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Affiliation(s)
- Merete B Long
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - James D Chalmers
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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Sabbatini M, Magnelli V, Renò F. NETosis in Wound Healing: When Enough Is Enough. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030494. [PMID: 33668924 PMCID: PMC7996535 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) are a meshwork of chromatin, histonic and non-histonic proteins, and microbicidal agents spread outside the cell by a series of nuclear and cytoplasmic events, collectively called NETosis. NETosis, initially only considered a defensive/apoptotic mechanism, is now considered an extreme defensive solution, which in particular situations induces strong negative effects on tissue physiology, causing or exacerbating pathologies as recently shown in NETs-mediated organ damage in COVID-19 patients. The positive effects of NETs on wound healing have been linked to their antimicrobial activity, while the negative effects appear to be more common in a plethora of pathological conditions (such as diabetes) and linked to a NETosis upregulation. Recent evidence suggests there are other positive physiological NETs effects on wound healing that are worthy of a broader research effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Sabbatini
- Department of Science and Innovation Technology (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale—via T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (M.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Valeria Magnelli
- Department of Science and Innovation Technology (DISIT), Università del Piemonte Orientale—via T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (M.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Filippo Renò
- Innovative Research Laboratory for Wound Healing, Health Sciences Department, Università del Piemonte Orientale, via Solaroli 17, 28100 Novara, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0321-66-0634
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Spyrou G, Appelgren D, Rosén A, Ingelsson B. Sizing Up Extracellular DNA: Instant Chromatin Discharge From Cells When Placed in Serum-Free Conditions. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:634. [PMID: 32793591 PMCID: PMC7387414 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
How do you wash cells? Three out of four of our colleagues use experimental procedures during everyday lab-bench work that can severely impair data interpretation depending on how cells are handled. We show here that a subpopulation (2–3%) of human leukocytes immediately induce a yet unclassified lytic cell death, concomitant with discharge of chromatin entities and cell elimination, when placed in protein-free solutions (i.e., PBS and HBSS). DNA release was not restricted to hematopoietic cells but occurred also in HEK293T cells. Albumin, fetal bovine serum, polyethylene glycol, and Pluronic F-68 supplements prevented chromatin discharge. Expelled chromatin was devoid of surrounding membranes but maintained its original nuclear shape, although ∼10 times enlarged. These structures differed from DNA appearance after osmotic or detergent-induced cell lysis. Besides sounding a cautionary note to the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) research community, in which ∼50% of all published studies used protein-free media for NET-formation, our study also provides a rapid tool for analysis of chromatin organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giannis Spyrou
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Appelgren
- Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anders Rosén
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Björn Ingelsson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Chapman EA, Lyon M, Simpson D, Mason D, Beynon RJ, Moots RJ, Wright HL. Caught in a Trap? Proteomic Analysis of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2019; 10:423. [PMID: 30915077 PMCID: PMC6421309 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are implicated in the development of auto-immunity in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) through the externalization of intracellular neoepitopes e.g., dsDNA and nuclear proteins in SLE and citrullinated peptides in RA. The aim of this work was to use quantitative proteomics to identify and measure NET proteins produced by neutrophils from healthy controls, and from patients with RA and SLE to determine if NETs can be differentially-generated to expose different sets of neoepitopes. Ultra-pure neutrophils (>99%) from healthy individuals (n = 3) and patients with RA or SLE (n = 6 each) were incubated ± PMA (50 nM, PKC super-activator) or A23187 (3.8 μM, calcium ionophore) for 4 h. NETs were liberated by nuclease digestion and concentrated onto Strataclean beads prior to on-bead digestion with trypsin. Data-dependent LC-MS/MS analyses were conducted on a QExactive HF quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometer, and label-free protein quantification was carried out using Progenesis QI. PMA-induced NETs were decorated with annexins, azurocidin and histone H3, whereas A23187-induced NETs were