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Arita A, Takahashi T, Nakajima K, Kurokawa Y, Hirota S, Nishida T, Yamashita K, Saito T, Tanaka K, Makino T, Yamasaki M, Kawai K, Motoyama Y, Morii E, Eguchi H, Doki Y. Surgery for multiple gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors and large esophageal diverticulum related to germline mutation of the KIT gene: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2023; 9:183. [PMID: 37870660 PMCID: PMC10593636 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-023-01766-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract caused by germline gain-of-function mutations in the KIT gene or platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha gene (PDGFRA). These mutations cause not only multiple GISTs but also diffuse hyperplasia of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), which is related to esophageal motility disorder. CASE PRESENTATION A 53-year-old man was referred to our hospital because of anemia and dysphagia. Fifteen years earlier, he had undergone a laparoscopic partial gastrectomy for multiple gastric GISTs with a germline mutation in exon 17 of the KIT gene. An upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed that the patient had multiple gastric GISTs and a large esophageal diverticulum directly above the esophagogastric junction. The largest gastric tumor was 7 cm, with a delle that might cause bleeding. Because the patient presented with dysphagia, we performed video-assisted thoracic esophagectomy and laparoscopic-assisted proximal gastrectomy simultaneously. The patient had survived without metastasis for 4 years after surgery and dysphagia had improved. CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of successful laparoscopic-thoracoscopic surgery for a patient with familial gastric GISTs accompanied with a large esophageal diverticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Arita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yukinori Kurokawa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Seiichi Hirota
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Hyogo Medical University, 1-1 Mukogawa-Cho, Nishinomiya City, Hyogo 663-8501 Japan
| | - Toshirou Nishida
- Department of Surgery, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Osaka Hospital, 4-2-78, Fukushima, Fukushima-Ku, Osaka 553-0003 Japan
| | - Kotaro Yamashita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Takuro Saito
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Koji Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Tomoki Makino
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Makoto Yamasaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Kunihiko Kawai
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuichi Motoyama
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Eiichi Morii
- Department of Pathology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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Obata Y, Kurokawa K, Tojima T, Natsume M, Shiina I, Takahashi T, Abe R, Nakano A, Nishida T. Golgi retention and oncogenic KIT signaling via PLCγ2-PKD2-PI4KIIIβ activation in gastrointestinal stromal tumor cells. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113035. [PMID: 37616163 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Most gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) develop due to gain-of-function mutations in the tyrosine kinase gene, KIT. We recently showed that mutant KIT mislocalizes to the Golgi area and initiates uncontrolled signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying its Golgi retention remain unknown. Here, we show that protein kinase D2 (PKD2) is activated by the mutant, which causes Golgi retention of KIT. In PKD2-inhibited cells, KIT migrates from the Golgi region to lysosomes and subsequently undergoes degradation. Importantly, delocalized KIT cannot trigger downstream activation. In the Golgi/trans-Golgi network (TGN), KIT activates the PKD2-phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase IIIβ (PKD2-PI4KIIIβ) pathway through phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) to generate a PI4P-rich membrane domain, where the AP1-GGA1 complex is aberrantly recruited. Disruption of any factors in this cascade results in the release of KIT from the Golgi/TGN. Our findings show the molecular mechanisms underlying KIT mislocalization and provide evidence for a strategy for inhibition of oncogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Obata
- Laboratory of Intracellular Traffic & Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Kurokawa
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takuro Tojima
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Miyuki Natsume
- Laboratory of Intracellular Traffic & Oncology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Isamu Shiina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Akihiko Nakano
- Live Cell Super-Resolution Imaging Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toshirou Nishida
- National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; Laboratory of Nuclear Transport Dynamics, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
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In Silico, In Vitro, and Ex Vivo Biological Activity of Some Novel Mebeverine Precursors. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020605. [PMID: 36831141 PMCID: PMC9953468 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastroenterological disorder with complex pathogenesis and multifaceted therapy approaches, aimed at alleviating clinical symptoms and improving the life quality of patients. Its treatment includes dietary changes and drugs from various pharmacological groups such as antidiarrheals, anticholinergics, serotonin receptor antagonists, targeting chloride ion channels, etc. The present article is focused on the synthesis and biological evaluation of some mebeverine precursors as potential antispasmodics. METHODS In silico analysis aimed at predicting the pharmacodynamic profile of the compounds was performed. Based on these predictions, ex vivo bioelectrical activity (BEA) and immunohistochemical effects of the compounds were established. A thorough biological evaluation of the compounds was conducted assessing their in vitro antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. RESULTS All the newly synthesized compounds exerted drug-like properties, whereby 3-methyl-1-phenylbutan-2-amine 3 showed a significant change in BEA due to Ca2+ channel regulation, Ca2+ influx modulation, and a subsequent change in smooth muscle cell response. The immunohistochemical studies showed a good correlation with the obtained data on the BEA, defining amine 3 as a leader structure. No cytotoxicity to human malignant leukemic cell lines (LAMA-84, K-562) was observed for all tested compounds. CONCLUSION Based on the experimental results, we outlined 3-methyl-1-phenylbutan-2-amine 3 as a potential effective choice for orally active long-term therapy of IBS.
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de Camp NV, Bergeler J. Correlations between EEG and intestinal electrical stimulation. Transl Neurosci 2022; 13:440-452. [PMID: 36561288 PMCID: PMC9730545 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2022-0256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many diseases affect the autonomous nervous system and the central nervous system simultaneously, for example Parkinson's disease or irritable bowel syndrome. To study neurophysiologic interactions between the intestinal electrical activity and the electroencephalography (EEG) pattern of the brain, we combined intestinal electrical stimulation (IES) and non-invasive telemetric full-band DC EEG recordings in an acute pig-model. Intestinal motility was monitored with accelerometers. Brain activity was analyzed with regard to network driven phenomena like phase amplitude coupling (PAC) within two time-windows: 1 min after IES (early response) and 3 min after stimulation (late response). Here we present the results for two stimulation sites (small intestine, colon) and two parietal scalp-EEG channels (right and left somatosensory cortex region). Electrical stimulation consisted of a 30 or 130 Hz pulse. In summary, the PAC modulation index at a parietal EEG recording position is decreased after IES. This effect is in line with an inhibitory effect of our IES protocol regarding peristalsis. The surprisingly strong effects of IES on network driven EEG patterns may be translated into new therapeutic techniques and/or diagnostic tools in the future. Furthermore, analytic tools, operating on sparse datasets, may be ideally suited for the integration in implantable intestinal pacemakers as feedback system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Vanessa de Camp
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Visceral Surgery Unit, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bergeler
- Department of Behavioral Physiology, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Medical Center of the Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Visceral Surgery Unit, Mainz, Germany
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Kuruppu S, Cheng LK, Avci R, Angeli-Gordon TR, Paskaranandavadivel N. Relationship Between Intestinal Slow-waves, Spike-bursts, and Motility, as Defined Through High-resolution Electrical and Video Mapping. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 28:664-677. [PMID: 36250373 PMCID: PMC9577564 DOI: 10.5056/jnm21183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims High-resolution extracellular mapping has improved our understanding of bioelectric slow-wave and spike-burst activity in the small intestine. The spatiotemporal correlation of electrophysiology and motility patterns is of critical interest to intestinal function but remains incompletely defined. Methods Intestinal jejunum segments from in vivo pigs and rabbits were exteriorized, and simultaneous high-resolution extracellular recordings and video recordings were performed. Contractions were quantified with strain fields, and the frequencies and velocities of motility patterns were calculated. The amplitudes, frequencies, and velocities of slow-wave propagation patterns and spike-bursts were quantified and visualized. In addition, the duration, size and energy of spike-burst patches were quantified. Results Slow-wave associated spike-bursts activated periodically at 10.8 ± 4.0 cycles per minute (cpm) in pigs and 10.2 ± 3.2 cpm in rabbits, while independent spike-bursts activated at a frequency of 3.2 ± 1.8 cpm. Independent spike-bursts had higher amplitude and longer duration than slow-wave associated spike-bursts (1.4 ± 0.8 mV vs 0.1 ± 0.1 mV, P < 0.001; 1.8 ± 1.4 seconds vs 0.8 ± 0.3 seconds, P < 0.001 in pigs). Spike-bursts that activated as longitudinal or circumferential patches were associated with contractions in the respective directions. Spontaneous peristaltic contractions were elicited by independent spike-bursts and travelled slower than slow-wave velocity (3.7 ± 0.5 mm/sec vs 10.1 ± 4.7 mm/sec, P = 0.007). Cyclic peristaltic contractions were driven by slow-wave associated spike-bursts and were coupled to slow-wave velocity and frequency in rabbit (14.2 ± 2.3 mm/sec vs 11.5 ± 4.6 mm/sec, P = 0.162; 11.0 ± 0.6 cpm vs 10.8 ± 0.6 cpm, P = 0.970). Conclusions Motility patterns were dictated by patterns of spike-burst patches. When spike-bursts were coupled to slow-waves, periodic motility patterns were observed, while when spike-bursts were not coupled to slow-waves, spontaneous aperiodic motility patterns were captured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachira Kuruppu
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leo K Cheng
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
- Riddet Institute, Center of Research Excellence, New Zealand
- Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, USA
| | - Recep Avci
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
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Nehra AK, Sheedy SP, Johnson CD, Flicek KT, Venkatesh SK, Heiken JP, Wells ML, Ehman EC, Barlow JM, Fletcher JG, Olson MC, Bharucha AE, Katzka DA, Fidler JL. Imaging Review of Gastrointestinal Motility Disorders. Radiographics 2022; 42:2014-2036. [PMID: 36206184 DOI: 10.1148/rg.220052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The motor function of the gastrointestinal tract relies on the enteric nervous system, which includes neurons spanning from the esophagus to the internal anal sphincter. Disorders of gastrointestinal motility arise as a result of disease within the affected portion of the enteric nervous system and may be caused by a wide array of underlying diseases. The etiology of motility disorders may be primary or due to secondary causes related to infection or inflammation, congenital abnormalities, metabolic disturbances, systemic illness, or medication-related side effects. The symptoms of gastrointestinal dysmotility tend to be nonspecific and may cause diagnostic difficulty. Therefore, evaluation of motility disorders requires a combination of clinical, radiologic, and endoscopic or manometric testing. Radiologic studies including fluoroscopy, CT, MRI, and nuclear scintigraphy allow exclusion of alternative pathologic conditions and serve as adjuncts to endoscopy and manometry to determine the appropriate diagnosis. Additionally, radiologist understanding of clinical evaluation of motility disorders is necessary for guiding referring clinicians and appropriately imaging patients. New developments and advances in imaging techniques have allowed improved assessment and diagnosis of motility disorders, which will continue to improve patient treatment options. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash K Nehra
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - Shannon P Sheedy
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - C Daniel Johnson
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - Kristina T Flicek
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - Sudhakar K Venkatesh
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - Jay P Heiken
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - Michael L Wells
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - Eric C Ehman
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - John M Barlow
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - Joel G Fletcher
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - Michael C Olson
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - Adil E Bharucha
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - David A Katzka
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
| | - Jeff L Fidler
- From the Department of Radiology (A.K.N., S.P.S., K.T.F., S.K.V., J.P.H., M.L.W., E.C.E., J.M.B., J.G.F., M.C.O., J.L.F.) and Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology (A.E.B., D.A.K.), Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN 55905; and Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Ariz (C.D.J.)
