1
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Bai L, Yang P, Han B, Kong L. Progress of the acyl-Coenzyme A thioester hydrolase family in cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1374094. [PMID: 38562172 PMCID: PMC10982514 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1374094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the acyl-Coenzyme A thioester hydrolase family (ACOTs) has received wide attention as a key link in lipid metabolism. This family is a class of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of fatty acyl-Coenzyme A, disrupting the thioester bond present within acyl-CoA ester molecules to produce free fatty acids (FFA) and the corresponding coenzyme A (CoA). Such enzymes play a very important role in lipid metabolism through maintaining appropriate levels of intracellular FFA and fatty acyl-CoA as well as CoA. It is broadly divided into two distinct subgroups, the type-I α/β-hydrolase fold enzyme superfamily and the type-II 'hot dog' fold superfamily. There are currently four human type-I genes and eight human type-II genes. Although the two subgroups catalyze the same reaction, they are not structurally similar, do not share the same sequence homology, and differ greatly in protein executive functions. This review summarizes the classification of the acyl-CoA thioester hydrolase family, an overview of the structural sequences, and advances in digestive, respiratory, and urinary systemic tumors. In order to explore potential specific drug targets and effective interventions, to provide new strategies for tumor prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Pengjie Yang
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Bater Han
- Thoracic Surgery Department, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
| | - Linghui Kong
- Department of Pathology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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2
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zur Nedden S, Safari MS, Fresser F, Faserl K, Lindner H, Sarg B, Baier G, Baier-Bitterlich G. PKN1 Exerts Neurodegenerative Effects in an In Vitro Model of Cerebellar Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy via Inhibition of AKT/GSK3β Signaling. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1599. [PMID: 38002281 PMCID: PMC10669522 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently identified protein kinase N1 (PKN1) as a negative gatekeeper of neuronal AKT protein kinase activity during postnatal cerebellar development. The developing cerebellum is specifically vulnerable to hypoxia-ischemia (HI), as it occurs during hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, a condition typically caused by oxygen deprivation during or shortly after birth. In that context, activation of the AKT cell survival pathway has emerged as a promising new target for neuroprotective interventions. Here, we investigated the role of PKN1 in an in vitro model of HI, using postnatal cerebellar granule cells (Cgc) derived from Pkn1 wildtype and Pkn1-/- mice. Pkn1-/- Cgc showed significantly higher AKT phosphorylation, resulting in reduced caspase-3 activation and improved survival after HI. Pkn1-/- Cgc also showed enhanced axonal outgrowth on growth-inhibitory glial scar substrates, further pointing towards a protective phenotype of Pkn1 knockout after HI. The specific PKN1 phosphorylation site S374 was functionally relevant for the enhanced axonal outgrowth and AKT interaction. Additionally, PKN1pS374 shows a steep decrease during cerebellar development. In summary, we demonstrate the pathological relevance of the PKN1-AKT interaction in an in vitro HI model and establish the relevant PKN1 phosphorylation sites, contributing important information towards the development of specific PKN1 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie zur Nedden
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Motahareh Solina Safari
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Friedrich Fresser
- Institute for Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (F.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Klaus Faserl
- Protein Core Facility, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.F.); (H.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Herbert Lindner
- Protein Core Facility, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.F.); (H.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Bettina Sarg
- Protein Core Facility, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (K.F.); (H.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Institute for Cell Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (F.F.); (G.B.)
| | - Gabriele Baier-Bitterlich
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, CCB-Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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3
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Xu K, Du W, Zhuang X, Liang D, Mo Y, Wang J. Glycogen synthase kinase-3β mediates toll-like receptors 4/nuclear factor kappa-B-activated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through regulation of fat mass and obesity-associated protein. Brain Circ 2023; 9:162-171. [PMID: 38020949 PMCID: PMC10679630 DOI: 10.4103/bc.bc_3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), fat mass and obesity-associated protein (FTO), and toll-like receptors 4 (TLR4) take on critical significance in different biological processes, whereas their interactions remain unclear. The objective was the investigation of the interaction effect in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. METHODS The function of the cerebral cortex in the mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model (each group n = 6) and P12 cells oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) model was analyzed using short hairpin GSK3β lentivirus and overexpression of FTO lentivirus (in vitro), TLR4 inhibitor (TAK242), and LiCl to regulate GSK3β, FTO, TLR4 expression, and GSK3β activity, respectively. RESULTS After GSK3β knockdown in the OGD/R model of PC12 cells, the levels of TLR4 and p-p65 were lower than in the control, and the level of FTO was higher than in the control. Knockdown GSK3β reversed the OGD/R-induced nuclear factor kappa-B transfer to the intranuclear nuclei. As indicated by the result, TLR4 expression was down-regulated by overexpressed FTO, and TLR4 expression was up-regulated notably after inhibition of FTO with the use of R-2HG. After the inhibition of the activity of GSK3β in vivo, the reduction of FTO in mice suffering from MCAO was reversed. CONCLUSIONS Our research shows that GSK3β/FTO/TLR4 pathway contributes to cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiwei Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenwen Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuxiu Zhuang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongdong Liang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yunchang Mo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junlu Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Lin CH, Lin WD, Huang YC, Chen YC, Loh ZJ, Ger LP, Lin FC, Li HY, Cheng HC, Lee KH, Hsiao M, Lu PJ. Carboxyl-terminal modulator protein facilitates tumor metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:404-413. [PMID: 36400965 PMCID: PMC10014580 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-022-00559-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the survival rate for breast cancer is more than 90%, but once the cancer cells metastasize to distal organs, the survival rate is dramatically reduced, to less than 30%. Triple-negative breast cancer accounts for 15-20% of all breast cancers. Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with poor prognostic and diagnostic outcomes due to the limiting therapeutic strategies, relative to non-TNBC breast cancers. Therefore, the development of targeted therapy for TNBC metastasis remains an urgent issue. In this study, high Carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP) is significantly associated with recurrence and disease-free survival rate in TNBC patients. Overexpression of CTMP promotes migration and invasion abilities in BT549 cells. Down-regulating of CTMP expression inhibits migration and invasion abilities in MDA-MB-231 cells. In vivo inoculation of high-CTMP cells enhances distant metastasis in mice. The metastasis incidence rate is decreased in mice injected with CTMP-downregulating MDA-MB-231 cells. Gene expression microarray analysis indicates the Akt-dependent pathway is significantly enhanced in CTMP overexpressing cells compared to the parental cells. Blocking Akt activation via Akt inhibitor treatment or co-expression of the dominant-negative form of Akt proteins successfully abolishes the CTMP mediating invasion in TNBC cells. Our findings suggest that CTMP is a potential diagnostic marker for recurrence and poor disease-free survival in TNBC patients. CTMP promotes TNBC metastasis via the Akt-activation-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Han Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70401, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Der Lin
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70401, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chin Huang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70401, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chia Chen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 813414, Taiwan
| | - Zhu-Jun Loh
- Department of Surgery, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70401, Taiwan
| | - Luo-Ping Ger
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, 813414, Taiwan
| | - Forn-Chia Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 70401, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Yi Li
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70401, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chuan Cheng
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70401, Taiwan
| | - Kuen-Haur Lee
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Michael Hsiao
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jung Lu
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 70401, Taiwan. .,Department of Clinical Medicine Research, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, 70401, Taiwan.
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5
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Activating Transcription Factor 3 Diminishes Ischemic Cerebral Infarct and Behavioral Deficit by Downregulating Carboxyl-Terminal Modulator Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032306. [PMID: 36768628 PMCID: PMC9917101 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) is a stress-induced transcription factor and a familiar neuronal marker for nerve injury. This factor has been shown to protect neurons from hypoxic insult in vitro by suppressing carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP) transcription, and indirectly activating the anti-apoptotic Akt/PKB cascade. Despite prior studies in vitro, whether this neuroprotective pathway also exists in the brain in vivo after ischemic insult remains to be determined. In the present study, we showed a rapid and marked induction of ATF3 mRNA throughout ischemia-reperfusion in a middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion model. Although the level of CTMP mRNA was quickly induced upon ischemia, its level showed only a mild increase after reperfusion. With the gain-of-function approach, both pre- and post-ischemic administration of Ad-ATF3 ameliorated brain infarct and neurological deficits. Whereas, with the loss-of-function approach, ATF3 knockout (KO) mice showed bigger infarct and worse functional outcome after ischemia. In addition, these congenital defects were rescued upon reintroducing ATF3 to the brain of KO mice. ATF3 overexpression led to a lower level of CTMP and a higher level of p-Akt(473) in the ischemic brain. On the contrary, ATF3 KO resulted in upregulation of CTMP and downregulation of p-Akt(473) instead. Furthermore, post-ischemic CTMP siRNA knockdown led to smaller infarct and better behaviors. CTMP siRNA knockdown increased the level of p-Akt(473), but did not alter the ATF3 level in the ischemic brain, upholding the ATF3→CTMP signal cascade. In summary, our proof-of-principle experiments support the existence of neuroprotective ATF3→CTMP signal cascade regulating the ischemic brain. Furthermore, these results suggest the therapeutic potential for both ATF3 overexpression and CTMP knockdown for stroke treatment.
