA etiology and allows the discovery of new therapies.
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21
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Xie H, Ma K, Zhang K, Zhou J, Li L, Yang W, Gong Y, Cai L, Gong K. Cell-cycle arrest and senescence in TP53-wild type renal carcinoma by enhancer RNA-P53-bound enhancer regions 2 (p53BER2) in a p53-dependent pathway. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1. [PMID: 33414393 PMCID: PMC7791070 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TP53 is a classic tumor suppressor, but its role in kidney cancer remains unclear. In our study, we tried to explain the role of p53 in kidney cancer through the p53-related enhancer RNA pathway. Functional experiments were used to explore whether P53-bound enhancer regions 2 (p53BER2) has a role in the cell cycle and senescence response of TP53-wild type (WT) renal cancer cells in vitro or vivo. RNA-sequencing was used to identify the potential target of p53BER2. The results showed that the expression level of P53BER2 was downregulated in renal cancer tissues and cell lines, further dual-luciferase experiments and APR-256-reactivated experiments showed p53BER2 expresses in a p53-dependent way. Moreover, knockdown p53BER2 could reverse nutlin-3-induced cytotoxic effect in TP53-WT cell lines. Further exploration showed the downregulation of p53BER2 could reverse nutlin-3-induced G1-arrest and senescence in TP53-WT cell lines. What is more, the knockdown of p53BER2 showed resistance to nutlin-3 treatment in vivo. Additionally, we found BRCA2 could be regulated by p53BER2 in vitro and vivo; further experiment showed p53BER2 could induce cell-cycle arrest and DNA repair by mediating BRCA2. In summary, the p53-associated enhancer RNA-p53BER2 mediates the cell cycle and senescence of p53 in TP53-WT renal cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibiao Xie
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaifang Ma
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kenan Zhang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingcheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wuping Yang
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqing Gong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kan Gong
- Department of Urology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Urology, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,National Urological Cancer Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China. .,Hereditary Kidney Cancer Research Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Yoshioka KI, Matsuno Y. Genomic destabilization and its associated mutagenesis increase with senescence-associated phenotype expression. Cancer Sci 2020; 112:515-522. [PMID: 33222327 PMCID: PMC7893996 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer develops through multiple rounds of clonal evolution of cells with abrogated defense systems. Such clonal evolution is triggered by genomic destabilization with associated mutagenesis. However, what increases the risk of genomic destabilization remains unclear. Genomic instability is usually the result of erroneous repair of DNA double‐strand breaks (DSB); paradoxically, however, most cancers develop with genomic instability but lack mutations in DNA repair systems. In this manuscript, we review current knowledge regarding a cellular state that increases the risk of genomic destabilization, in which cells exhibit phenotypes often observed during senescence. In addition, we explore the pathways that lead to genomic destabilization and its associated mutagenesis, which ultimately result in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Genome Stability Maintenance, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuno
- Laboratory of Genome Stability Maintenance, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Ali RMM, McIntosh SA, Savage KI. Homologous recombination deficiency in breast cancer: Implications for risk, cancer development, and therapy. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2020; 60:358-372. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rayhaan M. M. Ali
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Stuart A. McIntosh
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Kienan I. Savage
- Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
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Singh S, Nguyen H, Michels D, Bazinet H, Matkar PN, Liu Z, Esene L, Adam M, Bugyei‐Twum A, Mebrahtu E, Joseph J, Ehsan M, Chen HH, Qadura M, Singh KK. BReast CAncer susceptibility gene 2 deficiency exacerbates oxidized LDL-induced DNA damage and endothelial apoptosis. Physiol Rep 2020; 8:e14481. [PMID: 32638521 PMCID: PMC7340845 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the tumor suppressor gene BRCA2 (BReast CAncer susceptibility gene 2) predispose carriers to breast, ovarian, and other cancers. In response to DNA damage, BRCA2 participates in homology-directed DNA damage repair to maintain genome stability. Genome-wide association studies have identified an association between BRCA2 single nucleotide polymorphisms and plasma-lipid levels and lipid deregulation in humans. To date, DNA damage, apoptosis, and lipid deregulation are recognized as central pathways for endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis; however, the role of BRCA2 in endothelial dysfunction remains to be elucidated. To determine the role of BRCA2 in endothelial dysfunction, BRCA2 was silenced in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs) and assessed for markers of DNA damage, apoptosis, and endothelial function following oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) treatment. OxLDL was found to induce significant reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in BRCA2-silenced ECs. This increase in ROS production was associated with exacerbated DNA damage evidenced by increased expression and activation of DNA double-stranded break (DSB) marker γH2AX and reduced RAD51-foci formation-an essential regulator of DSB repair. Increased DSBs were associated with enhanced expression and activation of pro-apoptotic p53 and significant apoptosis in oxLDL-treated BRCA2-silenced ECs. Loss of BRCA2 in ECs was further associated with oxLDL-induced impaired tube-forming potential and eNOS expression. Collectively, the data reveals, for the first time, a novel role of BRCA2 as a regulator of EC survival and function in the setting of oxLDL treatment in vitro. Additionally, the data provide important clues regarding the potential susceptibility of BRCA2 mutation carriers to endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Singh
- Department of Medical BiophysicsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
| | - Hien Nguyen
- Department of Medical BiophysicsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
- Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
| | - David Michels
- Department of Medical BiophysicsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
| | - Hannah Bazinet
- Department of Medical BiophysicsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
| | - Pratiek N. Matkar
- Division of CardiologyKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's HospitalTorontoONCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Zongyi Liu
- Department of Medical BiophysicsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
| | - Lilian Esene
- Department of Medical BiophysicsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
| | - Mohamed Adam
- Division of CardiologyKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's HospitalTorontoONCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Antoinette Bugyei‐Twum
- Division of CardiologyKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's HospitalTorontoONCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Elizabeth Mebrahtu