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Wang L, Malik A, Roop PS, Cheng LK, Paskaranandavadivel N. A framework for the design of a closed-loop gastric pacemaker for treating conduction block. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2022; 216:106652. [PMID: 35124479 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders can be significantly detrimental to the quality of life. Pacing, or long pulse gastric electrical stimulation, is a potential treatment option for treating GI motility disorders by modulating the slow wave activity. Open-loop pacing of the GI tract is the current standard for modulating dysrhythmic patterns, but it is known to be suboptimal and inefficient. Recent work on sensing intracellular potentials and pacing accordingly in a closed-loop has been shown to be effective at modulating dysrhythmic patterns. However, capturing intracellular potentials in an in-vivo setting is not viable. Therefore a closed-loop gastric electrical stimulation that can sense extracellular potentials and pace accordingly to modulate dysrhythmic patterns is required. This paper presents a closed-loop Gastric Electrical Stimulator (GES) design framework, which comprises of extracellular potential generation, sensing, and closed-loop actuation. METHODS This work leverages a pre-existing high-fidelity two-dimensional Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC) network modeling framework to mimic several normal and dysrhythmic patterns observed in experimental recordings of patients suffering from GI tract diseases. The activation patterns of the of the ICC network are captured by an extracellular potential generation model and is integrated with the GES in a closed-loop to validate the efficacy of the developed pacing algorithms. The proposed GES pacing algorithms extend existing offline filtering and activation detection methods to process the sensed extracellular potentials in real time. The GES detects bradygastric rhythms based on the sensed extracellular potentials and actuates the ICC network via pacing to rectify dysrhythmic patterns. RESULTS The proposed GES model is able to sense and process the generated noisy extracellular potentials, detect the bradygastric patterns, and modulate the slow wave activities to normal propagation effectively. CONCLUSIONS A closed-loop GES design, which can be applied in an experimental and clinical setting is developed and validated through the ICC network model. The proposed GES model has the ability to modulate a variety of bradygastric patterns, including conduction block effectively in a closed-loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luman Wang
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Avinash Malik
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Partha S Roop
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
| | - Leo K Cheng
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand.
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Khan AS. Ileal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor as a Rare Cause of Gastrointestinal Bleed: A Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature. Cureus 2022; 14:e22856. [PMID: 35392443 PMCID: PMC8977124 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.22856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare, slowly growing submucosal tumors in the gastrointestinal tract. Due to its indolent nature, GIST can go undetected for a long period of time. Symptomatic patients will typically develop abdominal pain, abdominal fullness, nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite. However, most commonly and recognizable, patients will have blood in their stool due to rapid bleeding from the tumor. We report a case of a late diagnosis of GIST in the ileum with a favorable outcome.
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Ghosh R, Menon SN. Spontaneous generation of persistent activity in diffusively coupled cellular assemblies. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:014311. [PMID: 35193258 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.014311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous generation of electrical activity underpins a number of essential physiological processes, and is observed even in tissues where specialized pacemaker cells have not been identified. The emergence of periodic oscillations in diffusively coupled assemblies of excitable and electrically passive cells (which are individually incapable of sustaining autonomous activity) has been suggested as a possible mechanism underlying such phenomena. In this paper we investigate the dynamics of such assemblies in more detail by considering simple motifs of coupled electrically active and passive cells. The resulting behavior encompasses a wide range of dynamical phenomena, including chaos. However, embedding such assemblies in a lattice yields spatiotemporal patterns that either correspond to a quiescent state or to partial or globally synchronized oscillations. The resulting reduction in dynamical complexity suggests an emergent simplicity in the collective dynamics of such large, spatially extended systems. Furthermore, we show that such patterns can be reproduced by a reduced model comprising only excitatory and oscillatory elements. Our results suggest a generalization of the mechanism by which periodic activity can emerge in a heterogeneous system comprising nonoscillatory elements by coupling them diffusively, provided their steady states in isolation are sufficiently dissimilar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Ghosh
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400 094, India
| | - Shakti N Menon
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, CIT Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
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10
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Choi S, Seo H, Lee K, Shin DH, Wu MJ, Wu W, Huang X, Zhang J, Hong C, Jun JY. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels working as pacemaker channels in colonic interstitial cells of Cajal. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 26:364-374. [PMID: 34845842 PMCID: PMC8743669 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) channels function as pacemaker channels in spontaneously active cells. We studied the existence of HCN channels and their functional roles in the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) from the mouse colon using electrophysiological, immunohistochemical and molecular techniques. HCN1 and HCN3 channels were detected in anoctamin‐1 (Ca2+‐activated Cl− channel; ANO1)‐positive cells within the muscular and myenteric layers in colonic tissues. The mRNA transcripts of HCN1 and HCN3 channels were expressed in ANO1‐positive ICC. In the deletion of HCN1 and HCN3 channels in colonic ICC, the pacemaking potential frequency was reduced. Basal cellular adenylate cyclase activity was decreased by adenylate cyclase inhibitor in colonic ICC, whereas cAMP‐specific phosphodiesterase inhibitors increased it. 8‐Bromo‐cyclic AMP and rolipram increased spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ oscillations. In addition, Ca2+‐dependent adenylate cyclase 1 (AC1) mRNA was detected in colonic ICC. Sulprostone, a PGE2‐EP3 agonist, increased the pacemaking potential frequency, maximum rate of rise of resting membrane in pacemaker potentials and basal cellular adenylate cyclase activity in colonic ICC. These results indicate that HCN channels exist in colonic ICC and participate in generating pacemaking potentials. Thus, HCN channels may be therapeutic targets in disturbed colonic motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyunhyo Seo
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyungmin Lee
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Shin
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Mei Jin Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Xingyou Huang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chansik Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae Yeoul Jun
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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11
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Huizinga JD, Hussain A, Chen JH. Interstitial cells of Cajal and human colon motility in health and disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 321:G552-G575. [PMID: 34612070 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00264.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Our understanding of human colonic motility, and autonomic reflexes that generate motor patterns, has increased markedly through high-resolution manometry. Details of the motor patterns are emerging related to frequency and propagation characteristics that allow linkage to interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) networks. In studies on colonic motor dysfunction requiring surgery, ICC are almost always abnormal or significantly reduced. However, there are still gaps in our knowledge about the role of ICC in the control of colonic motility and there is little understanding of a mechanistic link between ICC abnormalities and colonic motor dysfunction. This review will outline the various ICC networks in the human colon and their proven and likely associations with the enteric and extrinsic autonomic nervous systems. Based on our extensive knowledge of the role of ICC in the control of gastrointestinal motility of animal models and the human stomach and small intestine, we propose how ICC networks are underlying the motor patterns of the human colon. The role of ICC will be reviewed in the autonomic neural reflexes that evoke essential motor patterns for transit and defecation. Mechanisms underlying ICC injury, maintenance, and repair will be discussed. Hypotheses are formulated as to how ICC dysfunction can lead to motor abnormalities in slow transit constipation, chronic idiopathic pseudo-obstruction, Hirschsprung's disease, fecal incontinence, diverticular disease, and inflammatory conditions. Recent studies on ICC repair after injury hold promise for future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan D Huizinga
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amer Hussain
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ji-Hong Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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12
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Kihara T, Yuan J, Watabe T, Kitajima K, Kimura N, Ohkouchi M, Hashikura Y, Ohkubo S, Takahashi T, Hirota S. Pimitespib is effective on cecal GIST in a mouse model of familial GISTs with KIT-Asp820Tyr mutation through KIT signaling inhibition. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 123:104692. [PMID: 34606780 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2021.104692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Three families with multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) caused by a germline Asp820Tyr mutation at exon 17 of the c-kit gene (KIT-Asp820Tyr) have been reported. We previously generated a knock-in mouse model of the family, and the mice with KIT-Asp818Tyr corresponding to human KIT-Asp820Tyr showed a cecal tumor equivalent to human GIST. In the model mice, we reported that tyrosine kinase inhibitor, imatinib, could stabilize but not decrease the cecal tumor volume. In this report, we examined whether a heat shock protein 90 inhibitor, pimitespib (TAS-116), has an inhibitory effect on phosphorylation of KIT-Asp818Tyr and can decrease the cecal tumor volume in the model mice. First, we showed that pimitespib inhibited KIT phosphorylation both dose- and time-dependently in KIT-Asp818Tyr transfected murine Ba/F3 cells. Then, four 1-week courses of pimitespib were orally administered to heterozygous (KIT-Asp818Tyr/+) model mice. Each course consisted of once-daily administration for consecutive 5 days followed by 2 days-off. Cecal tumors were dissected, and tumor volume was histologically analyzed, Ki-67 labeling index was immunohistochemically examined, and apoptotic figures were counted. Compared to the vehicle treated mice, pimitespib administered mice showed statistically significantly smaller cecal tumor volume, lower Ki-67 labeling index, and higher number of apoptotic figures in 10 high power fields (P = 0.0344, P = 0.0019 and P = 0.0269, respectively). Western blotting revealed that activation of KIT signaling molecules was strongly inhibited in the tumor tissues of pimitespib-administered mice compared to control mice. Thus, pimitespib seemed to inhibit in vivo tumor progression effectively in the model mice. These results suggest that the progression of multiple GISTs in patients with germline KIT-Asp820Tyr might be controllable by pimitespib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Kihara
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Jiayin Yuan
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watabe
- Department of Radiology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kitajima
- Department of Radiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Neinei Kimura
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Mizuka Ohkouchi
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Yuka Hashikura
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shuichi Ohkubo
- Discovery and Preclinical Research Division, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Seiichi Hirota
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan.
