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Yang Y, Yin S, Yu Q, Zhu Y, Ding J, Zhang R, Ophus C, Asta M, Ritchie RO, Minor AM. Rejuvenation as the origin of planar defects in the CrCoNi medium entropy alloy. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1402. [PMID: 38365867 PMCID: PMC10873362 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45696-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
High or medium- entropy alloys (HEAs/MEAs) are multi-principal element alloys with equal atomic elemental composition, some of which have shown record-breaking mechanical performance. However, the link between short-range order (SRO) and the exceptional mechanical properties of these alloys has remained elusive. The local destruction of SRO by dislocation glide has been predicted to lead to a rejuvenated state with increased entropy and free energy, creating softer zones within the matrix and planar fault boundaries that enhance the ductility, but this has not been verified. Here, we integrate in situ nanomechanical testing with energy-filtered four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) and directly observe the rejuvenation during cyclic mechanical loading in single crystal CrCoNi at room temperature. Surprisingly, stacking faults (SFs) and twin boundaries (TBs) are reversible in initial cycles but become irreversible after a thousand cycles, indicating SF energy reduction and rejuvenation. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation further reveals that the local breakdown of SRO in the MEA triggers these SF reversibility changes. As a result, the deformation features in HEAs/MEAs remain planar and highly localized to the rejuvenated planes, leading to the superior damage tolerance characteristic in this class of alloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Sheng Yin
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qin Yu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yingxin Zhu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics and Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Jun Ding
- Center for Alloy Innovation and Design (CAID), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ruopeng Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Colin Ophus
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mark Asta
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Andrew M Minor
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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2
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Ii S. Quantitative Characterization by Transmission Electron Microscopy and Its Application to Interfacial Phenomena in Crystalline Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:578. [PMID: 38591374 PMCID: PMC10856096 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
This paper reviews quantitative characterization via transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and its application to interfacial phenomena based on the results obtained through the studies. Several signals generated by the interaction between the specimen and the electron beam with a probe size of less than 1 nm are utilized for a quantitative analysis, which yields considerable chemical and physical information. This review describes several phenomena near the interfaces, e.g., clear solid-vapor interface (surface) segregation of yttria in the zirconia nanoparticles by an energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, the evaluation of the local magnetic moment at the grain boundary in terms of electron energy loss spectroscopy equipped with TEM, and grain boundary character dependence of the magnetism. The direct measurement of the stress to the dislocation transferred across the grain boundary and the microstructure evolution focused on the grain boundary formation caused by plastic deformation are discussed as examples of material dynamics associated with the grain boundary. Finally, the outlook for future investigations of interface studies, including the recent progress, is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiichiro Ii
- Research Center for Structural Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0047, Japan
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3
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Stangebye S, Ding K, Zhang Y, Lang E, Hattar K, Zhu T, Kacher J, Pierron O. Direct Observation of Grain-Boundary-Migration-Assisted Radiation Damage Healing in Ultrafine Grained Gold under Mechanical Stress. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3282-3290. [PMID: 37057989 PMCID: PMC10141400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured metals are a promising class of radiation-tolerant materials. A large volume fraction of grain boundaries (GBs) can provide plenty of sinks for radiation damage, and understanding the underlying healing mechanisms is key to developing more effective radiation tolerant materials. Here, we observe radiation damage absorption by stress-assisted GB migration in ultrafine-grained Au thin films using a quantitative in situ transmission electron microscopy nanomechanical testing technique. We show that the GB migration rate is significantly higher in the unirradiated specimens. This behavior is attributed to the presence of smaller grains in the unirradiated specimens that are nearly absent in the irradiated specimens. Our experimental results also suggest that the GB mobility is decreased as a result of irradiation. This work implies that the deleterious effects of irradiation can be reduced by an evolving network of migrating GBs under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Stangebye
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Kunqing Ding
- Woodruff
School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yin Zhang
- Woodruff
School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Eric Lang
- Nuclear
Engineering Department, University of New
Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, United States
| | - Khalid Hattar
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
- Department
of Nuclear Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ting Zhu
- Woodruff
School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Josh Kacher
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Olivier Pierron
- Woodruff
School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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4
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Time-resolved transmission electron microscopy for nanoscale chemical dynamics. Nat Rev Chem 2023; 7:256-272. [PMID: 37117417 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00469-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The ability of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to image a structure ranging from millimetres to Ångströms has made it an indispensable component of the toolkit of modern chemists. TEM has enabled unprecedented understanding of the atomic structures of materials and how structure relates to properties and functions. Recent developments in TEM have advanced the technique beyond static material characterization to probing structural evolution on the nanoscale in real time. Accompanying advances in data collection have pushed the temporal resolution into the microsecond regime with the use of direct-electron detectors and down to the femtosecond regime with pump-probe microscopy. Consequently, studies have deftly applied TEM for understanding nanoscale dynamics, often in operando. In this Review, time-resolved in situ TEM techniques and their applications for probing chemical and physical processes are discussed, along with emerging directions in the TEM field.
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5
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Gigax JG, Chancey MR, Xie D, Kim H, Wang Y, Maloy SA, Li N. A Novel Microshear Geometry for Exploring the Influence of Void Swelling on the Mechanical Properties Induced by MeV Heavy Ion Irradiation. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15124253. [PMID: 35744308 PMCID: PMC9231319 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Small disks are often the specimen of choice for exposure in nuclear reactor environments, and this geometry invariably limits the types of mechanical testing that can be performed on the specimen. Recently, shear punch testing has been utilized to evaluate changes arising from neutron irradiation in test reactor environments on these small disk specimens. As part of a broader effort to link accelerated testing using ion irradiation and conventional neutron irradiation techniques, a novel microshear specimen geometry was developed for use with heavy-ion irradiated specimens. The technique was demonstrated in pure Cu irradiated to 11 and 110 peak dpa with 10 MeV Cu ions. At 11 peak dpa, the Cu specimen had a high density of small voids in the irradiated region, while at 110 peak dpa, larger voids with an average void swelling of ~20% were observed. Micropillar and microshear specimens both exhibited hardening at 11 dpa, followed by softening at 110 dpa. The close alignment of the new microshear technique and more conventional micropillar testing, and the fact that both follow intuition, is a good first step towards applying microshear testing to a wider range of irradiated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Gigax
- Operational Readiness and Implementation, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (D.X.); (Y.W.); (N.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Matthew R. Chancey
- Materials Science at Radiation and Dynamics Extremes, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (M.R.C.); (H.K.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Dongyue Xie
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (D.X.); (Y.W.); (N.L.)
| | - Hyosim Kim
- Materials Science at Radiation and Dynamics Extremes, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (M.R.C.); (H.K.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (D.X.); (Y.W.); (N.L.)
- Materials Science at Radiation and Dynamics Extremes, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (M.R.C.); (H.K.); (S.A.M.)
| | - Stuart A. Maloy
- Materials Science at Radiation and Dynamics Extremes, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (M.R.C.); (H.K.); (S.A.M.)
- Reactor Materials and Mechanical Design, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Richland, WA 99354, USA
| | - Nan Li
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (D.X.); (Y.W.); (N.L.)