- Department of Medical BiophysicsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
| | - Jameela Joseph
- Department of Medical BiophysicsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
| | - Mehroz Ehsan
- Department of Medical BiophysicsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
| | - Hao H. Chen
- Division of CardiologyKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's HospitalTorontoONCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Mohammad Qadura
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Vascular SurgeryKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s HospitalTorontoONCanada
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
| | - Krishna K. Singh
- Department of Medical BiophysicsSchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
- Anatomy and Cell BiologySchulich School of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of Western OntarioLondonONCanada
- Institute of Medical ScienceUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Vascular SurgeryKeenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science and Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael’s HospitalTorontoONCanada
- Department of SurgeryUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
- Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoONCanada
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25
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Sy SMH, Guo Y, Lan Y, Ng H, Huen MSY. Preemptive Homology-Directed DNA Repair Fosters Complex Genomic Rearrangements in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Transl Oncol 2020; 13:100796. [PMID: 32450552 PMCID: PMC7256322 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Degree of genomic instability closely correlates with poor prognosis, drug resistance as well as poor survival across human cancer of different origins. This study assessed the relationship between DNA damage response (DDR) and chromosome instability in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We investigated DDR signaling in HCC cells by analyzing DNA damage-dependent redistribution of major DDR proteins to damaged chromatin using immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting experimentations. We also performed gene conversion and metaphase analyses to address whether dysregulated DDR may bear any biological significance during hepatocarcinogenesis. Accordingly, we found that HCC cell lines suffered from elevated spontaneous DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). In addition, analyses of HCC metaphases revealed marked aneuploidy and frequent sister chromatid exchanges when compared to immortalized hepatocytes, the latter of which were further induced following camptothecin-induced DSBs. We propose that genomic instability in HCC may be caused by erroneous DNA repair in a desperate attempt to mend DSBs for cell survival and that such preemptive measures inadvertently foster chromosome instability and thus complex genomic rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley Ming-Hui Sy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R..
| | - Yingying Guo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Ying Lan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Howin Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
| | - Michael Shing-Yan Huen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R
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26
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Wang X, Li ZT, Yan Y, Lin P, Tang W, Hasler D, Meduri R, Li Y, Hua MM, Qi HT, Lin DH, Shi HJ, Hui J, Li J, Li D, Yang JH, Lin J, Meister G, Fischer U, Liu MF. LARP7-Mediated U6 snRNA Modification Ensures Splicing Fidelity and Spermatogenesis in Mice. Mol Cell 2020; 77:999-1013.e6. [PMID: 32017896 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
U6 snRNA, as an essential component of the catalytic core of the pre-mRNA processing spliceosome, is heavily modified post-transcriptionally, with 2'-O-methylation being most common. The role of these modifications in pre-mRNA splicing as well as their physiological function in mammals have remained largely unclear. Here we report that the La-related protein LARP7 functions as a critical cofactor for 2'-O-methylation of U6 in mouse male germ cells. Mechanistically, LARP7 promotes U6 loading onto box C/D snoRNP, facilitating U6 2'-O-methylation by box C/D snoRNP. Importantly, ablation of LARP7 in the male germline causes defective U6 2'-O-methylation, massive alterations in pre-mRNA splicing, and spermatogenic failure in mice, which can be rescued by ectopic expression of wild-type LARP7 but not an U6-loading-deficient mutant LARP7. Our data uncover a novel role of LARP7 in regulating U6 2'-O-methylation and demonstrate the functional requirement of such modification for splicing fidelity and spermatogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhi-Tong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yue Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Penghui Lin
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Animal Core Facility, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Daniele Hasler
- Laboratory for RNA Biology, Biochemistry Center Regensburg (BZR), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Min-Min Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui-Tao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Di-Hang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hui-Juan Shi
- NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Pharmacy School, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingyi Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jinsong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Dangsheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jian-Hua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Jinzhong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Gunter Meister
- Laboratory for RNA Biology, Biochemistry Center Regensburg (BZR), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Utz Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mo-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Andrology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; School of Life Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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27
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Tamhankar A, Tamhankar T. Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome (BRCA) Gene: Concept, Pathways, Therapeutics, and Future. Indian J Med Paediatr Oncol 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ijmpo.ijmpo_172_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractHereditary breast and ovarian cancers are most commonly caused by mutations in BRCA1 and 2 genes. These are autosomal dominant mutations with high penetrance into subsequent generations. Affected individuals have deficiency in DNA repair mechanisms such as double strand DNA breaks (DSB) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). These tumors are peculiar due to early age of onset, typical histology such as triple negative breast cancers and high grade serous ovarian cancers and exquisite sensitivity to platinum analogues. These patients usually have better survival as compared to their wild type counterparts. Incidence of these mutations is rising due to better awareness about them amongst oncologists and patient population. Various genomic assays are available to detect germline and somatic BRCA mutations. Newer therapeutic frontiers like PARP inhibition have opened up due to better understanding of various mutations and their impact on subsequent pathways. Further studies are required to explore possibility of direct BRCA inhibition which may be useful in treatment of other solid organ cancers as well. This review focuses on understanding the pathophysiology of BRCA mutations, various pathways associated with the same, chemosensitivity patterns amongst affected cancer cells, targeted therapeutic opportunities and potential future developments in this field. We collected data from various published electronic records on google and have no conflicts of interest to be declared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Tamhankar