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6
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Martín MG, Dotti CG. Plasma membrane and brain dysfunction of the old: Do we age from our membranes? Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1031007. [PMID: 36274849 PMCID: PMC9582647 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1031007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the characteristics of aging is a gradual hypo-responsiveness of cells to extrinsic stimuli, mainly evident in the pathways that are under hormone control, both in the brain and in peripheral tissues. Age-related resistance, i.e., reduced response of receptors to their ligands, has been shown to Insulin and also to leptin, thyroid hormones and glucocorticoids. In addition, lower activity has been reported in aging for ß-adrenergic receptors, adenosine A2B receptor, and several other G-protein-coupled receptors. One of the mechanisms proposed to explain the loss of sensitivity to hormones and neurotransmitters with age is the loss of receptors, which has been observed in several tissues. Another mechanism that is finding more and more experimental support is related to the changes that occur with age in the lipid composition of the neuronal plasma membrane, which are responsible for changes in the receptors’ coupling efficiency to ligands, signal attenuation and pathway desensitization. In fact, recent works have shown that altered membrane composition—as occurs during neuronal aging—underlies reduced response to glutamate, to the neurotrophin BDNF, and to insulin, all these leading to cognition decay and epigenetic alterations in the old. In this review we present evidence that altered functions of membrane receptors due to altered plasma membrane properties may be a triggering factor in physiological decline, decreased brain function, and increased vulnerability to neuropathology in aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio G. Martín
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Department, Instituto Ferreyra (INIMEC)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (UNC), Córdoba, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Mauricio G. Martín, ; Carlos G. Dotti,
| | - Carlos G. Dotti
- Molecular Neuropathology Unit, Physiological and Pathological Processes Program, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Mauricio G. Martín, ; Carlos G. Dotti,
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7
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Cai H, Huang LY, Hong R, Song JX, Guo XJ, Zhou W, Hu ZL, Wang W, Wang YL, Shen JG, Qi SH. Momordica charantia Exosome-Like Nanoparticles Exert Neuroprotective Effects Against Ischemic Brain Injury via Inhibiting Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 and Activating the AKT/GSK3β Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:908830. [PMID: 35814200 PMCID: PMC9263912 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.908830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant exosome-like nanoparticles (ELNs) have shown great potential in treating tumor and inflammatory diseases, but the neuroprotective effect of plant ELNs remains unknown. In the present study, we isolated and characterized novel ELNs from Momordica charantia (MC) and investigated their neuroprotective effects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. In the present study, MC-ELNs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized. Male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and MC-ELN injection intravenously. The integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) was examined by Evans blue staining and with the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), claudin-5, and ZO-1. Neuronal apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL and the expression of apoptotic proteins including Bcl2, Bax, and cleaved caspase 3. The major discoveries include: 1) Dil-labeled MC-ELNs were identified in the infarct area; 2) MC-ELN treatment significantly ameliorated BBB disruption, decreased infarct sizes, and reduced neurological deficit scores; 3) MC-ELN treatment obviously downregulated the expression of MMP-9 and upregulated the expression of ZO-1 and claudin-5. Small RNA-sequencing revealed that MC-ELN-derived miRNA5266 reduced MMP-9 expression. Furthermore, MC-ELN treatment significantly upregulated the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway and attenuated neuronal apoptosis in HT22 cells. Taken together, these findings indicate that MC-ELNs attenuate ischemia-reperfusion–induced damage to the BBB and inhibit neuronal apoptosis probably via the upregulation of the AKT/GSK3β signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Cai
- Pharmacology College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lin-Yan Huang
- Medical and Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, And Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou, China
| | - Rui Hong
- Pharmacology College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jin-Xiu Song
- Pharmacology College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xin-Jian Guo
- Medical and Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, And Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhao-Li Hu
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease Bioinformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wan Wang
- Medical and Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, And Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ling Wang
- Medical and Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, And Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jian-Gang Shen
- Medical and Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, And Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou, China
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- *Correspondence: Su-Hua Qi, ; Jian-Gang Shen,
| | - Su-Hua Qi
- Pharmacology College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
- Medical and Technology School, Xuzhou Medical University, And Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Laboratory Diagnostics, Xuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Su-Hua Qi, ; Jian-Gang Shen,
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8
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Hwang JY, Monday HR, Yan J, Gompers A, Buxbaum AR, Sawicka KJ, Singer RH, Castillo PE, Zukin RS. CPEB3-dependent increase in GluA2 subunits impairs excitatory transmission onto inhibitory interneurons in a mouse model of fragile X. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110853. [PMID: 35675768 PMCID: PMC9671216 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a leading cause of inherited intellectual disability and autism. Whereas dysregulated RNA translation in Fmr1 knockout (KO) mice, a model of FXS, is well studied, little is known about aberrant transcription. Using single-molecule mRNA detection, we show that mRNA encoding the AMPAR subunit GluA2 (but not GluA1) is elevated in dendrites and at transcription sites of hippocampal neurons of Fmr1 KO mice, indicating elevated GluA2 transcription. We identify CPEB3, a protein implicated in memory consolidation, as an upstream effector critical to GluA2 mRNA expression in FXS. Increased GluA2 mRNA is translated into an increase in GluA2 subunits, a switch in synaptic AMPAR phenotype from GluA2-lacking, Ca2+-permeable to GluA2-containing, Ca2+-impermeable, reduced inhibitory synaptic transmission, and loss of NMDAR-independent LTP at glutamatergic synapses onto CA1 inhibitory interneurons. These factors could contribute to an excitatory/inhibitory imbalance-a common theme in FXS and other autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Yeon Hwang
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68178, USA,These authors contributed equally,Lead contact,Correspondence: (J.-Y.H.), (R.S.Z.)
| | - Hannah R. Monday
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA,Present address: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Jingqi Yan
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA,Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Andrea Gompers
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA,Center for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Adina R. Buxbaum
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA,Department of Structural & Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA,Present address: Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kirsty J. Sawicka
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA,Present address: Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert H. Singer
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA,Department of Structural & Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - Pablo E. Castillo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA,These authors contributed equally
| | - R. Suzanne Zukin
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA,These authors contributed equally,Correspondence: (J.-Y.H.), (R.S.Z.)
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9
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Mostajeran M, Edvinsson L, Ahnstedt H, Arkelius K, Ansar S. Repair-related molecular changes during recovery phase of ischemic stroke in female rats. BMC Neurosci 2022; 23:23. [PMID: 35413803 PMCID: PMC9004052 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-022-00696-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some degree of spontaneous recovery is usually observed after stroke. Experimental studies have provided information about molecular mechanisms underlying this recovery. However, the majority of pre-clinical stroke studies are performed in male rodents, and females are not well studied. This is a clear discrepancy when considering the clinical situation. Thus, it is important to include females in the evaluation of recovery mechanisms for future therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to evaluate spontaneous recovery and molecular mechanisms involved in the recovery phase two weeks after stroke in female rats. METHODS Transient middle cerebral artery occlusion was induced in female Wistar rats using a filament model. Neurological functions were assessed up to day 14 after stroke. Protein expression of interleukin 10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β, neuronal specific nuclei protein (NeuN), nestin, tyrosine-protein kinase receptor Tie-2, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, and Akt were evaluated in the peri-infarct and ischemic core compared to contralateral side of the brain at day 14 by western blot. Expression of TGF-β in middle cerebral arteries was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Spontaneous recovery after stroke was observed from day 2 to day 14 and was accompanied by a significantly higher expression of nestin, p-Akt, p-ERK1/2 and TGF-β in ischemic regions compared to contralateral side at day 14. In addition, a significantly higher expression of TGF-β was observed in occluded versus non-occluded middle cerebral arteries. The expression of Tie-2 and IL-10 did not differ between the ischemic and contralateral sides. CONCLUSION Spontaneous recovery after ischemic stroke in female rats was coincided by a difference observed in the expression of molecular markers. The alteration of these markers might be of importance to address future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mostajeran
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hilda Ahnstedt
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School at University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kajsa Arkelius
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Saema Ansar
- Applied Neurovascular Research, Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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10
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Neuroprotective Effects of TRPM7 Deletion in Parvalbumin GABAergic vs. Glutamatergic Neurons following Ischemia. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071178. [PMID: 35406741 PMCID: PMC8997982 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by brain ischemia upregulates transient receptor potential melastatin-like-7 (TRPM7) expression and currents, which could contribute to neurotoxicity and cell death. Accordingly, suppression of TRPM7 reduces neuronal death, tissue damage and motor deficits. However, the neuroprotective effects of TRPM7 suppression in different cell types have not been investigated. Here, we found that induction of ischemia resulted in loss of parvalbumin (PV) gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) neurons more than Ca2+/calmodulin-kinase II (CaMKII) glutamatergic neurons in the mouse cortex. Furthermore, brain ischemia increased TRPM7 expression in PV neurons more than that in CaMKII neurons. We generated two lines of conditional knockout mice of TRPM7 in GABAergic PV neurons (PV-TRPM7−/−) and in glutamatergic neurons (CaMKII-TRPM7−/−). Following exposure to brain ischemia, we found that deleting TRPM7 reduced the infarct volume in both lines of transgenic mice. However, the volume in PV-TRPM7−/− mice was more significantly lower than that in the control group. Neuronal survival of both GABAergic and glutamatergic neurons was increased in PV-TRPM7−/− mice; meanwhile, only glutamatergic neurons were protected in CaMKII-TRPM7−/−. At the behavioral level, only PV-TRPM7−/− mice exhibited significant reductions in neurological and motor deficits. Inflammatory mediators such as GFAP, Iba1 and TNF-α were suppressed in PV-TRPM7−/− more than in CaMKII-TRPM7−/−. Mechanistically, p53 and cleaved caspase-3 were reduced in both groups, but the reduction in PV-TRPM7−/− mice was more than that in CaMKII-TRPM7−/− following ischemia. Upstream from these signaling molecules, the Akt anti-oxidative stress signaling was activated only in PV-TRPM7−/− mice. Therefore, deleting TRPM7 in GABAergic PV neurons might have stronger neuroprotective effects against ischemia pathologies than doing so in glutamatergic neurons.