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6
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Zheng Y, Geng D, Yu H, Kondo S, Kimura A, Yuya H, Kasada R. Evaluating the irradiation hardening of reactor pressure vessel steels by nanoindentation hardness test and micropillar compression test. J NUCL SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00223131.2022.2067258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Zheng
- Department of Quantum Science and Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Diancheng Geng
- Department of Quantum Science and Energy Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hao Yu
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Sosuke Kondo
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kimura
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hideki Yuya
- Nuclear Safety Research and Development Center, Omaezaki, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kasada
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
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7
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Schapiro I, Shandalov M, Maman N, Ezersky V, Golan Y, Yahel E. Electroless Deposited Nickel Thin Films Alloyed with Thorium. CRYSTAL RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/crat.202100194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilan Schapiro
- Department of Materials Engineering Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva 8410501 Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Michael Shandalov
- Department of Physics Nuclear Research Center Negev P. O. Box 9001 Beer Sheva 84190 Israel
| | - Nitzan Maman
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Vladimir Ezersky
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Yuval Golan
- Department of Materials Engineering Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva 8410501 Israel
- Ilse Katz Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology Ben‐Gurion University of the Negev Beer‐Sheva 8410501 Israel
| | - Eyal Yahel
- Department of Physics Nuclear Research Center Negev P. O. Box 9001 Beer Sheva 84190 Israel
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8
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Chien YA, Chen CY, Sone M, Chang TFM. Sample size effect in Ni-TiO2 composites fabricated by supercritical CO2 emulsified CO-electroplating for miniaturized device. MICRO AND NANO ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mne.2022.100135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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9
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Kršjak V, Hruška P, Degmová J, Sojak S, Noga P, Shen T, Sabelová V, Egger W, Slugeň V. A new approach to near-surface positron annihilation analysis of ion irradiated ferritic alloys. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:6596-6607. [PMID: 36132661 PMCID: PMC9417578 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present work provides an innovative approach to the near-surface slow-positron-beam (SPB) study of structural materials exposed to ion-beam irradiation. This approach enables the use of variable-energy positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) to characterise a wide range of microstructural damage along the ion implantation profile. In a typical application of the SPB PALS technique, positron lifetime is used to provide qualitative information on the size of vacancy clusters as a function of the positron energy, i.e., the probing depth of the spectrometer. This approach is limited to a certain defect concentration above which the positron lifetime gets saturated. In our experiments, we investigated the back-diffusion of positrons and their annihilation at the surface. The probability of such an event is characterised by the positron diffusion length, and it depends on the density of lattice defects, even in the saturation range of the positron lifetime. Until now, the back-diffusion experiments were reported only in connection with Doppler broadening spectroscopy (DBS) of positron-annihilation radiation. To verify the validity of the used approach, we compared the obtained results on helium-implanted Fe9Cr alloy and its oxide dispersion strengthened variant with the transmission electron microscopy and "conventional" slow positron DBS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Kršjak
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute of Nuclear and Physical Engineering Ilkovicova 3 Bratislava 81219 Slovakia
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Advanced Technologies Research Institute Jana Bottu 2781/25 Trnava 91724 Slovakia
| | - Petr Hruška
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics V Holesovickach 2 Prague 18000 Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Degmová
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute of Nuclear and Physical Engineering Ilkovicova 3 Bratislava 81219 Slovakia
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Advanced Technologies Research Institute Jana Bottu 2781/25 Trnava 91724 Slovakia
| | - Stanislav Sojak
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute of Nuclear and Physical Engineering Ilkovicova 3 Bratislava 81219 Slovakia
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Advanced Technologies Research Institute Jana Bottu 2781/25 Trnava 91724 Slovakia
| | - Pavol Noga
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Materials Science and Technology in Trnava, Advanced Technologies Research Institute Jana Bottu 2781/25 Trnava 91724 Slovakia
| | - Tielong Shen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Modern Physics Lanzhou Gansu 730000 China
| | - Veronika Sabelová
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute of Nuclear and Physical Engineering Ilkovicova 3 Bratislava 81219 Slovakia
| | - Werner Egger
- Universität der Bundeswehr München, Institut für Angewandte Physik und Messtechnik Werner-Heisenberg-Weg 39 D-85577 Neubiberg Germany
| | - Vladimír Slugeň
- Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Institute of Nuclear and Physical Engineering Ilkovicova 3 Bratislava 81219 Slovakia
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10
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Samira R, Vakahi A, Eliasy R, Sherman D, Lachman N. Mechanical and Compositional Implications of Gallium Ion Milling on Epoxy Resin. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162640. [PMID: 34451179 PMCID: PMC8398473 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Focused Ion Beam (FIB) is one of the most common methods for nanodevice fabrication. However, its implications on mechanical properties of polymers have only been speculated. In the current study, we demonstrated flexural bending of FIB-milled epoxy nanobeam, examined in situ under a transmission electron microscope (TEM). Controllable displacement was applied, while real-time TEM videos were gathered to produce morphological data. EDS and EELS were used to characterize the compositions of the resultant structure, and a computational model was used, together with the quantitative results of the in situ bending, to mechanically characterize the effect of Ga+ ions irradiation. The damaged layer was measured at 30 nm, with high content of gallium (40%). Examination of the fracture revealed crack propagation within the elastic region and rapid crack growth up to fracture, attesting to enhanced brittleness. Importantly, the nanoscale epoxy exhibited a robust increase in flexural strength, associated with chemical tempering and ion-induced peening effects, stiffening the outer surface. Young’s modulus of the stiffened layer was calculated via the finite element analysis (FEA) simulation, according to the measurement of 30 nm thickness in the STEM and resulted in a modulus range of 30–100 GPa. The current findings, now established in direct measurements, pave the way to improved applications of polymers in nanoscale devices to include soft materials, such as polymer-based composites and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raz Samira
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (N.L.)
| | - Atzmon Vakahi
- Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Rami Eliasy
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Dov Sherman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
| | - Noa Lachman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (N.L.)
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11
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Zheng RY, Jian WR, Beyerlein IJ, Han WZ. Atomic-Scale Hidden Point-Defect Complexes Induce Ultrahigh-Irradiation Hardening in Tungsten. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5798-5804. [PMID: 34228459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten displays high strength in extreme temperature and radiation environments and is considered a promising plasma facing material for fusion nuclear reactors. Unlike other metals, it experiences substantial irradiation hardening, which limits service life and presents safety concerns. The origin of ultrahigh-irradiation hardening in tungsten cannot be well-explained by conventional strengthening theories. Here, we demonstrate that irradiation leads to near 3-fold increases in strength, while the usual defects that are generated only contribute less than one-third of the hardening. An analysis of the distribution of tagged atom-helium ions reveals that more than 87% of vacancies and helium atoms are unaccounted for. A large fraction of helium-vacancy complexes are frozen in the lattice due to high vacancy migration energies. Through a combination of in situ nanomechanical tests and atomistic calculations, we provide evidence that irradiation hardening mainly originates from high densities of atomic-scale hidden point-defect complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yao Zheng
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Wu-Rong Jian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Irene J Beyerlein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
| | - Wei-Zhong Han
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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12
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Ahlawat S, Srinivasu K, Biswas A, Choudhury N. Distortion energy-electronic energy compensation determines the nature of solute interactions with irradiation induced vacancies in ferritic steel. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:8689-8704. [PMID: 33876029 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00100k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fundamental knowledge of vacancy-solute atom (in particular, Cu and Ni) interactions at the electronic level is of utmost importance to understand experimentally observed Cu-precipitation in reactor pressure vessel (RPV) steel. In the present investigation, using first-principles electronic structure calculations within the framework of density functional theory (DFT), we unravel the nature of such interactions between a vacancy (V) or di-vacancy and solute atoms (mainly Cu and Ni) in the bcc-Fe lattice. One of the very novel features of the present investigation is that we demonstrate the importance of distortion energy-electronic energy compensation in stabilizing the formation of vacancy-Cu and vacancy-Ni clusters in ferritic steel. Further decomposition of the electronic energy contribution into different bonding contributions in conjugation with differential charge density analyses clearly reveals the origin of stability as a consequence of mutual compensation of different energy modes. For both Cu-Cu and Ni-Ni interactions, the presence of a vacancy leads to a more attractive interaction, implying that such vacancies generated due to irradiation make solute aggregation easier compared with the case of model steel with no defects. We have also demonstrated that the formation of CumNin clusters (m, n = 1, 5) is energetically favorable in addition to demonstrating that the stability increases with an increasing number of Cu or Ni atoms. The rate of increase of stability with the addition of solute atoms is higher in the case of the addition of Cu atoms into a Ni cluster than it is for adding Ni atoms into a Cu cluster. The present investigation thus provides a deeper electronic level understanding of solute-point defect interaction and cluster formation probability for Cu and Ni atoms in the ferritic steel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Ahlawat
- Material Science Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India.
