1
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Yu Z, Zhu Y, Yao M, Qi F, Chen L, Zou CL, Duan J, Liu X. Low power consumption grating magneto-optical trap based on planar elements. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:8919-8928. [PMID: 38571137 DOI: 10.1364/oe.518268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The grating-based magneto-optical trap (GMOT) is a promising approach for miniaturizing cold-atom systems. However, the power consumption of a GMOT system dominates its feasibility in practical applications. In this study, we demonstrated a GMOT system based on planar elements that can operate with low power consumption. A high-diffraction-efficiency grating chip was used to cool atoms with a single incident beam. A planar coil chip was designed and fabricated with a low power consumption nested architecture. The grating and coil chips were adapted to a passive pump vacuum chamber, and up to 106 87Rb atoms were trapped. These elements effectively reduce the power consumption of the GMOT and have great potential for applications in practical cold-atom-based devices.
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2
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Bregazzi A, Batori E, Lewis B, Affolderbach C, Mileti G, Riis E, Griffin PF. A cold-atom Ramsey clock with a low volume physics package. Sci Rep 2024; 14:931. [PMID: 38195807 PMCID: PMC10776663 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate a Ramsey-type microwave clock interrogating the 6.835 GHz ground-state transition in cold [Formula: see text]Rb atoms loaded from a grating magneto-optical trap (GMOT) enclosed in an additively manufactured loop-gap resonator microwave cavity. A short-term stability of [Formula: see text] is demonstrated, in reasonable agreement with predictions from the signal-to-noise ratio of the measured Ramsey fringes. The cavity-grating package has a volume of [Formula: see text]67 cm[Formula: see text], ensuring an inherently compact system while the use of a GMOT drastically simplifies the optical requirements for laser cooled atoms. This work is another step towards the realisation of highly compact portable cold-atom frequency standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bregazzi
- SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK.
| | - E Batori
- Institute of Physics, Laboratoire Temps-Fréquence, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - B Lewis
- SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - C Affolderbach
- Institute of Physics, Laboratoire Temps-Fréquence, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - G Mileti
- Institute of Physics, Laboratoire Temps-Fréquence, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - E Riis
- SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - P F Griffin
- SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
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3
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Bondza SA, Leopold T, Schwarz R, Lisdat C. Achromatic, planar Fresnel-reflector for a single-beam magneto-optical trap. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:013202. [PMID: 38270499 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
We present a novel achromatic, planar, periodic mirror structure for single-beam magneto-optical trapping and demonstrate its use in the first- and second-stage cooling and trapping for different isotopes of strontium. We refer to it as a Fresnel magneto-optical trap (MOT) as the structure is inspired by Fresnel lenses. By design, it avoids many of the problems that arise for multi-color cooling using planar structures based on diffraction gratings, which have been the dominant planar structures to be used for single-beam trapping thus far. In addition to a complex design process and cost-intensive fabrication, diffraction gratings suffer from their inherent chromaticity, which causes different axial displacements of trap volumes for different wavelengths and necessitates trade-offs in their diffraction properties and achievable trap depths. In contrast, the Fresnel-reflector structure presented here is a versatile, easy-to-manufacture device that combines achromatic beam steering with the advantages of a planar architecture. It enables miniaturizing trapping systems for alkaline-earth-like atoms with multiple cooling transitions as well as multi-species trapping in the ideal tetrahedral configuration and within the same volume above the structure. Our design presents a novel approach for the miniaturization of cold-atom systems based on single-beam MOTs and enables the widespread adoption of these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Bondza
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Satellitengeodäsie und Inertialsensorik, Callinstraße 30b, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - T Leopold
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Satellitengeodäsie und Inertialsensorik, Callinstraße 30b, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - R Schwarz
- Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR), Institut für Satellitengeodäsie und Inertialsensorik, Callinstraße 30b, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - C Lisdat
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
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4
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Burrow OS, Fasano RJ, Brand W, Wright MW, Li W, Ludlow AD, Riis E, Griffin PF, Arnold AS. Optimal binary gratings for multi-wavelength magneto-optical traps. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:40871-40880. [PMID: 38041377 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Grating magneto-optical traps are an enabling quantum technology for portable metrological devices with ultracold atoms. However, beam diffraction efficiency and angle are affected by wavelength, creating a single-optic design challenge for laser cooling in two stages at two distinct wavelengths - as commonly used for loading, e.g., Sr or Yb atoms into optical lattice or tweezer clocks. Here, we optically characterize a wide variety of binary gratings at different wavelengths to find a simple empirical fit to experimental grating diffraction efficiency data in terms of dimensionless etch depth and period for various duty cycles. The model avoids complex 3D light-grating surface calculations, yet still yields results accurate to a few percent across a broad range of parameters. Gratings optimized for two (or more) wavelengths can now be designed in an informed manner suitable for a wide class of atomic species enabling advanced quantum technologies.