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13
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Zurzu M, Nicolescu MI, Mogoantă L, Pantea S, Rusu MC. Telocytes and Lymphatics of the Human Colon. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11101001. [PMID: 34685373 PMCID: PMC8538068 DOI: 10.3390/life11101001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Telocytes (TCs) are a peculiar morphological type of stromal cells. They project long and moniliform telopodes, visible on various bidimensional sections. Originally regarded as “interstitial Cajal-like cells”, gastrointestinal TCs were CD34+. Further double-labelling studies found that colon TCs are negative for the expressions of the PDGFR-α and α-SMA. However, the TCs in colon were not distinguished specifically from endothelial cells (ECs), vascular or lymphatic. A combinational approach is important for accurate TC identification. Hence, we designed an immunohistochemical study of human colon to check whether ECs and CD34+ TCs express different markers. Methods: Immunohistochemistry was performed on archived paraffin-embedded samples of human colon (nine cases) for the following markers: CD31, CD34, CD117/c-kit and D2-40 (podoplanin). Results: A distinctive population of CD34+ TCs was found coating the myenteric ganglia. However, also perivascular cells and vascular ECs were CD34+. c-kit expression was equally found in interstitial Cajal cells (ICCs) and perivascular cells. The CD34 TCs did not express c-kit. As they were equally CD31- and D2-40- they were assessed as different from ECs. Conclusions: Testing specific markers of ECs, vascular and lymphatic, in the same tissues in which CD34+ TCs are found, is much more relevant than to identify TCs by transmission electron microscopy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Zurzu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihnea Ioan Nicolescu
- Division of Histology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.I.N.); (M.C.R.)
| | - Laurențiu Mogoantă
- Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Stelian Pantea
- Surgery Clinic II, “Victor Babeș” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timișoara, Romania;
| | - Mugurel Constantin Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Correspondence: (M.I.N.); (M.C.R.)
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14
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Tustumi F, de Sousa JHB, Dornelas NM, Rosa GM, Steinman M, Bianchi ET. The Mechanisms for the Association of Cancer and Esophageal Dysmotility Disorders. Med Sci (Basel) 2021; 9:32. [PMID: 34064058 PMCID: PMC8163009 DOI: 10.3390/medsci9020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Achalasia and other esophageal dysmotility disorders mimicking achalasia can be associated with cancer. This study aimed to review the main mechanisms for which cancer may develop in esophageal dysmotility disorder patients. METHODS A narrative review was performed. RESULTS The mechanism for developing squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are discussed. Besides, achalasia-like syndromes related to familial KIT-gene mutation and pseudoachalasia are discussed. CONCLUSIONS Knowing the main mechanism for which achalasia can be related to cancer is essential for clinicians to conduct the proper investigation, surveillance, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Tustumi
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.H.B.d.S.); (N.M.D.); (G.M.R.); (M.S.); (E.T.B.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | | | - Nicolas Medeiros Dornelas
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.H.B.d.S.); (N.M.D.); (G.M.R.); (M.S.); (E.T.B.)
| | - Guilherme Maganha Rosa
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.H.B.d.S.); (N.M.D.); (G.M.R.); (M.S.); (E.T.B.)
| | - Milton Steinman
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.H.B.d.S.); (N.M.D.); (G.M.R.); (M.S.); (E.T.B.)
| | - Edno Tales Bianchi
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, Sao Paulo 05652-900, Brazil; (J.H.B.d.S.); (N.M.D.); (G.M.R.); (M.S.); (E.T.B.)
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
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15
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Wang D, Zhang H, Vu T, Zhan Y, Malhotra A, Wang P, Chitgupi U, Rai A, Zhang S, Wang L, Huizinga JD, Lovell JF, Xia J. Trans-illumination intestine projection imaging of intestinal motility in mice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1682. [PMID: 33727562 PMCID: PMC7966380 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21930-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional intestinal imaging holds importance for the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. Currently, preclinical imaging of intestinal motility in animal models is performed either invasively with excised intestines or noninvasively under anesthesia, and cannot reveal intestinal dynamics in the awake condition. Capitalizing on near-infrared optics and a high-absorbing contrast agent, we report the Trans-illumination Intestine Projection (TIP) imaging system for free-moving mice. After a complete system evaluation, we performed in vivo studies, and obtained peristalsis and segmentation motor patterns of free-moving mice. We show the in vivo typical segmentation motor pattern, that was previously shown in ex vivo studies to be controlled by intestinal pacemaker cells. We also show the effects of anesthesia on motor patterns, highlighting the possibility to study the role of the extrinsic nervous system in controlling motor patterns, which requires unanesthetized live animals. Combining with light-field technologies, we further demonstrated 3D imaging of intestine in vivo (3D-TIP). Importantly, the added depth information allows us to extract intestines located away from the abdominal wall, and to quantify intestinal motor patterns along different directions. The TIP system should open up avenues for functional imaging of the GI tract in conscious animals in natural physiological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Depeng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Tri Vu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Ye Zhan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Akash Malhotra
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Upendra Chitgupi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Aliza Rai
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sizhe Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lidai Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jan D Huizinga
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan F Lovell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Jun Xia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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16
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High-Resolution Colonic Manometry Pressure Profiles Are Similar in Asymptomatic Diverticulosis and Controls. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:832-842. [PMID: 32399665 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated colonic pressures and increased colonic activity have been thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of diverticulosis. However, evidence for this has been limited to low-resolution manometry, which is of limited accuracy. AIMS This study aimed to evaluate the contraction pressures, counts, and distance of propagation recorded by high-resolution colonic manometry in diverticulosis vs control patients. METHODS High-resolution colonic manometry was used to record descending and sigmoid colon activity pre- and post-meal in patients with established, asymptomatic diverticulosis and in healthy controls. Antegrade and retrograde propagating contractions, distance of propagation (mm), and mean contraction pressures (mmHg) in the descending and sigmoid colon were compared between patients and controls for all isolated propagating contractions, the cyclic motor pattern, and high-amplitude propagating contractions independently. RESULTS Mean manometry pressures were not different between controls and diverticulosis patients (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). In the descending colon, diverticulosis patients had lower post-meal mean distance of propagation for all propagating contractions [10.8 (SE1.5) mm vs 20.0 (2.0) mm, p = 0.003] and the cyclic motor pattern [6.0 (2.5) mm vs 17.1 (2.8) mm, p = 0.01]. In the sigmoid colon, diverticulosis patients showed lower post-meal mean distance of propagation for all propagating contractions [10.8 (1.5) mm vs 20.2 (5.9) mm, p = 0.01] and a lower post-meal increase in retrograde propagating contractions (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS In this first high-resolution colonic manometry study of patients with diverticular disease, we did not find evidence for increased manometric pressures or increased colonic activity in patients with diverticular disease.
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17
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Parsons SP, Huizinga JD. Nitric Oxide Is Essential for Generating the Minute Rhythm Contraction Pattern in the Small Intestine, Likely via ICC-DMP. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:592664. [PMID: 33488345 PMCID: PMC7817771 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.592664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrergic nerves have been proposed to play a critical role in the orchestration of peristaltic activities throughout the gastrointestinal tract. In the present study, we investigated the role of nitric oxide, using spatiotemporal mapping, in peristaltic activity of the whole ex vivo mouse intestine. We identified a propulsive motor pattern in the form of propagating myogenic contractions, that are clustered by the enteric nervous system into a minute rhythm that is dependent on nitric oxide. The cluster formation was abolished by TTX, lidocaine and nitric oxide synthesis inhibition, whereas the myogenic contractions, occurring at the ICC-MP initiated slow wave frequency, remained undisturbed. Cluster formation, inhibited by block of nitric oxide synthesis, was fully restored in a highly regular rhythmic fashion by a constant level of nitric oxide generated by sodium nitroprusside; but the action of sodium nitroprusside was inhibited by lidocaine indicating that it was relying on neural activity, but not rhythmic nitrergic nerve activity. Hence, distention-induced activity of cholinergic nerves and/or a co-factor within nitrergic nerves such as ATP is also a requirement for the minute rhythm. Cluster formation was dependent on distention but was not evoked by a distention reflex. Block of gap junction conductance by carbenoxolone, dose dependently inhibited, and eventually abolished clusters and contraction waves, likely associated, not with inhibition of nitrergic innervation, but by abolishing ICC network synchronization. An intriguing feature of the clusters was the presence of bands of rhythmic inhibitions at 4-8 cycles/min; these inhibitory patches occurred in the presence of tetrodotoxin or lidocaine and hence were not dependent on nitrergic nerves. We propose that the minute rhythm is generated by nitric oxide-induced rhythmic depolarization of the musculature via ICC-DMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. Parsons
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jan D. Huizinga
- Department of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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18
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Kondo J, Huh WJ, Franklin JL, Heinrich MC, Rubin BP, Coffey RJ. A smooth muscle-derived, Braf-driven mouse model of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): evidence for an alternative GIST cell-of-origin. J Pathol 2020; 252:441-450. [PMID: 32944951 PMCID: PMC7802691 DOI: 10.1002/path.5552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumor of the gut. GISTs are thought to arise solely from interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), a KIT-positive population that controls gut motility. Activating gain-of-function mutations in KIT and PDGFRA are the most frequent driver events, and most of these tumors are responsive to the tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib. Less common drivers include mutant BRAFV600E and these tumors are resistant to imatinib. A mouse model of GIST was recently reported using Etv1, the master transcriptional regulator of ICC-intramuscular (IM) and ICC-myenteric (MY), to induce mutant Braf expression. ICC hyperplasia was observed in Etv1CreERT2 ;BrafLSL-V600E/+ mice but loss of Trp53 was required for development of GIST. We identified previously expression of the pan-ErbB negative regulator, LRIG1, in two distinct subclasses of ICC [ICC-deep muscular plexus (DMP) in small intestine and ICC-submucosal plexus (SMP) in colon] and that LRIG1 regulated their development from smooth muscle cell progenitors. Using Lrig1CreERT2 to induce BrafV600E , we observed ICC hyperplasia beyond the confines of ICC-DMP and ICC-SMP expression, suggesting smooth muscle cells as the cell-of-origin. To examine this possibility, we selectively activated BrafV600E in smooth muscle cells. Myh11CreERT2 ;BrafLSL-V600E/+ mice developed not only ICC hyperplasia but also GIST and in the absence of Trp53 disruption. In addition to providing a simpler model for mutant Braf GIST, these results provide conclusive evidence for smooth muscle cells as an alternative cell-of-origin for GIST. © 2020 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Won Jae Huh
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Franklin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
| | - Michael C Heinrich
- Hematology/Medical Oncology, Portland VA Health Care System and OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, OR, USA
| | - Brian P Rubin
- Robert J Tomsich Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, OH, USA
| | - Robert J Coffey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, TN, USA
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19
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Wang L, Malik A, Roop PS, Cheng LK, Paskaranandavadivel N, Ai W. Design of a closed-loop gastric pacemaker for modulating dysrhythmic conduction patterns via extracellular potentials. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2020; 2020:2504-2507. [PMID: 33018515 DOI: 10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A potential treatment option for chronic and severe motility disorders such as gastroparesis is the implantation of a Gastric Electrical Stimulator (GES), which is designed to modulate the bio-electric slow waves. However, the effectiveness of current GESs remains uncertain since they do not work in a closed-loop by sensing, processing, and modulating the dysrhythmic patterns. This work presents the design of a GES model working in closed-loop with the network of the Interstitial Cells of Cajal (ICC). A pre-existing two-dimensional ICC network is enhanced by proposing an extracellular potential generation model, which can precisely capture the timing behaviour of slow wave propagation pattern of the simulated ICC network. The GES senses the extracellular potential, detects bradygastric patterns and finally modulates the activity to ensure normal conduction. The GES is designed to be practical for ease of validation and implementation.