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Yang T, Guo R, Ofengeim D, Hwang JY, Zukin RS, Chen J, Zhang F. Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Zhang S, Li D, Zhao M, Yang F, Sang C, Yan C, Wang Z, Li Y. Exosomal miR-183-5p Shuttled by M2 Polarized Tumor-Associated Macrophage Promotes the Development of Colon Cancer via Targeting THEM4 Mediated PI3K/AKT and NF-κB Pathways. Front Oncol 2021; 11:672684. [PMID: 34249713 PMCID: PMC8267908 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.672684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal accumulation of macrophages in the colon cancer (CC) contribute to its progression. miR-183-5p has been confirmed as an oncogene in CC and this article explores the effect and mechanism of exosomal miR-183-5p enriched by M2-polarized tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) on CC cells. Methods The human macrophage THP1 was induced to M2 polarization through IL-4 and IL-13 treatment. Exosomes in THP1 were isolated through ultracentrifugation, and the miR-183-5p expression in macrophages and exosomes was verified by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The miR-183-5p inhibitors and mimics were applied to down-regulate and upregulate miR-183-5p in macrophages, respectively. Meanwhile, CC cell lines LoVo and SW480 were treated with the macrophage conditioned medium and exosomes, respectively. CC cells’ proliferation, invasion, and apoptosis were tested by the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometry (FCM), Transwell assay, and xenograft assay, respectively. The profiles of thioesterase superfamily member 4 (THEM4), Akt, and NF-κB were compared by Western blotting (WB). Results The miR-183-5p level in M2-TAM and M2-TAM-derived exosomes was significantly increased. Meanwhile, M2-TAM and M2-TAM-derived exosomes significantly facilitated CC cell proliferation and invasion and dampened apoptosis. Overexpression of miR-183-5p in M2-TAM aggravated M2-TAM-mediated promotive effects on CC cells, with down-regulating miR-183-5p reversed M2-TAM-mediated tumor-promotive effects. Mechanically, miR-183-5p targeted THEM4 and inhibited its mRNA and protein expression. Overexpressing THEM4 abated miR-183-5p-mediated carcinogenic effects and inactivates Akt and NF-κB pathways in CC cells. Overall, this article elaborated that exosomal miR-183-5p shuttled by M2-TAM mediated Akt/NF-κB pathway to accelerate CC progression through targeting THEM4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangxin Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Deguan Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Yanqing District Hospital (Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Yanqing District Hospital (Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Changye Sang
- Department of General Surgery, Yanqing District Hospital (Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Yanqing District Hospital (Peking University Third Hospital Yanqing Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery & Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Gui L, Luo Z, Shan W, Zuo Z. Role of Sox2 in Learning, Memory, and Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction in Mice. Cells 2021; 10:727. [PMID: 33805206 PMCID: PMC8064339 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is a significant clinical issue. Its neuropathogenesis has not been clearly identified and effective interventions for clinical use to reduce POCD have not been established. This study was designed to determine whether environmental enrichment (EE) or cognitive enrichment (CE) reduces POCD and whether sex-determining region Y-box-2 regulated by sirtuin 1, plays a role in the effect. Eighteen-month-old male mice were subjected to right-common-carotid-artery exposure under sevoflurane anesthesia. Some of them stayed in cages with EE or CE after the surgery. Learning and memory of mice were tested by a Barnes maze and fear conditioning, starting 2 weeks after the surgery. Sex-determining region Y-box-2 (Sox2) in the brain was silenced by small hairpin RNA (shRNA). Immunofluorescent staining was used to quantify Sox2-positive cells. Surgery reduced Sox2-positive cells in the hippocampus (64 ± 9 cells vs. 91 ± 9 cells in control group, n = 6, p < 0.001) and impaired learning and memory (time to identify target box one day after training sessions in the Barnes maze test: 132 ± 53 s vs. 79 ± 53 s in control group, n = 10, p = 0.040). EE or CE applied after surgery attenuated this reduction of Sox2 cells and POCD. Surgery reduced sirtuin 1 activity and CE attenuated this reduction. Resveratrol, a sirtuin 1 activator, attenuated POCD and surgery-induced decrease of Sox2-positive cells. Silencing shRNA reduced the Sox2-positive cells in the hippocampus and impaired learning and memory in mice without surgery. These results suggest a role of Sox2 in learning, memory, and POCD. EE and CE attenuated POCD via maintaining Sox2-positive cells in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Gui
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA; (L.G.); (Z.L.); (W.S.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhen Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA; (L.G.); (Z.L.); (W.S.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37 Guo Xue Alley, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Weiran Shan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA; (L.G.); (Z.L.); (W.S.)
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901, USA; (L.G.); (Z.L.); (W.S.)
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Kumar A, Misra S, Nair P, Algahtany M. Epigenetics Mechanisms in Ischemic Stroke: A Promising Avenue? J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2021; 30:105690. [PMID: 33684709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2021.105690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke has emerged as the second most common cause of mortality worldwide and is a major public health problem. It is a multi-factorial disease and genetics plays an important role in its pathophysiology, however, mechanisms of genome involvement in the disease remain unclear. Both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms could play a role in the development of stroke disease. Although epigenetic characteristics may also be heritable, they can be modified during the lifetime under different environmental exposure in response to lifestyle. Recent studies provide clear evidence that epigenetic factors play an important role in the pathological mechanisms leading to an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Epigenetic changes are reversible therefore; studying epigenetic factors may serve as a marker for disease progression, biomarker for disease diagnosis, and development of novel targets for therapeutic intervention. Identifying the factors which predispose the risk of stroke provides information for the mechanism of stroke and the design of new drug targets where epigenetic modifications play a significant role. Epigenetic modifications play an essential role in a large variety of multifactorial diseases. This review will focus on the evidence that epigenetic mechanisms play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Shubham Misra
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Pallavi Nair
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
| | - Mubarak Algahtany
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Wang B, Xu X, Liu X, Wang D, Zhuang H, He X, Han T, Hong J. Enolase-phosphatase 1 acts as an oncogenic driver in glioma. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:1184-1194. [PMID: 32654229 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Enolase-phosphatase 1 (ENOPH1), a newly identified enzyme involved in l-methionine biosynthesis, is associated with anxiety and depression. In this study, ENOPH1 was found to play a crucial role in promoting the proliferation and migration of glioma cells. Among high-grade glioma patients, the overall survival of the group showing high ENOPH1 expression was shorter than that of the group showing low ENOPH1 expression. ENOPH1 knockdown inhibited glioma cell proliferation and migration. In parallel, ENOPH1 knockdown suppressed tumor growth capacity and prolonged survival in an orthotopic glioma model. Mechanistically, we found that ENOPH1 activates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by regulating THEM4. In conclusion, ENOPH1 is an important mediator that promotes glioma cell proliferation and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, International Neuroscience Institute, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations, and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Hao Zhuang
- Department of Hepatic Biliary Pancreatic Surgery, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Tong Han
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Jian Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Cerebral Vascular and Neurodegenerative diseases, Tianjin Neurosurgical Institute, Tianjin, China
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Yan M, Li M, Gu S, Sun Z, Ma T, Ma X. Ginkgo biloba extract protects diabetic rats against cerebral ischemia‑reperfusion injury by suppressing oxidative stress and upregulating the expression of glutamate transporter 1. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1809-1818. [PMID: 32319622 PMCID: PMC7057817 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GbE) on the progression of acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats, and to determine the molecular mechanism associated with this effect. Streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats were pretreated with GbE (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day; intragastric) for 3 weeks. During this period, body weight changes and fasting blood glucose levels were assessed each week. Following pretreatment, rats were subjected to suture occlusion of the middle cerebral artery for 30 min, which was followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Neurological deficits were subsequently evaluated at 2 and 24 h following reperfusion. Rats were sacrificed after 24 h reperfusion, and infarct volume and S100B content were measured to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of GbE. The results of the present study demonstrated that GbE pretreatment improved neurological scores, and reduced cerebral infarct volume and S100B content. Oxidative stress markers, including glutathione (GSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased, and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were reduced following GbE treatment. The levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) were observed to be increased in GbE-pretreated rats. These results indicated that GbE pretreatment may serve a protective role against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic rats by inhibiting oxidative stress reaction, upregulating the expression of Akt/mTOR and promoting GLT1 expression. In conclusion, the current study revealed the protective role and molecular mechanisms of GbE in diabetic rats with cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, and may provide novel insight into the future clinical treatment of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Mei Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Shuling Gu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Tengfei Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
| | - Xing Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, P.R. China
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Burguete MC, Jover-Mengual T, López-Morales MA, Aliena-Valero A, Jorques M, Torregrosa G, Alborch E, Castelló-Ruiz M, Salom JB. The selective oestrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene, mimics the neuroprotective effect of 17β-oestradiol in diabetic ischaemic stroke by modulating oestrogen receptor expression and the MAPK/ERK1/2 signalling pathway. J Neuroendocrinol 2019; 31:e12751. [PMID: 31127971 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Because neuroprotection in stroke should be revisited in the era of recanalisation, the present study analysed the potential neuroprotective effect of the selective oestrogen receptor modulator, bazedoxifene acetate (BZA), in an animal model of diabetic ischaemic stroke that mimics thrombectomy combined with adjuvant administration of a putative neuroprotectant. Four weeks after induction of diabetes (40 mg kg-1 streptozotocin, i.p.), male Wistar rats were subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (intraluminal thread technique, 60 minutes) and assigned to one of three groups treated with either: vehicle, BZA (3 mg kg-1 day-1 , i.p.) or 17β-oestradiol (E2 ) (100 μg kg-1 day-1 , i.p.). At 24 hours post-ischaemia-reperfusion, brain damage (neurofunctional score, infarct size and apoptosis), expression of oestrogen receptors (ER)α, ERβ and G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor), and activity of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK)1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathways were analysed. At 24 hours after the ischaemic insult, both BZA- and E2 -treated animals showed lower brain damage in terms of improved neurofunctional condition, decreased infarct size and decreased apoptotic cell death. Ischaemia-reperfusion induced a significant decrease in ERα and ERβ expression without affecting that of G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor, whereas BZA and E2 reversed such a decrease. The ischaemic insult up-regulated the activity of both the MAPK/ERK1/2 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt pathways; BZA and E2 attenuated the increased activity of the ERK1/2 pathway, without affecting that of the Akt pathway. The results of the present study lend further support to the consideration of BZA as an effective and safer alternative overcoming the drawbacks of E2 with respect to improving diabetic ischaemic stroke outcome after successful reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Burguete
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jover-Mengual
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mikahela A López-Morales
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Aliena-Valero
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jorques
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Germán Torregrosa
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Alborch
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Castelló-Ruiz
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Biología Funcional y Antropología Física, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan B Salom
- Departamento de Fisiología, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe - Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Martín‐Segura A, Ahmed T, Casadomé‐Perales Á, Palomares‐Perez I, Palomer E, Kerstens A, Munck S, Balschun D, Dotti CG. Age-associated cholesterol reduction triggers brain insulin resistance by facilitating ligand-independent receptor activation and pathway desensitization. Aging Cell 2019; 18:e12932. [PMID: 30884121 PMCID: PMC6516156 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the brain, insulin plays an important role in cognitive processes. During aging, these faculties decline, as does insulin signaling. The mechanism behind this last phenomenon is unclear. In recent studies, we reported that the mild and gradual loss of cholesterol in the synaptic fraction of hippocampal neurons during aging leads to a decrease in synaptic plasticity evoked by glutamate receptor activation and also by receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) signaling. As insulin and insulin growth factor activity are dependent on tyrosine kinase receptors, we investigated whether the constitutive loss of brain cholesterol is also involved in the decay of insulin function with age. Using long‐term depression (LTD) induced by application of insulin to hippocampal slices as a read‐out, we found that the decline in insulin function during aging could be monitored as a progressive impairment of insulin‐LTD. The application of a cholesterol inclusion complex, which donates cholesterol to the membrane and increases membrane cholesterol levels, rescued the insulin signaling deficit and insulin‐LTD. In contrast, extraction of cholesterol from hippocampal neurons of adult mice produced the opposite effect. Furthermore, in vivo inhibition of Cyp46A1, an enzyme involved in brain cholesterol loss with age, improved insulin signaling. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) experiments pointed to a change in receptor conformation by reduced membrane cholesterol, favoring ligand‐independent autophosphorylation. Together, these results indicate that changes in membrane fluidity of brain cells during aging play a key role in the decay of synaptic plasticity and cognition that occurs at this late stage of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Martín‐Segura
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC/UAM Madrid Spain
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology Albert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx New York
| | - Tariq Ahmed
- Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Neurological Disorders Research Center QBRI‐HBKU Doha Qatar
| | - Álvaro Casadomé‐Perales
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC/UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Irene Palomares‐Perez
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC/UAM Madrid Spain
| | - Ernest Palomer
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC/UAM Madrid Spain
- Cell & Developmental Biology Department University College London London UK
| | - Axelle Kerstens
- Department of Neuroscience, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Sebastian Munck
- Department of Neuroscience, VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Detlef Balschun
- Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences University of Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Carlos G. Dotti
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa CSIC/UAM Madrid Spain
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TRAF2 protects against cerebral ischemia-induced brain injury by suppressing necroptosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:328. [PMID: 30988281 PMCID: PMC6465397 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Necroptosis contributes to ischemia-induced brain injury. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor associated factor 2 (TRAF2) has been reported to suppress necroptotic cell death under several pathological conditions. In this study, we investigated the role of TRAF2 in experimental stroke using a mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and in vitro cellular models. TRAF2 expression in the ischemic brain was assessed with western blot and real-time RT-PCR. Gene knockdown of TRAF2 by lentivirus was utilized to investigate the role of TRAF2 in stroke outcomes. The expression of TRAF2 was significantly induced in the ischemic brain at 24 h after reperfusion, and neurons and microglia were two of the cellular sources of TRAF2 induction. Striatal knockdown of TRAF2 increased infarction size, cell death, microglial activation and the expression of pro-inflammatory markers at 24 h after reperfusion. TRAF2 expression and necroptosis were induced in mouse primary microglia treated with conditioned medium collected from neurons subject to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and in TNFα-treated mouse hippocampal neuronal HT-22 cells in the presence of the pan-caspase inhibitor Z-VAD. In addition, TRAF2 knockdown exacerbated microglial cell death and neuronal cell death under these conditions. Moreover, pre-treatment with a specific necroptosis inhibitor necrostatin-1 (nec-1) suppressed the cell death exacerbated by TRAF2 knockdown in the brain following MCAO, indicating that TRAF2 impacted ischemic brain damage through necroptosis mechanism. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TRAF2 is a novel regulator of cerebral ischemic injury.