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5
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Nijhof DFJ, de Raadt TCH, Huijts JV, Franssen JGH, Mutsaers PHA, Luiten OJ. RF acceleration of ultracold electron bunches. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:054303. [PMID: 37799710 PMCID: PMC10550337 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The ultrafast and ultracold electron source, based on laser cooling and trapping of atomic gas and its subsequent near-threshold two-step photoionization, is capable of generating electron bunches with a high transverse brightness at energies of roughly 10 keV. This paper investigates the possibility of increasing the range of applications of this source by accelerating the bunch using radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Bunch energies up to 35 keV are measured by analyzing the diffraction patterns generated from a mono-crystalline gold sample. It is found that the normalized transverse emittance is largely preserved during acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. F. J. Nijhof
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - T. C. H. de Raadt
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - P. H. A. Mutsaers
- Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Coherence and Quantum Technology Group, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - O. J. Luiten
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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6
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Isichenko A, Chauhan N, Bose D, Wang J, Kunz PD, Blumenthal DJ. Photonic integrated beam delivery for a rubidium 3D magneto-optical trap. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3080. [PMID: 37248247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cold atoms are important for precision atomic applications including timekeeping and sensing. The 3D magneto-optical trap (3D-MOT), used to produce cold atoms, will benefit from photonic integration to improve reliability and reduce size, weight, and cost. These traps require the delivery of multiple, large area, collimated laser beams to an atomic vacuum cell. Yet, to date, beam delivery using an integrated waveguide approach has remained elusive. Here we report the demonstration of a 87Rb 3D-MOT using a fiber-coupled photonic integrated circuit to deliver all beams to cool and trap > 1 ×106 atoms to near 200 μK. The silicon nitride photonic circuit transforms fiber-coupled 780 nm cooling and repump light via waveguides to three mm-width non-diverging free-space cooling and repump beams directly to the rubidium cell. This planar, CMOS foundry-compatible integrated beam delivery is compatible with other components, such as lasers and modulators, promising system-on-chip solutions for cold atom applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Isichenko
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Nitesh Chauhan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Debapam Bose
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Jiawei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Paul D Kunz
- DEVCOM U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD, 20783, USA
| | - Daniel J Blumenthal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA.
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7
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Li D, He W, Shi S, Wu B, Xiao Y, Lin Q, Li L. Review of Atom Chips for Absolute Gravity Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23115089. [PMID: 37299815 DOI: 10.3390/s23115089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As a powerful tool in scientific research and industrial technologies, the cold atom absolute gravity sensor (CAGS) based on cold atom interferometry has been proven to be the most promising new generation high-precision absolute gravity sensor. However, large size, heavy weight, and high-power consumption are still the main restriction factors of CAGS being applied for practical applications on mobile platforms. Combined with cold atom chips, it is possible to drastically reduce the complexity, weight, and size of CAGS. In this review, we started from the basic theory of atom chips to chart a clear development path to related technologies. Several related technologies including micro-magnetic traps, micro magneto-optical traps, material selection, fabrication, and packaging methods have been discussed. This review gives an overview of the current developments in a variety of cold atom chips, and some actual CAGS systems based on atom chips are also discussed. We summarize by listing some of the challenges and possible directions for further development in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhao Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Wenfeng He
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Shengnan Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Yuhua Xiao
- Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Precision Measurement, Collaborative Innovation Center for Information Technology in Biological and Medical Physics, College of Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Long Li
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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8
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de Raadt TCH, Franssen JGH, Luiten OJ. Subpicosecond Ultracold Electron Source. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:205001. [PMID: 37267545 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.205001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We present the first observation of subpicosecond electron bunches from an ultracold electron source. This source is based on near-threshold, two-step, femtosecond photoionization of laser-cooled rubidium gas in a grating magneto-optical trap. Bunch lengths as short as 735±7 fs (rms) have been measured in the self-compression point of the source by means of ponderomotive scattering of the electrons by a 25 fs, 800 nm laser pulse. The observed temporal structure of the electron bunch depends on the central wavelength of the ionization laser pulse, in agreement with detailed simulations of the atomic photoionization process. This shows that the bunch length limit imposed by the atomic photoionization process has been reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C H de Raadt
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - J G H Franssen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - O J Luiten
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, Netherlands
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9
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Jin M, Zhang X, Liu X, Liang C, Liu J, Hu Z, Li K, Wang G, Yang J, Zhu L, Li G. A Centimeter-Scale Dielectric Metasurface for the Generation of Cold Atoms. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4008-4013. [PMID: 37098832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The single-beam magneto-optical trap (MOT) based on the diffractive optical element offers a new route to develop compact cold atom sources. However, the optical efficiency in the previous single-beam MOT systems is usually low and unbalanced, which will affect the quality of the trapped atoms. To solve this issue, we developed a centimeter-scale dielectric metasurface optical chip with dynamic phase distributions, which was used to split a single incident laser beam into five separate ones with well-defined polarization states and uniform energy distributions. The measured diffraction efficiency of the metasurface is up to 47%. A single-beam MOT integrated with the metasurface optical chip was then used to trap the 87Rb atoms with numbers ∼1.4 × 108 and temperatures ∼7.0 μK. The proposed concept in this work may provide a promising solution for developing ultracompact cold atom sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Changwen Liang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jixun Liu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Zixian Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kingfai Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guochao Wang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Lingxiao Zhu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Guixin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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10
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Ropp C, Zhu W, Yulaev A, Westly D, Simelgor G, Rakholia A, Lunden W, Sheredy D, Boyd MM, Papp S, Agrawal A, Aksyuk V. Integrating planar photonics for multi-beam generation and atomic clock packaging on chip. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:83. [PMID: 37009814 PMCID: PMC10068800 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01081-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The commercialization of atomic technologies requires replacing laboratory-scale laser setups with compact and manufacturable optical platforms. Complex arrangements of free-space beams can be generated on chip through a combination of integrated photonics and metasurface optics. In this work, we combine these two technologies using flip-chip bonding and demonstrate an integrated optical architecture for realizing a compact strontium atomic clock. Our planar design includes twelve beams in two co-aligned magneto-optical traps. These beams are directed above the chip to intersect at a central location with diameters as large as 1 cm. Our design also includes two co-propagating beams at lattice and clock wavelengths. These beams emit collinearly and vertically to probe the center of the magneto-optical trap, where they will have diameters of ≈100 µm. With these devices we demonstrate that our integrated photonic platform is scalable to an arbitrary number of beams, each with different wavelengths, geometries, and polarizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad Ropp
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Wenqi Zhu
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Alexander Yulaev
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Daron Westly
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Gregory Simelgor
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | | | | | - Dan Sheredy
- Vector Atomic, Inc., Pleasanton, CA, 94588, USA
| | | | - Scott Papp
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA
| | - Amit Agrawal
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Vladimir Aksyuk
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA.