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20
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Klimovich A, Giacomello S, Björklund Å, Faure L, Kaucka M, Giez C, Murillo-Rincon AP, Matt AS, Willoweit-Ohl D, Crupi G, de Anda J, Wong GCL, D'Amato M, Adameyko I, Bosch TCG. Prototypical pacemaker neurons interact with the resident microbiota. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17854-17863. [PMID: 32647059 PMCID: PMC7395494 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920469117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pacemaker neurons exert control over neuronal circuit function by their intrinsic ability to generate rhythmic bursts of action potential. Recent work has identified rhythmic gut contractions in human, mice, and hydra to be dependent on both neurons and the resident microbiota. However, little is known about the evolutionary origin of these neurons and their interaction with microbes. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized prototypical ANO/SCN/TRPM ion channel-expressing pacemaker cells in the basal metazoan Hydra by using a combination of single-cell transcriptomics, immunochemistry, and functional experiments. Unexpectedly, these prototypical pacemaker neurons express a rich set of immune-related genes mediating their interaction with the microbial environment. Furthermore, functional experiments gave a strong support to a model of the evolutionary emergence of pacemaker cells as neurons using components of innate immunity to interact with the microbial environment and ion channels to generate rhythmic contractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Klimovich
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany;
| | - Stefania Giacomello
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Infrastructure of Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, 17121 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Gene Technology, Science for Life Laboratory, Kungligia Tekniska Högskolan Royal Institute of Technology, 17121 Solna, Sweden
| | - Åsa Björklund
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Infrastructure of Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Louis Faure
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marketa Kaucka
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, SH 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Christoph Giez
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andrea P Murillo-Rincon
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ann-Sophie Matt
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Doris Willoweit-Ohl
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Gabriele Crupi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jaime de Anda
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600
| | - Gerard C L Wong
- Department of Bioengineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1600
| | - Mauro D'Amato
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Igor Adameyko
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas C G Bosch
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Zoological Institute, University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany;
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21
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Foong D, Zhou J, Zarrouk A, Ho V, O’Connor MD. Understanding the Biology of Human Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Gastrointestinal Motility. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124540. [PMID: 32630607 PMCID: PMC7352366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of patients worldwide suffer from gastrointestinal (GI) motility disorders such as gastroparesis. These disorders typically include debilitating symptoms, such as chronic nausea and vomiting. As no cures are currently available, clinical care is limited to symptom management, while the underlying causes of impaired GI motility remain unaddressed. The efficient movement of contents through the GI tract is facilitated by peristalsis. These rhythmic slow waves of GI muscle contraction are mediated by several cell types, including smooth muscle cells, enteric neurons, telocytes, and specialised gut pacemaker cells called interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). As ICC dysfunction or loss has been implicated in several GI motility disorders, ICC represent a potentially valuable therapeutic target. Due to their availability, murine ICC have been extensively studied at the molecular level using both normal and diseased GI tissue. In contrast, relatively little is known about the biology of human ICC or their involvement in GI disease pathogenesis. Here, we demonstrate human gastric tissue as a source of primary human cells with ICC phenotype. Further characterisation of these cells will provide new insights into human GI biology, with the potential for developing novel therapies to address the fundamental causes of GI dysmotility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Foong
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (D.F.); (J.Z.); (V.H.)
| | - Jerry Zhou
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (D.F.); (J.Z.); (V.H.)
| | - Ali Zarrouk
- Campbelltown Private Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia;
| | - Vincent Ho
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (D.F.); (J.Z.); (V.H.)
- Campbelltown Private Hospital, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia;
| | - Michael D. O’Connor
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia; (D.F.); (J.Z.); (V.H.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Pande T, Dey SK, Chand K, Kinra P. Influence of Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Congenital Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2020; 25:231-235. [PMID: 32939115 PMCID: PMC7478290 DOI: 10.4103/jiaps.jiaps_115_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The etiopathogenesis of congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) has been inconclusive in spite of the numerous studies carried out to find the possible causative factor. The results of different studies have been conflicting and contradictory. It has been postulated that the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are the pacemaker cells located in the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) and regulate the peristalsis in this region. Paucity of these cells may be one of the causative factors for congenital UPJO although there is no clear consensus on this issue. Therefore, the present study has been carried out to ascertain the role of ICC as one of the possible etiological factors for congenital UPJO. The aim of this study is to first identify the presence of ICC at UPJ, second to compare the average number of ICC in congenital UPJO with a control population without UPJO, and third to ascertain whether any correlation exists between the number of ICC and postoperative improvement in function of the affected kidney. Materials and Methods: A total number of 30 patients who underwent dismembered Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty for congenital UPJO between June 2016 and November 2017, were compared with seven controls who underwent nephroureterectomy for various other reasons. The specimen was subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC), and a quantitative comparison was made for the ICC between cases and controls. The preoperative and postoperative function was evaluated by renal diuretic scintigraphy. Results: The disease was more common among males in the ratio of 6.5:1, and there was a predominance of the left-sided involvement. In the studied cases, the average number of ICC seen for every high-power field (hpf) was 4.86 ± 0.76/hpf, whereas in control it was 11.74 ± 0.86/hpf (P = 0.04). The postoperative outcome, as measured by the improvement in split renal function, did not have any correlation with the number of ICC. Conclusion: The ICC are present at the UPJ and can be detected by immunohistochemistry due to their CD117 positivity. These cells are significantly low at this site in cases of congenital UPJO when compared to controls without any obstruction. The number of ICC bears no correlation to the postoperative improvement in function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Pande
- Department of Surgery, AFMC, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Dey
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Command Hospital (SC), Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Karunesh Chand
- Department of PediatricSurgery, Army Hospital (R and R), New Delhi, India
| | - Prateek Kinra
- Department of Pathology, AFMC, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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23
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Piché J, Van Vliet PP, Pucéat M, Andelfinger G. The expanding phenotypes of cohesinopathies: one ring to rule them all! Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2828-2848. [PMID: 31516082 PMCID: PMC6791706 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1658476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preservation and development of life depend on the adequate segregation of sister chromatids during mitosis and meiosis. This process is ensured by the cohesin multi-subunit complex. Mutations in this complex have been associated with an increasing number of diseases, termed cohesinopathies. The best characterized cohesinopathy is Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS), in which intellectual and growth retardations are the main phenotypic manifestations. Despite some overlap, the clinical manifestations of cohesinopathies vary considerably. Novel roles of the cohesin complex have emerged during the past decades, suggesting that important cell cycle regulators exert important biological effects through non-cohesion-related functions and broadening the potential pathomechanisms involved in cohesinopathies. This review focuses on non-cohesion-related functions of the cohesin complex, gene dosage effect, epigenetic regulation and TGF-β in cohesinopathy context, especially in comparison to Chronic Atrial and Intestinal Dysrhythmia (CAID) syndrome, a very distinct cohesinopathy caused by a homozygous Shugoshin-1 (SGO1) mutation (K23E) and characterized by pacemaker failure in both heart (sick sinus syndrome followed by atrial flutter) and gut (chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction) with no intellectual or growth delay. We discuss the possible impact of SGO1 alterations in human pathologies and the potential impact of the SGO1 K23E mutation in the sinus node and gut development and functions. We suggest that the human phenotypes observed in CdLS, CAID syndrome and other cohesinopathies can inform future studies into the less well-known non-cohesion-related functions of cohesin complex genes. Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer Disease; AFF4: AF4/FMR2 Family Member 4; ANKRD11: Ankyrin Repeat Domain 11; APC: Anaphase Promoter Complex; ASD: Atrial Septal Defect; ATRX: ATRX Chromatin Remodeler; ATRX: Alpha Thalassemia X-linked intellectual disability syndrome; BIRC5: Baculoviral IAP Repeat Containing 5; BMP: Bone Morphogenetic Protein; BRD4: Bromodomain Containing 4; BUB1: BUB1 Mitotic Checkpoint Serine/Threonine Kinase; CAID: Chronic Atrial and Intestinal Dysrhythmia; CDK1: Cyclin Dependent Kinase 1; CdLS: Cornelia de Lange Syndrome; CHD: Congenital Heart Disease; CHOPS: Cognitive impairment, coarse facies, Heart defects, Obesity, Pulmonary involvement, Short stature, and skeletal dysplasia; CIPO: Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction; c-kit: KIT Proto-Oncogene Receptor Tyrosine Kinase; CoATs: Cohesin Acetyltransferases; CTCF: CCCTC-Binding Factor; DDX11: DEAD/H-Box Helicase 11; ERG: Transcriptional Regulator ERG; ESCO2: Establishment of Sister Chromatid Cohesion N-Acetyltransferase 2; GJC1: Gap Junction Protein Gamma 1; H2A: Histone H2A; H3K4: Histone H3 Lysine 4; H3K9: Histone H3 Lysine 9; HCN4: Hyperpolarization Activated Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Potassium and Sodium Channel 4;p HDAC8: Histone deacetylases 8; HP1: Heterochromatin Protein 1; ICC: Interstitial Cells of Cajal; ICC-MP: Myenteric Plexus Interstitial cells of Cajal; ICC-DMP: Deep Muscular Plexus Interstitial cells of Cajal; If: Pacemaker Funny Current; IP3: Inositol trisphosphate; JNK: C-Jun N-Terminal Kinase; LDS: Loeys-Dietz Syndrome; LOAD: Late-Onset Alzheimer Disease; MAPK: Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase; MAU: MAU Sister Chromatid Cohesion Factor; MFS: Marfan Syndrome; NIPBL: NIPBL, Cohesin Loading Factor; OCT4: Octamer-Binding Protein 4; P38: P38 MAP Kinase; PDA: Patent Ductus Arteriosus; PDS5: PDS5 Cohesin Associated Factor; P-H3: Phospho Histone H3; PLK1: Polo Like Kinase 1; POPDC1: Popeye Domain Containing 1; POPDC2: Popeye Domain Containing 2; PP2A: Protein Phosphatase 2; RAD21: RAD21 Cohesin Complex Component; RBS: Roberts Syndrome; REC8: REC8 Meiotic Recombination Protein; RNAP2: RNA polymerase II; SAN: Sinoatrial node; SCN5A: Sodium Voltage-Gated Channel Alpha Subunit 5; SEC: Super Elongation Complex; SGO1: Shogoshin-1; SMAD: SMAD Family Member; SMC1A: Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes 1A; SMC3: Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes 3; SNV: Single Nucleotide Variant; SOX2: SRY-Box 2; SOX17: SRY-Box 17; SSS: Sick Sinus Syndrome; STAG2: Cohesin Subunit SA-2; TADs: Topology Associated Domains; TBX: T-box transcription factors; TGF-β: Transforming Growth Factor β; TGFBR: Transforming Growth Factor β receptor; TOF: Tetralogy of Fallot; TREK1: TREK-1 K(+) Channel Subunit; VSD: Ventricular Septal Defect; WABS: Warsaw Breakage Syndrome; WAPL: WAPL Cohesin Release Factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Piché
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Patrick Piet Van Vliet
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory), INSERM, Marseille, U1251-13885, France
| | - Michel Pucéat
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory), CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
