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Kong LR, Gupta K, Wu AJ, Perera D, Ivanyi-Nagy R, Ahmed SM, Tan TZ, Tan SLW, Fuddin A, Sundaramoorthy E, Goh GS, Wong RTX, Costa ASH, Oddy C, Wong H, Patro CPK, Kho YS, Huang XZ, Choo J, Shehata M, Lee SC, Goh BC, Frezza C, Pitt JJ, Venkitaraman AR. A glycolytic metabolite bypasses "two-hit" tumor suppression by BRCA2. Cell 2024; 187:2269-2287.e16. [PMID: 38608703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Knudson's "two-hit" paradigm posits that carcinogenesis requires inactivation of both copies of an autosomal tumor suppressor gene. Here, we report that the glycolytic metabolite methylglyoxal (MGO) transiently bypasses Knudson's paradigm by inactivating the breast cancer suppressor protein BRCA2 to elicit a cancer-associated, mutational single-base substitution (SBS) signature in nonmalignant mammary cells or patient-derived organoids. Germline monoallelic BRCA2 mutations predispose to these changes. An analogous SBS signature, again without biallelic BRCA2 inactivation, accompanies MGO accumulation and DNA damage in Kras-driven, Brca2-mutant murine pancreatic cancers and human breast cancers. MGO triggers BRCA2 proteolysis, temporarily disabling BRCA2's tumor suppressive functions in DNA repair and replication, causing functional haploinsufficiency. Intermittent MGO exposure incites episodic SBS mutations without permanent BRCA2 inactivation. Thus, a metabolic mechanism wherein MGO-induced BRCA2 haploinsufficiency transiently bypasses Knudson's two-hit requirement could link glycolysis activation by oncogenes, metabolic disorders, or dietary challenges to mutational signatures implicated in cancer evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren Kong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Department of Pharmacology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Komal Gupta
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Andy Jialun Wu
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - David Perera
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | | | - Syed Moiz Ahmed
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Tuan Zea Tan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Shawn Lu-Wen Tan
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana S H Costa
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Callum Oddy
- Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Hannan Wong
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - C Pawan K Patro
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Yun Suen Kho
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Xiao Zi Huang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Joan Choo
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Mona Shehata
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
| | - Soo Chin Lee
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Boon Cher Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
| | - Christian Frezza
- MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; University of Cologne, 50923 Köln, Germany
| | - Jason J Pitt
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; Genome Institute of Singapore, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Ashok R Venkitaraman
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; NUS Centre for Cancer Research (N2CR), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore; MRC Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore; Department of Oncology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK; Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore.
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Kesari S, Wang F, Juarez T, Ashili S, Patro CPK, Carrillo J, Nguyen M, Truong J, Levy J, Sommer J, Freed DM, Xiu J, Takasumi Y, Bouffet E, Gill JM. Activity of pemetrexed in pre-clinical chordoma models and humans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7317. [PMID: 37147496 PMCID: PMC10163028 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chordomas are rare slow growing tumors, arising from embryonic remnants of notochord with a close predilection for the axial skeleton. Recurrence is common and no effective standard medical therapy exists. Thymidylate synthase (TS), an intracellular enzyme, is a key rate-limiting enzyme of DNA biosynthesis and repair which is primarily active in proliferating and metabolically active cells. Eighty-four percent of chordoma samples had loss of TS expression which may predict response to anti-folates. Pemetrexed suppresses tumor growth by inhibiting enzymes involved in folate metabolism, resulting in decreased availability of thymidine which is necessary for DNA synthesis. Pemetrexed inhibited growth in a preclinical mouse xenograft model of human chordoma. We report three cases of metastatic chordoma that had been heavily treated previously with a variety of standard therapies with poor response. In two cases, pemetrexed was added and objective responses were observed on imaging with one patient on continuous treatment for > 2 years with continued shrinkage. One case demonstrated tumor growth after treatment with pemetrexed. The two cases which had a favorable response had a loss of TS expression, whereas the one case with progressive disease had TS present. These results demonstrate the activity of pemetrexed in recurrent chordoma and warrant a prospective clinical trial which is ongoing (NCT03955042).