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11
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Yu Z, Frontiera RR. Ostensible Steady-State Molecular Cooling with Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4306-4314. [PMID: 36867719 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The optical and chemical properties of plasmonic materials have sparked extensive research in exploring their applications in various areas such as photocatalysts, chemical sensors, and photonic devices. However, complicated plasmon-molecule interactions have posed substantial obstacles for the development of plasmonic material-based technologies. Quantifying plasmon-molecule energy transfer processes is a crucial step to understand the complex interplay between plasmonic materials and molecules. Here we report an anomalous steady-state reduction in the anti-Stokes to Stokes surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) scattering intensity ratio of aromatic thiols adsorbed on plasmonic gold nanoparticles under continuous-wave laser irradiation. The observed reduction of the scattering intensity ratio is closely related to the excitation wavelength, the surrounding media, and component of the plasmonic substrates used. Moreover, we observed a similar extent of scattering intensity ratio reduction with a range of aromatic thiols and under different external temperatures. Our discovery implies that there are either unexplained wavelength-dependent SERS outcoupling effects, or some unrecognized plasmon-molecule interactions which lead to a nanoscale plasmon refrigerator for molecules. This effect should be taken into consideration for the design of plasmonic catalysts and plasmonic photonic devices. Moreover, it could be useful for cooling large molecules under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Renee R Frontiera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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12
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Bregazzi A, Janin P, Dyer S, McGilligan JP, Burrow O, Riis E, Uttamchandani D, Bauer R, Griffin PF. Cold-atom shaping with MEMS scanning mirrors. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:37-40. [PMID: 36563364 DOI: 10.1364/ol.475353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the integration of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) scanning mirrors as active elements for the local optical pumping of ultra-cold atoms in a magneto-optical trap. A pair of MEMS mirrors steer a focused resonant beam through a cloud of trapped atoms shelved in the F = 1 ground-state of 87Rb for spatially selective fluorescence of the atom cloud. Two-dimensional control is demonstrated by forming geometrical patterns along the imaging axis of the cold atom ensemble. Such control of the atomic ensemble with a microfabricated mirror pair could find applications in single atom selection, local optical pumping, and arbitrary cloud shaping. This approach has significant potential for miniaturization and in creating portable control systems for quantum optic experiments.
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13
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A compact cold-atom interferometer with a high data-rate grating magneto-optical trap and a photonic-integrated-circuit-compatible laser system. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5131. [PMID: 36050325 PMCID: PMC9436985 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31410-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme miniaturization of a cold-atom interferometer accelerometer requires the development of novel technologies and architectures for the interferometer subsystems. Here, we describe several component technologies and a laser system architecture to enable a path to such miniaturization. We developed a custom, compact titanium vacuum package containing a microfabricated grating chip for a tetrahedral grating magneto-optical trap (GMOT) using a single cooling beam. In addition, we designed a multi-channel photonic-integrated-circuit-compatible laser system implemented with a single seed laser and single sideband modulators in a time-multiplexed manner, reducing the number of optical channels connected to the sensor head. In a compact sensor head containing the vacuum package, sub-Doppler cooling in the GMOT produces 15 μK temperatures, and the GMOT can operate at a 20 Hz data rate. We validated the atomic coherence with Ramsey interferometry using microwave spectroscopy, then demonstrated a light-pulse atom interferometer in a gravimeter configuration for a 10 Hz measurement data rate and T = 0–4.5 ms interrogation time, resulting in Δg/g = 2.0 × 10−6. This work represents a significant step towards deployable cold-atom inertial sensors under large amplitude motional dynamics. Cold-atom interferometers have been miniaturized towards fieldable quantum inertial sensing applications. Here the authors demonstrate a compact cold-atom interferometer using microfabricated gratings and discuss the possible use of photonic integrated circuits for laser systems.