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Carboxyl-terminal modulator protein regulates Akt signaling during skeletal muscle atrophy in vitro and a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3920. [PMID: 30850672 PMCID: PMC6408440 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40553-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neuromuscular disease involving motor neuron death, paralysis and, ultimately, respiratory failure. Motor neuron dysfunction leads to target skeletal muscle atrophy involving dysregulation of downstream cell survival, growth and metabolic signaling. Decreased Akt activity is linked to muscle atrophy in ALS and is associated with increased atrophy gene expression. Unfortunately, the regulating mechanism of Akt activity in atrophic muscle remains unclear. Recent research indicates a role of carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP) in Akt-signaling related neurologic dysfunction and skeletal muscle metabolism. CTMP is known to bind and reduce Akt phosphorylation and activation. We hypothesized that CTMP expression might progressively increase in ALS skeletal muscle as the disease progresses, downregulating Akt activity. We found that CTMP protein expression significantly increased in hindlimb skeletal muscle in the mSOD1G93A mouse model of ALS in late stages of the disease (P < 0.05), which negatively correlated with Akt phosphorylation over this period (R2 = -0.77). Co-immunoprecipitation of Akt revealed CTMP binding in pre-symptomatic and end-stage skeletal muscle, suggesting a possible direct role in reduced Akt signaling during disease progression. Inflammatory TNFα and downstream cellular degradation process markers for autophagy, lysosome production, and atrophy significantly increased in a pattern corresponding to increased CTMP expression and reduced Akt phosphorylation. In an in vitro model of skeletal muscle atrophy, differentiated C2C12 cells exhibited reduced Akt activity and decreased FOXO1 phosphorylation, a process known to promote transcription of atrophy genes in skeletal muscle. These results corresponded with increased Atrogin-1 expression compared to healthy control cells (P < 0.05). Transfection with CTMP siRNA significantly increased Akt phosphorylation in atrophic C2C12 cells, corresponding to significantly decreased CTMP expression. In conclusion, this is the first study to provide evidence for a link between elevated CTMP expression, downregulated Akt phosphorylation and muscle atrophy in ALS and clearly demonstrates a direct influence of CTMP on Akt phosphorylation in an in vitro muscle cell atrophy model.
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Activation of autophagy rescues synaptic and cognitive deficits in fragile X mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E9707-E9716. [PMID: 30242133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1808247115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most frequent form of heritable intellectual disability and autism. Fragile X (Fmr1-KO) mice exhibit aberrant dendritic spine structure, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. Autophagy is a catabolic process of programmed degradation and recycling of proteins and cellular components via the lysosomal pathway. However, a role for autophagy in the pathophysiology of FXS is, as yet, unclear. Here we show that autophagic flux, a functional readout of autophagy, and biochemical markers of autophagy are down-regulated in hippocampal neurons of fragile X mice. We further show that enhanced activity of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and translocation of Raptor, a defining component of mTORC1, to the lysosome are causally related to reduced autophagy. Activation of autophagy by delivery of shRNA to Raptor directly into the CA1 of living mice via the lentivirus expression system largely corrects aberrant spine structure, synaptic plasticity, and cognition in fragile X mice. Postsynaptic density protein (PSD-95) and activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc/Arg3.1), proteins implicated in spine structure and synaptic plasticity, respectively, are elevated in neurons lacking fragile X mental retardation protein. Activation of autophagy corrects PSD-95 and Arc abundance, identifying a potential mechanism by which impaired autophagy is causally related to the fragile X phenotype and revealing a previously unappreciated role for autophagy in the synaptic and cognitive deficits associated with fragile X syndrome.
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22
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Kikuchi M, Miura K, Morita K, Yamamori H, Fujimoto M, Ikeda M, Yasuda Y, Nakaya A, Hashimoto R. Genome-wide Association Analysis of Eye Movement Dysfunction in Schizophrenia. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12347. [PMID: 30120336 PMCID: PMC6098030 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30646-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Eye movements are considered endophenotypes of schizophrenia. However, the genetic factors underlying eye movement are largely unknown. In this study, we explored the susceptibility loci for four eye movement scores: the scanpath length during the free viewing test (SPL), the horizontal position gain during the fast Lissajous paradigm of the smooth pursuit test (HPG), the duration of fixations during the far distractor paradigm of the fixation stability test (DF) and the integrated eye movement score of those three scores (EMS). We found 16 SNPs relevant to the HPG that were located in 3 genomic regions (1q21.3, 7p12.1 and 20q13.12) in the patient group; however, these SNPs were intronic or intergenic SNPs. To determine whether these SNPs occur in functional non-coding regions (i.e., enhancer or promoter regions), we examined the chromatin status on the basis of publicly available epigenomic data from 127 tissues or cell lines. This analysis suggested that the SNPs on 1q21.3 and 20q13.12 are in enhancer or promoter regions. Moreover, we performed an analysis of expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in human brain tissues using a public database. Finally, we identified significant eQTL effects for all of the SNPs at 1q21.3 and 20q13.12 in particular brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masataka Kikuchi
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Miura
- Department of Integrative Brain Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kentaro Morita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masashi Ikeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Nakaya
- Department of Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.
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23
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Liu X, Yang Q, Zhu LH, Liu J, Deng KQ, Zhu XY, Liu Y, Gong J, Zhang P, Li S, Xia H, She ZG. Carboxyl-Terminal Modulator Protein Ameliorates Pathological Cardiac Hypertrophy by Suppressing the Protein Kinase B Signaling Pathway. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.118.008654. [PMID: 29945911 PMCID: PMC6064906 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.008654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Carboxyl‐terminal modulator protein (CTMP) has been implicated in cancer, brain injury, and obesity. However, the role of CTMP in pathological cardiac hypertrophy has not been identified. Methods and Results In this study, decreased expression of CTMP was observed in both human failing hearts and murine hypertrophied hearts. To further explore the potential involvement of CTMP in pathological cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac‐specific CTMP knockout and overexpression mice were generated. In vivo experiments revealed that CTMP deficiency exacerbated the cardiac hypertrophy, fibrosis, and function induced by pressure overload, whereas CTMP overexpression alleviated the response to hypertrophic stimuli. Consistent with the in vivo results, adenovirus‐mediated gain‐of‐function or loss‐of‐function experiments showed that CTMP also exerted a protective effect against hypertrophic responses to angiotensin II in vitro. Mechanistically, CTMP ameliorated pathological cardiac hypertrophy through the blockade of the protein kinase B signaling pathway. Moreover, inhibition of protein kinase B activation with LY294002 rescued the deteriorated effect in aortic banding–treated cardiac‐specific CTMP knockout mice. Conclusions Taken together, these findings imply, for the first time, that increasing the cardiac expression of CTMP may be a novel therapeutic strategy for pathological cardiac hypertrophy.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrosis
- Humans
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/enzymology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular/prevention & control
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Palmitoyl-CoA Hydrolase
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- Thiolester Hydrolases/metabolism
- Ventricular Function, Left
- Ventricular Remodeling
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Yang
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ke-Qiong Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue-Yong Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Medical Science Research Center, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hao Xia
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhi-Gang She
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Model Animals of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Basic Medical School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Medical Research Institute, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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24
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Karaboğa Arslan AK, Yerer MB. α-Chaconine and α-Solanine Inhibit RL95-2 Endometrium Cancer Cell Proliferation by Reducing Expression of Akt (Ser473) and ERα (Ser167). Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10060672. [PMID: 29799481 PMCID: PMC6024735 DOI: 10.3390/nu10060672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the potential inhibitory effect of α-chaconine and α-solanine on RL95-2 estrogen receptor (ER) positive human endometrial cancer cell line and to identify the effect of these glycoalkaloids on the Akt signaling and ERα. The cell proliferation profiles and the cytotoxicity studies were performed by Real-Time Cell Analyzer (xCELLigence) and compared with Sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. The effects of α-chaconine (2.5, 5, 10 µM), α-solanine (20, 30, 50 µM), API-1 (25 µM) and MPP (20 µM) effects on Akt (Ser473) and ERα (Ser167) expressions evaluated by Western blot and qPCR method. Their IC50 values were as α-chaconine (4.72 µM) < MPP (20.01 µM) < α-solanine (26.27 µM) < API-1 (56.67 µM). 10 μM α-chaconine and 20, 30 and 50 μM α-solanine were effective in decreasing p-Akt(Ser473)/Akt ratio compared to positive control API-1. When the p-ERα/ERα ratios were evaluated, it was observed that α-chaconine (2.5, 5, 10 μM) and α-solanine (50 μM) were as effective as the specific ERα inhibitor MPP in reducing the ratio of p-ERα/ERα compared to the control group. In conclusion, it has been shown that the proliferation of α-chaconine and α-solanine in human endometrial carcinoma cells reduces the expression and activity of the Akt and ERα signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mükerrem Betül Yerer
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Erciyes University, Kayseri 38039, Turkey.