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kesari
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
- Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA.
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Sichuan, Chengdu, China.
| | - Tiffany Juarez
- Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | | | - C Pawan K Patro
- CureScience, San Diego, CA, USA
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jose Carrillo
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Minhdan Nguyen
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Judy Truong
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
- Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Joan Levy
- Chordoma Foundation, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | - Yuki Takasumi
- Saint John's Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John's Health Center, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Eric Bouffet
- The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jaya M Gill
- Department of Translational Neurosciences, Pacific Neuroscience Institute, Santa Monica, CA, USA
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Patro CPK, Biswas N, Pingle SC, Lin F, Anekoji M, Jones LD, Kesari S, Wang F, Ashili S. MTAP loss: a possible therapeutic approach for glioblastoma. J Transl Med 2022; 20:620. [PMID: 36572880 PMCID: PMC9791736 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03823-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most lethal form of brain tumor with a recurrence rate of almost 90% and a survival time of only 15 months post-diagnosis. It is a highly heterogeneous, aggressive, and extensively studied tumor. Multiple studies have proposed therapeutic approaches to mitigate or improve the survival for patients with glioblastoma. In this article, we review the loss of the 5'-methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) gene as a potential therapeutic approach for treating glioblastoma. MTAP encodes a metabolic enzyme required for the metabolism of polyamines and purines leading to DNA synthesis. Multiple studies have explored the loss of this gene and have shown its relevance as a therapeutic approach to glioblastoma tumor mitigation; however, other studies show that the loss of MTAP does not have a major impact on the course of the disease. This article reviews the contrasting findings of MTAP loss with regard to mitigating the effects of glioblastoma, and also focuses on multiple aspects of MTAP loss in glioblastoma by providing insights into the known findings and some of the unexplored areas of this field where new approaches can be imagined for novel glioblastoma therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Pawan K. Patro
- CureScience, 5820 Oberlin Dr, 202, San Diego, CA 92121 USA ,grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431Present Address: Cancer Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117599 Singapore
| | | | | | - Feng Lin
- CureScience, 5820 Oberlin Dr, 202, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | - Misa Anekoji
- CureScience, 5820 Oberlin Dr, 202, San Diego, CA 92121 USA
| | | | - Santosh Kesari
- grid.416507.10000 0004 0450 0360Department of Translational Neurosciences, Pacific Neuroscience Institute and Saint John’s Cancer Institute at Providence Saint John’s Health Center, CA 90404 Santa Monica, USA
| | - Feng Wang
- grid.412901.f0000 0004 1770 1022Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Medical School, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan China
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Ali MW, Patro CPK, Devall M, Dampier CH, Plummer SJ, Kuscu C, Adli M, Lai RK, Casey G. A Functional Variant on 9p21.3 Related to Glioma Risk Affects Enhancer Activity and Modulates Expression of CDKN2B-AS1. Hum Mutat 2021; 42:1208-1214. [PMID: 34153138 PMCID: PMC8519084 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Genome‐wide association studies have identified SNPs associated with glioma risk on 9p21.3, but biological mechanisms underlying this association are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a functional SNP on 9p21.3 affects activity of an enhancer, causing altered expression of nearby genes. We considered all SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with the 9p21.3 sentinel SNP rs634537 that mapped to putative enhancers. An enhancer containing rs1537372 exhibited allele‐specific effects on luciferase activity. Deletion of this enhancer in GBM cell lines correlated with decreased expression of CDKN2B‐AS1. Expression quantitative trait loci analysis using non‐diseased brain samples showed rs1537372 to be a consistently significant eQTL for CDKN2B‐AS1. Additionally, our analysis of Hi‐C data generated in neural progenitor cells showed that the bait region containing rs1537372 interacted with the CDKN2B‐AS1 promoter. These data suggest rs1537372, a SNP at the 9p21.3 risk locus, is a functional variant that modulates expression of CDKN2B‐AS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Wagdy Ali
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - C Pawan K Patro
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033
| | - Matthew Devall
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Christopher H Dampier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Sarah J Plummer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, James D. Eason Transplant Research Institute, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN, 38163