- Deartment of Surgical Oncology, Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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28
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Fang CB, Wu HT, Zhang ML, Liu J, Zhang GJ. Fanconi Anemia Pathway: Mechanisms of Breast Cancer Predisposition Development and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:160. [PMID: 32300589 PMCID: PMC7142266 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of genomic stability is crucial for species survival, and its failure is closely associated with tumorigenesis. The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway, involving 22 identified genes, plays a central role in repairing DNA interstrand cross-links. Importantly, a germline defect in any of these genes can cause Fanconi's anemia, a heterogeneous genetic disorder, characterized by congenital growth abnormalities, bone marrow failure, and predisposition to cancer. On the other hand, the breast cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2, also known as FANCS and FANCD1, respectively, are involved in the FA pathway; hence, researchers have studied the association between the FA pathway and cancer predisposition. Here, we mainly focused on and systematically reviewed the clinical and mechanistic implications of the predisposition of individuals with abnormalities in the FA pathway to cancer, especially breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can-Bin Fang
- Chang Jiang Scholar’s Laboratory/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Hua-Tao Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Man-Li Zhang
- Chang Jiang Scholar’s Laboratory/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Chang Jiang Scholar’s Laboratory/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Liu,
| | - Guo-Jun Zhang
- Chang Jiang Scholar’s Laboratory/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Cancer, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The Cancer Center and the Department of Breast-Thyroid Surgery, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang’an, China
- Guo-Jun Zhang, ;
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Karaayvaz-Yildirim M, Silberman RE, Langenbucher A, Saladi SV, Ross KN, Zarcaro E, Desmond A, Yildirim M, Vivekanandan V, Ravichandran H, Mylavagnanam R, Specht MC, Ramaswamy S, Lawrence M, Amon A, Ellisen LW. Aneuploidy and a deregulated DNA damage response suggest haploinsufficiency in breast tissues of BRCA2 mutation carriers. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay2611. [PMID: 32064343 PMCID: PMC6989139 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Women harboring heterozygous germline mutations of BRCA2 have a 50 to 80% risk of developing breast cancer, yet the pathogenesis of these cancers is poorly understood. To reveal early steps in BRCA2-associated carcinogenesis, we analyzed sorted cell populations from freshly-isolated, non-cancerous breast tissues of BRCA2 mutation carriers and matched controls. Single-cell whole-genome sequencing demonstrates that >25% of BRCA2 carrier (BRCA2mut/+ ) luminal progenitor (LP) cells exhibit sub-chromosomal copy number variations, which are rarely observed in non-carriers. Correspondingly, primary BRCA2mut/+ breast epithelia exhibit DNA damage together with attenuated replication checkpoint and apoptotic responses, and an age-associated expansion of the LP compartment. We provide evidence that these phenotypes do not require loss of the wild-type BRCA2 allele. Collectively, our findings suggest that BRCA2 haploinsufficiency and associated DNA damage precede histologic abnormalities in vivo. Using these hallmarks of cancer predisposition will yield unanticipated opportunities for improved risk assessment and prevention strategies in high-risk patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihriban Karaayvaz-Yildirim
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Silberman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Adam Langenbucher
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Srinivas Vinod Saladi
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kenneth N. Ross
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elena Zarcaro
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrea Desmond
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Murat Yildirim
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Varunika Vivekanandan
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Hiranmayi Ravichandran
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ravindra Mylavagnanam
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Michelle C. Specht
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Sridhar Ramaswamy
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Michael Lawrence
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Broad Institute of Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Angelika Amon
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leif W. Ellisen
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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30
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Pouliot GP, Degar J, Hinze L, Kochupurakkal B, Vo CD, Burns MA, Moreau L, Ganesa C, Roderick J, Peirs S, Menten B, Loh ML, Hunger SP, Silverman LB, Harris MH, Stevenson KE, Weinstock DM, Weng AP, Van Vlierberghe P, D’Andrea AD, Gutierrez A. Fanconi-BRCA pathway mutations in childhood T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221288. [PMID: 31721781 PMCID: PMC6853288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BRCA2 (also known as FANCD1) is a core component of the Fanconi pathway and suppresses transformation of immature T-cells in mice. However, the contribution of Fanconi-BRCA pathway deficiency to human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) remains undefined. We identified point mutations in 9 (23%) of 40 human T-ALL cases analyzed, with variant allele fractions consistent with heterozygous mutations early in tumor evolution. Two of these mutations were present in remission bone marrow specimens, suggesting germline alterations. BRCA2 was the most commonly mutated gene. The identified Fanconi-BRCA mutations encode hypomorphic or null alleles, as evidenced by their inability to fully rescue Fanconi-deficient cells from chromosome breakage, cytotoxicity and/or G2/M arrest upon treatment with DNA cross-linking agents. Disabling the tumor suppressor activity of the Fanconi-BRCA pathway is generally thought to require biallelic gene mutations. However, all mutations identified were monoallelic, and most cases appeared to retain expression of the wild-type allele. Using isogenic T-ALL cells, we found that BRCA2 haploinsufficiency induces selective hypersensitivity to ATR inhibition, in vitro and in vivo. These findings implicate Fanconi-BRCA pathway haploinsufficiency in the molecular pathogenesis of T-ALL, and provide a therapeutic rationale for inhibition of ATR or other druggable effectors of homologous recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle P. Pouliot
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James Degar
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Laura Hinze
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bose Kochupurakkal
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair and Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chau D. Vo