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14
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McGilligan JP, Gallacher K, Griffin PF, Paul DJ, Arnold AS, Riis E. Micro-fabricated components for cold atom sensors. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2022; 93:091101. [PMID: 36182455 DOI: 10.1063/5.0101628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Laser cooled atoms have proven transformative for precision metrology, playing a pivotal role in state-of-the-art clocks and interferometers and having the potential to provide a step-change in our modern technological capabilities. To successfully explore their full potential, laser cooling platforms must be translated from the laboratory environment and into portable, compact quantum sensors for deployment in practical applications. This transition requires the amalgamation of a wide range of components and expertise if an unambiguously chip-scale cold atom sensor is to be realized. We present recent developments in cold-atom sensor miniaturization, focusing on key components that enable laser cooling on the chip-scale. The design, fabrication, and impact of the components on sensor scalability and performance will be discussed with an outlook to the next generation of chip-scale cold atom devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P McGilligan
- SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - K Gallacher
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - P F Griffin
- SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - D J Paul
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8LT, United Kingdom
| | - A S Arnold
- SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
| | - E Riis
- SUPA and Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NG, United Kingdom
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15
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Zhou J, Wang Y, Zhan MS. 1200 x broadband modal converter using a subwavelength self-focusing structure. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:4074-4078. [PMID: 36256082 DOI: 10.1364/ao.456686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Efficient modal interconversion between optical manipulation of cold atoms in free space and transmitted light within an integrated waveguide remains a challenge in the area of integrated atomic photonics. Here, a 1200x modal converter with a footprint on the order of millimeters is proposed based on a Si3N4 subwavelength self-focusing structure. The 2.8µm×1.7µm subwavelength structure enables efficient single modal conversion. The transmission efficiency is 84% at a wavelength of 830 nm with a working bandwidth of 240 nm. The device can work in dual polarization states.
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16
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Barker DS, Norrgard EB, Klimov NN, Fedchak JA, Scherschligt J, Eckel S. Λ-enhanced gray molasses in a tetrahedral laser beam geometry. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:9959-9970. [PMID: 35299409 PMCID: PMC9843705 DOI: 10.1364/oe.444711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report the observation of sub-Doppler cooling of lithium using an irregular-tetrahedral laser beam arrangement, which is produced by a nanofabricated diffraction grating. We are able to capture 11(2)% of the lithium atoms from a grating magneto-optical trap into Λ-enhanced D1 gray molasses. The molasses cools the captured atoms to a radial temperature of 60(9) μK and an axial temperature of 23(3) μK. In contrast to results from conventional counterpropagating beam configurations, we do not observe cooling when our optical fields are detuned from Raman resonance. An optical Bloch equation simulation of the cooling dynamics agrees with our data. Our results show that grating magneto-optical traps can serve as a robust source of cold atoms for tweezer-array and atom-chip experiments, even when the atomic species is not amenable to sub-Doppler cooling in bright optical molasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. S. Barker
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - E. B. Norrgard
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - N. N. Klimov
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - J. A. Fedchak
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - J. Scherschligt
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - S. Eckel
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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17
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Sun X, Rickard WDA, Sparkes BM, White BR, Offer RF, Luiten AN, Ironside CN. Rapid prototyping of grating magneto-optical traps using a focused ion beam. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:37733-37746. [PMID: 34808840 DOI: 10.1364/oe.439479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a rapid prototyping approach for creating custom grating magneto-optical traps using a dual-beam system combining a focused ion beam and a scanning electron microscope. With this approach we have created both one- and two-dimensional gratings of up to 400 µm × 400 µm in size with structure features down to 100 nm, periods of 620 nm, adjustable aspect ratios (ridge width : depth ∼ 1 : 0.3 to 1 : 1.4) and sidewall angles up to 71°. The depth and period of these gratings make them suitable for holographic trapping and cooling of neutral ytterbium on the 1S0 → 1P1 399 nm transition. Optical testing of the gratings at this wavelength has demonstrated a total first order diffraction of 90% of the reflected light. This work therefore represents a fast, high resolution, programmable and maskless alternative to current photo and electron beam lithography-based procedures and provides a time efficient process for prototyping of small period, high aspect ratio grating magneto-optical traps and other high resolution structures.
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18
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Golovizin A, Tregubov D, Mishin D, Provorchenko D, Kolachevsky N. Compact magneto-optical trap of thulium atoms for a transportable optical clock. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:36734-36744. [PMID: 34809077 DOI: 10.1364/oe.435105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a compact vacuum system for laser cooling and spectroscopy of neutral thulium atoms. Compactness is achieved by obviating a classical Zeeman slower section and placing an atomic oven close to a magneto-optical trap (MOT), specifically at the distance of 11 cm. In this configuration, we significantly gained in solid angle of an atomic beam, which is affected by MOT laser beams, and reached 1 million atoms loaded directly in the MOT with only 15 mW of MOT cooling beams net power. By exploiting Zeeman-like deceleration of atoms with an additional laser beam and tailoring the MOT magnetic field gradient with a small magnetic coil, we demonstrated trapping of up to 13 million atoms. These results show great perspective of the developed setup for realizing a compact high-performance optical atomic clock based on thulium atoms.
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19
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Seo S, Lee JH, Lee SB, Park SE, Seo MH, Park J, Kwon TY, Hong HG. Maximized atom number for a grating magneto-optical trap via machine-learning assisted parameter optimization. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:35623-35639. [PMID: 34808993 DOI: 10.1364/oe.437991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We present a parameter set for obtaining the maximum number of atoms in a grating magneto-optical trap (gMOT) by employing a machine learning algorithm. In the multi-dimensional parameter space, which imposes a challenge for global optimization, the atom number is efficiently modeled via Bayesian optimization with the evaluation of the trap performance given by a Monte-Carlo simulation. Modeling gMOTs for six representative atomic species - 7Li, 23Na, 87Rb, 88Sr, 133Cs, 174Yb - allows us to discover that the optimal grating reflectivity is consistently higher than a simple estimation based on balanced optical molasses. Our algorithm also yields the optimal diffraction angle which is independent of the beam waist. The validity of the optimal parameter set for the case of 87Rb is experimentally verified using a set of grating chips with different reflectivities and diffraction angles.