| | - Mazhar Adli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611
| | - Rose K Lai
- Departments of Neurology and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033
| | - Graham Casey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908
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5
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Patro CPK, Nousome D, Lai RK. Meta-Analyses of Splicing and Expression Quantitative Trait Loci Identified Susceptibility Genes of Glioma. Front Genet 2021; 12:609657. [PMID: 33936159 PMCID: PMC8081720 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.609657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The functions of most glioma risk alleles are unknown. Very few studies had evaluated expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL), and insights of susceptibility genes were limited due to scarcity of available brain tissues. Moreover, no prior study had examined the effect of glioma risk alleles on alternative RNA splicing. Objective This study explored splicing quantitative trait loci (sQTL) as molecular QTL and improved the power of QTL mapping through meta-analyses of both cis eQTL and sQTL. Methods We first evaluated eQTLs and sQTLs of the CommonMind Consortium (CMC) and Genotype-Tissue Expression Project (GTEx) using genotyping, or whole-genome sequencing and RNA-seq data. Alternative splicing events were characterized using an annotation-free method that detected intron excision events. Then, we conducted meta-analyses by pooling the eQTL and sQTL results of CMC and GTEx using the inverse variance-weighted model. Afterward, we integrated QTL meta-analysis results (Q < 0.05) with the Glioma International Case Control Study (GICC) GWAS meta-analysis (case:12,496, control:18,190), using a summary statistics-based mendelian randomization (SMR) method. Results Between CMC and GTEx, we combined the QTL data of 354 unique individuals of European ancestry. SMR analyses revealed 15 eQTLs in 11 loci and 32 sQTLs in 9 loci relevant to glioma risk. Two loci only harbored sQTLs (1q44 and 16p13.3). In seven loci, both eQTL and sQTL coexisted (2q33.3, 7p11.2, 11q23.3 15q24.2, 16p12.1, 20q13.33, and 22q13.1), but the target genes were different for five of these seven loci. Three eQTL loci (9p21.3, 20q13.33, and 22q13.1) and 4 sQTL loci (11q23.3, 16p13.3, 16q12.1, and 20q13.33) harbored multiple target genes. Eight target genes of sQTLs (C2orf80, SEC61G, TMEM25, PHLDB1, RP11-161M6.2, HEATR3, RTEL1-TNFRSF6B, and LIME1) had multiple alternatively spliced transcripts. Conclusion Our study revealed that the regulation of transcriptome by glioma risk alleles is complex, with the potential for eQTL and sQTL jointly affecting gliomagenesis in risk loci. QTLs of many loci involved multiple target genes, some of which were specific to alternative splicing. Therefore, quantitative trait loci that evaluate only total gene expression will miss many important target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pawan K Patro
- Department of Neurology and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Darryl Nousome
- Center for Prostate Disease Research, Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Rockville, MD, United States
| | | | - Rose K Lai
- Department of Neurology and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Ali MW, Patro CPK, Zhu JJ, Dampier CH, Plummer SJ, Kuscu C, Adli M, Lau C, Lai RK, Casey G. A functional variant on 20q13.33 related to glioma risk alters enhancer activity and modulates expression of multiple genes. Hum Mutat 2020; 42:77-88. [PMID: 33169458 PMCID: PMC7839675 DOI: 10.1002/humu.24134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with glioma risk on 20q13.33, but the biological mechanisms underlying this association are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that a functional SNP on 20q13.33 impacted the activity of an enhancer, leading to an altered expression of nearby genes. To identify candidate functional SNPs, we identified all SNPs in linkage disequilibrium with the risk‐associated SNP rs2297440 that mapped to putative enhancers. Putative enhancers containing candidate functional SNPs were tested for allele‐specific effects in luciferase enhancer activity assays against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines. An enhancer containing SNP rs3761124 exhibited allele‐specific effects on activity. Deletion of this enhancer by CRISPR‐Cas9 editing in GBM cell lines correlated with an altered expression of multiple genes, including STMN3, RTEL1, RTEL1‐TNFRSF6B, GMEB2, and SRMS. Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analyses using nondiseased brain samples, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) wild‐type glioma, and neurodevelopmental tissues showed STMN3 to be a consistent significant eQTL with rs3761124. RTEL1 and GMEB2 were also significant eQTLs in the context of early CNS development and/or in IDH1 wild‐type glioma. We provide evidence that rs3761124 is a functional variant on 20q13.33 related to glioma/GBM risk that modulates the expression of STMN3 and potentially other genes across diverse cellular contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad Wagdy Ali
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - C Pawan K Patro