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13
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Prospects of Using Small Scale Testing to Examine Different Deformation Mechanisms in Nanoscale Single Crystals—A Case Study in Mg. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The advent of miniaturised testing techniques led to excessive studies on size effects in materials. Concomitantly, these techniques also offer the capability to thoroughly examine deformation mechanisms operative in small volumes, in particular when performed in-situ in electron microscopes. This opens the feasibility of a comprehensive assessment of plasticity by spatially arranging samples specifically with respect to the crystal unit cell of interest. In the present manuscript, we will showcase this less commonly utilised aspect of small-scale testing on the case of the hexagonal metal Mg, where, besides dislocation slip on different slip planes, twinning also exists as a possible deformation mechanism. While it is close to impossible to examine individual deformation mechanisms in macroscale tests, where local multiaxial stress states in polycrystalline structures will always favour multiple mechanisms of plasticity, we demonstrate that miniaturised uniaxial experiments conducted in-situ in the scanning electron microscope are ideally suited for a detailed assessment of specific processes.
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14
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Zhou X, Miao Y, Suslick KS, Dlott DD. Mechanochemistry of Metal-Organic Frameworks under Pressure and Shock. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:2806-2815. [PMID: 32935969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusMetal-organic framework solids (MOFs) are synthetic nanoporous materials that have drawn intense efforts in synthesis and characterization of chemical properties, most notably for their ability to adsorb liquids and gases. They are constructed as "node-spacer" nanostructured materials: metal centers (ions or clusters) connected by organic linkers (commonly containing carboxylate or imidazolate groups) to form crystalline, extended, often highly nanoporous structures. MOFs exhibit a variety of advantages over conventional porous materials: rationally designed synthesis of desired crystal structures and crystal engineering become feasible; great synthetic versatility and ease of incorporating different chemical functionalities are realized; and the use of lightweight organic linkers allows for ultrahigh surface area and porosity previously not accessible to conventional materials (i.e., zeolites and porous carbon). As a consequence, MOFs show great promise for a rapidly expanding collection of applications such as gas storage, separations, catalysis, sensing, and drug delivery.The mechanochemistry of MOFs and their response to shock waves, which we discuss in this Account, have been only partially explored. Mechanochemistry, the connection between the mechanical and the chemical worlds, has ancient origins. Rubbing sticks together to start a fire is mechanochemistry. Only in the past decade or so, however, has mechanochemistry gained a notable focus in the chemical community. In the following discussion, we present a general introduction to the complex mechanochemical behavior of MOFs both under quasi-static compression and under shock loading created by high-speed impact. During elastic deformation, MOFs undergo reversible structural or phase transitions. Plastic deformation of MOFs can result in mechanochemistry and can permanently modify the crystal structure, the pore dimensions and configuration, and the chemical bonding. The large energies required to induce bond rearrangement during plastic deformation suggest an interesting potential of MOFs for shock wave mitigation applications.MOFs are promising materials for shock energy dissipation because of the high density of nanopores which can absorb shock energy as they collapse. We have recently developed a platform to assess shock wave energy attenuation by MOFs and other powdered materials. It uses a tabletop laser-driven flyer plate to impact MOF samples at velocities of up to 2.0 km/s. The pressure of the shock waves that break out from the MOF sample can be measured by photon Doppler velocimetry. By measuring the shock profiles of MOF layers with different thicknesses, we can determine the shock pressure attenuation by the MOF layer. We have identified the two-wave structure of shocks in MOFs caused by nanopore collapse. Electron micrographs of recovered shocked MOFs show distinct zones in the shocked material corresponding to shock powder compaction, nanopore collapse, and chemical bond destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhou
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yurun Miao
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Suslick
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Dana D. Dlott
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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15
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Smith AD, Donoghue JM, Garner AJW, Lunt D, Harte A, Wilford K, Withers PJ, Preuss M. Novel Methods for Recording Stress-Strain Curves in Proton Irradiated Material. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5353. [PMID: 32210290 PMCID: PMC7093538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62241-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractProton irradiation is often used as a proxy for neutron irradiation but the irradiated layer is typically <50 μm deep; this presents a problem when trying to obtain mechanical test data as a function of irradiation level. Two novel methodologies have been developed to record stress-strain curves for thin proton-irradiated surface layers of SA-508-4N ferritic steel. In the first case, in-situ loading experiments are carried out using a combination of X-ray diffraction and digital image correlation on the near surface region in order to measure stress and strain, thereby eliminating the influence of the non-irradiated volume. The second approach is to manufacture small-scale tensile specimens containing only the proton irradiated volume but approaching the smallest representative volume of the material. This is achieved by high-speed focused ion beam (FIB) milling though the application of a Xe+ Plasma-FIB (PFIB). It is demonstrated that both techniques are capable of recording the early stage of uniaxial flow behaviour of the irradiated material with sufficient accuracy providing a measure of irradiation-induced shift of yield strength, strain hardening and tensile strength.
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16
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Mason DR, Das S, Derlet PM, Dudarev SL, London AJ, Yu H, Phillips NW, Yang D, Mizohata K, Xu R, Hofmann F. Observation of Transient and Asymptotic Driven Structural States of Tungsten Exposed to Radiation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:225503. [PMID: 33315460 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.225503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Combining spatially resolved x-ray Laue diffraction with atomic-scale simulations, we observe how ion-irradiated tungsten undergoes a series of nonlinear structural transformations with increasing radiation exposure. Nanoscale defect-induced deformations accumulating above 0.02 displacements per atom (dpa) lead to highly fluctuating strains at ∼0.1 dpa, collapsing into a driven quasisteady structural state above ∼1 dpa. The driven asymptotic state is characterized by finely dispersed vacancy defects coexisting with an extended dislocation network and exhibits positive volumetric swelling, due to the creation of new crystallographic planes through self-interstitial coalescence, but negative lattice strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Mason
- UK Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - Suchandrima Das
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Peter M Derlet
- Condensed Matter Theory Group, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Sergei L Dudarev
- UK Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J London
- UK Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Science Centre, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - Hongbing Yu
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas W Phillips
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - David Yang
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ruqing Xu
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Lab, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Felix Hofmann
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
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17
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Liu J, Niu R, Gu J, Cabral M, Song M, Liao X. Effect of Ion Irradiation Introduced by Focused Ion-Beam Milling on the Mechanical Behaviour of Sub-Micron-Sized Samples. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10324. [PMID: 32587335 PMCID: PMC7316792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66564-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of xenon plasma focused ion-beam (Xe+ PFIB) milling technique enables site-specific sample preparation with milling rates several times larger than the conventional gallium focused ion-beam (Ga+ FIB) technique. As such, the effect of higher beam currents and the heavier ions utilized in the Xe+ PFIB system is of particular importance when investigating material properties. To investigate potential artifacts resulting from these new parameters, a comparative study is performed on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) samples prepared via Xe+ PFIB and Ga+ FIB systems. Utilizing samples prepared with each system, the mechanical properties of CrMnFeCoNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) samples are evaluated with in situ tensile straining TEM studies. The results show that HEA samples prepared by Xe+ PFIB present better ductility but lower strength than those prepared by Ga+ FIB. This is due to the small ion-irradiated volumes and the insignificant alloying effect brought by Xe irradiation. Overall, these results demonstrate that Xe+ PFIB systems allow for a more efficient material removal rate while imparting less damage to HEAs than conventional Ga+ FIB systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiao Liu
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Ranming Niu
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Ji Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Matthew Cabral
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Min Song
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Xiaozhou Liao
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical & Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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18
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Liu W, Liu Y, Cheng Y, Chen L, Yu L, Yi X, Duan H. Unified Model for Size-Dependent to Size-Independent Transition in Yield Strength of Crystalline Metallic Materials. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:235501. [PMID: 32603175 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.235501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Size-dependent yield strength is a common feature observed in miniaturized crystalline metallic samples, and plenty of studies have been conducted in experiments and numerical simulations to explore the underlying mechanism. However, the transition in yield strength from bulklike to size-affected behavior has received less attention. Here a unified theoretical model is proposed to probe the yield strength of crystalline metallic materials with sample size from nanoscale to macroscale. We show that the transition in yield strength versus size can be fully explained by the competition between the stresses required for dislocation source activation and dislocation motion, which is regulated by dislocation density, irradiation defect, grain boundary, and so on. Based on various grain boundary densities, the extended Hall-Petch relation, incorporated into the unified model, captures the reverse size effect for polycrystalline samples. The proposed model predictions agree well with reported experimental measurements of various specimens, including the prestrained nickel, irradiated copper, ultrafine grain tungsten, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yi