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20
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Wang G, Xue G, Zhai Q, Zhu J, Yu K, Huang G, Wang M, Zhong A, Zhu L, Yan S, Li X. Planar diffractive grating for magneto-optical trap application: fabrication and testing. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:9358-9364. [PMID: 34807072 DOI: 10.1364/ao.429932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The design, fabrication, and demonstration of a planar two-dimensional-crossed reflective diffractive grating are proposed to construct a novel optical configuration, to the best of our knowledge, potentially applied for atom cooling and trapping in a magneto-optical trap. Based on the proposed single-beam single-exposure scheme by means of an orthogonal two-axis Lloyd's mirrors interferometer, we rapidly patterned a ∼1µm period grating capable of providing a uniform intensity of the diffracted beams. The key structural parameters of the grating including the array square hole's width and depth were determined, aiming at providing a high energy of the diffracted beams to perform the atom cooling and trapping. To guarantee the diffracted beams to be overlapped possibly, we adopted a polarized beam splitter to guide the optical path of the incident and zero-order diffracted beams. Therefore, one zero-order diffracted beam with a retroreflected mode and four first-order diffracted beams with appropriate optical path constructed a three-dimensional optical configuration of three orthogonal pairs of counterpropagating beams. Finally, three pairs of the counterpropagating cooling laser beams with 9 mm diameter and >10% diffraction efficiencies were achieved, and the circular polarization chirality, purity, and compensation of the desired diffracted beams are further evaluated, which preliminarily validated a high applicability for the magneto-optical trap system.
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21
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Gehl M, Kindel W, Karl N, Orozco A, Musick K, Trotter D, Dallo C, Starbuck A, Leenheer A, DeRose C, Biedermann G, Jau YY, Lee J. Characterization of suspended membrane waveguides towards a photonic atom trap integrated platform. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:13129-13140. [PMID: 33985054 DOI: 10.1364/oe.418986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an optical waveguide device, capable of supporting the high, in-vacuum, optical power necessary for trapping a single atom or a cold atom ensemble with evanescent fields. Our photonic integrated platform, with suspended membrane waveguides, successfully manages optical powers of 6 mW (500 μm span) to nearly 30 mW (125 μm span) over an un-tethered waveguide span. This platform is compatible with laser cooling and magneto-optical traps (MOTs) in the vicinity of the suspended waveguide, called the membrane MOT and the needle MOT, a key ingredient for efficient trap loading. We evaluate two novel designs that explore critical thermal management features that enable this large power handling. This work represents a significant step toward an integrated platform for coupling neutral atom quantum systems to photonic and electronic integrated circuits on silicon.
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22
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Lee J, Biedermann G, Mudrick J, Douglas EA, Jau YY. Demonstration of a MOT in a sub-millimeter membrane hole. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8807. [PMID: 33888789 PMCID: PMC8062532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate the generation of a cold-atom ensemble within a sub-millimeter diameter hole in a transparent membrane, a so-called “membrane MOT”. With a sub-Doppler cooling process, the atoms trapped by the membrane MOT are cooled down to 10 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu$$\end{document}μK. The atom number inside the unbridged/bridged membrane hole is about \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$1/e^2$$\end{document}1/e2-diameter of the MOT cloud is about 180 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu$$\end{document}μm for a 400 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\upmu$$\end{document}μm-diameter membrane hole. Such a membrane device can, in principle, efficiently load cold atoms into the evanescent-field optical trap generated by the suspended membrane waveguide for strong atom-light interaction and provide the capability of sufficient heat dissipation at the waveguide. This represents a key step toward the photonic atom trap integrated platform (ATIP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA.
| | | | - John Mudrick
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
| | | | - Yuan-Yu Jau
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
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23
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van Ninhuijs MAW, Daamen KA, Beckers J, Luiten OJ. Design and characterization of a resonant microwave cavity as a diagnostic for ultracold plasmas. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:013506. [PMID: 33514186 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present the design and commissioning of a resonant microwave cavity as a novel diagnostic for the study of ultracold plasmas. This diagnostic is based on the measurements of the shift in the resonance frequency of the cavity, induced by an ultracold plasma that is created from a laser-cooled gas inside. This method is simultaneously non-destructive, very fast (nanosecond temporal resolution), highly sensitive, and applicable to all ultracold plasmas. To create an ultracold plasma, we implement a compact magneto-optical trap based on a diffraction grating chip inside a 5 GHz resonant microwave cavity. We are able to laser cool and trap (7.25 ± 0.03) × 107 rubidium atoms inside the cavity, which are turned into an ultracold plasma by two-step pulsed (nanosecond or femtosecond) photo-ionization. We present a detailed characterization of the cavity, and we demonstrate how it can be used as a fast and sensitive probe to monitor the evolution of ultracold plasmas non-destructively. The temporal resolution of the diagnostic is determined by measuring the delayed frequency shift following femtosecond photo-ionization. We find a response time of 18 ± 2 ns, which agrees well with the value determined from the cavity quality factor and resonance frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A W van Ninhuijs
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - K A Daamen
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J Beckers
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - O J Luiten
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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24
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Enhanced observation time of magneto-optical traps using micro-machined non-evaporable getter pumps. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16590. [PMID: 33024172 PMCID: PMC7538997 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73605-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that micro-machined non-evaporable getter pumps (NEGs) can extend the time over which laser cooled atoms can be produced in a magneto-optical trap (MOT), in the absence of other vacuum pumping mechanisms. In a first study, we incorporate a silicon-glass microfabricated ultra-high vacuum (UHV) cell with silicon etched NEG cavities and alumino-silicate glass (ASG) windows and demonstrate the observation of a repeatedly-loading MOT over a 10 min period with a single laser-activated NEG. In a second study, the capacity of passive pumping with laser activated NEG materials is further investigated in a borosilicate glass-blown cuvette cell containing five NEG tablets. In this cell, the MOT remained visible for over 4 days without any external active pumping system. This MOT observation time exceeds the one obtained in the no-NEG scenario by almost five orders of magnitude. The cell scalability and potential vacuum longevity made possible with NEG materials may enable in the future the development of miniaturized cold-atom instruments.