- Department of Neurology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Christopher H Dampier
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Sarah J Plummer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Cem Kuscu
- Department of Surgery, James D. Eason Transplant Research Institute, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mazhar Adli
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Robert Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ching Lau
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rose K Lai
- Departments of Neurology and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Graham Casey
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Su Y, Zhang W, Patro CPK, Zhao J, Mu T, Ma Z, Xu J, Ban K, Yi C, Zhou Y. STAT3 Regulates Mouse Neural Progenitor Proliferation and Differentiation by Promoting Mitochondrial Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:362. [PMID: 32509786 PMCID: PMC7248371 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitor lay the foundation for brain development. In neural progenitors, activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) has been found to promote proliferation and astrocytogenesis while suppressing neurogenesis. However, our study found that Stat3 conditional knockout in neural progenitors (Stat3 cKO) also results in increased proliferation and suppressed neurogenesis. To investigate how STAT3 regulates these processes, we attempted to identify potential STAT3 target genes by RNA-seq profiling of the control (CTL) and Stat3 cKO neural progenitors. We found that STAT3 promotes the expression of genes involved in the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and thereby promotes mitochondrial respiration and negatively regulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In addition, we demonstrated that Stat3 loss-of-function promotes proliferation via regulation of mitochondrial metabolism and downstream signaling pathways. Our study provides novel insights into the relation between STAT3, mitochondrial metabolism and the process of embryonic neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixun Su
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - C Pawan K Patro
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Zhao
- Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tianhao Mu
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhongnan Ma
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kenneth Ban
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chenju Yi
- The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Neurobiology Programme, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Costa H, Xu X, Overbeek G, Vasaikar S, Patro CPK, Kostopoulou ON, Jung M, Shafi G, Ananthaseshan S, Tsipras G, Davoudi B, Mohammad AA, Lam H, Strååt K, Wilhelmi V, Shang M, Tegner J, Tong JC, Wong KT, Söderberg-Naucler C, Yaiw KC. Human cytomegalovirus may promote tumour progression by upregulating arginase-2. Oncotarget 2018; 7:47221-47231. [PMID: 27363017 PMCID: PMC5216936 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both arginase (ARG2) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) have been implicated in tumorigenesis. However, the role of ARG2 in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma (GBM) and the HCMV effects on ARG2 are unknown. We hypothesize that HCMV may contribute to tumorigenesis by increasing ARG2 expression. RESULTS ARG2 promotes tumorigenesis by increasing cellular proliferation, migration, invasion and vasculogenic mimicry in GBM cells, at least in part due to overexpression of MMP2/9. The nor-NOHA significantly reduced migration and tube formation of ARG2-overexpressing cells. HCMV immediate-early proteins (IE1/2) or its downstream pathways upregulated the expression of ARG2 in U-251 MG cells. Immunostaining of GBM tissue sections confirmed the overexpression of ARG2, consistent with data from subsets of Gene Expression Omnibus. Moreover, higher levels of ARG2 expression tended to be associated with poorer survival in GBM patient by analyzing data from TCGA. METHODS The role of ARG2 in tumorigenesis was examined by proliferation-, migration-, invasion-, wound healing- and tube formation assays using an ARG2-overexpressing cell line and ARG inhibitor, N (omega)-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA) and siRNA against ARG2 coupled with functional assays measuring MMP2/9 activity, VEGF levels and nitric oxide synthase activity. Association between HCMV and ARG2 were examined in vitro with 3 different GBM cell lines, and ex vivo with immunostaining on GBM tissue sections. The viral mechanism mediating ARG2 induction was examined by siRNA approach. Correlation between ARG2 expression and patient survival was extrapolated from bioinformatics analysis on data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). CONCLUSIONS ARG2 promotes tumorigenesis, and HCMV may contribute to GBM pathogenesis by upregulating ARG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Costa
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xinling Xu
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gitta Overbeek
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Suhas Vasaikar
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Pawan K Patro
- Social & Cognitive Computing Department, Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Ourania N Kostopoulou
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Masany Jung