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiling Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Department of Mechanics and Engineering Science, BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- CAPT, HEDPS, and IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center of MoE, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
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19
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Wang P, Cao Q, Wang H, Nie Y, Liu S, Peng Q. Fivefold enhancement of yield and toughness of copper nanowires via coating carbon nanotubes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:115703. [PMID: 31778980 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab5cd7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes are outstanding reinforcements owing to their unparallel strength, while their effects on the copper nanowire are still not fully understood, hampering their broad applications. Herein, we have investigated the tensile behaviors of the nanocomposite-wire of carbon nanotube-copper using molecular dynamic simulations. For the nanocomposite, both the coated and embedded carbon nanotubes increase the Young's modulus, fracture stress and toughness of the copper nanowire. A reinforcement of over fivefold in both yield strength (5.3 times) and toughness (5.1 times) has been achieved when the carbon nanotubes are coated on the copper nanowires, as well as 1.7 times in the Young's modulus. Higher temperatures and lower loading rates reduce the reinforcement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengjie Wang
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China. Key Laboratory of Hydraulic Machinery Transient, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, People's Republic of China
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20
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Fensin S, Jones D, Martinez D, Lear C, Payton J. The Role of Helium on Ejecta Production in Copper. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061270. [PMID: 32168848 PMCID: PMC7143177 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of helium (He) concentration on ejecta production in OFHC-Copper was investigated using Richtmyer–Meshkov Instability (RMI) experiments. The experiments involved complex samples with periodic surface perturbations machined onto the surface. Each of the four target was implanted with a unique helium concentration that varied from 0 to 4000 appm. The perturbation’s wavelengths were λ≈65μm, and their amplitudes h0 were varied to determine the wavenumber (2π/λ) amplitude product kh0 at which ejecta production beganfor Cu with and without He. The velocity and mass of the ejecta produced was quantified using Photon Doppler Velocimetry (PDV) and Lithium-Niobate (LN) pins, respectively. Our results show that there was an increase of 30% in the velocity at which the ejecta cloud was traveling in Copper with 4000 appm as compared to its unimplanted counterpart. Our work also shows that there was a finer cloud of ejecta particles that was not detected by the PDV probes but was detected by the early arrival of a “signal” at the LN pins. While the LN pins were not able to successfully quantify the mass produced due to it being in the solid state, they did provide information on timing. Our results show that ejecta was produced for a longer time in the 4000 appm copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saryu Fensin
- MST-8, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (D.J.); (D.M.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - David Jones
- MST-8, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (D.J.); (D.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Daniel Martinez
- MST-8, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (D.J.); (D.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Calvin Lear
- MST-8, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA; (D.J.); (D.M.); (C.L.)
| | - Jeremy Payton
- P-23, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA;
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21
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You Z, Fu H, Qu S, Bao W, Lu L. Revisiting anisotropy in the tensile and fracture behavior of cold-rolled 316L stainless steel with heterogeneous nano-lamellar structures. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Ahlawat S, Sarkar SK, Sen D, Biswas A. Revisiting Temporal Evolution of Cu-Rich Precipitates in Fe-Cu Alloy: Correlative Small Angle Neutron Scattering and Atom-Probe Tomography Studies. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2019; 25:840-848. [PMID: 31046856 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619000515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Binary Fe-Cu alloys are effective prototypes for investigating radiation-induced formation and growth of nanometric Cu-rich precipitates (CRPs) in nuclear reactor pressure vessels. In this report, the temporal evolution of CRPs during thermal aging of Fe-Cu binary alloys has been investigated by using complementary techniques such as atom probe tomography (APT) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). We report a detailed quantitative evolution of a rarely observed morphological transformation of Cu precipitates from spherical to ellipsoid with a significant change (approximately two times) in aspect ratio, an effect known to be associated with the 9R-3R structural transition of the precipitates. It is demonstrated through APT that the precipitates remain spherical up to 8 h, however, they subsequently convert to oblate ellipsoid upon further aging. SANS analysis also detected signs of this morphological transition in reciprocal space. Furthermore, SANS quantifies evolution of the precipitates and corroborates well with the APT results. Interestingly, the power-law exponent of the temporal evolution for mean size and number density agree reasonably well with the Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner model, in spite of the complex morphological evolution of the precipitates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Ahlawat
- Glass & Advanced Materials Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,Mumbai-400085, Maharashtra,India
| | - Sudip Kumar Sarkar
- Glass & Advanced Materials Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,Mumbai-400085, Maharashtra,India
| | - Debasis Sen
- Homi Bhabha National Institute,Mumbai-400094, Maharashtra,India
| | - Aniruddha Biswas
- Glass & Advanced Materials Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre,Mumbai-400085, Maharashtra,India
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23
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Liu Z, Papadimitriou I, Castillo-Rodríguez M, Wang C, Esteban-Manzanares G, Yuan X, Tan HH, Molina-Aldareguía JM, Llorca J. Mechanical Behavior of InP Twinning Superlattice Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:4490-4497. [PMID: 31188620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b01300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Taper-free InP twinning superlattice (TSL) nanowires with an average twin spacing of ∼13 nm were grown along the zinc-blende close-packed [111] direction using metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy. The mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of individual InP TSL nanowires in tension were ascertained by means of in situ uniaxial tensile tests in a transmission electron microscope. The elastic modulus, failure strain, and tensile strength along the [111] direction were determined. No evidence of inelastic deformation mechanisms was found before fracture, which took place in a brittle manner along the twin boundary. The experimental results were supported by molecular dynamics simulations of the tensile deformation of the nanowires that also showed that the fracture of twinned nanowires occurred in the absence of inelastic deformation mechanisms by the propagation of a crack from the nanowire surface along the twin boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing, College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan 410083 , P.R. China
- IMDEA Materials Institute , C/Eric Kandel 2 , 28906 Getafe, Madrid , Spain
| | | | | | - Chuanyun Wang
- IMDEA Materials Institute , C/Eric Kandel 2 , 28906 Getafe, Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Xiaoming Yuan
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Supermicrostructure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics , Central South University , Changsha , Hunan 410083 , P.R. China
| | - Hark H Tan
- Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics and Engineering , The Australian National University , Canberra , Australian Capital Territory 0200 , Australia
| | | | - Javier Llorca
- IMDEA Materials Institute , C/Eric Kandel 2 , 28906 Getafe, Madrid , Spain
- Department of Materials Science , Polytechnic University of Madrid , E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, 28040 Madrid , Spain
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24
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Li SH, Li JT, Han WZ. Radiation-Induced Helium Bubbles in Metals. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12071036. [PMID: 30925827 PMCID: PMC6480233 DOI: 10.3390/ma12071036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Helium (He) bubbles are typical radiation defects in structural materials in nuclear reactors after high dose energetic particle irradiation. In the past decades, extensive studies have been conducted to explore the dynamic evolution of He bubbles under various conditions and to investigate He-induced hardening and embrittlement. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the behavior of He bubbles in metals; overview the mechanisms of He bubble nucleation, growth, and coarsening; introduce the latest methods of He control by using interfaces in nanocrystalline metals and metallic multilayers; analyze the effects of He bubbles on strength and ductility of metals; and point out some remaining questions related to He bubbles that are crucial for design of advanced radiation-tolerant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Hao Li
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Jing-Ting Li
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Wei-Zhong Han
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale (CAMP-Nano), State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
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25
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Feng R, Wang M, Li H, Qi Y, Wang Q, Rui Z. Micromechanism of Cold Deformation of Two-Phase Polycrystalline Ti⁻Al Alloy with Void. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12010184. [PMID: 30621116 PMCID: PMC6337532 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cold deformation behavior of polycrystalline metallic material is affected by intrinsic defects such as dislocations, voids, inclusions etc. Existing studies on α2(Ti3Al) + γ(TiAl) two-phase Ti–Al alloy cover about deformation behavior mainly on macro scale. This paper focuses on the cold deformation mechanism of two-phase Ti–Al alloy at micro scale, and the role of voids in deformation process. Molecular dynamics simulations were performed to study the evolution of micro structure of material under uniaxial tension. Interaction between spherical nano voids with different size and position was also examined in the simulation. The results show that (1) In elastic stage, deformation of the two-phase is coordinated, but Ti3Al is more deformable; (2) In plastic stage, γ phase is the major dislocation source in two-phase alloy; (3) voids detracts the strength of the two-phase alloy, while the position of void affect the degree of this subtraction, voids located at the boundary of α2/γ phase have significant detraction to strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Feng
- School of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Maomao Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Haiyan Li
- School of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Yongnian Qi
- School of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
| | - Zhiyuan Rui
- School of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Processing and Recycling of Non-ferrous Metals, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China.