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25
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Sitaram A, Elgee PK, Campbell GK, Klimov NN, Eckel S, Barker DS. Confinement of an alkaline-earth element in a grating magneto-optical trap. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:103202. [PMID: 33138581 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a compact magneto-optical trap (MOT) of alkaline-earth atoms using a nanofabricated diffraction grating chip. A single input laser beam, resonant with the broad 1S0 → 1P1 transition of strontium, forms the MOT in combination with three diffracted beams from the grating chip and a magnetic field produced by permanent magnets. A differential pumping tube limits the effect of the heated, effusive source on the background pressure in the trapping region. The system has a total volume of around 2.4 l. With our setup, we have trapped up to 5 × 106 88Sr atoms at a temperature of ∼6 mK, and with a trap lifetime of ∼1 s. Our results will aid the effort to miniaturize quantum technologies based on alkaline-earth atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sitaram
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - P K Elgee
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - G K Campbell
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - N N Klimov
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - S Eckel
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - D S Barker
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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26
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Zhu L, Liu X, Sain B, Wang M, Schlickriede C, Tang Y, Deng J, Li K, Yang J, Holynski M, Zhang S, Zentgraf T, Bongs K, Lien YH, Li G. A dielectric metasurface optical chip for the generation of cold atoms. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb6667. [PMID: 32832692 PMCID: PMC7439576 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb6667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Compact and robust cold atom sources are increasingly important for quantum research, especially for transferring cutting-edge quantum science into practical applications. In this study, we report on a novel scheme that uses a metasurface optical chip to replace the conventional bulky optical elements used to produce a cold atomic ensemble with a single incident laser beam, which is split by the metasurface into multiple beams of the desired polarization states. Atom numbers ~107 and temperatures (about 35 μK) of relevance to quantum sensing are achieved in a compact and robust fashion. Our work highlights the substantial progress toward fully integrated cold atom quantum devices by exploiting metasurface optical chips, which may have great potential in quantum sensing, quantum computing, and other areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Zhu
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Basudeb Sain
- Department of Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Mengyao Wang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Christian Schlickriede
- Department of Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Yutao Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Junhong Deng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kingfai Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Michael Holynski
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Shuang Zhang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Thomas Zentgraf
- Department of Physics, Paderborn University, Warburger Straße 100, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Kai Bongs
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yu-Hung Lien
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Guixin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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27
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Henderson VA, Johnson MYH, Kale YB, Griffin PF, Riis E, Arnold AS. Optical characterisation of micro-fabricated Fresnel zone plates for atomic waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:9072-9081. [PMID: 32225520 DOI: 10.1364/oe.388897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We optically assess Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) that are designed to guide cold atoms. Imaging of various ring patterns produced by the FZPs gives an average RMS error in the brightest part of the ring of 3% with respect to trap depth. This residue is attributed to the imaging system, incident beam shape and FZP manufacturing tolerances. Axial propagation of the potentials is presented experimentally and through numerical simulations, illustrating prospects for atom guiding without requiring light sheets.
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28
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Du J, Li W, Bajcsy M. Deterministic single-photon subtraction based on a coupled single quantum dot-cavity system. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:6835-6845. [PMID: 32225922 DOI: 10.1364/oe.378697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a scheme for realizing deterministic single-photon subtraction in a coupled single quantum dot-cavity solid-state system. The device consists of a charged quantum dot and its coupled bimodal photonic crystal cavity with a moderate magnetic field applied in a Voigt configuration. We numerically simulate injection of optical pulses into one of the cavity modes and show that the system deterministically transfers one photon into the second cavity mode for input pulses in the form of both Fock states and coherent states. This device has potential in the application of a compact and integrated solid-state based device for quantum information processing.