- LIA (International Associated Laboratory), INSERM, Marseille, U1251-13885, France
- INSERM U-1251, MMG,Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13885, France
| | - Gregor Andelfinger
- Cardiovascular Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
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24
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Obata Y, Hara Y, Shiina I, Murata T, Tasaki Y, Suzuki K, Ito K, Tsugawa S, Yamawaki K, Takahashi T, Okamoto K, Nishida T, Abe R. N822K- or V560G-mutated KIT activation preferentially occurs in lipid rafts of the Golgi apparatus in leukemia cells. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:114. [PMID: 31484543 PMCID: PMC6727407 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0426-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background KIT tyrosine kinase is expressed in mast cells, interstitial cells of Cajal, and hematopoietic cells. Permanently active KIT mutations lead these host cells to tumorigenesis, and to such diseases as mast cell leukemia (MCL), gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Recently, we reported that in MCL, KIT with mutations (D816V, human; D814Y, mouse) traffics to endolysosomes (EL), where it can then initiate oncogenic signaling. On the other hand, KIT mutants including KITD814Y in GIST accumulate on the Golgi, and from there, activate downstream. KIT mutations, such as N822K, have been found in 30% of core binding factor-AML (CBF-AML) patients. However, how the mutants are tyrosine-phosphorylated and where they activate downstream molecules remain unknown. Moreover, it is unclear whether a KIT mutant other than KITD816V in MCL is able to signal on EL. Methods We used leukemia cell lines, such as Kasumi-1 (KITN822K, AML), SKNO-1 (KITN822K, AML), and HMC-1.1 (KITV560G, MCL), to explore how KIT transduces signals in these cells and to examine the signal platform for the mutants using immunofluorescence microscopy and inhibition of intracellular trafficking. Results In AML cell lines, KITN822K aberrantly localizes to EL. After biosynthesis, KIT traffics to the cell surface via the Golgi and immediately migrates to EL through endocytosis in a manner dependent on its kinase activity. However, results of phosphorylation imaging show that KIT is preferentially activated on the Golgi. Indeed, blockade of KITN822K migration to the Golgi with BFA/M-COPA inhibits the activation of KIT downstream molecules, such as AKT, ERK, and STAT5, indicating that KIT signaling occurs on the Golgi. Moreover, lipid rafts in the Golgi play a role in KIT signaling. Interestingly, KITV560G in HMC-1.1 migrates and activates downstream in a similar manner to KITN822K in Kasumi-1. Conclusions In AML, KITN822K mislocalizes to EL. Our findings, however, suggest that the mutant transduces phosphorylation signals on lipid rafts of the Golgi in leukemia cells. Unexpectedly, the KITV560G signal platform in MCL is similar to that of KITN822K in AML. These observations provide new insights into the pathogenic role of KIT mutants as well as that of other mutant molecules. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0426-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Obata
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2669, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan. .,Division of Cancer Differentiation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Hara
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2669, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Isamu Shiina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiichi Ito
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shou Tsugawa
- Division of Cancer Differentiation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka 1-3, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kouhei Yamawaki
- Division of Cancer Differentiation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamadaoka 2-2, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Okamoto
- Division of Cancer Differentiation, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshirou Nishida
- National Cancer Center Hospital, Tsukiji 5-1-1, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Yamazaki 2669, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan. .,SIRC, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku 2-11-1, Itabashi-ku, 173-8605, Tokyo, Japan.
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25
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Cherian Abraham A, Cheng LK, Angeli TR, Alighaleh S, Paskaranandavadivel N. Dynamic slow-wave interactions in the rabbit small intestine defined using high-resolution mapping. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13670. [PMID: 31250520 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The motility in the small intestine is governed in part by myogenic bio-electrical events, known as slow waves. High-resolution multi-electrode mapping has improved our understanding of slow-wave propagation in the small intestine but has been applied in a limited number of in vivo animal studies. This study applied high-resolution mapping to investigate slow waves in the rabbit small intestine. METHODS A high-resolution flexible printed circuit board array (256 electrodes; 4 mm spacing) was applied in vivo to the rabbit intestine. Extracellular slow-wave activity was acquired sequentially along the length of the intestine. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The majority of the slow waves propagated in the antegrade direction (56%) while retrograde patterns were primarily observed in the distal intestine (29%). Colliding slow-wave events were observed across the length of the small intestine (15%). The interaction of competing pacemakers was mapped in spatiotemporal detail. The frequency and velocity of the slow waves were highest in the duodenum compared to ileum (20.0 ± 1.2 cpm vs 10.5 ± 0.9 cpm, P < 0.001; 14.4 ± 3.4 mm/s vs 12.3 ± 3.4 mm/s; P < 0.05). INFERENCES In summary, extracellular serosal slow-wave activity was quantified spatiotemporally along the length of the rabbit intestine. In particular, the study provides evidence toward the presence and interaction of slow-wave pacemakers acting along the small intestine and how they may contribute to the slow-wave frequency gradient along the length of the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leo K Cheng
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Riddet Institute Centre of Research Excellence, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Timothy R Angeli
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute Centre of Research Excellence, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Saeed Alighaleh
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Riddet Institute Centre of Research Excellence, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Niranchan Paskaranandavadivel
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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26
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Li S, Hu X, Tian R, Guo Y, Chen J, Li Z, Zhao X, Kuang L, Ran D, Zhao H, Zhang X, Wang J, Xia L, Yue J, Yao G, Fu Q, Shi H. RNA-Seq-based transcriptomic profiling of primary interstitial cells of Cajal in response to bovine viral diarrhea virus infection. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:143-153. [PMID: 31102142 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09754-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infections with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) contribute significantly to health-related economic losses in the beef and dairy industries and are widespread throughout the world. Severe acute BVDV infection is characterized by a gastrointestinal (GI) inflammatory response. The mechanism of inflammatory lesions caused by BVDV remains unknown. The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) network plays a pivotal role as a pacemaker in the generation of electrical slow waves for GI motility, and it is crucial for the reception of regulatory inputs from the enteric nervous system. The present study investigated whether ICC were a good model for studying GI inflammatory lesions caused by BVDV infection. Primary ICC were isolated from the duodenum of Merino sheep. The presence of BVDV was detected in ICC grown for five passages after BVDV infection, indicating that BVDV successfully replicated in ICC. After infection with BVDV strain TC, the cell proliferation proceeded slowly or declined. Morphological changes, including swelling, dissolution, and formation of vacuoles in the ICC were observed, indicating quantitative, morphological and functional changes in the cells. RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed to investigate differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in BVDV-infected ICC and explore the molecular mechanism of underlying quantitative, morphological and functional changes of ICC. Eight hundred six genes were differentially expressed after BVDV infection, of which 538 genes were upregulated and 268 genes were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses showed that the 806 DEGs were significantly enriched in 27 pathways, including cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, interleukin (IL)-17 signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. The DEGs and raw files of high-throughput sequencing of this study were submitted to the NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database (accession number GSE122344). Finally, 21 DEGs were randomly selected, and the relative repression levels of these genes were tested using the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to validate the RNA-Seq results. The results showed that the related expression levels of 21 DEGs were similar to RNA-Seq. This study is the first to establish a new infection model for investigating GI inflammatory lesions induced by BVDV infection. RNA-Seq-based transcriptomic profiling can provide a basis for study on BVDV-associated inflammatory lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinyan Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ruixin Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanting Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Junzhen Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinyan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ling Kuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Duoliang Ran
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hongqiong Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jinquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lining Xia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jianbo Yue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gang Yao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Huijun Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
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27
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Ranjbar S, Seyednejad SA, Nikfar S, Rahimi R, Abdollahi M. How can we develop better antispasmodics for irritable bowel syndrome? Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:549-562. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1593369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheyda Ranjbar
- Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Afshin Seyednejad
- Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shekoufeh Nikfar
- Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roja Rahimi
- Evidence-based Evaluation of Cost-Effectiveness and Clinical Outcomes, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Persian Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdollahi
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Toxicology and Diseases Group, The Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (TIPS), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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28
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Sanders KM. Spontaneous Electrical Activity and Rhythmicity in Gastrointestinal Smooth Muscles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1124:3-46. [PMID: 31183821 PMCID: PMC7035145 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5895-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has multifold tasks of ingesting, processing, and assimilating nutrients and disposing of wastes at appropriate times. These tasks are facilitated by several stereotypical motor patterns that build upon the intrinsic rhythmicity of the smooth muscles that generate phasic contractions in many regions of the gut. Phasic contractions result from a cyclical depolarization/repolarization cycle, known as electrical slow waves, which result from intrinsic pacemaker activity. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are electrically coupled to smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and generate and propagate pacemaker activity and slow waves. The mechanism of slow waves is dependent upon specialized conductances expressed by pacemaker ICC. The primary conductances responsible for slow waves in mice are Ano1, Ca2+-activated Cl- channels (CaCCs), and CaV3.2, T-type, voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels. Release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in ICC appears to be the initiator of pacemaker depolarizations, activation of T-type current provides voltage-dependent Ca2+ entry into ICC, as slow waves propagate through ICC networks, and Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release and activation of Ano1 in ICC amplifies slow wave depolarizations. Slow waves conduct to coupled SMCs, and depolarization elicited by these events enhances the open-probability of L-type voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, promotes Ca2+ entry, and initiates contraction. Phasic contractions timed by the occurrence of slow waves provide the basis for motility patterns such as gastric peristalsis and segmentation. This chapter discusses the properties of ICC and proposed mechanism of electrical rhythmicity in GI muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton M Sanders
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, USA.