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26
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Simulation Study of Helium Effect on the Microstructure of Nanocrystalline Body-Centered Cubic Iron. MATERIALS 2018; 12:ma12010091. [PMID: 30597826 PMCID: PMC6337433 DOI: 10.3390/ma12010091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Helium (He) effect on the microstructure of nanocrystalline body-centered cubic iron (BCC-Fe) was studied through Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulation and simulated X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The crack generation and the change of lattice constant were investigated under a uniaxial tensile strain at room temperature to explore the roles of He concentration and distribution played in the degradation of mechanical properties. The simulation results show that the expansion of the lattice constant decreases and the swelling rate increases while the He in the BCC region diffuses into the grain boundary (GB) region. The mechanical property of nanocrystalline BCC-Fe shows He concentration and distribution dependence, and the existence of He in GB is found to benefit the generation and growth of cracks and to affect the strength of GB during loading. It is observed that the reduction of tensile stress contributed by GB He is more obvious than that contributed by grain interior He.
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27
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Samaee V, Gatti R, Devincre B, Pardoen T, Schryvers D, Idrissi H. Dislocation driven nanosample plasticity: new insights from quantitative in-situ TEM tensile testing. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12012. [PMID: 30104742 PMCID: PMC6089927 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30639-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsic dislocation mechanisms in the vicinity of free surfaces of an almost FIB damage-free single crystal Ni sample have been quantitatively investigated owing to a novel sample preparation method combining twin-jet electro-polishing, in-situ TEM heating and FIB. The results reveal that the small-scale plasticity is mainly controlled by the conversion of few tangled dislocations, still present after heating, into stable single arm sources (SASs) as well as by the successive operation of these sources. Strain hardening resulting from the operation of an individual SAS is reported and attributed to the decrease of the length of the source. Moreover, the impact of the shortening of the dislocation source on the intermittent plastic flow, characteristic of SASs, is discussed. These findings provide essential information for the understanding of the regime of ‘dislocation source’ controlled plasticity and the related mechanical size effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Samaee
- Electron Microscop for Materials Science (EMAT), Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Riccardo Gatti
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Microstructures, UMR104 CNRS-ONERA, 29 av. de la division Leclerc, Chatillon, France
| | - Benoit Devincre
- Laboratoire d'Etude des Microstructures, UMR104 CNRS-ONERA, 29 av. de la division Leclerc, Chatillon, France
| | - Thomas Pardoen
- Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Dominique Schryvers
- Electron Microscop for Materials Science (EMAT), Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hosni Idrissi
- Electron Microscop for Materials Science (EMAT), Department of Physics, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Institute of Mechanics, Materials and Civil Engineering, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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28
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Lin TC, Yen CC, Lin SY, Huang YC, Tung CH, Hsiao YT, Chang SY. Small-Size-Induced Plasticity and Dislocation Activities on Non-Charge-Balanced Slip System of Ionic MgO Pillars. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:4993-5000. [PMID: 29985625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We observed the small-size-induced hardening and plasticity of brittle ionic MgO as a result of abnormally triggered dislocation gliding on a non-charge-balanced slip system. The indentation tests of ⟨111⟩ MgO pillars revealed an increased hardness with decreasing pillar size, and the tips of the pillars that were ≤200 nm were plastically deformed. The in situ compression tests of ⟨111⟩ MgO nanopillars in transmission electron microscopy verified aligned dislocation-mediated plasticity on the {111}⟨110⟩ and {100}⟨110⟩ systems rather than the charge-balanced {110}⟨110⟩ slip system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chun Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227 , Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chun Yen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
| | - Shao-Yi Lin
- Department of Mechanical and Computer-Aided Engineering , National Formosa University , Yunlin 63201 , Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chung Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung 40227 , Taiwan
| | - Chi-Huan Tung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Hsiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
| | - Shou-Yi Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , National Tsing Hua University , Hsinchu 30013 , Taiwan
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29
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Influence of Dislocations in Transition Metal Oxides on Selected Physical and Chemical Properties. CRYSTALS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst8060241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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30
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Cui Y, Po G, Ghoniem N. Size-Tuned Plastic Flow Localization in Irradiated Materials at the Submicron Scale. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:215501. [PMID: 29883169 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.215501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics (3D-DDD) simulations reveal that, with reduction of sample size in the submicron regime, the mechanism of plastic flow localization in irradiated materials transitions from irradiation-controlled to an intrinsic dislocation source controlled. Furthermore, the spatial correlation of plastic deformation decreases due to weaker dislocation interactions and less frequent cross slip as the system size decreases, thus manifesting itself in thinner dislocation channels. A simple model of discrete dislocation source activation coupled with cross slip channel widening is developed to reproduce and physically explain this transition. In order to quantify the phenomenon of plastic flow localization, we introduce a "deformation localization index," with implications to the design of radiation-resistant materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Cui
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Giacomo Po
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Nasr Ghoniem
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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31
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Yang Y, Li YG, Short MP, Kim CS, Berggren KK, Li J. Nano-beam and nano-target effects in ion radiation. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:1598-1606. [PMID: 29323393 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr08116b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Full three dimensional (3D) simulations of ion implantation are necessary in a wide range of nanoscience and nanotechnology applications to capture the increasing effect of ion leakage out of surfaces. Using a recently developed 3D Monte Carlo simulation code IM3D, we first quantify the relative error of the 1D approach in three applications of nano-scale ion implantation: (1) nano-beam for nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center creation, (2) implantation of nanowires to fabricate p-n junctions, and (3) irradiation of nano-pillars for small-scale mechanical testing of irradiated materials. Because the 1D approach fails to consider the exchange and leakage of ions from boundaries, its relative error increases dramatically as the beam/target size shrinks. Lastly, the "Bragg peak" phenomenon, where the maximum radiation dose occurs at a finite depth away from the surface, relies on the assumption of broad beams. We discovered a topological transition of the point-defect or defect-cluster distribution isosurface when one varies the beam width, in agreement with a previous focused helium ion beam irradiation experiment. We conclude that full 3D simulations are necessary if either the beam or the target size is comparable or below the SRIM longitudinal ion range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | - Yong Gang Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. and Key Laboratory of Materials Physics, Institute of Solid State Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China and University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Michael P Short
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
| | - Chung-Soo Kim
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Karl K Berggren
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA. and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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32
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Miao YR, Suslick KS. Mechanochemical Reactions of Metal-Organic Frameworks. ADVANCES IN INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.adioch.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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33
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Dislocation Multiplications in Extremely Small Hexagonal-structured Titanium Nanopillars Without Dislocation Starvation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15890. [PMID: 29162927 PMCID: PMC5698332 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
“Smaller is stronger” has been commonly observed in cubic structured and hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structured materials. Dislocation starvation phenomenon is highly responsible for the increase of strength at smaller scale in cubic materials. However, by using quantitative in situ transmission electron microscope (TEM) nano-mechanical testing on cylindrical titanium nano-pillars with diameters of ~150 nm but varied orientations and three dimensional dislocation tomography, we found that dislocation nucleation and multiplication dominate the plastic deformation of the nano-pillars with no sign of dislocation starvation, resulting in much better ability of dislocation storage and plastic stability of HCP structured materials at extremely small scale.