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29
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Kohn RN, Bigelow MS, Spanjers M, Stuhl BK, Kasch BL, Olson SE, Imhof EA, Hostutler DA, Squires MB. Clean, robust alkali sources by intercalation within highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:035108. [PMID: 32259989 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report the fabrication, characterization, and use of rubidium vapor dispensers based on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) intercalated with metallic rubidium. Compared to commercial chromate salt dispensers, these intercalated HOPG (IHOPG) dispensers hold an order of magnitude more rubidium in a similar volume, require less than one-fourth the heating power, and emit less than one-half as many impurities. Appropriate processing permits exposure of the IHOPG to atmosphere for over ninety minutes without any adverse effects. Intercalation of cesium, potassium, and lithium into HOPG has also been demonstrated in the literature, which suggests that IHOPG dispensers may also be made for those metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolph N Kohn
- Space Dynamics Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
| | | | - Mary Spanjers
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | | | - Brian L Kasch
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Spencer E Olson
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland AFB, New Mexico 87117, USA
| | - Eric A Imhof
- Space Dynamics Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87106, USA
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30
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Eckel S, Barker DS, Norrgard EB, Scherschligt J. PyLCP: A Python package for computing laser cooling physics. COMPUTER PHYSICS COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 270:10.1016/j.cpc.2021.108166. [PMID: 36733946 PMCID: PMC9890571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpc.2021.108166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a Python object-oriented computer program for simulating various aspects of laser cooling physics. Our software is designed to be both easy to use and adaptable, allowing the user to specify the level structure, magnetic field profile, or the laser beams' geometry, detuning, and intensity. The program contains three levels of approximation for the motion of the atom, applicable in different regimes offering cross checks for calculations and computational efficiency depending on the physical situation. We test the software by reproducing well-known phenomena, such as damped Rabi flopping, electromagnetically induced transparency, stimulated Raman adiabatic passage, and optical molasses. We also use our software package to quantitatively simulate recoil-limited magneto-optical traps, like those formed on the narrow 1S0 → 3P1 transition in 88Sr and 87Sr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Eckel
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Daniel S. Barker
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Eric B. Norrgard
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| | - Julia Scherschligt
- Sensor Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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31
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Elvin R, Hoth GW, Wright M, Lewis B, McGilligan JP, Arnold AS, Griffin PF, Riis E. Cold-atom clock based on a diffractive optic. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:38359-38366. [PMID: 31878604 DOI: 10.1364/oe.378632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Clocks based on cold atoms offer unbeatable accuracy and long-term stability, but their use in portable quantum technologies is hampered by a large physical footprint. Here, we use the compact optical layout of a grating magneto-optical trap (gMOT) for a precise frequency reference. The gMOT collects 107 87Rb atoms, which are subsequently cooled to 20 µK in optical molasses. We optically probe the microwave atomic ground-state splitting using lin⊥lin polarised coherent population trapping and a Raman-Ramsey sequence. With ballistic drop distances of only 0.5 mm, the measured short-term fractional frequency stability is 2×10-11/τ.
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32
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Li C, Chai X, Wei B, Yang J, Daruwalla A, Ayazi F, Raman C. Cascaded collimator for atomic beams traveling in planar silicon devices. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1831. [PMID: 31015477 PMCID: PMC6478944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09647-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro- and increasingly, nano-fabrication have enabled the miniaturization of atomic devices, from vapor cells to atom chips for Bose-Einstein condensation. Here we present microfabricated planar devices for thermal atomic beams. Etched microchannels were used to create highly collimated, continuous rubidium atom beams traveling parallel to a silicon wafer surface. Precise, lithographic definition of the guiding channels allowed for shaping and tailoring the velocity distributions in ways not possible using conventional machining. Multiple miniature beams with individually prescribed geometries were created, including collimated, focusing and diverging outputs. A "cascaded" collimator was realized with 40 times greater purity than conventional collimators. These localized, miniature atom beam sources can be a valuable resource for a number of quantum technologies, including atom interferometers, clocks, Rydberg atoms, and hybrid atom-nanophotonic systems, as well as enabling controlled studies of atom-surface interactions at the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Xiao Chai
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Bochao Wei
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Jeremy Yang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Anosh Daruwalla
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Farrokh Ayazi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 777 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - C Raman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State St, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA.
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Barker DS, Norrgard EB, Klimov NN, Fedchak JA, Scherschligt J, Eckel S. Single-beam Zeeman slower and magneto-optical trap using a nanofabricated grating. PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED 2019; 11:10.1103/physrevapplied.11.064023. [PMID: 33299903 PMCID: PMC7722475 DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.11.064023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a compact (0.25 L) system for laser cooling and trapping atoms from a heated dispenser source. Our system uses a nanofabricated diffraction grating to generate a magnetooptical trap (MOT) using a single input laser beam. An aperture in the grating allows atoms from the dispenser to be loaded from behind the chip, increasing the interaction distance of atoms with the cooling light. To take full advantage of this increased distance, we extend the magnetic field gradient of the MOT to create a Zeeman slower. The MOT traps approximately 106 7Li atoms emitted from an effusive source with loading rates greater than 106 s-1. Our design is portable to a variety of atomic and molecular species and could be a principal component of miniaturized cold-atom-based technologies.
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Saint R, Evans W, Zhou Y, Barrett T, Fromhold TM, Saleh E, Maskery I, Tuck C, Wildman R, Oručević F, Krüger P. 3D-printed components for quantum devices. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8368. [PMID: 29849028 PMCID: PMC5976634 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the preparation, control and measurement of atomic gases have led to new insights into the quantum world and unprecedented metrological sensitivities, e.g. in measuring gravitational forces and magnetic fields. The full potential of applying such capabilities to areas as diverse as biomedical imaging, non-invasive underground mapping, and GPS-free navigation can only be realised with the scalable production of efficient, robust and portable devices. We introduce additive manufacturing as a production technique of quantum device components with unrivalled design freedom and rapid prototyping. This provides a step change in efficiency, compactness and facilitates systems integration. As a demonstrator we present an ultrahigh vacuum compatible ultracold atom source dissipating less than ten milliwatts of electrical power during field generation to produce large samples of cold rubidium gases. This disruptive technology opens the door to drastically improved integrated structures, which will further reduce size and assembly complexity in scalable series manufacture of bespoke portable quantum devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saint
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - W Evans
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - Y Zhou
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - T Barrett
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - T M Fromhold
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - E Saleh
- Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - I Maskery
- Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - C Tuck
- Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - R Wildman
- Faculty of Engineering, EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Additive Manufacturing, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - F Oručević
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom
| | - P Krüger
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom.