decorated with granule proteins including CAMP/LL37, CRISP3, lipocalin and MMP8, histones H1.0, H1.4, and H1.5, interleukin-8, protein-arginine deiminase-4 (PADI4), and α-enolase. Four proteins were significantly different between PMA-NETs from RA and SLE neutrophils (p < 0.05): RNASE2 was higher in RA, whereas MPO, leukocyte elastase inhibitor and thymidine phosphorylase were higher in SLE. For A23187-NETs, six NET proteins were higher in RA (p < 0.05), including CAMP/LL37, CRISP3, interleukin-8, MMP8; Thirteen proteins were higher in SLE, including histones H1.0, H2B, and H4. This work provides the first, direct comparison of NOX2-dependent (PMA) and NOX2-independent (A23187) NETs using quantitative proteomics, and the first direct comparison of RA and SLE NETs using quantitative proteomics. We show that it is the nature of the stimulant rather than neutrophil physiology that determines NET protein profiles in disease, since stimulation of NETosis in either a NOX2-dependent or a NOX2-independent manner generates broadly similar NET proteins irrespective of the disease background. We also use our proteomics pipeline to identify an extensive range of post-translationally modified proteins in RA and SLE, including histones and granule proteins, many of which are known targets of auto-antibodies in each disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elinor A Chapman
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology I, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Max Lyon
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology I, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Centre for Proteome Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David Mason
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Centre for Cell Imaging, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Beynon
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Centre for Proteome Research, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Moots
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology I, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,University of Liverpool and Aintree University Hospital, Members of Liverpool Health Partners, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Helen L Wright
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology I, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Smith CK, Trinchieri G. The interplay between neutrophils and microbiota in cancer. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:701-715. [PMID: 30044897 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ri0418-151r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the microbiota in many diseases including cancer has gained increasing attention. Paired with this is our expanding appreciation for the heterogeneity of the neutrophil compartment regarding surface marker expression and functionality. In this review, we will discuss the influence of the microbiota on granulopoiesis and consequent activity of neutrophils in cancer. As evidence for this microbiota-neutrophil-cancer axis builds, it exposes new therapeutic targets to improve a cancer patient's outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyne K Smith
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Giorgio Trinchieri
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Sørensen OE, Borregaard N. Neutrophil extracellular traps - the dark side of neutrophils. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1612-20. [PMID: 27135878 DOI: 10.1172/jci84538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) were discovered as extracellular strands of decondensed DNA in complex with histones and granule proteins, which were expelled from dying neutrophils to ensnare and kill microbes. NETs are formed during infection in vivo by mechanisms different from those originally described in vitro. Citrullination of histones by peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is central for NET formation in vivo. NETs may spur formation of autoantibodies and may also serve as scaffolds for thrombosis, thereby providing a link among infection, autoimmunity, and thrombosis. In this review, we present the mechanisms by which NETs are formed and discuss the physiological and pathophysiological consequences of NET formation. We conclude that NETs may be of more importance in autoimmunity and thrombosis than in innate immune defense.
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Russo RC, Garcia CC, Teixeira MM, Amaral FA. The CXCL8/IL-8 chemokine family and its receptors in inflammatory diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:593-619. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.894886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
Neutrophils are the first line of defense of the immune system against infection. Among their weaponry, they have the ability to mix and extrude their DNA and bactericidal molecules creating NET-like structures in a unique type of cell death called NETosis. This process is important in order to control extracellular infections limiting collateral damage. Its aberrant function has been implicated in several human diseases including sepsis and autoimmune disease. The purpose of the present paper is to give a general introduction to this concept.