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34
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Pathak S, Kalidindi SR, Weaver JS, Wang Y, Doerner RP, Mara NA. Probing nanoscale damage gradients in ion-irradiated metals using spherical nanoindentation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11918. [PMID: 28931874 PMCID: PMC5607315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12071-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We discuss and demonstrate the application of recently developed spherical nanoindentation stress-strain protocols in characterizing the mechanical behavior of tungsten polycrystalline samples with ion-irradiated surfaces. It is demonstrated that a simple variation of the indenter size (radius) can provide valuable insights into heterogeneous characteristics of the radiation-induced-damage zone. We have also studied the effect of irradiation for the different grain orientations in the same sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Pathak
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA.
| | - Surya R Kalidindi
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jordan S Weaver
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Russell P Doerner
- Center for Energy Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Nathan A Mara
- Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
- Institute for Materials Science, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
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35
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Lu H, Shang W, Wei X, Yang Z, Fukuda T, Shen Y. Nanorobotic System iTRo for Controllable 1D Micro/nano Material Twisting Test. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3077. [PMID: 28596603 PMCID: PMC5465204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In-situ micro/nano characterization is an indispensable methodology for material research. However, the precise in-situ SEM twisting of 1D material with large range is still challenge for current techniques, mainly due to the testing device's large size and the misalignment between specimen and the rotation axis. Herein, we propose an in-situ twist test robot (iTRo) to address the above challenges and realize the precise in-situ SEM twisting test for the first time. Firstly, we developed the iTRo and designed a series of control strategies, including assembly error initialization, triple-image alignment (TIA) method for rotation axis alignment, deformation-based contact detection (DCD) method for sample assembly, and switch control for robots cooperation. After that, we chose three typical 1D material, i.e., magnetic microwire Fe74B13Si11C2, glass fiber, and human hair, for twisting test and characterized their properties. The results showed that our approach is able to align the sample to the twisting axis accurately, and it can provide large twisting range, heavy load and high controllability. This work fills the blank of current in-situ mechanical characterization methodologies, which is expected to give significant impact in the fundamental nanomaterial research and practical micro/nano characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haojian Lu
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
| | - Wanfeng Shang
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Xi'an University of Science and technology, Xi'an, 710054, China
| | - Xueyong Wei
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhan Yang
- Robotics and Microsystems Center, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215021, China
| | - Toshio Fukuda
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-0814, Japan
- School of Mechatronic Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yajing Shen
- Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering Department, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China.
- CityU Shen Zhen Research Institute, Shen Zhen, 518057, China.
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36
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Si S, Li W, Zhao X, Han M, Yue Y, Wu W, Guo S, Zhang X, Dai Z, Wang X, Xiao X, Jiang C. Significant Radiation Tolerance and Moderate Reduction in Thermal Transport of a Tungsten Nanofilm by Inserting Monolayer Graphene. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1604623. [PMID: 27859705 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Tungsten-graphene multilayer composites are fabricated using a stacking method. The thermal resistance induced by the graphene interlayer is moderate. An ion-implantation method is used to verify the radiation tolerance. The results show that graphene inserted among tungsten films plays a dominant role in reducing radiation damage. Furthermore, the performance of different tungsten period-thicknesses in radiation tolerance is systematically analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyao Si
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nanostructures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Li
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nanostructures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nanostructures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Meng Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Yanan Yue
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Nanomaterials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Shishang Guo
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nanostructures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xingang Zhang
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nanostructures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Zhigao Dai
- Laboratory of Printable Functional Nanomaterials and Printed Electronics, School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Xinwei Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Xiangheng Xiao
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nanostructures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Changzhong Jiang
- Department of Physics and Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nanostructures of Ministry of Education, Hubei Nuclear Solid Physics Key Laboratory and Center for Ion Beam Application, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, P. R. China
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37
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Wilkerson JW, Ramesh KT. Unraveling the Anomalous Grain Size Dependence of Cavitation. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:215503. [PMID: 27911527 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.215503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies have identified an anomalous grain size dependence associated with the critical tensile pressure that a metal may sustain before catastrophic failure by cavitation processes. Here we derive the first quantitative theory (and its associated closed-form solution) capable of explaining this phenomena. The theory agrees well with experimental measurements and atomistic calculations over a very wide range of conditions. Utilizing this theory, we are able to map out three distinct regimes in which the critical tensile pressure for cavitation failure (i) increases with decreasing grain size in accordance with conventional wisdom, (ii) nonintuitively decreases with decreasing grain size, and (iii) is independent of grain size. The theory also predicts microscopic signatures of the cavitation process which agree with available data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Wilkerson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
| | - K T Ramesh
- Hopkins Extreme Materials Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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38
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Kondo S, Mitsuma T, Shibata N, Ikuhara Y. Direct observation of individual dislocation interaction processes with grain boundaries. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501926. [PMID: 27847862 PMCID: PMC5106199 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In deformation processes, the presence of grain boundaries has a crucial influence on dislocation behavior; these boundaries drastically change the mechanical properties of polycrystalline materials. It has been considered that grain boundaries act as effective barriers for dislocation glide, but the origin of this barrier-like behavior has been a matter of conjecture for many years. We directly observe how the motion of individual dislocations is impeded at well-defined high-angle and low-angle grain boundaries in SrTiO3, via in situ nanoindentation experiments inside a transmission electron microscope. Our in situ observations show that both the high-angle and low-angle grain boundaries impede dislocation glide across them and that the impediment of dislocation glide does not simply originate from the geometric effects; it arises as a result of the local structural stabilization effects at grain boundary cores as well, especially for low-angle grain boundaries. The present findings indicate that simultaneous consideration of both the geometric effects and the stabilization effects is necessary to quantitatively understand the dislocation impediment processes at grain boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Kondo
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Elements Strategy Initiative for Structural Materials, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tasuku Mitsuma
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Naoya Shibata
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- PRESTO (Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Yuichi Ikuhara
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Center for Elements Strategy Initiative for Structural Materials, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Nanostructures Research Laboratory, Japan Fine Ceramics Center, Nagoya, Aichi 456-8587, Japan
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
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39
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Ding MS, Du JP, Wan L, Ogata S, Tian L, Ma E, Han WZ, Li J, Shan ZW. Radiation-Induced Helium Nanobubbles Enhance Ductility in Submicron-Sized Single-Crystalline Copper. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:4118-4124. [PMID: 27249672 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b00864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The workability and ductility of metals usually degrade with exposure to irradiation, hence the phrase "radiation damage". Here, we found that helium (He) radiation can actually enhance the room-temperature deformability of submicron-sized copper. In particular, Cu single crystals with diameter of 100-300 nm and containing numerous pressurized sub-10 nm He bubbles become stronger, more stable in plastic flow and ductile in tension, compared to fully dense samples of the same dimensions that tend to display plastic instability (strain bursts). The sub-10 nm He bubbles are seen to be dislocation sources as well as shearable obstacles, which promote dislocation storage and reduce dislocation mean free path, thus contributing to more homogeneous and stable plasticity. Failure happens abruptly only after significant bubble coalescence. The current findings can be explained in light of Weibull statistics of failure and the beneficial effects of bubbles on plasticity. These results shed light on plasticity and damage developments in metals and could open new avenues for making mechanically robust nano- and microstructures by ion beam processing and He bubble engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shuai Ding
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Jun-Ping Du
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering, Osaka University , Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Liang Wan
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering, Osaka University , Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Ogata
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering, Osaka University , Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Elements Strategy Initiative for Structural Materials, Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Lin Tian
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Evan Ma
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University , Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Wei-Zhong Han
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Ju Li
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
- Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Zhi-Wei Shan
- Center for Advancing Materials Performance from the Nanoscale & Hysitron Applied Research Center in China, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P.R. China
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40
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Radiation Resistant Vanadium-Graphene Nanolayered Composite. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24785. [PMID: 27098407 PMCID: PMC4838849 DOI: 10.1038/srep24785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultra high strength V-graphene nanolayers were developed for the first time that was demonstrated to have an excellent radiation tolerance as revealed by the He+ irradiation study. Radiation induced hardening, evaluated via nanopillar compressions before and after He+ irradiation, is significantly reduced with the inclusion of graphene layers; the flow stresses of V-graphene nanolayers with 110 nm repeat layer spacing showed an increase of 25% while pure V showed an increase of 88% after He+ dosage of 13.5 dpa. The molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the graphene interface can spontaneously absorb the nearby crystalline defects that are produced from a collision cascade, thereby enhancing the lifetime of the V-graphene nanolayers via this self-healing effect. In addition, the impermeability of He gas through the graphene resulted in suppression of He bubble agglomerations that in turn reduced embrittlement. In-situ SEM compression also showed the ability of graphene to hinder crack propagation that suppressed the failure.