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25
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Xie Y, Jiang D, Xiao J, Fu C, Zhang Z, Ye Z, Zhang X. Ischemic preconditioning attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced kidney injury by activating autophagy via the SGK1 signaling pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:338. [PMID: 29497029 PMCID: PMC5832808 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0358-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has a strong renoprotective effect during renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury that is thought to relate to autophagy. However, the role of autophagy during IPC-afforded renoprotection and the precise mechanisms involved are unknown. In this study, an in vitro hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model was established in which oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) was applied to renal cells for 15 h followed by reoxygenation under normal conditions for 30 min, 2 h or 6 h; transient OGD and subsequent reoxygenation were implemented before prolonged H/R injury to achieve hypoxic preconditioning (HPC). 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) was used to inhibit autophagy. In a renal I/R injury model, rats were subjected to 40 min of renal ischemia followed by 6 h, 12 h or 24 h of reperfusion. IPC was produced by four cycles of ischemia (8 min each) followed by 5 min of reperfusion prior to sustained ischemia. We found that IPC increased LC3II and Beclin-1 levels and decreased SQSTM/p62 and cleaved caspase-3 levels in a time-dependent manner during renal I/R injury, as well as increased the number of intracellular double-membrane vesicles in injured renal cells. IPC-induced renal protection was efficiently attenuated by pretreatment with 5 mM 3-MA. Pretreatment with IPC also dynamically affected the expression of SGK1/FOXO3a/HIF-1α signaling components. Moreover, knocking down SGK1 expression significantly downregulated phosphorylated-FOXO3a (p-FOXO3a)/FOXO3 and HIF-1α, suppressed LC3II and Beclin-1 levels, increased SQSTM/p62 and cleaved caspase-3 levels, and abolished the protective effect of IPC against I/R-induced renal damage. SGK1 overexpression efficiently increased p-FOXO3a/FOXO3 and HIF-1α levels, promoted the autophagy flux and enhanced the protective effect mediated by HPC. Furthermore, FOXO3a overexpression decreased HIF-1α protein levels, inhibited HIF-1α transcriptional activity and reduced the protective effect of IPC. Our study indicates that IPC can ameliorate renal I/R injury by promoting autophagy through the SGK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xie
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Daofang Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chensheng Fu
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibin Ye
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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26
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Lee J, Lee WK, Seol MY, Lee SG, Kim D, Kim H, Park J, Jung SG, Chung WY, Lee EJ, Jo YS. Coupling of LETM1 up-regulation with oxidative phosphorylation and platelet-derived growth factor receptor signaling via YAP1 transactivation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66728-66739. [PMID: 27556512 PMCID: PMC5341833 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent cellular proliferation and metabolic reprogramming are essential processes in carcinogenesis. Here, we performed Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and found that that LETM1, a mitochondrial calcium transporter, is associated with cellular growth signals such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor signaling and insulin signaling pathways. These results were then verified by qRT-PCR and immnunoblotting. Mechanistically, up-regulation of LETM1 induced YAP1 nuclear accumulation, increasing the expression of PDGFB, PDGFRB and THBS4. Consistent with this, LETM1 silencing caused loss of YAP1 nuclear signal, decreasing the expression of PDGFB, PDGFRB and THBS4. Immunohistochemical staining consistently indicated a positive association between LETM1 up-regulation, YAP1 nuclear localization and high PDGFB expression. In clinical data analysis, LETM1 up-regulation in thyroid cancer was found to be related to aggressive tumor features such as lymphovascular invasion (LVI, P < 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (LNM, P = 0.011). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that LETM1 up-regulation increases the risk of LVI and LNM (OR = 3.455, 95% CI = 1.537–7.766 and OR = 3.043, 95% CI = 1.282–7.225, respectively). Collectively, these data suggest that up-regulation of LETM1 induces sustained activation of proliferative signaling pathways, such as PDGF signal pathway by AKT induced YAP1 transactivation, resulting in aggressive thyroid cancer phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jandee Lee
- Department of Surgery, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Kyung Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi-Youn Seol
- Department of Surgery, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seul Gi Lee
- Department of Surgery, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daham Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Department of Surgery, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sang Geun Jung
- Department of Gynecological Oncology, Bundang CHA Medical Center, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Woong Youn Chung
- Department of Surgery, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Suk Jo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Open NBI Convergence Technology Research Laboratory, Severance Hospital, Yonsei Cancer Center, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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27
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Age-Related Upregulation of Carboxyl Terminal Modulator Protein Contributes to the Decreased Brain Ischemic Tolerance in Older Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:6145-6154. [PMID: 29250714 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0826-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. The underlying neuropathology for stroke is ischemic brain injury. Carboxyl terminal modulator protein (CTMP), an endogenous inhibitor of the prosurvival Akt, may increase brain ischemic injury in young animals. Aging decreases brain ischemic tolerance. We hypothesize that CTMP is increased with aging and that this increase contributes to the decreased brain ischemic tolerance. To address these hypotheses, we determined the expression of CTMP and its downstream proteins in the brain of various ages of rats (Fischer 344 and Sprague-Dawley rats). The role of CTMP in ischemic brain injury was investigated by RNA interference. Here, we showed that CTMP in the brain was increased with aging in rats. The phosphorylated/activated Akt was decreased with aging. Six- and 20-month-old rats had poorer neurological outcome than did 2-month-old rats after brain ischemia. The neurological outcome of 2-month-old rats was worsened by LY294002, an Akt inhibitor. The poor neurological outcome in 6-month-old rats was improved by silencing CTMP. CTMP was increased in ischemic penumbral brain tissues. Silencing this increase activated Akt. These results suggest that CTMP increase with aging contributes to the aging-dependent decrease of brain ischemic tolerance.
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28
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Pyronneau A, He Q, Hwang JY, Porch M, Contractor A, Zukin RS. Aberrant Rac1-cofilin signaling mediates defects in dendritic spines, synaptic function, and sensory perception in fragile X syndrome. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/504/eaan0852. [PMID: 29114038 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aan0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disabilities and a leading cause of autism. FXS is caused by a trinucleotide expansion in the gene FMR1 on the X chromosome. The neuroanatomical hallmark of FXS is an overabundance of immature dendritic spines, a factor thought to underlie synaptic dysfunction and impaired cognition. We showed that aberrantly increased activity of the Rho GTPase Rac1 inhibited the actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin, a major determinant of dendritic spine structure, and caused disease-associated spine abnormalities in the somatosensory cortex of FXS model mice. Increased cofilin phosphorylation and actin polymerization coincided with abnormal dendritic spines and impaired synaptic maturation. Viral delivery of a constitutively active cofilin mutant (cofilinS3A) into the somatosensory cortex of Fmr1-deficient mice rescued the immature dendritic spine phenotype and increased spine density. Inhibition of the Rac1 effector PAK1 with a small-molecule inhibitor rescued cofilin signaling in FXS mice, indicating a causal relationship between PAK1 and cofilin signaling. PAK1 inhibition rescued synaptic signaling (specifically the synaptic ratio of NMDA/AMPA in layer V pyramidal neurons) and improved sensory processing in FXS mice. These findings suggest a causal relationship between increased Rac1-cofilin signaling, synaptic defects, and impaired sensory processing in FXS and uncover a previously unappreciated role for impaired Rac1-cofilin signaling in the aberrant spine morphology and spine density associated with FXS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pyronneau
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Qionger He
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jee-Yeon Hwang
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Morgan Porch
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Anis Contractor
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.,Department of Neurobiology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - R Suzanne Zukin
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
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29
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Qin Y, Meng L, Fu Y, Quan Z, Ma M, Weng M, Zhang Z, Gao C, Shi X, Han K. SNORA74B gene silencing inhibits gallbladder cancer cells by inducing PHLPP and suppressing Akt/mTOR signaling. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19980-19996. [PMID: 28212545 PMCID: PMC5386738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) have been implicated in the development of many cancers. We therefore examined the differential expression of snoRNAs between gallbladder cancer (GBC) tissues and matched adjacent non-tumor tissues using expression microarray analysis with confirmation by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Western blot analysis showed that SNORA74B levels were higher in GBC than non-tumor tissues. SNORA74B expression was positively associated with local invasion, advanced TNM stage, CA19-9 level, and Ki67 expression in patients with GBC, while it was negatively associated with expression of PHLPP, an endogenous Akt inhibitor. Moreover, SNORA74B expression was prognostic for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Functional studies revealed that silencing SNORA74B in GBC cells using sh-SNORA74B suppressed cell proliferation, induced G1 arrest, and promoted apoptosis. Preliminary molecular investigation revealed that SNORA74B silencing inhibited activation of the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, while increasing PHLPP expression. PHLPP depletion using shRNA abrogated sh-SNORA74B suppression of GBC cell proliferation, indicating that the antitumor effects of SNORA74B silencing were mediated by PHLPP. These findings define the important role of SNORA74B in cell proliferation, cell cycle, and apoptosis of GBC, and suggest that it may serve as a novel target for GBC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyu Qin
- Clinical College, Yancheng Institute of Health Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China.,Research Centre of Biomedical Technology, Yancheng Institute of Health Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China.,Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China.,Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Meng
- Research Centre of Biomedical Technology, Yancheng Institute of Health Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China
| | - Yang Fu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Zhiwei Quan
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mingzhe Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mingzhe Weng
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhengdong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Genomics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center For Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cuixiang Gao
- Research Centre of Biomedical Technology, Yancheng Institute of Health Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China
| | - Xinghua Shi
- Research Centre of Biomedical Technology, Yancheng Institute of Health Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China
| | - Koulan Han
- Clinical College, Yancheng Institute of Health Sciences, Yancheng, Jiangsu 224000, China
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30