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Cheng OZ, Palaniyar N. NET balancing: a problem in inflammatory lung diseases. Front Immunol 2013; 4:1. [PMID: 23355837 PMCID: PMC3553399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 01/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are beneficial antimicrobial defense structures that can help fight against invading pathogens in the host. However, recent studies reveal that NETs exert adverse effects in a number of diseases including those of the lung. Many inflammatory lung diseases are characterized with a massive influx of neutrophils into the airways. Neutrophils contribute to the pathology of these diseases. To date, NETs have been identified in the lungs of cystic fibrosis (CF), acute lung injury (ALI), allergic asthma, and lungs infected with bacteria, virus, or fungi. These microbes and several host factors can stimulate NET formation, or NETosis. Different forms of NETosis have been identified and are dependent on varying types of stimuli. All of these pathways however appear to result in the formation of NETs that contain DNA, modified extracellular histones, proteases, and cytotoxic enzymes. Some of the NET components are immunogenic and damaging to host tissue. Innate immune collectins, such as pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D), bind NETs, and enhance the clearance of dying cells and DNA by alveolar macrophages. In many inflammatory lung diseases, bronchoalveolar SP-D levels are altered and its deficiency results in the accumulation of DNA in the lungs. Some of the other therapeutic molecules under consideration for treating NET-related diseases include DNases, antiproteases, myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors, peptidylarginine deiminase-4 inhibitors, and anti-histone antibodies. NETs could provide important biological advantage for the host to fight against certain microbial infections. However, too much of a good thing can be a bad thing. Maintaining the right balance of NET formation and reducing the amount of NETs that accumulate in tissues are essential for harnessing the power of NETs with minimal damage to the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Z Cheng
- Program in Physiology and Experimental Medicine, Lung Innate Immunity Research Laboratory, SickKids Research Institute Toronto, ON, Canada ; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
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Xu X, Xia J, Wang X. Potential anticancer therapies via CXCL5 and its receptors. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2013; 5:347-50. [PMID: 22943113 DOI: 10.1586/ecp.12.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Neutrophil Extracellular Trap in Human Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 756:1-8. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4549-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Vethanayagam RR, Almyroudis NG, Grimm MJ, Lewandowski DC, Pham CTN, Blackwell TS, Petraitiene R, Petraitis V, Walsh TJ, Urban CF, Segal BH. Role of NADPH oxidase versus neutrophil proteases in antimicrobial host defense. PLoS One 2011; 6:e28149. [PMID: 22163282 PMCID: PMC3233573 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase is a crucial enzyme in mediating antimicrobial host defense and in regulating inflammation. Patients with chronic granulomatous disease, an inherited disorder of NADPH oxidase in which phagocytes are defective in generation of reactive oxidant intermediates (ROIs), suffer from life-threatening bacterial and fungal infections. The mechanisms by which NADPH oxidase mediate host defense are unclear. In addition to ROI generation, neutrophil NADPH oxidase activation is linked to the release of sequestered proteases that are posited to be critical effectors of host defense. To definitively determine the contribution of NADPH oxidase versus neutrophil serine proteases, we evaluated susceptibility to fungal and bacterial infection in mice with engineered disruptions of these pathways. NADPH oxidase-deficient mice (p47phox−/−) were highly susceptible to pulmonary infection with Aspergillus fumigatus. In contrast, double knockout neutrophil elastase (NE)−/−×cathepsin G (CG)−/− mice and lysosomal cysteine protease cathepsin C/dipeptidyl peptidase I (DPPI)-deficient mice that are defective in neutrophil serine protease activation demonstrated no impairment in antifungal host defense. In separate studies of systemic Burkholderia cepacia infection, uniform fatality occurred in p47phox−/− mice, whereas NE−/−×CG−/− mice cleared infection. Together, these results show a critical role for NADPH oxidase in antimicrobial host defense against A. fumigatus and B. cepacia, whereas the proteases we evaluated were dispensable. Our results indicate that NADPH oxidase dependent pathways separate from neutrophil serine protease activation are required for host defense against specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Robert Vethanayagam
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Nikolaos G. Almyroudis
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Melissa J. Grimm
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - David C. Lewandowski
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Christine T. N. Pham
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Timothy S. Blackwell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ruta Petraitiene
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Weill Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Vidmantas Petraitis
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Weill Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Walsh
- Transplantation-Oncology Infectious Diseases Program, Weill Cornell University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Brahm H. Segal
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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