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41
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Zeilinger A, Todt J, Krywka C, Müller M, Ecker W, Sartory B, Meindlhumer M, Stefenelli M, Daniel R, Mitterer C, Keckes J. In-situ Observation of Cross-Sectional Microstructural Changes and Stress Distributions in Fracturing TiN Thin Film during Nanoindentation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22670. [PMID: 26947558 PMCID: PMC4780078 DOI: 10.1038/srep22670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Load-displacement curves measured during indentation experiments on thin films depend on non-homogeneous intrinsic film microstructure and residual stress gradients as well as on their changes during indenter penetration into the material. To date, microstructural changes and local stress concentrations resulting in plastic deformation and fracture were quantified exclusively using numerical models which suffer from poor knowledge of size dependent material properties and the unknown intrinsic gradients. Here, we report the first in-situ characterization of microstructural changes and multi-axial stress distributions in a wedge-indented 9 μm thick nanocrystalline TiN film volume performed using synchrotron cross-sectional X-ray nanodiffraction. During the indentation, needle-like TiN crystallites are tilted up to 15 degrees away from the indenter axis in the imprint area and strongly anisotropic diffraction peak broadening indicates strain variation within the X-ray nanoprobe caused by gradients of giant compressive stresses. The morphology of the multiaxial stress distributions with local concentrations up to -16.5 GPa correlate well with the observed fracture modes. The crack growth is influenced decisively by the film microstructure, especially by the micro- and nano-scopic interfaces. This novel experimental approach offers the capability to interpret indentation response and indenter imprint morphology of small graded nanostructured features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juraj Todt
- Department of Materials Physics, Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria
| | - Christina Krywka
- Ruprecht Haensel Laboratory, University of Kiel, Germany.,Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
| | | | - Werner Ecker
- Materials Center Leoben Forschung GmbH, Leoben, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Rostislav Daniel
- Department of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Testing, Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria
| | - Christian Mitterer
- Department of Physical Metallurgy and Materials Testing, Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria
| | - Jozef Keckes
- Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany
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42
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Chen BL, Wang W, Xie H, Ge RR, Zhang ZY, Li ZW, Zhou XY, Zhou BX. Phase transformation of Cu-rich precipitates from 9R to 3R variant via ledges mechanism in ferritic steel containing copper. J Microsc 2015; 262:123-7. [PMID: 26599818 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Precipitates and solute enrich in aged ferritic steel containing copper were examined using high-resolution electron microscopy, high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Two ledges with one-atom and two-atom layers height in the 9R/3R interface were observed. The enrichment of copper into two successive closed-packed planes with an interval of Fe-rich close-packed plane was detected. The passage of the Shockley partial, or the shearing, changes the stacking sequence of closed-packed planes. Finally, 9R Cu variant transformed into 3R Cu variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Chen
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - W Wang
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - H Xie
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - R R Ge
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Z Y Zhang
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Z W Li
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - X Y Zhou
- School of Materials Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - B X Zhou
- Institute of Materials, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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43
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Hwang B, Kang M, Lee S, Weinberger CR, Loya P, Lou J, Oh SH, Kim B, Han SM. Effect of surface energy on size-dependent deformation twinning of defect-free Au nanowires. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:15657-15664. [PMID: 26350050 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03902a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the size-dependent transition of deformation twinning studied using in situ SEM/TEM tensile testing of defect-free [110] Au nanowires/ribbons with controlled geometry. The critical dimension below which the ordinary plasticity transits to deformation twinning is experimentally determined to be ∼170 nm for Au nanowires with equilateral cross-sections. Nanoribbons with a fixed thickness but increased width-to-thickness ratios (9 : 1) were also studied to show that an increase in the surface energy due to the crystal re-orientation suppresses the deformation twinning. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed that the transition from partial dislocation mediated plasticity to perfect dislocation plasticity with increase in the width-to-thickness ratio is due to the effect of the surface energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungil Hwang
- Graduate School of Energy Environment Water and Sustainability, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea 305-701.
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44
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Xu T, Sun L. Dynamic In-Situ Experimentation on Nanomaterials at the Atomic Scale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:3247-3262. [PMID: 25703228 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201403236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the development of in situ techniques inside transmission electron microscopes (TEMs), external fields and probes can be applied to the specimen. This development transforms the TEM specimen chamber into a nanolab, in which reactions, structures, and properties can be activated or altered at the nanoscale, and all processes can be simultaneously recorded in real time with atomic resolution. Consequently, the capabilities of TEM are extended beyond static structural characterization to the dynamic observation of the changes in specimen structures or properties in response to environmental stimuli. This extension introduces new possibilities for understanding the relationships between structures, unique properties, and functions of nanomaterials at the atomic scale. Based on the idea of setting up a nanolab inside a TEM, tactics for design of in situ experiments inside the machine, as well as corresponding examples in nanomaterial research, including in situ growth, nanofabrication with atomic precision, in situ property characterization, and nanodevice construction are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xu
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
| | - Litao Sun
- SEU-FEI Nano-Pico Center, Key Lab of MEMS of Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, PR China
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45
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Chen Y, Yu KY, Liu Y, Shao S, Wang H, Kirk MA, Wang J, Zhang X. Damage-tolerant nanotwinned metals with nanovoids under radiation environments. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7036. [PMID: 25906997 PMCID: PMC4421808 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Material performance in extreme radiation environments is central to the design of future nuclear reactors. Radiation induces significant damage in the form of dislocation loops and voids in irradiated materials, and continuous radiation often leads to void growth and subsequent void swelling in metals with low stacking fault energy. Here we show that by using in situ heavy ion irradiation in a transmission electron microscope, pre-introduced nanovoids in nanotwinned Cu efficiently absorb radiation-induced defects accompanied by gradual elimination of nanovoids, enhancing radiation tolerance of Cu. In situ studies and atomistic simulations reveal that such remarkable self-healing capability stems from high density of coherent and incoherent twin boundaries that rapidly capture and transport point defects and dislocation loops to nanovoids, which act as storage bins for interstitial loops. This study describes a counterintuitive yet significant concept: deliberate introduction of nanovoids in conjunction with nanotwins enables unprecedented damage tolerance in metallic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - K Y. Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102246, China
| | - Y. Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - S. Shao
- MST-8, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - H. Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
| | - M. A. Kirk
- Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - J. Wang
- MST-8, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - X. Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-3123, USA
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46
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Leclere C, Cornelius TW, Ren Z, Davydok A, Micha JS, Robach O, Richter G, Belliard L, Thomas O. In situ bending of an Au nanowire monitored by micro Laue diffraction. J Appl Crystallogr 2015; 48:291-296. [PMID: 26089751 PMCID: PMC4453168 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576715001107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reports on the first successful combination of micro Laue (µLaue) diffraction with an atomic force microscope for in situ nanomechanical tests of individual nanostructures. In situ three-point bending on self-suspended gold nanowires was performed on the BM32 beamline at the ESRF using a specially designed atomic force microscope. During the bending process of the self-suspended wire, the evolution of µLaue diffraction patterns was monitored, allowing for extraction of the bending angle of the nanowire. This bending compares well with finite element analysis taking into account elastic constant bulk values and geometric nonlinearities. This novel experimental setup opens promising perspectives for studying mechanical properties at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Leclere