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Burns
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lisa Moreau
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair and Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Chirag Ganesa
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair and Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Justine Roderick
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sofie Peirs
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bjorn Menten
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mignon L. Loh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Hunger
- Division of Oncology and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lewis B. Silverman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marian H. Harris
- Department of Pathology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kristen E. Stevenson
- Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David M. Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Weng
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Alan D. D’Andrea
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for DNA Damage and Repair and Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Alejandro Gutierrez
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Matsuno Y, Atsumi Y, Shimizu A, Katayama K, Fujimori H, Hyodo M, Minakawa Y, Nakatsu Y, Kaneko S, Hamamoto R, Shimamura T, Miyano S, Tsuzuki T, Hanaoka F, Yoshioka KI. Replication stress triggers microsatellite destabilization and hypermutation leading to clonal expansion in vitro. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3925. [PMID: 31477700 PMCID: PMC6718401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11760-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cancers are characterized by microsatellite instability (MSI) and hypermutation. However, it remains unclear how MSI and hypermutation arise and contribute to cancer development. Here, we show that MSI and hypermutation are triggered by replication stress in an MMR-deficient background, enabling clonal expansion of cells harboring ARF/p53-module mutations and cells that are resistant to the anti-cancer drug camptothecin. While replication stress-associated DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) caused chromosomal instability (CIN) in an MMR-proficient background, they induced MSI with concomitant suppression of CIN via a PARP-mediated repair pathway in an MMR-deficient background. This was associated with the induction of mutations, including cancer-driver mutations in the ARF/p53 module, via chromosomal deletions and base substitutions. Immortalization of MMR-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) in association with ARF/p53-module mutations was ~60-fold more efficient than that of wild-type MEFs. Thus, replication stress-triggered MSI and hypermutation efficiently lead to clonal expansion of cells with abrogated defense systems. Mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient cancers are characterized by microsatellite instability (MSI) and hypermutation. Here authors reveal a mechanism by which replication stress induces MSI and associated induction of mutations in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsuno
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuko Atsumi
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kotoe Katayama
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Haruka Fujimori
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Mai Hyodo
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yusuke Minakawa
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo, 125-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshimichi Nakatsu
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Syuzo Kaneko
- Division of Molecular Modification and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Division of Molecular Modification and Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
| | - Teppei Shimamura
- Division of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Tsurumai-cho, Syouwa-ku, Nagoya, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan
| | - Teruhisa Tsuzuki
- Department of Medical Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Fumio Hanaoka
- Faculty of Science, Gakushuin University, Mejiro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8588, Japan.,National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yoshioka
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.
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32
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Venkitaraman AR. How do mutations affecting the breast cancer genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 cause cancer susceptibility? DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 81:102668. [PMID: 31337537 PMCID: PMC6765401 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.102668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The inheritance of monoallelic germline mutations affecting BRCA1 or BRCA2 predisposes with a high penetrance to several forms of epithelial malignancy. The large, nuclear-localized BRCA proteins act as custodians of chromosome integrity through distinct functions in the assembly and activity of macromolecular complexes that mediate DNA repair, replication reactivation and mitotic progression. The loss of these tumour suppressive functions following biallelic BRCA gene inactivation has long been thought to provoke genomic instability and carcinogenesis. However, recent studies not only identify new functions for BRCA1 and BRCA2 in the regulation of transcription and RNA processing potentially relevant to their tumour suppressive activity, but also suggest that monoallelic BRCA2 gene mutations suffice for carcinogenesis. This emerging evidence opens fresh lines of enquiry concerning tissue-specific cancer evolution in BRCA mutation carriers. Collectively, these insights engender new models to explain how BRCA gene mutations cause cancer susceptibility in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok R Venkitaraman
- Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Box 197, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, United Kingdom.
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33
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Reisländer T, Lombardi EP, Groelly FJ, Miar A, Porru M, Di Vito S, Wright B, Lockstone H, Biroccio A, Harris A, Londoño-Vallejo A, Tarsounas M. BRCA2 abrogation triggers innate immune responses potentiated by treatment with PARP inhibitors. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3143. [PMID: 31316060 PMCID: PMC6637138 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous germline mutations in BRCA2 predispose to breast and ovarian cancer. Contrary to non-cancerous cells, where BRCA2 deletion causes cell cycle arrest or cell death, tumors carrying BRCA2 inactivation continue to proliferate. Here we set out to investigate adaptation to loss of BRCA2 focusing on genome-wide transcriptome alterations. Human cells in which BRCA2 expression is inhibited for 4 or 28 days are subjected to RNA-seq analyses revealing a biphasic response to BRCA2 abrogation. The early, acute response consists of downregulation of genes involved in cell cycle progression, DNA replication and repair and is associated with cell cycle arrest in G1. Surprisingly, the late, chronic response consists predominantly of upregulation of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Activation of the cGAS-STING-STAT pathway detected in these cells further substantiates the concept that BRCA2 abrogation triggers cell-intrinsic immune signaling. Importantly, we find that treatment with PARP inhibitors stimulates the interferon response in cells and tumors lacking BRCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Reisländer