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Abd El-Aal SA, Abd El-Fattah MA, El-Abhar HS. CoQ10 Augments Rosuvastatin Neuroprotective Effect in a Model of Global Ischemia via Inhibition of NF-κB/JNK3/Bax and Activation of Akt/FOXO3A/Bim Cues. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:735. [PMID: 29081748 PMCID: PMC5645536 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Statins were reported to lower the Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) content upon their inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase enzyme and both are known to possess neuroprotective potentials; therefore, the aim is to assess the possible use of CoQ10 as an adds-on therapy to rosuvastatin to improve its effect using global I/R model. Rats were allocated into sham, I/R, rosuvastatin (10 mg/kg), CoQ10 (10 mg/kg) and their combination. Drugs were administered orally for 7 days before I/R. Pretreatment with rosuvastatin and/or CoQ10 inhibited the hippocampal content of malondialdehyde, nitric oxide, and boosted glutathione and superoxide dismutase. They also opposed the upregulation of gp91phox, and p47phox subunits of NADPH oxidase. Meanwhile, both agents reduced content/expression of TNF-α, iNOS, NF-κBp65, ICAM-1, and MPO. Besides, all regimens abated cytochrome c, caspase-3 and Bax, but increased Bcl-2 in favor of cell survival. On the molecular level, they increased p-Akt and its downstream target p-FOXO3A, with the inhibition of the nuclear content of FOXO3A to downregulate the expression of Bim, a pro-apoptotic gene. Additionally, both treatments downregulate the JNK3/c-Jun signaling pathway. The effect of the combination regimen overrides that of either treatment alone. These effects were reflected on the alleviation of the hippocampal damage in CA1 region inflicted by I/R. Together, these findings accentuate the neuroprotective potentials of both treatments against global I/R by virtue of their rigorous multi-pronged actions, including suppression of hippocampal oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis with the involvement of the Akt/FOXO3A/Bim and JNK3/c-Jun/Bax signaling pathways. The study also nominates CoQ10 as an adds-on therapy with statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Abd El-Aal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, October 6 University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mai A Abd El-Fattah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan S El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Boone DR, Leek JM, Falduto MT, Torres KEO, Sell SL, Parsley MA, Cowart JC, Uchida T, Micci MA, DeWitt DS, Prough DS, Hellmich HL. Effects of AAV-mediated knockdown of nNOS and GPx-1 gene expression in rat hippocampus after traumatic brain injury. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185943. [PMID: 29016640 PMCID: PMC5634593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Virally mediated RNA interference (RNAi) to knock down injury-induced genes could improve functional outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, little is known about the consequences of gene knockdown on downstream cell signaling pathways and how RNAi influences neurodegeneration and behavior. Here, we assessed the effects of adeno-associated virus (AAV) siRNA vectors that target two genes with opposing roles in TBI pathogenesis: the allegedly detrimental neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and the potentially protective glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1). In rat hippocampal progenitor cells, three siRNAs that target different regions of each gene (nNOS, GPx-1) effectively knocked down gene expression. However, in vivo, in our rat model of fluid percussion brain injury, the consequences of AAV-siRNA were variable. One nNOS siRNA vector significantly reduced the number of degenerating hippocampal neurons and showed a tendency to improve working memory. GPx-1 siRNA treatment did not alter TBI-induced neurodegeneration or working memory deficits. Nevertheless, microarray analysis of laser captured, virus-infected neurons showed that knockdown of nNOS or GPx-1 was specific and had broad effects on downstream genes. Since nNOS knockdown only modestly ameliorated TBI-induced working memory deficits, despite widespread genomic changes, manipulating expression levels of single genes may not be sufficient to alter functional outcome after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah R. Boone
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeanna M. Leek
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | | | - Stacy L. Sell
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Parsley
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeremy C. Cowart
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Tatsuo Uchida
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Maria-Adelaide Micci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Douglas S. DeWitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Donald S. Prough
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Helen L. Hellmich
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Sun X, Kellner M, Desai AA, Wang T, Lu Q, Kangath A, Qu N, Klinger C, Fratz S, Yuan JXJ, Jacobson JR, Garcia JGN, Rafikov R, Fineman JR, Black SM. Asymmetric Dimethylarginine Stimulates Akt1 Phosphorylation via Heat Shock Protein 70-Facilitated Carboxyl-Terminal Modulator Protein Degradation in Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 55:275-87. [PMID: 26959555 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0185oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) induces the mitochondrial translocation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) through the nitration-mediated activation of Akt1. However, it is recognized that the activation of Akt1 requires phosphorylation events at threonine (T) 308 and serine (S) 473. Thus, the current study was performed to elucidate the potential effect of ADMA on Akt1 phosphorylation and the mechanisms that are involved. Exposure of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells to ADMA enhanced Akt1 phosphorylation at both threonine 308 and Ser473 without altering Akt1 protein levels, phosphatase and tensin homolog activity, or membrane Akt1 levels. Heat shock protein (Hsp) 90 plays a pivotal role in maintaining Akt1 activity, and our results demonstrate that ADMA decreased Hsp90-Akt1 interactions, but, surprisingly, overexpression of a dominant-negative Hsp90 mutant increased Akt1 phosphorylation. ADMA exposure or overexpression of dominant-negative Hsp90 increased Hsp70 levels, and depletion of Hsp70 abolished ADMA-induced Akt1 phosphorylation. ADMA decreased the interaction of Akt1 with its endogenous inhibitor, carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP). This was mediated by the proteasomal-dependent degradation of CTMP. The overexpression of CTMP attenuated ADMA-induced Akt1 phosphorylation at Ser473, eNOS phosphorylation at Ser617, and eNOS mitochondrial translocation. Finally, we found that the mitochondrial translocation of eNOS in our lamb model of pulmonary hypertension is associated with increased Akt1 and eNOS phosphorylation and reduced Akt1-CTMP protein interactions. In conclusion, our data suggest that CTMP is directly involved in ADMA-induced Akt1 phosphorylation in vitro and in vivo, and that increasing CTMP levels may be an avenue to treat pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutong Sun
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Manuela Kellner
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ankit A Desai
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ting Wang
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Qing Lu
- 2 Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Archana Kangath
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ning Qu
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Christina Klinger
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Sohrab Fratz
- 3 Pediatric Cardiology and Congenital Heart Disease, German Heart Center at the Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jeffrey R Jacobson
- 4 Department of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ruslan Rafikov
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- 5 Department of Pediatrics and.,6 Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Stephen M Black
- 1 Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Morizawa YM, Hirayama Y, Ohno N, Shibata S, Shigetomi E, Sui Y, Nabekura J, Sato K, Okajima F, Takebayashi H, Okano H, Koizumi S. Reactive astrocytes function as phagocytes after brain ischemia via ABCA1-mediated pathway. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28642575 PMCID: PMC5481424 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes become reactive following various brain insults; however, the functions of reactive astrocytes are poorly understood. Here, we show that reactive astrocytes function as phagocytes after transient ischemic injury and appear in a limited spatiotemporal pattern. Following transient brain ischemia, phagocytic astrocytes are observed within the ischemic penumbra region during the later stage of ischemia. However, phagocytic microglia are mainly observed within the ischemic core region during the earlier stage of ischemia. Phagocytic astrocytes upregulate ABCA1 and its pathway molecules, MEGF10 and GULP1, which are required for phagocytosis, and upregulation of ABCA1 alone is sufficient for enhancement of phagocytosis in vitro. Disrupting ABCA1 in reactive astrocytes result in fewer phagocytic inclusions after ischemia. Together, these findings suggest that astrocytes are transformed into a phagocytic phenotype as a result of increase in ABCA1 and its pathway molecules and contribute to remodeling of damaged tissues and penumbra networks. Astrocytic phagocytosis has been shown to play a role in synaptic pruning during development, but whether adult astrocytes possess phagocytic ability is unclear. Here the authors show that following brain ischemia, reactive astrocytes become phagocytic and engulf debris via the ABCA1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke M Morizawa
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.,Department of Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuri Hirayama
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology and Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eiji Shigetomi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan
| | - Yang Sui
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Junichi Nabekura
- Division of Homeostatic Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate School for Advanced Study, Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0193, Japan
| | - Koichi Sato
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Okajima
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8512, Japan
| | - Hirohide Takebayashi
- Division of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Niigata, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology and Electron Microscope Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Schuichi Koizumi
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Chuo, Yamanashi, 409-3898, Japan.
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EGb761 Ameliorates Neuronal Apoptosis and Promotes Angiogenesis in Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage via RSK1/GSK3β Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1556-1567. [PMID: 28185127 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0363-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) plays an essential role in neurological deterioration. Preclinical studies have shown that EGb761, an extract of Ginkgo biloba, is neuroprotective in some other neurological diseases with apoptosis. This study was conducted to investigate the potential neuroprotective effect of EGb761 on neuronal apoptosis in experimental ICH. A model of ICH was induced in C57BL/6 mice by injecting collagenase. EGb761 was administered for 21 days and neurologic behaviors were assessed at 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 days after ICH. RNAi-mediated knockdown of p90 ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (RSK1) was used to further investigate the role of RSK1 in EGb761-induced neuroprotective effects. Neuronal death was determined by TUNEL staining. The image datasets of neurovascular networks were acquired via micro-optical sectioning tomography (MOST). The glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) activity was assayed using commercial kit. Primary cultured cortical neurons were exposed to ferrous iron and treated with EGb761. Apoptotic neurons were counted by flow cytometry. RSK1, GSK3β, phosphorylated-GSK3β (pGSK3β), Bcl2, Bax, cleaved-caspase3 (CC3), and VEGF were measured by Western blot. The pGSK3β was also detected by immunofluorescence staining. We found that mice in EGb761 group performed better on rotarod test. Reduced TUNEL-positive neurons and richer microvascular networks were observed in mice treated with EGb761. EGb761 attenuates neuronal apoptosis induced by ferrous iron counted by flow cytometry in vitro. Decreased GSK3β activity was observed in EGb761-treated mice compared with mice with ICH. EGb761 increased the expression of pGSK3β (Ser9), RSK1 and the Bcl2/Bax ratio, and VEGF and decreased CC3 expression. In conclusion, EGb761 reduces neuronal apoptosis and promotes angiogenesis in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage via RSK1/GSK3β pathway.