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gowhar Shafi
- Department of Genomics and Bioinformatics, Positive Bioscience, Mumbai, India
| | - Sharan Ananthaseshan
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giorgos Tsipras
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Belghis Davoudi
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abdul-Aleem Mohammad
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hoyin Lam
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Present affiliation: Division of Cancer Studies, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Klas Strååt
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Division of Gene Technology, School of Biotechnology, Science for Life Laboratory, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Solna, Sweden
| | - Vanessa Wilhelmi
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mingmei Shang
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jesper Tegner
- Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joo Chuan Tong
- Social & Cognitive Computing Department, Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Kum Thong Wong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - Cecilia Söderberg-Naucler
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Koon-Chu Yaiw
- Cell and Molecular Immunology, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Unit for Experimental Cardiovascular Research and Department of Neurology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Patro CPK, Khan AM, Tan TW, Fu XY. STATdb: a specialised resource for the STATome. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104597. [PMID: 25157689 PMCID: PMC4144846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) proteins are key signalling molecules in metazoans, implicated in various cellular processes. Increased research in the field has resulted in the accumulation of STAT sequence and structure data, which are scattered across various public databases, missing extensive functional annotations, and prone to effort redundancy because of the dearth of community sharing. Therefore, there is a need to integrate the existing sequence, structure and functional data into a central repository, one that is enriched with annotations and provides a platform for community contributions. Herein, we present STATdb (publicly available at http://statdb.bic.nus.edu.sg/), the first integrated resource for STAT sequences comprising 1540 records representing the known STATome, enriched with existing structural and functional information from various databases and literature and including manual annotations. STATdb provides advanced features for data visualization, analysis and prediction, and community contributions. A key feature is a meta-predictor to characterise STAT sequences based on a novel classification that integrates STAT domain architecture, lineage and function. A curation policy workflow has been devised for regulated and structured community contributions, with an update policy for the seamless integration of new data and annotations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Pawan K. Patro
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Asif M. Khan
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Perdana University Graduate School of Medicine, Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Tin Wee Tan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (TWT); (XYF)
| | - Xin-Yuan Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore (CSI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (TWT); (XYF)
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Tan TW, Xie C, De Silva M, Lim KS, Patro CPK, Lim SJ, Govindarajan KR, Tong JC, Choo KH, Ranganathan S, Khan AM. Simple re-instantiation of small databases using cloud computing. BMC Genomics 2013; 14 Suppl 5:S13. [PMID: 24564380 PMCID: PMC3852246 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-s5-s13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Small bioinformatics databases, unlike institutionally funded large databases, are vulnerable to discontinuation and many reported in publications are no longer accessible. This leads to irreproducible scientific work and redundant effort, impeding the pace of scientific progress. Results We describe a Web-accessible system, available online at http://biodb100.apbionet.org, for archival and future on demand re-instantiation of small databases within minutes. Depositors can rebuild their databases by downloading a Linux live operating system (http://www.bioslax.com), preinstalled with bioinformatics and UNIX tools. The database and its dependencies can be compressed into an ".lzm" file for deposition. End-users can search for archived databases and activate them on dynamically re-instantiated BioSlax instances, run as virtual machines over the two popular full virtualization standard cloud-computing platforms, Xen Hypervisor or vSphere. The system is adaptable to increasing demand for disk storage or computational load and allows database developers to use the re-instantiated databases for integration and development of new databases. Conclusions Herein, we demonstrate that a relatively inexpensive solution can be implemented for archival of bioinformatics databases and their rapid re-instantiation should the live databases disappear.
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