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, The CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Emilia Puig Lombardi
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3244, F-75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3244, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Florian J Groelly
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, The CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ana Miar
- Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Manuela Porru
- Area of Translational Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Di Vito
- Area of Translational Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Benjamin Wright
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genetics Core, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Helen Lockstone
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genetics Core, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Annamaria Biroccio
- Area of Translational Research, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Adrian Harris
- Hypoxia and Angiogenesis Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Arturo Londoño-Vallejo
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR3244, F-75005, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR3244, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Madalena Tarsounas
- Genome Stability and Tumourigenesis Group, The CR-UK/MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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34
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Kwon M, Lee JJ, Min J, Hwang K, Park SG, Kim E, Kim BC, Bhak J, Lee H. Brca2 abrogation engages with the alternative lengthening of telomeres via break‐induced replication. FEBS J 2019; 286:1841-1858. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.14796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi‐Sun Kwon
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (IMBG) Seoul National University South Korea
| | - Jennifer J. Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (IMBG) Seoul National University South Korea
| | - Jaewon Min
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (IMBG) Seoul National University South Korea
| | - Kwangwoo Hwang
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (IMBG) Seoul National University South Korea
| | - Seung Gu Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering UNIST Ulsan Korea
| | - Eun‐Hye Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering UNIST Ulsan Korea
| | | | - Jong Bhak
- Department of Biomedical Engineering UNIST Ulsan Korea
- Clinomics Inc. Ulsan Korea
| | - Hyunsook Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics (IMBG) Seoul National University South Korea
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35
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Heczkova M, Machackova E, Macinga P, Gallmeier E, Cahova M, Spicak J, Jirsa M, Foretova L, Hucl T. Functional evaluation of variants of unknown significance in the BRCA2 gene identified in genetic testing. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 20:633-641. [PMID: 30638113 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2018.1550566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous germline BRCA2 mutations predispose to breast, ovarian, pancreatic and other types of cancer. The presence of a pathogenic mutation in patients or their family members warrants close surveillance or prophylactic surgery. Besides clearly pathogenic mutations, variants leading only to a single amino acid substitution are often identified. The influence of such variants on cancer risk is often unknown, making their presence a major clinical problem. When genetic methods are insufficient to classify these variants, functional assays with various cellular models are performed. We developed and applied a new syngeneic model of human cancer cells to test all variants of unknown significance in exon 18 identified by genetic testing of high-risk cancer patients in the Czech Republic, via introduction of constructs containing each of these variants into the wild-type allele of BRCA2-heterozygous DLD1 cells (BRCA2wt/Δex11). We found unaffected DNA repair function of BRCA2 in cell lines BRCA27997G>C/Δex11, BRCA28111C>T/Δex11, BRCA28149G>T/Δex11, BRCA28182G>A/Δex11, and BRCA28182G>T/Δex11, whereas the cell line BRCA28168A>G/Δex11 and the nonsense mutation carrying line BRCA28305G>T/Δex11 did affect protein function. Targeting the BRCA2 wild-type allele with a construct carrying the variant c.7988A> G resulted in incorporation exclusively into the already defective allele in all viable clones, strongly suggesting a detrimental phenotype. Our model thus offers a valuable tool for the functional evaluation of unclassified variants in the BRCA2 gene and provides a stable and distributable cellular resource for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Heczkova
- a Center for Experimental Medicine , Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Eva Machackova
- b Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics , Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Peter Macinga
- c Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Eike Gallmeier
- d Department of Internal Medicine , Philipps University of Marburg , Marburg , Germany
| | - Monika Cahova
- a Center for Experimental Medicine , Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Julius Spicak
- c Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirsa
- a Center for Experimental Medicine , Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Foretova
- b Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics , Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute , Brno , Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Hucl
- a Center for Experimental Medicine , Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic.,c Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology , Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Prague , Czech Republic
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36
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BRCA2 deficiency instigates cGAS-mediated inflammatory signaling and confers sensitivity to tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated cytotoxicity. Nat Commun 2019; 10:100. [PMID: 30626869 PMCID: PMC6327059 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07927-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of BRCA2 affects genome stability and is deleterious for cellular survival. Using a genome-wide genetic screen in near-haploid KBM-7 cells, we show that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) signaling is a determinant of cell survival upon BRCA2 inactivation. Specifically, inactivation of the TNF receptor (TNFR1) or its downstream effector SAM68 rescues cell death induced by BRCA2 inactivation. BRCA2 inactivation leads to pro-inflammatory cytokine production, including TNFα, and increases sensitivity to TNFα. Enhanced TNFα sensitivity is not restricted to BRCA2 inactivation, as BRCA1 or FANCD2 inactivation, or hydroxyurea treatment also sensitizes cells to TNFα. Mechanistically, BRCA2 inactivation leads to cGAS-positive micronuclei and results in a cell-intrinsic interferon response, as assessed by quantitative mass-spectrometry and gene expression profiling, and requires ASK1 and JNK signaling. Combined, our data reveals that micronuclei induced by loss of BRCA2 instigate a cGAS/STING-mediated interferon response, which encompasses re-wired TNFα signaling and enhances TNFα sensitivity. The loss of homologous recombination (HR) genes such as BRCA1 and BRCA2 is deleterious to the survival of normal cells, yet it is tolerated in cancer cells. Here the authors identify TNFα signaling as a determinant of viability in BRCA2- inactivated cancer cells.