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Abstract
KIT is a receptor tyrosine kinase that after binding to its ligand stem cell factor activates signaling cascades linked to biological processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration and cell survival. Based on studies performed on SCF and/or KIT mutant animals that presented anemia, sterility, and/or pigmentation disorders, KIT signaling was mainly considered to be involved in the regulation of hematopoiesis, gametogenesis, and melanogenesis. More recently, novel animal models and ameliorated cellular and molecular techniques have led to the discovery of a widen repertoire of tissue compartments and functions that are being modulated by KIT. This is the case for the lung, heart, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, kidney, liver, and bone. For this reason, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors that were originally developed for the treatment of hemato-oncological diseases are being currently investigated for the treatment of non-oncological disorders such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and alzheimer's disease, among others. The beneficial effects of some of these tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been proven to depend on KIT inhibition. This review will focus on KIT expression and regulation in healthy and pathologic conditions other than cancer. Moreover, advances in the development of anti-KIT therapies, including tyrosine kinase inhibitors, and their application will be discussed.
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Kobayashi M, Khalil HA, Lei NY, Wang Q, Wang K, Wu BM, Dunn JCY. Bioengineering functional smooth muscle with spontaneous rhythmic contraction in vitro. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13544. [PMID: 30202095 PMCID: PMC6131399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31992-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oriented smooth muscle layers in the intestine contract rhythmically due to the action of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) that serve as pacemakers of the intestine. Disruption of ICC networks has been reported in various intestinal motility disorders, which limit the quality and expectancy of life. A significant challenge in intestinal smooth muscle engineering is the rapid loss of function in cultured ICC and smooth muscle cells (SMC). Here we demonstrate a novel approach to maintain the function of both ICC and SMC in vitro. Primary intestinal SMC mixtures cultured on feeder cells seeded electrospun poly(3-caprolactone) scaffolds exhibited rhythmic contractions with directionality for over 10 weeks in vitro. The simplicity of this system should allow for wide usage in research on intestinal motility disorders and tissue engineering, and may prove to be a versatile platform for generating other types of functional SMC in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Kobayashi
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hassan A Khalil
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nan Ye Lei
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, North Carolina, NC, 27514, USA
| | - Benjamin M Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Division of Advanced Prosthodontics & Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - James C Y Dunn
- Department of Bioengineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Smith E, Davis J, Caldwell S. Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia Pathogenesis and the Link to the Metabolic Syndrome. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 2018; 20:36. [PMID: 29961911 DOI: 10.1007/s11894-018-0644-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) is a well-described source of chronic blood loss. We aim to review the previously hypothesized etiologies of GAVE and focus on recent proposed mechanisms, including metabolic syndrome. We will support these theories with newly discovered clinical associations and possible therapeutic implications. RECENT FINDINGS Historically, GAVE has been associated with connective tissue disease and liver disease. Based on these associations and its histologic appearance, GAVE has presumed to be caused by mechanical- and hormonally mediated injury. Recent findings have been notable for a clinical association with aspects of the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, the pathogenic etiology may be akin to aspects of the metabolic syndrome via microvascular injury and neoangiogenesis. The potential etiologies of GAVE include hypergastrinemia, mechanical injury, and microvascular injury with neovascular proliferation particularly in the metabolic syndrome. Further research is needed to evaluate these proposed mechanisms and potential targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliot Smith
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, JPA and Lee St., PO Box 800708, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0708, USA
| | - Jessica Davis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, JPA and Lee St., PO Box 800708, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0708, USA
| | - Stephen Caldwell
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Virginia, JPA and Lee St., PO Box 800708, Charlottesville, VA, 22908-0708, USA.
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Abstract
Inflammation of diverticula, or outpouchings of the colonic mucosa and submucosa through the muscularis layer, leads to diverticulitis. The development of diverticular disease, encompassing both diverticulosis and diverticulitis, is a result of genetic predisposition, lifestyle, and environmental factors, including the microbiome. Areas covered: Previous reports implicated genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and colonic dysmotility in diverticular disease. Recent studies have associated specific host immune responses and the microbiome as contributors to diverticulitis. To review pertinent literature describing pathophysiological factors associated with diverticulosis or diverticulitis, we searched the PubMed database (March 2018) for articles considering the role of colonic architecture, genetic predisposition, environment, colonic motility, immune response, and the microbiome. Expert commentary: In the recent years, research into the molecular underpinnings of diverticular disease has enhanced our understanding of diverticular disease pathogenesis. Although acute uncomplicated diverticulitis is treated with broad spectrum antibiotics, evaluation of the microbiome has been limited and requires further comprehensive studies. Evidence suggests that a deregulation of the host immune response is associated with both diverticulosis and diverticulitis. Further examining these pathways may reveal proteins that can be therapeutic targets or aid in identifying biological determinants of clinical or surgical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Schieffer
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery , The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Bryan P Kline
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery , The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Gregory S Yochum
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery , The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA.,b Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology , The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
| | - Walter A Koltun
- a Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery , The Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine , Hershey , PA , USA
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Park IK, Kim JH, Park CG, Kim MY, Parajuli SP, Hong CS, Choi S, Jun JY. Effects of ATP on Pacemaker Activity of Interstitial Cells of Cajal from the Mouse Small Intestine. Chonnam Med J 2018; 54:63-71. [PMID: 29399568 PMCID: PMC5794481 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2018.54.1.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Purinergic receptors play an important role in regulating gastrointestinal (GI) motility. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells that regulate GI smooth muscle activity. We studied the functional roles of external adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) on pacemaker activity in cultured ICCs from mouse small intestines by using the whole-cell patch clamp technique and intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) imaging. External ATP dose-dependently depolarized the resting membrane and produced tonic inward pacemaker currents, and these effects were antagonized by suramin, a purinergic P2 receptor antagonist. ATP-induced effects on pacemaker currents were suppressed by an external Na+-free solution and inhibited by the nonselective cation channel blockers, flufenamic acid and niflumic acid. The removal of external Ca2+ or treatment with thapsigargin (inhibitor of Ca2+ uptake into endoplasmic reticulum) inhibited the ATP-induced effects on pacemaker currents. Spontaneous [Ca2+]i oscillations were enhanced by external ATP. These results suggest that external ATP modulates pacemaker activity by activating nonselective cation channels via external Ca2+ influx and [Ca2+]i release from the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, it seems that activating the purinergic P2 receptor may modulate GI motility by acting on ICCs in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Il Koo Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chan Guk Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Man Yoo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | | | - Chan Sik Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seok Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jae Yeoul Jun
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Obata Y, Horikawa K, Shiina I, Takahashi T, Murata T, Tasaki Y, Suzuki K, Yonekura K, Esumi H, Nishida T, Abe R. Oncogenic Kit signalling on the Golgi is suppressed by blocking secretory trafficking with M-COPA in gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Cancer Lett 2017; 415:1-10. [PMID: 29196126 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Most gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are caused by constitutively active mutations in Kit tyrosine kinase. The drug imatinib, a specific Kit inhibitor, improves the prognosis of metastatic GIST patients, but these patients become resistant to the drug by acquiring secondary mutations in the Kit kinase domain. We recently reported that a Kit mutant causes oncogenic signals only on the Golgi apparatus in GISTs. In this study, we show that in GIST, 2-methylcoprophilinamide (M-COPA, also known as "AMF-26"), an inhibitor of biosynthetic protein trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi, suppresses Kit autophosphorylation at Y703/Y721/Y730/Y936, resulting in blockade of oncogenic signalling. Results of our M-COPA treatment assay show that Kit Y703/Y730/Y936 in the ER are dephosphorylated by protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), thus the ER-retained Kit is unable to activate downstream molecules. ER-localized Kit Y721 is not phosphorylated, but not due to PTPs. Importantly, M-COPA can inhibit the activation of the Kit kinase domain mutant, resulting in suppression of imatinib-resistant GIST proliferation. Our study demonstrates that Kit autophosphorylation is spatio-temporally regulated and may offer a new strategy for treating imatinib-resistant GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuuki Obata
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-0022, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keita Horikawa
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-0022, Chiba, Japan
| | - Isamu Shiina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Murata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Tasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyohei Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keita Yonekura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Shinjuku-ku 162-8601, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Esumi
- Division of Clinical Research, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo, University of Science, Japan
| | - Toshirou Nishida
- National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, 104-0045, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryo Abe
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-0022, Chiba, Japan.
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Zhou J, O'Connor MD, Ho V. The Potential for Gut Organoid Derived Interstitial Cells of Cajal in Replacement Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102059. [PMID: 28954442 PMCID: PMC5666741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective digestion requires propagation of food along the entire length of the gastrointestinal tract. This process involves coordinated waves of peristalsis produced by enteric neural cell types, including different categories of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). Impaired food transport along the gastrointestinal tract, either too fast or too slow, causes a range of gut motility disorders that affect millions of people worldwide. Notably, loss of ICC has been shown to affect gut motility. Patients that suffer from gut motility disorders regularly experience diarrhoea and/or constipation, insomnia, anxiety, attention lapses, irritability, dizziness, and headaches that greatly affect both physical and mental health. Limited treatment options are available for these patients, due to the scarcity of human gut tissue for research and transplantation. Recent advances in stem cell technology suggest that large amounts of rudimentary, yet functional, human gut tissue can be generated in vitro for research applications. Intriguingly, these stem cell-derived gut organoids appear to contain functional ICC, although their frequency and functional properties are yet to be fully characterised. By reviewing methods of gut organoid generation, together with what is known of the molecular and functional characteristics of ICC, this article highlights short- and long-term goals that need to be overcome in order to develop ICC-based therapies for gut motility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry Zhou
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
- Medical Sciences Research Group, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
| | - Michael D O'Connor
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
- Medical Sciences Research Group, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
| | - Vincent Ho
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
- Medical Sciences Research Group, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia.