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35
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Shin N, Yi MH, Kim S, Baek H, Triantafillu UL, Park J, Kim DW. Astrocytic Expression of CTMP Following an Excitotoxic Lesion in the Mouse Hippocampus. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 26:25-32. [PMID: 28243164 PMCID: PMC5326712 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Akt (also known as protein kinase B, PKB) has been seen to play a role in astrocyte activation of neuroprotection; however, the underlying mechanism on deregulation of Akt signaling in brain injuries is not fully understood. We investigated the role of carboxy-terminal modulator protein (CTMP), an endogenous Akt inhibitor, in brain injury following kainic acid (KA)-induced neurodegeneration of mouse hippocampus. In control mice, there was a weak signal for CTMP in the hippocampus, but CTMP was markedly increased in the astrocytes 3 days after KA treatment. To further investigate the effectiveness of Akt signaling, the phosphorylation of CTMP was examined. KA treatment induced an increased p-CTMP expression in the astrocytes of hippocampus at 1 day. LPS/IFN-γ-treatment on primary astrocytes promoted the p-CTMP was followed by phosphorylation of Akt and finally upregulation of CTMP and p-CREB. Time-dependent expression of p-CTMP, p-Akt, p-CREB, and CTMP indicate that LPS/IFN-γ-induced phosphorylation of CTMP can activate Akt/CREB signaling, whereas lately emerging enhancement of CTMP can inhibit it. These results suggest that elevation of CTMP in the astrocytes may suppress Akt activity and ultimately negatively affect the outcome of astrocyte activation (astroglisiois). Early time point enhancers of phosphorylation of CTMP and/or late time inhibitors specifically targeting CTMP may be beneficial in astrocyte activation for neuroprotection within treatment in neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nara Shin
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Min-Hee Yi
- Department of Neuroscience & Cell Biology, the University of Texas Medical Branch School of Medicine, Galveston, TX 77555 USA
| | - Sena Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Baek
- Department of Physiology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Ursula L Triantafillu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Dong Woon Kim
- Department of Anatomy, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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36
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Global ischemia induces lysosomal-mediated degradation of mTOR and activation of autophagy in hippocampal neurons destined to die. Cell Death Differ 2016; 24:317-329. [PMID: 27935582 PMCID: PMC5299717 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a key regulator of cell growth, autophagy, translation, and survival. Dysregulation of mTOR signaling is associated with cancer, diabetes, and autism. However, a role for mTOR signaling in neuronal death is not well delineated. Here we show that global ischemia triggers a transient increase in mTOR phosphorylation at S2448, whereas decreasing p-mTOR and functional activity in selectively vulnerable hippocampal CA1 neurons. The decrease in mTOR coincides with an increase in biochemical markers of autophagy, pS317-ULK-1, pS14-Beclin-1, and LC3-II, a decrease in the cargo adaptor p62, and an increase in autophagic flux, a functional readout of autophagy. This is significant in that autophagy, a catabolic process downstream of mTORC1, promotes the formation of autophagosomes that capture and target cytoplasmic components to lysosomes. Inhibitors of the lysosomal (but not proteasomal) pathway rescued the ischemia-induced decrease in mTOR, consistent with degradation of mTOR via the autophagy/lysosomal pathway. Administration of the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin or acute knockdown of mTOR promotes autophagy and attenuates ischemia-induced neuronal death, indicating an inverse causal relation between mTOR, autophagy, and neuronal death. Our findings identify a novel and previously unappreciated mechanism by which mTOR self-regulates its own levels in hippocampal neurons in a clinically relevant model of ischemic stroke.
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Wei S, Tong J, Xue Q, Liu Y, Xu X. Pathways Involved in Oxygen Glucose Deprivation Damage of Astrocytes. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 61:115-122. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Wang H, Huang S, Yan K, Fang X, Abussaud A, Martinez A, Sun HS, Feng ZP. Tideglusib, a chemical inhibitor of GSK3β, attenuates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2016; 1860:2076-85. [PMID: 27378458 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2016.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia-ischemia is an important cause of brain injury and neurological morbidity in the newborn infants. The activity of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) is up-regulated following neonatal stroke. Tideglusib is a GSK-3β inhibitor which has neuroprotective effects against neurodegenerative diseases in clinical trials. However, the effect of tideglusib on hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury in neonates is still unknown. METHODS Postnatal day 7 (P7) mouse pups subjected to unilateral common carotid artery ligation followed by 1h of hypoxia or sham surgery was performed. HI animals were administered tideglusib (5mg/kg) or vehicle intraperitoneally 20min prior to the onset of ischemia. The brain infarct volume and whole brain images, were used in conjunction with Nissl staining to evaluate the protective effects of tideglusib. Protein levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), Notch1, cleaved caspase-3/9, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), GSK-3β and protein kinase B (Akt) were detected to identify potentially involved molecules. RESULTS Tideglusib significantly reduced cerebral infarct volume at both 24h and 7days after HI injury. Tideglusib also increased phosphorylated GSK-3β(Ser9) and Akt(Ser473), and reduced the expression of GFAP and p-STAT3(Tyr705). In addition, pretreatment with tideglusib also enhanced the protein level of Notch1. Moreover, tideglusib reduced the cleavage of pro-apoptotic signal caspase proteins, including caspase 3 and caspase 9 following HI. CONCLUSION These results indicate that tideglusib shows neuroprotection against hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal mice. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Tideglusib is a potential compound for the prevention or treatment of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sammen Huang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kuipo Yan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaoyan Fang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Abussaud
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Chang JW, Jung SN, Kim JH, Shim GA, Park HS, Liu L, Kim JM, Park J, Koo BS. Carboxyl-Terminal Modulator Protein Positively Acts as an Oncogenic Driver in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Regulating Akt phosphorylation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28503. [PMID: 27328758 PMCID: PMC4916413 DOI: 10.1038/srep28503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The exact regulatory mechanisms of carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP) and its downstream pathways in cancer have been controversial and are not completely understood. Here, we report a new mechanism of regulation of Akt serine/threonine kinase, one of the most important dysregulated signals in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) by the CTMP pathway and its clinical implications. We find that HNSCC tumor tissues and cell lines had relatively high levels of CTMP expression. Clinical data indicate that CTMP expression was significantly associated with positive lymph node metastasis (OR = 3.8, P = 0.033) and correlated with poor prognosis in patients with HNSCC. CTMP was also positively correlated with Akt/GSK-3β phosphorylation, Snail up-regulation and E-cadherin down-regulation, which lead to increased proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, suggesting that CTMP expression results in enhanced tumorigenic and metastatic properties of HNSCC cells. Moreover, CTMP suppression restores sensitivity to cisplatin chemotherapy. Intriguingly, all the molecular responses to CTMP regulation are identical regardless of p53 status in HNSCC cells. We conclude that CTMP promotes Akt phosphorylation and functions as an oncogenic driver and prognostic marker in HNSCC irrespective of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Won Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Nam Jung
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hee Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun-Ae Shim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sung Park
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Lihua Liu
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Man Kim
- Research Institute for Medical Sciences and Pathology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsun Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Metabolic Diseases and Cell Signaling Laboratory, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon Seok Koo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Research Institute for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Chen Y, Cai M, Deng J, Tian L, Wang S, Tong L, Dong H, Xiong L. Elevated Expression of Carboxy-Terminal Modulator Protein (CTMP) Aggravates Brain Ischemic Injury in Diabetic db/db Mice. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2179-89. [PMID: 27161366 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1932-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Deregulation of Akt signaling is important in the brain injuries caused by cerebral ischemia in diabetic animals, and the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. We investigated the role of carboxy-terminal modulator protein (CTMP), an endogenous Akt inhibitor, in brain injury following focal cerebral ischemia in type 2 diabetic db/db mice and their control littermates non-diabetic db/+ mice. db/db mice showed a significant elevation in the expression of CTMP compared to db/+ mice under normal physiological conditions. After ischemia, db/db mice exhibit higher levels of CTMP expression, decreased Akt kinase activity, adverse neurological deficits and cerebral infarction than db/+ mice. To further certain the effectiveness of Akt signaling to the final outcome of cerebral ischemia, the animals were treated with LY294002, an inhibitor of the Akt pathway, which aggravated the ischemic injury in db/+ mice but not in db/db mice. RNA interference-mediated depletion of CTMP were finally applied in db/db mice, which restored Akt activity, improved neurological scores and reduced infarct volume. These results suggest that elevation of CTMP in diabetic mice suppresses Akt activity and ultimately negatively affects the outcome of ischemia. Inhibitors specifically targeting CTMP may be beneficial in the treatment of cerebral ischemia in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Min Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiao Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shiquan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Li Tong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hailong Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Lize Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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Carboxy-terminal modulator protein attenuated extracellular matrix deposit by inhibiting phospho-Akt, TGF-β1 and α-SMA in kidneys of diabetic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 474:753-760. [PMID: 27166156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Glomerulosclerosis and tubular interstitial extracellular matrix deposit and fibrosis are the main features of diabetic nephropathy, which are mediated by activation of PI3K/Akt signal pathway. Carboxy-terminal modulator protein (CTMP) is known as a negative regulator of PI3K/Akt pathway. Whether CTMP regulates renal extracellular matrix metabolism of diabetic nephropathy is still not known. Here, renal decreased CTMP, enhanced phospho-Akt (Ser 473), TGF-β1, α-SMA and extracellular matrix deposit are found in diabetic mice. Furthermore, high glucose decreases CTMP expression accompanied by enhanced phospho-Akt (Ser 473), TGF-β1 and α-SMA in cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells (HKC), which are effectively prevented by transfection of pYr-ads-4-musCTMP vector. Moreover, delivery of pYr-ads-4-musCTMP vector into kidneys via tail vein of diabetic mice increases CTMP expression by 8.84 times followed by 60.00%, 76.50% and 24.37% decreases of phospho-Akt (Ser 473), TGF-β1 and α-SMA compared with diabetic mice receiving pYr-adshuttle-4 vector. Again, increased renal extracellular matrix accumulation of diabetic mice is also inhibited with delivery of pYr-ads-4-musCTMP vector. Our results indicate that CTMP attenuates renal extracellular matrix deposit by regulating the phosphorylation of Akt, TGF-β1 and α-SMA expression in diabetic mice.