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37
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Tomao F, Di Pinto A, Sassu CM, Bardhi E, Di Donato V, Muzii L, Petrella MC, Peccatori FA, Panici PB. Fertility preservation in ovarian tumours. Ecancermedicalscience 2018; 12:885. [PMID: 30679952 PMCID: PMC6345054 DOI: 10.3332/ecancer.2018.885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable number of patients with a cancer diagnosis are of childbearing age and have not satisfied their desire for a family. Despite ovarian cancer (OC) usually occurring in older patients, 3%-14% are diagnosed at a fertile age with the overall 5-year survival rate being 91.2% in women ≤44 years of age when it is found at 1A-B stage. In this scenario, testing the safety and the efficacy of fertility sparing strategies in OC patients is very important overall in terms of quality of life. Unfortunately, the lack of randomised trials to validate conservative approaches does not guarantee the safety of fertility preservation strategies. However, evidence-based data from descriptive series suggest that in selected cases, the preservation of the uterus and at least one part of the ovary does not lead to a high risk of relapse. This conservative surgery helps to maintain organ function, giving patients of childbearing age the possibility to preserve their fertility. We hereby analysed the main evidence from the international literature on this topic in order to highlight the selected criteria for conservative management of OC patients, including healthy BRCA mutations carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Tomao
- Department of Gynaecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Di Pinto
- Department of Gynaecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Maria Sassu
- Department of Gynaecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Erlisa Bardhi
- Department of Gynaecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Violante Di Donato
- Department of Gynaecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ludovico Muzii
- Department of Gynaecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Pierluigi Benedetti Panici
- Department of Gynaecological and Obstetrical Sciences and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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38
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Wilkins JF, Cannataro VL, Shuch B, Townsend JP. Analysis of mutation, selection, and epistasis: an informed approach to cancer clinical trials. Oncotarget 2018; 9:22243-22253. [PMID: 29854275 PMCID: PMC5976461 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, drug development efforts and clinical trials to test them are often prioritized by targeting genes with high frequencies of somatic variants among tumors. However, differences in oncogenic mutation rate-not necessarily the effect the variant has on tumor growth-contribute enormously to somatic variant frequency. We argue that decoupling the contributions of mutation and cancer lineage selection to the frequency of somatic variants among tumors is critical to understanding-and predicting-the therapeutic potential of different interventions. To provide an indicator of that strength of selection and therapeutic potential, the frequency at which we observe a given variant across patients must be modulated by our expectation given the mutation rate and target size to provide an indicator of that strength of selection and therapeutic potential. Additionally, antagonistic and synergistic epistasis among mutations also impacts the potential therapeutic benefit of targeted drug development. Quantitative approaches should be fostered that use the known genetic architectures of cancer types, decouple mutation rate, and provide rigorous guidance regarding investment in targeted drug development. By integrating evolutionary principles and detailed mechanistic knowledge into those approaches, we can maximize our ability to identify those targeted therapies most likely to yield substantial clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Brian Shuch
- Department of Urology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Radiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jeffrey P. Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program in Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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39
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Misulovin Z, Pherson M, Gause M, Dorsett D. Brca2, Pds5 and Wapl differentially control cohesin chromosome association and function. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007225. [PMID: 29447171 PMCID: PMC5831647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cohesin complex topologically encircles chromosomes and mediates sister chromatid cohesion to ensure accurate chromosome segregation upon cell division. Cohesin also participates in DNA repair and gene transcription. The Nipped-B-Mau2 protein complex loads cohesin onto chromosomes and the Pds5-Wapl complex removes cohesin. Pds5 is also essential for sister chromatid cohesion, indicating that it has functions beyond cohesin removal. The Brca2 DNA repair protein interacts with Pds5, but the roles of this complex beyond DNA repair are unknown. Here we show that Brca2 opposes Pds5 function in sister chromatid cohesion by assaying precocious sister chromatid separation in metaphase spreads of cultured cells depleted for these proteins. By genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation we find that Pds5 facilitates SA cohesin subunit association with DNA replication origins and that Brca2 inhibits SA binding, mirroring their effects on sister chromatid cohesion. Cohesin binding is maximal at replication origins and extends outward to occupy active genes and regulatory sequences. Pds5 and Wapl, but not Brca2, limit the distance that cohesin extends from origins, thereby determining which active genes, enhancers and silencers bind cohesin. Using RNA-seq we find that Brca2, Pds5 and Wapl influence the expression of most genes sensitive to Nipped-B and cohesin, largely in the same direction. These findings demonstrate that Brca2 regulates sister chromatid cohesion and gene expression in addition to its canonical role in DNA repair and expand the known functions of accessory proteins in cohesin's diverse functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziva Misulovin
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michelle Pherson
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Maria Gause
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Dale Dorsett
- Edward A Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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40
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Croglio MP, Haake JM, Ryan CP, Wang VS, Lapier J, Schlarbaum JP, Dayani Y, Artuso E, Prandi C, Koltai H, Agama K, Pommier Y, Chen Y, Tricoli L, LaRocque JR, Albanese C, Yarden RI. Analogs of the novel phytohormone, strigolactone, trigger apoptosis and synergize with PARP inhibitors by inducing DNA damage and inhibiting DNA repair. Oncotarget 2017; 7:13984-4001. [PMID: 26910887 PMCID: PMC4924693 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Strigolactones are a novel class of plant hormones produced in roots that regulate shoot and root development. We previously reported that strigolactone analogs (SLs) induce G2/M cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in a variety of human cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth of human breast cancer xenografts in mice. SLs had no significant influences on non-transformed cells. Here we report for the first time that SLs induce DNA damage in the form of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and activate the DNA damage response signaling by inducing phosphorylation of ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs and co-localization of the DNA damage signaling protein, 53BP1, with γH2AX nuclear foci. We further report that in addition to DSBs induction, SLs simultaneously impair DSBs repair, mostly homology-directed repair (HDR) and to a lesser extent non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In response to SLs, RAD51, the homologous DSB repair protein, is ubiquitinated and targeted for proteasomal degradation and it fails to co-localize with γH2AX foci. Interestingly, SLs synergize with DNA damaging agents-based therapeutics. The combination of PARP inhibitors and SLs showed an especially potent synergy, but only in BRCA1-proficient cells. No synergy was observed between SLs and PARP inhibitors in BRCA1-deficient cells, supporting a role for SLs in HDR impairment. Together, our data suggest that SLs increase genome instability and cell death by a unique mechanism of inducing DNA damage and inhibiting DNA repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Croglio