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Thomas W. Cornelius
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Zhe Ren
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Anton Davydok
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Odile Robach
- CEA, INAC, SP2M/NRS, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Gunther Richter
- Max Plank Institute for Intelligent Systems, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Laurent Belliard
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS, Institut des Nanosciences de Paris UMR7588, 4 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Thomas
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Université de Toulon, IM2NP UMR 7334, 13397 Marseille, France
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47
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Sun C, Zheng S, Wei CC, Wu Y, Shao L, Yang Y, Hartwig KT, Maloy SA, Zinkle SJ, Allen TR, Wang H, Zhang X. Superior radiation-resistant nanoengineered austenitic 304L stainless steel for applications in extreme radiation environments. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7801. [PMID: 25588326 PMCID: PMC4295098 DOI: 10.1038/srep07801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear energy provides more than 10% of electrical power internationally, and the increasing engagement of nuclear energy is essential to meet the rapid worldwide increase in energy demand. A paramount challenge in the development of advanced nuclear reactors is the discovery of advanced structural materials that can endure extreme environments, such as severe neutron irradiation damage at high temperatures. It has been known for decades that high dose radiation can introduce significant void swelling accompanied by precipitation in austenitic stainless steel (SS). Here we report, however, that through nanoengineering, ultra-fine grained (UFG) 304L SS with an average grain size of ~100 nm, can withstand Fe ion irradiation at 500°C to 80 displacements-per-atom (dpa) with moderate grain coarsening. Compared to coarse grained (CG) counterparts, swelling resistance of UFG SS is improved by nearly an order of magnitude and swelling rate is reduced by a factor of 5. M23C6 precipitates, abundant in irradiated CG SS, are largely absent in UFG SS. This study provides a nanoengineering approach to design and discover radiation tolerant metallic materials for applications in extreme radiation environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sun
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 [2] Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - S Zheng
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - C C Wei
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Y Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nuclear Engineering Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - L Shao
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Y Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nuclear Engineering Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - K T Hartwig
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - S A Maloy
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545
| | - S J Zinkle
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - T R Allen
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - H Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - X Zhang
- 1] Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 [2] Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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48
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Liontas R, Gu XW, Fu E, Wang Y, Li N, Mara N, Greer JR. Effects of helium implantation on the tensile properties and microstructure of Ni73P27 metallic glass nanostructures. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5176-5183. [PMID: 25084487 DOI: 10.1021/nl502074d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report fabrication and nanomechanical tension experiments on as-fabricated and helium-implanted ∼130 nm diameter Ni73P27 metallic glass nanocylinders. The nanocylinders were fabricated by a templated electroplating process and implanted with He(+) at energies of 50, 100, 150, and 200 keV to create a uniform helium concentration of ∼3 atom % throughout the nanocylinders. Transmission electron microscopy imaging and through-focus analysis reveal that the specimens contained ∼2 nm helium bubbles distributed uniformly throughout the nanocylinder volume. In situ tensile experiments indicate that helium-implanted specimens exhibit enhanced ductility as evidenced by a 2-fold increase in plastic strain over as-fabricated specimens with no sacrifice in yield and ultimate tensile strengths. This improvement in mechanical properties suggests that metallic glasses may actually exhibit a favorable response to high levels of helium implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Liontas
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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49
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Ren Z, Mastropietro F, Davydok A, Langlais S, Richard MI, Furter JJ, Thomas O, Dupraz M, Verdier M, Beutier G, Boesecke P, Cornelius TW. Scanning force microscope for in situ nanofocused X-ray diffraction studies. JOURNAL OF SYNCHROTRON RADIATION 2014; 21:1128-33. [PMID: 25178002 PMCID: PMC4862253 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577514014532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A compact scanning force microscope has been developed for in situ combination with nanofocused X-ray diffraction techniques at third-generation synchrotron beamlines. Its capabilities are demonstrated on Au nano-islands grown on a sapphire substrate. The new in situ device allows for in situ imaging the sample topography and the crystallinity by recording simultaneously an atomic force microscope (AFM) image and a scanning X-ray diffraction map of the same area. Moreover, a selected Au island can be mechanically deformed using the AFM tip while monitoring the deformation of the atomic lattice by nanofocused X-ray diffraction. This in situ approach gives access to the mechanical behavior of nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ren
- IM2NP (UMR 7334), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Campus de Saint-Jérôme, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen – Case 142, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Francesca Mastropietro
- IM2NP (UMR 7334), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Campus de Saint-Jérôme, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen – Case 142, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Anton Davydok
- IM2NP (UMR 7334), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Campus de Saint-Jérôme, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen – Case 142, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Simon Langlais
- Grenoble Institute of Technology and CNRS, BP 75, F-38402 Saint-Martin d’Hères Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Ingrid Richard
- IM2NP (UMR 7334), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Campus de Saint-Jérôme, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen – Case 142, F-13397 Marseille, France
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Jacques Furter
- IM2NP (UMR 7334), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Campus de Saint-Jérôme, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen – Case 142, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Thomas
- IM2NP (UMR 7334), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Campus de Saint-Jérôme, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen – Case 142, F-13397 Marseille, France
| | - Maxime Dupraz
- Grenoble Institute of Technology and CNRS, BP 75, F-38402 Saint-Martin d’Hères Cedex, France
| | - Marc Verdier
- Grenoble Institute of Technology and CNRS, BP 75, F-38402 Saint-Martin d’Hères Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Beutier
- Grenoble Institute of Technology and CNRS, BP 75, F-38402 Saint-Martin d’Hères Cedex, France
| | - Peter Boesecke
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), 6 rue Jules Horowitz, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Thomas W. Cornelius
- IM2NP (UMR 7334), Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Campus de Saint-Jérôme, Avenue Escadrille Normandie Niemen – Case 142, F-13397 Marseille, France
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50
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Sun C, Bufford D, Chen Y, Kirk MA, Wang YQ, Li M, Wang H, Maloy SA, Zhang X. In situ study of defect migration kinetics in nanoporous Ag with enhanced radiation tolerance. Sci Rep 2014; 4:3737. [PMID: 24435181 PMCID: PMC3894537 DOI: 10.1038/srep03737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Defect sinks, such as grain boundaries and phase boundaries, have been widely accepted to improve the irradiation resistance of metallic materials. However, free surface, an ideal defect sink, has received little attention in bulk materials as surface-to-volume ratio is typically low. Here by using in situ Kr ion irradiation technique in a transmission electron microscope, we show that nanoporous (NP) Ag has enhanced radiation tolerance. Besides direct evidence of free surface induced frequent removal of various types of defect clusters, we determined, for the first time, the global and instantaneous diffusivity of defect clusters in both coarse-grained (CG) and NP Ag. Opposite to conventional wisdom, both types of diffusivities are lower in NP Ag. Such a surprise is largely related to the reduced interaction energy between isolated defect clusters in NP Ag. Determination of kinetics of defect clusters is essential to understand and model their migration and clustering in irradiated materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545
| | - D. Bufford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - Y. Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - M. A. Kirk
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - Y. Q. Wang
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545
| | - M. Li
- Nuclear Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA
| | - H. Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
| | - S. A. Maloy
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545
| | - X. Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843
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