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36
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Kim MW, Jiao HY, Kim SW, Park CG, Wu MJ, Hong C, Choi S, Jun JY. Prostanoid EP3 receptor agonist sulprostone enhances pacemaker activity of colonic interstitial cells of Cajal. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:961-969. [PMID: 28685234 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1398-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
EP receptor activation by PGE2 regulates gastrointestinal motility by modulating smooth muscle contractility. Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are pacemaker cells that regulate smooth muscle activity. We aimed to determine effects of the EP3 receptor agonist sulprostone on pacemaker potentials in colonic ICCs. We performed a whole cell patch clamp, RT-PCR, and Ca2+ imaging in cultured ICCs from mouse colon. Sulprostone depolarized the membrane and increased pacemaker frequency. EP3 receptor antagonist blocked these sulprostone-induced effects. EP3 receptors were expressed in ANO1-positive ICCs. Phospholipase C inhibitor or Ca2+-ATPase inhibitor from the endoplasmic reticulum blocked the sulprostone-induced effects and sulprostone increased intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) oscillations. Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel blockers also suppressed the sulprostone-induced effects. Sulprostone enhanced pacemaker activity through EP3 receptors by activating HCN channels via the [Ca2+]i release pathway. Therefore, EP3 receptor activation in ICCs may modulate colonic motility and could be a therapeutic target for enhancing colonic GI motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Han Yi Jiao
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-375, South Korea
| | - Seok Won Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chan Guk Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Mei Jin Wu
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-375, South Korea
| | - Chansik Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-375, South Korea
| | - Seok Choi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-375, South Korea
| | - Jae Yeoul Jun
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, 501-375, South Korea.
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Feng J, Gao J, Zhou S, Liu Y, Zhong Y, Shu Y, Meng MS, Yan J, Sun D, Fang Q, Sun D. Role of stem cell factor in the regulation of ICC proliferation and detrusor contraction in rats with an underactive bladder. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627603 PMCID: PMC5561986 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell factor (SCF) is critical in regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), which are closely associated with smooth muscle dysfunction. The present study aimed to examine the effect of SCF on ICC proliferation and detrusor contraction in rats with an underactive bladder. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups comprising control, control+SCF, detrusor underactivity (DU), and DU+SCF groups. The ICC count was determined using immunofluorescence; serum levels of SCF were determined using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; mRNA and protein levels of c-kit and SCF in tissues were assessed using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses, respectively. Detrusor contractility was determined using muscle strips, based on the contraction amplitude and frequency determined in each specimen. Significantly fewer ICCs were observed in the DU group, in addition to decreased expression levels of SCF and c-kit, compared with the control group. In addition, the detrusor contraction frequency and amplitude were markedly reduced. However, the administration of SCF significantly increased the number of ICCs, and the levels of SCF and c-kit in animals with DU, and resulted in markedly amplified detrusor contraction frequency and amplitude. Similarly, the number of ICCs and levels of SCF and c-kit were higher in the control+SCF group, compared with the control group. Overall, these findings suggested that exogenous SCF improved the organ dysfunction caused by reduced ICC number, providing a novel approach for organ repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Feng
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Jin Gao
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfeng Liu
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhong
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Yong Shu
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Ming Sen Meng
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqiang Yan
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Danning Sun
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Fang
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
| | - Daodong Sun
- Department of Urology, Chongqing 324 Hospital of PLA, Chongqing 400020, P.R. China
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38
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ATP-sensitive K + channels maintain resting membrane potential in interstitial cells of Cajal from the mouse colon. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 809:98-104. [PMID: 28511870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the role of ATP-sensitive K+(KATP) channels on pacemaker activity in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC), whole-cell patch clamping, RT-PCR, and intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) imaging were performed in cultured colonic ICC. Pinacidil (a K+ channel opener) hyperpolarized the membrane and inhibited the generation of pacemaker potential, and this effect was reversed by glibenclamide (a KATP channel blocker). RT-PCR showed that Kir 6.1 and SUR2B were expressed in Ano-1 positive colonic ICC. Glibenclamide depolarized the membrane and increased pacemaker potential frequency. However, 5-hydroxydecanoic acid (a mitochondrial KATP channel blocker) had no effects on pacemaker potentials. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; a protein kinase C activator) blocked the pinacidil-induced effects, and PMA alone depolarized the membrane and increased pacemaker potential frequency. Cell-permeable 8-bromo-cyclic AMP also increased pacemaker potential frequency. Recordings of spontaneous intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) oscillations showed that glibenclamide increased the frequency of [Ca2+]i oscillations. In small intestinal ICC, glibenclamide alone did not alter the generation of pacemaker potentials, and Kir 6.2 and SUR2B were expressed in Ano-1 positive ICC. Therefore, KATP channels in colonic ICC are activated in resting state and play an important role in maintaining resting membrane potential.
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Huizinga JD. Commentary: Phase-amplitude coupling at the organism level: The amplitude of spontaneous alpha rhythm fluctuations varies with the phase of the infra-slow gastric basal rhythm. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:102. [PMID: 28303088 PMCID: PMC5332408 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan D Huizinga
- Department of Medicine, Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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40
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Wong KKL, Tang LCY, Zhou J, Ho V. Analysis of spatiotemporal pattern and quantification of gastrointestinal slow waves caused by anticholinergic drugs. Organogenesis 2017; 13:39-62. [PMID: 28277890 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2017.1295904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Anticholinergic drugs are well-known to cause adverse effects, such as constipation, but their effects on baseline contractile activity in the gut driven by slow waves is not well established. In a video-based gastrointestinal motility monitoring (GIMM) system, a mouse's small intestine was placed in Krebs solution and recorded using a high definition camera. Untreated controls were recorded for each specimen, then treated with a therapeutic concentration of the drug, and finally, treated with a supratherapeutic dose of the drug. Next, the video clips showing gastrointestinal motility were processed, giving us the segmentation motions of the intestine, which were then converted via Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) into their respective frequency spectrums. These contraction quantifications were analyzed from the video recordings under standardised conditions to evaluate the effect of drugs. Six experimental trials were included with benztropine and promethazine treatments. Only the supratherapeutic dose of benztropine was shown to significantly decrease the amplitude of contractions; at therapeutic doses of both drugs, neither frequency nor amplitude was significantly affected. We have demonstrated that intestinal slow waves can be analyzed based on the colonic frequency or amplitude at a supratherapeutic dose of the anticholinergic medications. More research is required on the effects of anticholinergic drugs on these slow waves to ascertain the true role of ICC in neurologic control of gastrointestinal motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvin K L Wong
- a School of Medicine, Western Sydney University , Campbelltown , NSW , Australia
| | - Lauren C Y Tang
- a School of Medicine, Western Sydney University , Campbelltown , NSW , Australia
| | - Jerry Zhou
- a School of Medicine, Western Sydney University , Campbelltown , NSW , Australia
| | - Vincent Ho
- a School of Medicine, Western Sydney University , Campbelltown , NSW , Australia
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41
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Intraluminal pressure patterns in the human colon assessed by high-resolution manometry. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41436. [PMID: 28216670 PMCID: PMC5316981 DOI: 10.1038/srep41436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Assessment of colonic motor dysfunction is rarely done because of inadequate methodology and lack of knowledge about normal motor patterns. Here we report on elucidation of intraluminal pressure patterns using High Resolution Colonic Manometry during a baseline period and in response to a meal, in 15 patients with constipation, chronically dependent on laxatives, 5 healthy volunteers and 9 patients with minor, transient, IBS-like symptoms but no sign of constipation. Simultaneous pressure waves (SPWs) were the most prominent propulsive motor pattern, associated with gas expulsion and anal sphincter relaxation, inferred to be associated with fast propagating contractions. Isolated pressure transients occurred in most sensors, ranging in amplitude from 5–230 mmHg. Rhythmic haustral boundary pressure transients occurred at sensors about 4–5 cm apart. Synchronized haustral pressure waves, covering 3–5 cm of the colon occurred to create a characteristic intrahaustral cyclic motor pattern at 3–6 cycles/min, propagating in mixed direction. This activity abruptly alternated with erratic patterns resembling the segmentation motor pattern of the small intestine. High amplitude propagating pressure waves (HAPWs) were too rare to contribute to function assessment in most subjects. Most patients, dependent on laxatives for defecation, were able to generate normal motor patterns in response to a meal.
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Relationships between motor patterns and intraluminal pressure in the 3-taeniated proximal colon of the rabbit. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42293. [PMID: 28195136 PMCID: PMC5307310 DOI: 10.1038/srep42293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Manometry is used worldwide to assess motor function of the gastrointestinal tract, and the measured intraluminal pressure patterns are usually equated with contraction patterns. In the colon, simultaneous pressure increases throughout the entire colon are most often called simultaneous contractions, although this inference has never been verified. To evaluate the relationship between pressure and contraction in the colon we performed high-resolution manometry and measured diameter changes reflecting circular muscle contractions in the rabbit colon. We show that within a certain range of contraction amplitudes and frequencies, the intraluminal pressure pattern faithfully resembles the contraction pattern. However, when the frequency is very high (as in fast propagating contractions in a cluster) the consequent intraluminal pressures merge. When the contraction speed of propagation is very fast (above ~5 cm/s), the resulting pressure occurs simultaneous throughout the colon; hence simultaneous pressure is measured as are caused by fast propagating contractions. The very slow propagating, low amplitude haustral boundary contractions show a very characteristic pattern in spatiotemporal contraction maps that is not faithfully reproduced in the pressure maps. Correct interpretation of pressure events in high-resolution manometry is essential to make it a reliable tool for diagnosis and management of patients with colon motor dysfunction.