- Department of Human Science, NHS, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jefferson M Haake
- Department of Human Science, NHS, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Colin P Ryan
- Department of Human Science, NHS, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Victor S Wang
- Department of Human Science, NHS, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jennifer Lapier
- Department of Human Science, NHS, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jamie P Schlarbaum
- Department of Human Science, NHS, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Yaron Dayani
- Department of Human Science, NHS, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Emma Artuso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Hinanit Koltai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Keli Agama
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yves Pommier
- Developmental Therapeutics Branch and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucas Tricoli
- The Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Jeannine R LaRocque
- Department of Human Science, NHS, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Christopher Albanese
- The Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA.,Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA
| | - Ronit I Yarden
- Department of Human Science, NHS, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA.,The Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, NW, Washington DC, USA
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41
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Denic S, Agarwal MM. Breast cancer protection by genomic imprinting in close kin families. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2017; 18:136. [PMID: 29157216 PMCID: PMC5696730 DOI: 10.1186/s12881-017-0498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human inbreeding generally reduces breast cancer risk (BCR). When the parents are biologically related, their infants have a lower birth weight due to smaller body organs. The undersized breasts, because of fewer mammary stem cells, have a lower likelihood of malignant conversion. Fetal growth is regulated by genomically imprinted genes which are in conflict; they promote growth when derived from the father and suppress growth when derived from the mother. The kinship theory explicates that the intensity of conflict between these genes affects growth and therefore the size of the newborn. In descendants of closely related parents, this gene clash is less resulting in a smaller infant. In this review, we elucidate the different mechanisms by which human inbreeding affects BCR, and why this risk is dissimilar in different inbred populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srdjan Denic
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17666, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
| | - Mukesh M Agarwal
- Department of Pathology, California University of Science and Medicine, 217 E Club Center Drive, San Bernardino, CA, 92408, USA
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Minakawa Y, Shimizu A, Matsuno Y, Yoshioka KI. Genomic Destabilization Triggered by Replication Stress during Senescence. Cancers (Basel) 2017. [PMCID: PMC5704177 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9110159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Most cancers develop after middle age, and are often associated with multiple mutations and genomic instability, implying that genomic destabilization is critical for age-related tumor development. In this manuscript, we review current knowledge regarding (1) the senescent cellular background, which is associated with a higher risk of genomic destabilization; and (2) the contributions of genomic destabilization to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Minakawa
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.M.); (A.S.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Shimizu
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.M.); (A.S.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Kitasato, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0373, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuno
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.M.); (A.S.); (Y.M.)
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Yoshioka
- Division of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (Y.M.); (A.S.); (Y.M.)
- Correspondence:
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43
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Fertility and pregnancy issues in BRCA -mutated breast cancer patients. Cancer Treat Rev 2017; 59:61-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Zhao X, Wei C, Li J, Xing P, Li J, Zheng S, Chen X. Cell cycle-dependent control of homologous recombination. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:655-668. [PMID: 28541389 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are among the most deleterious type of DNA lesions threatening genome integrity. Homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) are two major pathways to repair DSBs. HR requires a homologous template to direct DNA repair, and is generally recognized as a high-fidelity pathway. In contrast, NHEJ directly seals broken ends, but the repair product is often accompanied by sequence alterations. The choice of repair pathways is strictly controlled by the cell cycle. The occurrence of HR is restricted to late S to G2 phases while NHEJ operates predominantly in G1 phase, although it can act throughout most of the cell cycle. Deregulation of repair pathway choice can result in genotoxic consequences associated with cancers. How the cell cycle regulates the choice of HR and NHEJ has been extensively studied in the past decade. In this review, we will focus on the current progresses on how HR is controlled by the cell cycle in both Saccharomyces cerevisiae and mammals. Particular attention will be given to how cyclin-dependent kinases modulate DSB end resection, DNA damage checkpoint signaling, repair and processing of recombination intermediates. In addition, we will discuss recent findings on how HR is repressed in G1 and M phases by the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chengwen Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Poyuan Xing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Jingyao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Sihao Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xuefeng Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences and the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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A Class of Environmental and Endogenous Toxins Induces BRCA2 Haploinsufficiency and Genome Instability. Cell 2017; 169:1105-1118.e15. [PMID: 28575672 PMCID: PMC5457488 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mutations truncating a single copy of the tumor suppressor, BRCA2, cause cancer susceptibility. In cells bearing such heterozygous mutations, we find that a cellular metabolite and ubiquitous environmental toxin, formaldehyde, stalls and destabilizes DNA replication forks, engendering structural chromosomal aberrations. Formaldehyde selectively depletes BRCA2 via proteasomal degradation, a mechanism of toxicity that affects very few additional cellular proteins. Heterozygous BRCA2 truncations, by lowering pre-existing BRCA2 expression, sensitize to BRCA2 haploinsufficiency induced by transient exposure to natural concentrations of formaldehyde. Acetaldehyde, an alcohol catabolite detoxified by ALDH2, precipitates similar effects. Ribonuclease H1 ameliorates replication fork instability and chromosomal aberrations provoked by aldehyde-induced BRCA2 haploinsufficiency, suggesting that BRCA2 inactivation triggers spontaneous mutagenesis during DNA replication via aberrant RNA-DNA hybrids (R-loops). These findings suggest a model wherein carcinogenesis in BRCA2 mutation carriers can be incited by compounds found pervasively in the environment and generated endogenously in certain tissues with implications for public health.