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Karelina K, Sarac B, Freeman LM, Gaier KR, Weil ZM. Traumatic brain injury and obesity induce persistent central insulin resistance. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1034-43. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Karelina
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Benjamin Sarac
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Lindsey M. Freeman
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Kristopher R. Gaier
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
| | - Zachary M. Weil
- Department of Neuroscience; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair and Group in Behavioral Neuroendocrinology; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center; Biomedical Research Tower #618 460 West 12th Avenue Columbus OH 43210 USA
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Koh SH, Lo EH. The Role of the PI3K Pathway in the Regeneration of the Damaged Brain by Neural Stem Cells after Cerebral Infarction. J Clin Neurol 2015; 11:297-304. [PMID: 26320845 PMCID: PMC4596106 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2015.11.4.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurologic deficits resulting from stroke remain largely intractable, which has prompted thousands of studies aimed at developing methods for treating these neurologic sequelae. Endogenous neurogenesis is also known to occur after brain damage, including that due to cerebral infarction. Focusing on this process may provide a solution for treating neurologic deficits caused by cerebral infarction. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is known to play important roles in cell survival, and many studies have focused on use of the PI3K pathway to treat brain injury after stroke. Furthermore, since the PI3K pathway may also play key roles in the physiology of neural stem cells (NSCs), eliciting the appropriate activation of the PI3K pathway in NSCs may help to improve the sequelae of cerebral infarction. This review describes the PI3K pathway, its roles in the brain and NSCs after cerebral infarction, and the therapeutic possibility of activating the pathway to improve neurologic deficits after cerebral infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Koh
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eng H Lo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Kim D, Lee H, Kwon K, Park S, Heo H, Lee Y, Choi J, Shin C, Ryu J. Early immature neuronal death initiates cerebral ischemia-induced neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Neuroscience 2015; 284:42-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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The insulin/IGF signaling regulators cytohesin/GRP-1 and PIP5K/PPK-1 modulate susceptibility to excitotoxicity in C. elegans. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113060. [PMID: 25422944 PMCID: PMC4244091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During ischemic stroke, malfunction of excitatory amino acid transporters and reduced synaptic clearance causes accumulation of Glutamate (Glu) and excessive stimulation of postsynaptic neurons, which can lead to their degeneration by excitotoxicity. The balance between cell death-promoting (neurotoxic) and survival-promoting (neuroprotective) signaling cascades determines the fate of neurons exposed to the excitotoxic insult. The evolutionary conserved Insulin/IGF Signaling (IIS) cascade can participate in this balance, as it controls cell stress resistance in nematodes and mammals. Blocking the IIS cascade allows the transcription factor FoxO3/DAF-16 to accumulate in the nucleus and activate a transcriptional program that protects cells from a range of insults. We study the effect of IIS cascade on neurodegeneration in a C. elegans model of excitotoxicity, where a mutation in a central Glu transporter (glt-3) in a sensitizing background causes Glu-Receptor -dependent neuronal necrosis. We expand our studies on the role of the IIS cascade in determining susceptibility to excitotoxic necrosis by either blocking IIS at the level of PI3K/AGE-1 or stimulating it by removing the inhibitory effect of ZFP-1 on the expression of PDK-1. We further show that the components of the Cytohesin/GRP-1, Arf, and PIP5K/PPK-1 complex, known to regulate PIP2 production and the IIS cascade, modulate nematode excitotoxicity: mutations that are expected to reduce the complex's ability to produce PIP2 and inhibit the IIS cascade protect from excitotoxicity, while overstimulation of PIP2 production enhances neurodegeneration. Our observations therefore affirm the importance of the IIS cascade in determining the susceptibility to necrotic neurodegeneration in nematode excitotoxicity, and demonstrate the ability of Cytohesin/GRP-1, Arf, and PIP5K/PPK-1 complex to modulate neuroprotection.
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Takeuchi K, Yang Y, Takayasu Y, Gertner M, Hwang JY, Aromolaran K, Bennett MVL, Zukin RS. Estradiol pretreatment ameliorates impaired synaptic plasticity at synapses of insulted CA1 neurons after transient global ischemia. Brain Res 2014; 1621:222-30. [PMID: 25463028 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Global ischemia in humans or induced experimentally in animals causes selective and delayed neuronal death in pyramidal neurons of the hippocampal CA1. The ovarian hormone estradiol administered before or immediately after insult affords histological protection in experimental models of focal and global ischemia and ameliorates the cognitive deficits associated with ischemic cell death. However, the impact of estradiol on the functional integrity of Schaffer collateral to CA1 (Sch-CA1) pyramidal cell synapses following global ischemia is not clear. Here we show that long term estradiol treatment initiated 14 days prior to global ischemia in ovariectomized female rats acts via the IGF-1 receptor to protect the functional integrity of CA1 neurons. Global ischemia impairs basal synaptic transmission, assessed by the input/output relation at Sch-CA1 synapses, and NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-dependent long term potentiation (LTP), assessed at 3 days after surgery. Presynaptic function, assessed by fiber volley and paired pulse facilitation, is unchanged. To our knowledge, our results are the first to demonstrate that estradiol at near physiological concentrations enhances basal excitatory synaptic transmission and ameliorates deficits in LTP at synapses onto CA1 neurons in a clinically-relevant model of global ischemia. Estradiol-induced rescue of LTP requires the IGF-1 receptor, but not the classical estrogen receptors (ER)-α or β. These findings support a model whereby estradiol acts via the IGF-1 receptor to maintain the functional integrity of hippocampal CA1 synapses in the face of global ischemia. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Brain and Memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Takeuchi
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yupeng Yang
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yukihiro Takayasu
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael Gertner
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jee-Yeon Hwang
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Kelly Aromolaran
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Michael V L Bennett
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - R Suzanne Zukin
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Rose F. Kennedy Center for Research in Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabilities, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Yu H, Deng J, Zuo Z. High-fat diet reduces neuroprotection of isoflurane post-treatment: Role of carboxyl-terminal modulator protein-Akt signaling. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2014; 22:2396-405. [PMID: 25142024 PMCID: PMC4224981 DOI: 10.1002/oby.20879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-fat diet (HFD) contributes to the increased prevalence of obesity and hyperlipidemia in young adults, a possible cause for their recent increase in stroke. Isoflurane post-treatment provides neuroprotection. Isoflurane post-treatment induced neuroprotection in HFD-fed mice was determined. METHODS Six-week old CD-1 male mice were fed HFD or regular diet (RD) for 5 or 10 weeks. Their hippocampal slices (400 µm) were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). Some slices were exposed to isoflurane for 30 min immediately after OGD. Some mice had a 90-min middle cerebral arterial occlusion and were post-treated with 2% isoflurane for 30 min. RESULTS OGD time-dependently induced cell injury. This injury was dose-dependently reduced by isoflurane. The effect was apparent at 1% or 2% isoflurane in RD-fed mice but required 3% isoflurane in HFD-fed mice. HFD influenced the isoflurane effects in DG. OGD increased carboxyl-terminal modulator protein (CTMP), an Akt inhibitor, and decreased Akt signaling. Isoflurane reduced these effects. LY294002, an Akt activation inhibitor, attenuated the isoflurane effects. HFD increased CTMP and reduced Akt signaling. Isoflurane improved neurological outcome in the RD-fed mice but not in the HFD-fed mice. CONCLUSIONS HFD attenuated isoflurane post-treatment-induced neuroprotection possibly because of decreased prosurvival Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Department of Anesthesiology and Translational Neuroscience Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China 610041
| | - Jiao Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China 710032
| | - Zhiyi Zuo
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908
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Iqbal Hossain M, Hoque A, Lessene G, Aizuddin Kamaruddin M, Chu PWY, Ng IHW, Irtegun S, Ng DCH, Bogoyevitch MA, Burgess AW, Hill AF, Cheng HC. Dual role of Src kinase in governing neuronal survival. Brain Res 2014; 1594:1-14. [PMID: 25451123 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Src-family kinases (SFKs) are involved in neuronal survival and their aberrant regulation contributes to neuronal death. However, how they control neuronal survival and death remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To define the effect of inhibition of Src activity and expression on neuronal survival. RESULTS In agreement with our previous findings, we demonstrated that Src was cleaved by calpain to form a 52-kDa truncated fragment in neurons undergoing excitotoxic cell death, and expression of the recombinant truncated Src fragment induced neuronal death. The data confirm that the neurotoxic signaling pathways are intact in the neurons we used for our study. To define the functional role of neuronal SFKs, we treated these neurons with SFK inhibitors and discovered that the treatment induced cell death, suggesting that the catalytic activity of one or more of the neuronal SFKs is critical to neuronal survival. Using small hairpin RNAs that suppress Src expression, we demonstrated that Src is indispensable to neuronal survival. Additionally, we found that neuronal death induced by expression of the neurotoxic truncated Src mutant, treatment of SFK inhibitors or knock-down of Src expression caused inhibition of the neuroprotective protein kinases Erk1/2, or Akt. CONCLUSIONS Src is critical to both neuronal survival and death. Intact Src sustains neuronal survival. However, in the excitotoxic condition, calpain cleavage of Src generates a neurotoxic truncated Src fragment. Both intact Src and the neurotoxic truncated Src fragment exert their biological actions by controlling the activities of neuroprotective protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iqbal Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashfaqul Hoque
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Guillaume Lessene
- Divisions of Chemical and Structural Biology, Walter and Eliza Institute for Medical Research, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - M Aizuddin Kamaruddin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Percy W Y Chu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Ivan H W Ng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Sevgi Irtegun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Dominic C H Ng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Antony W Burgess
- Divisions of Chemical and Structural Biology, Walter and Eliza Institute for Medical Research, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew F Hill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia
| | - Heung-Chin Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia.
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TRAF1 is a critical regulator of cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury and neuronal death. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2852. [PMID: 24284943 PMCID: PMC3868160 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading global cause of mortality and disability. Less than 5% of patients are able to receive tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis within the necessary timeframe. Focusing on the process of neuronal apoptosis in the penumbra, which lasts from hours to days after ischaemia, appears to be promising. Here we report that tumour necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) expression is markedly induced in wild-type mice 6 h after stroke onset. Using genetic approaches, we demonstrate that increased neuronal TRAF1 leads to elevated neuronal death and enlarged ischaemic lesions, whereas TRAF1 deficiency is neuroprotective. In addition, TRAF1-mediated neuroapoptosis correlates with the activation of the JNK pro-death pathway and inhibition of the Akt cell survival pathway. Finally, TRAF1 is found to exert pro-apoptotic effects via direct interaction with ASK1. Thus, ASK1 positively and negatively regulates the JNK and Akt signalling pathways, respectively. Targeting the TRAF1/ASK1 pathway may provide feasible therapies for stroke long after onset.
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