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Obata Y, Horikawa K, Takahashi T, Akieda Y, Tsujimoto M, Fletcher JA, Esumi H, Nishida T, Abe R. Oncogenic signaling by Kit tyrosine kinase occurs selectively on the Golgi apparatus in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Oncogene 2017; 36:3661-3672. [PMID: 28192400 PMCID: PMC5500841 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are caused by gain-of-function mutations in the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase. Most primary GIST patients respond to the Kit inhibitor imatinib, but this drug often becomes ineffective because of secondary mutations in the Kit kinase domain. The characteristic intracellular accumulation of imatinib-sensitive and -resistant Kit protein is well documented, but its relationship to oncogenic signaling remains unknown. Here, we show that in cancer tissue from primary GIST patients as well as in cell lines, mutant Kit accumulates on the Golgi apparatus, whereas normal Kit localizes to the plasma membrane (PM). In imatinib-resistant GIST with a secondary Kit mutation, Kit localizes predominantly on the Golgi apparatus. Both imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant Kit (Kit(mut)) become fully auto-phosphorylated only on the Golgi and only if in a complex-glycosylated form. Kit(mut) accumulates on the Golgi during the early secretory pathway, but not after endocytosis. The aberrant kinase activity of Kit(mut) prevents its export from the Golgi to the PM. Furthermore, Kit(mut) on the Golgi signals and activates the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase–Akt (PI3K–Akt) pathway, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), and the Mek–Erk pathway. Blocking the biosynthetic transport of Kit(mut) to the Golgi from the endoplasmic reticulum inhibits oncogenic signaling. PM localization of Kit(mut) is not required for its signaling. Activation of Src-family tyrosine kinases on the Golgi is essential for oncogenic Kit signaling. These results suggest that the Golgi apparatus serves as a platform for oncogenic Kit signaling. Our study demonstrates that Kit(mut)’s pathogenicity is related to its mis-localization, and may offer a new strategy for treating imatinib-resistant GISTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Obata
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - K Horikawa
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Takahashi
- Department of Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Y Akieda
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - M Tsujimoto
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Osaka Police Hospital, Osaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - J A Fletcher
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - H Esumi
- Division of Clinical Research, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
| | - T Nishida
- National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - R Abe
- Division of Immunobiology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan
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Abstract
AbstractBornaviruses cause neurologic diseases in several species of birds, especially parrots, waterfowl and finches. The characteristic lesions observed in these birds include encephalitis and gross dilatation of the anterior stomach — the proventriculus. The disease is thus known as proventricular dilatation disease (PDD). PDD is characterized by extreme proventricular dilatation, blockage of the passage of digesta and consequent death by starvation. There are few clinical resemblances between this and the bornaviral encephalitides observed in mammals. Nevertheless, there are common virus-induced pathogenic pathways shared across this disease spectrum that are explored in this review. Additionally, a review of the literature relating to gastroparesis in humans and the control of gastric mobility in mammals and birds points to several plausible mechanisms by which bornaviral infection may result in extreme proventricular dilatation.
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Wei R, Parsons SP, Huizinga JD. Network properties of interstitial cells of Cajal affect intestinal pacemaker activity and motor patterns, according to a mathematical model of weakly coupled oscillators. Exp Physiol 2017; 102:329-346. [DOI: 10.1113/ep086077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruihan Wei
- McMaster University, Department of Medicine; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Sean P. Parsons
- McMaster University, Department of Medicine; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute; Hamilton ON Canada
| | - Jan D. Huizinga
- McMaster University, Department of Medicine; Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute; Hamilton ON Canada
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Cai Y, Tang H, Jiang F, Dong Z. Slow Wave Activity and Modulations in Mouse Jejunum Myenteric Plexus In Situ. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23:117-123. [PMID: 27436346 PMCID: PMC5216642 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Myenteric plexus interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC-MY) are involved in the generation of gut pacemaker activity and neuronal communication. We performed patch clamp on ICC-MY in situ to observe the changes of pacemaker activity in response to neural modulations. Methods A fresh longitudinal muscle with myenteric plexus (LMMP) from mouse jejunum was prepared. ICC-MY and ganglion neurons embedded in the layer of longitudinal muscles were targeted by patch clamping in whole-cell configuration in a model of current or voltage clamp. Neurogenic modulators were applied to evaluate their effects on ICC pacemaker activity. Results In situ ICC-MY showed spontaneous and rhythmical voltage oscillations with a frequency of 27.2 ± 3.9 cycles/min, amplitude of 32.6 ± 6.3 mV, and resting membrane potential of −62.2 ± 2.8 mV. In situ neurons showed electrically evocable action potential in single or multiple spikes. Pacemaker activity was modulated by neuronal activators through receiving a neuronal input. Application of tetrodotoxin depolarized pacemaker potentials in a dose dependent manner, and decreased the amplitude at tetrodotoxin 0.3 μM for about 40 ± 10%; capsaicin (1 μM) ameliorated ICC-MY K+ current for about 49 ± 14.8%; and, nitric oxide hyperpolarized pacemaker potential and decreased the amplitude and frequency. Conclusions The in situ preparation patch clamp study further demonstrates that the pacemaker activity is an intrinsic property of ICC. The neurogenic activators change and shape pacemaker potential and activity in situ. LMMP preparation in situ patch clamp provides an ideal platform to study the functional innervation of the ICC and the enteric neural system, thereby, for evaluating the neural regulation of pacemaker activity, especially in disorder models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cai
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - He Tang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhaojun Dong
- Institute of Toxicology, College of Preventive Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Inugala A, Reddy RK, Rao BN, Reddy SP, Othuluru R, Kanniyan L, Kumbha N, Srirampur S. Immunohistochemistry in Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction and Its Correlation to Postoperative Outcome. J Indian Assoc Pediatr Surg 2017; 22:129-133. [PMID: 28694567 PMCID: PMC5473296 DOI: 10.4103/jiaps.jiaps_254_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: To investigate the correlation between the status of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) and the resected ureteric margin and the postoperative outcome of Anderson-Hynes pyeloplasty in UPJ obstruction (UPJO) and to compare the ICC in the UPJ and the resected margin of the normal ureter. Materials and Methods: An observational study was conducted over a period of 2 years at the Department of Pediatric Surgery at Niloufer Institute of Women and Child Health. Children with intrinsic UPJO who underwent Anderson-Hynes dismembered pyeloplasty were included in the study. Six months postoperatively, the patients were divided into two groups based on diuretic isotopic renogram using technetium-99m-labeled diethylene triaminepentaacetic acid. Group 1 comprised patients with good surgical outcome. Group 2 comprised patients with a poor outcome. The histologic specimens were evaluated for ICC, and the immunohistochemical findings were correlated with the outcome. Results: Twenty-five patients were included in this study (19 male and 6 female). Seventy-six percent of patients were under the age of 1 year. Group 1 had 23 cases and Group 2 had 2 cases. Out of the two patients with a poor outcome, one had negative grading at the UPJ and one had positive grading. Both these patients had a negative grading at the lower resected margins. More number of patients (24%) had +++ grading at the lower resected margin when compared to the UPJ (8%). Conclusion: This is the first study which correlates the status of ICC in UPJ with the outcome of pyeloplasty in pediatric patients. Both the cases with bad outcome had no ICC at the lower margin of the resected specimen and one case had no ICC at the UPJ. There is a statistically significant difference (P = 0.001) in the number of ICC at the UPJ and the resected margin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusiri Inugala
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Niloufer Institute of Women and Child Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramesh Kota Reddy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Niloufer Institute of Women and Child Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Bhuvaneshwar Nadipalli Rao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Niloufer Institute of Women and Child Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sreenivas P Reddy
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Niloufer Institute of Women and Child Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Radhika Othuluru
- Department of Pathology, Niloufer Institute of Women and Child Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Lavanya Kanniyan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Niloufer Institute of Women and Child Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Nagarjuna Kumbha
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Niloufer Institute of Women and Child Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivas Srirampur
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Niloufer Institute of Women and Child Health, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Pyloric obstruction secondary to epicardial pacemaker implantation: a case report. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 19:95-98. [PMID: 27913077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A 10-year old Lhasa Apso dog was presented for an acute history of exercise intolerance and hind limb weakness. High grade second degree atrioventricular block with an atrial rate of 200 beats per minute, ventricular rate of 40 beats per minute and an intermittent ventricular escape rhythm, was diagnosed on electrocardiograph. A transdiaphragmatic, unipolar, epicardial pacemaker was implanted without immediate surgical complications. Severe vomiting was noted 12 h post-operatively. Abdominal ultrasound and a barium study supported a diagnosis of pyloric outflow obstruction and exploratory abdominal surgery was performed. The pyloric outflow tract appeared normal and no other causes of an outflow obstruction were identified. The epicardial generator was repositioned from the right to the left abdominal wall. Pyloric cell pacing was presumed to be the cause for the pyloric obstruction and severe vomiting, and this was thought to be due to close proximity of the pacemaker generator to the pylorus situated in the right abdominal wall. Repositioning of the pulse generator to the left abdominal wall resulted in resolution of vomiting.
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Ricci R. Syndromic gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 2016; 14:15. [PMID: 27437068 PMCID: PMC4950812 DOI: 10.1186/s13053-016-0055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of gastrointestinal tract. They feature heterogeneous triggering mechanisms, implying relevant clinical differences. The vast majority of GISTs are sporadic tumors. Rarely, however, GIST-prone syndromes occur, mostly depending on heritable GIST predisposing molecular defects involving the entire organism. These conditions need to be properly identified in order to plan appropriate diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic procedures. Clinically, GIST-prone syndromes must be thought of whenever GISTs are multiple and/or associated with accompanying signs peculiar to the background tumorigenic trigger, either in single individuals or in kindreds. Moreover, syndromic GISTs, individually considered, tend to show distinctive features depending on the underlying condition. When applicable, genotyping is usually confirmatory. In GIST-prone conditions, the prognostic features of each GIST, defined according to the criteria routinely applied to sporadic GISTs, combine with the characters proper to the background syndromes, defining peculiar clinical settings which challenge physicians to undertake complex decisions. The latter concern preventive therapy and single tumor therapy, implying possible surgical and molecularly targeted options. In the absence of specific comprehensive guidelines, this review will highlight the traits characteristic of GIST-predisposing syndromes, with particular emphasis on diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications, which can help the clinical management of these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Ricci
- Department of Pathology, Università Cattolica del S. Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 8, I-00168 Rome, Italy
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Kostin S. Cardiac telocytes in normal and diseased hearts. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 55:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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