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Abstract
How can we treat cancer more effectively? Traditionally, tumours from the same anatomical site are treated as one tumour entity. This concept has been challenged by recent breakthroughs in cancer genomics and translational research that have enabled molecular tumour profiling. The identification and validation of cancer drivers that are shared between different tumour types, spurred the new paradigm to target driver pathways across anatomical sites by off-label drug use, or within so-called basket or umbrella trials which are designed to test whether molecular alterations in one tumour entity can be extrapolated to all others. However, recent clinical and preclinical studies suggest that there are tissue- and cell type-specific differences in tumorigenesis and the organization of oncogenic signalling pathways. In this Opinion article, we focus on the molecular, cellular, systemic and environmental determinants of organ-specific tumorigenesis and the mechanisms of context-specific oncogenic signalling outputs. Investigation, recognition and in-depth biological understanding of these differences will be vital for the design of next-generation clinical trials and the implementation of molecularly guided cancer therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Günter Schneider
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidt-Supprian
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München, Germany
| | - Roland Rad
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dieter Saur
- Department of Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 München, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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The Role of BRCA2 Mutation Status as Diagnostic, Predictive, and Prognosis Biomarker for Pancreatic Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1869304. [PMID: 28078281 PMCID: PMC5203890 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1869304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide, and life expectancy after diagnosis is often short. Most pancreatic tumours appear sporadically and have been highly related to habits such as cigarette smoking, high alcohol intake, high carbohydrate, and sugar consumption. Other observational studies have suggested the association between pancreatic cancer and exposure to arsenic, lead, or cadmium. Aside from these factors, chronic pancreatitis and diabetes have also come to be considered as risk factors for these kinds of tumours. Studies have found that 10% of pancreatic cancer cases arise from an inherited syndrome related to some genetic alterations. One of these alterations includes mutation in BRCA2 gene. BRCA2 mutations impair DNA damage response and homologous recombination by direct regulation of RAD51. In light of these findings that link genetic factors to tumour development, DNA damage agents have been proposed as target therapies for pancreatic cancer patients carrying BRCA2 mutations. Some of these drugs include platinum-based agents and PARP inhibitors. However, the acquired resistance to PARP inhibitors has created a need for new chemotherapeutic strategies to target BRCA2. The present systematic review collects and analyses the role of BRCA2 alterations to be used in early diagnosis of an inherited syndrome associated with familiar cancer and as a prognostic and predictive biomarker for the management of pancreatic cancer patients.
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Fan X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Sang M, Cai J, Li Q, Ozaki T, Ono T, He D. High Mutation Levels are Compatible with Normal Embryonic Development inMlh1-Deficient Mice. Radiat Res 2016; 186:377-384. [PMID: 27643877 DOI: 10.1667/rr14454.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Li
- b Physical Examination Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yulong Zhang
- c Department of Surgery, Number One Hospital of Shijiazhuang, Shijiazhuang, China
| | | | | | - Qiaoxia Li
- e Department of Clinical Bio-Cell, 4th Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Toshinori Ozaki
- f Laboratory of DNA Damage Signaling, Chiba Cancer Center Research Institute,Chiba, Japan; and
| | - Tetsuya Ono
- g Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Dongwei He
- e Department of Clinical Bio-Cell, 4th Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Katsuki Y, Takata M. Defects in homologous recombination repair behind the human diseases: FA and HBOC. Endocr Relat Cancer 2016; 23:T19-37. [PMID: 27550963 DOI: 10.1530/erc-16-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) syndrome and a rare childhood disorder Fanconi anemia (FA) are caused by homologous recombination (HR) defects, and some of the causative genes overlap. Recent studies in this field have led to the exciting development of PARP inhibitors as novel cancer therapeutics and have clarified important mechanisms underlying genome instability and tumor suppression in HR-defective disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of the basic molecular mechanisms governing HR and DNA crosslink repair, highlighting BRCA2, and the intriguing relationship between HBOC and FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Katsuki
- Laboratory of DNA Damage SignalingDepartment of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Minoru Takata
- Laboratory of DNA Damage SignalingDepartment of Late Effects Studies, Radiation Biology Center, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Hartford SA, Chittela R, Ding X, Vyas A, Martin B, Burkett S, Haines DC, Southon E, Tessarollo L, Sharan SK. Interaction with PALB2 Is Essential for Maintenance of Genomic Integrity by BRCA2. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006236. [PMID: 27490902 PMCID: PMC4973925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA2, encodes a 3418-amino acid protein that is essential for maintaining genomic integrity. Among the proteins that physically interact with BRCA2, Partner and Localizer of BRCA2 (PALB2), which binds to the N-terminal region of BRCA2, is vital for its function by facilitating its subnuclear localization. A functional redundancy has been reported between this N-terminal PALB2-binding domain and the C-terminal DNA-binding domain of BRCA2, which undermines the relevance of the interaction between these two proteins. Here, we describe a genetic approach to examine the functional significance of the interaction between BRCA2 and PALB2 by generating a knock-in mouse model of Brca2 carrying a single amino acid change (Gly25Arg, Brca2G25R) that disrupts this interaction. In addition, we have combined Brca2G25R homozygosity as well as hemizygosity with Palb2 and Trp53 heterozygosity to generate an array of genotypically and phenotypically distinct mouse models. Our findings reveal defects in body size, fertility, meiotic progression, and genome stability, as well as increased tumor susceptibility in these mice. The severity of the phenotype increased with a decrease in the interaction between BRCA2 and PALB2, highlighting the significance of this interaction. In addition, our findings also demonstrate that hypomorphic mutations such as Brca2G25R have the potential to be more detrimental than the functionally null alleles by increasing genomic instability to a level that induces tumorigenesis, rather than apoptosis. Inheritance of a deleterious mutation in Breast Cancer2 (BRCA2) is a well-established factor associated with increased risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA2 has numerous roles in maintaining the genome to prevent accumulation of mutations that can lead to cancer formation. Here, we describe the generation of a novel mouse model that has a single amino acid alteration in the BRCA2 protein that affects its interaction with another hereditary breast cancer protein, PALB2. We use these mice to examine the relevance of the interaction between BRCA2 and PALB2. We also examine the effect of disrupting one copy of Palb2 gene in the mutant mice. Our findings show that the loss of interaction between the two proteins increases cancer formation in mice. We conclude that not only are BRCA2 and PALB2 required for tumor suppression, their physical interaction is equally important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A. Hartford
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rajanikant Chittela
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Xia Ding
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aradhana Vyas
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Betty Martin
- Leidos Biomedical Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Diana C. Haines
- Leidos Biomedical Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eileen Southon
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- Leidos Biomedical Inc., National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lino Tessarollo
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Shyam K. Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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