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Scherschligt J, Fedchak JA, Ahmed Z, Barker DS, Douglass K, Eckel S, Hanson E, Hendricks J, Klimov N, Purdy T, Ricker J, Singh R, Stone J. Quantum-based vacuum metrology at NIST. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. A, VACUUM, SURFACES, AND FILMS : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VACUUM SOCIETY 2018; 36:10.1116/1.5033568. [PMID: 38496305 PMCID: PMC10941226 DOI: 10.1116/1.5033568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The measurement science in realizing and disseminating the unit for pressure in the International System of Units (SI), the pascal (Pa), has been the subject of much interest at NIST. Modern optical-based techniques for pascal metrology have been investigated, including multi-photon ionization and cavity ringdown spectroscopy. Work is ongoing to recast the pascal in terms of quantum properties and fundamental constants and in so doing, make vacuum metrology consistent with the global trend toward quantum-based metrology. NIST has ongoing projects that interrogate the index of refraction of a gas using an optical cavity for low vacuum, and count background particles in high vacuum to extreme high vacuum using trapped laser-cooled atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Scherschligt
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - James A. Fedchak
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Daniel S. Barker
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Kevin Douglass
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Stephen Eckel
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Edward Hanson
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Jay Hendricks
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Nikolai Klimov
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Thomas Purdy
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Jacob Ricker
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Robinjeet Singh
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Jack Stone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr. Gaithersburg, MD 20899
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Eckel S, Barker DS, Fedchak JA, Klimov NN, Norrgard E, Scherschligt J, Makrides C, Tiesinga E. Challenges to miniaturizing cold atom technology for deployable vacuum metrology. METROLOGIA 2018; 55:10.1088/1681-7575/aadbe4. [PMID: 30983635 PMCID: PMC6459404 DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/aadbe4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cold atoms are excellent metrological tools; they currently realize SI time and, soon, SI pressure in the ultra-high (UHV) and extreme high vacuum (XHV) regimes. The development of primary, vacuum metrology based on cold atoms currently falls under the purview of national metrology institutes. Under the emerging paradigm of the "quantum-SI", these technologies become deployable (relatively easy-to-use sensors that integrate with other vacuum chambers), providing a primary realization of the pascal in the UHV and XHV for the end-user. Here, we discuss the challenges that this goal presents. We investigate, for two different modes of operation, the expected corrections to the ideal cold-atom vacuum gauge and estimate the associated uncertainties. Finally, we discuss the appropriate choice of sensor atom, the light Li atom rather than the heavier Rb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Eckel
- Sensor Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Daniel S Barker
- Sensor Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - James A Fedchak
- Sensor Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Nikolai N Klimov
- Sensor Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Eric Norrgard
- Sensor Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Julia Scherschligt
- Sensor Sciences Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Constantinos Makrides
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Eite Tiesinga
- Joint Quantum Institute, National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Maryland, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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37
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Day M, Choonee K, Cox D, Thompson M, Marshall G, Sinclair AG. Continuous-relief diffractive microlenses for laser beam focusing. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:26987-26999. [PMID: 29092180 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.026987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microscale, continuous-profile, diffractive lenses have been fabricated and characterized. Lenses designed to operate at λ0 = 405 nm were created by focused ion beam milling of a glass substrate. The micro-structured profile was analysed by confocal microscopy and optical performance was quantified by measurements of the transmitted laser beam profile. Lenses of size 125 μm × 125 μm, containing up to 18 annuli and focusing at 400 μm, 450 μm and 500 μm have been made. Measured focused beams were in excellent agreement with the predicted performance. A maximum diffraction efficiency of 84 % and side-lobe suppression down to the 10-4 level can be achieved. The suitability of the lenses for interfacing with trappedion systems is outlined.
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38
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Fabrication of Fresnel plates on optical fibres by FIB milling for optical trapping, manipulation and detection of single cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4485. [PMID: 28667312 PMCID: PMC5493682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of economical optical devices with a reduced footprint foreseeing manipulation, sorting and detection of single cells and other micro particles have been encouraged by cellular biology requirements. Nonetheless, researchers are still ambitious for advances in this field. This paper presents Fresnel zone and phase plates fabricated on mode expanded optical fibres for optical trapping. The diffractive structures were fabricated using focused ion beam milling. The zone plates presented in this work have focal distance of ~5 µm, while the focal distance of the phase plates is ~10 µm. The phase plates are implemented in an optical trapping configuration, and 2D manipulation and detection of 8 µm PMMA beads and yeast cells is reported. This enables new applications for optical trapping setups based on diffractive optical elements on optical fibre tips, where feedback systems can be integrated to automatically detect, manipulate and sort cells.
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39
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McGilligan JP, Griffin PF, Elvin R, Ingleby SJ, Riis E, Arnold AS. Grating chips for quantum technologies. Sci Rep 2017; 7:384. [PMID: 28341834 PMCID: PMC5427968 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have laser cooled 3 × 106 87Rb atoms to 3 μK in a micro-fabricated grating magneto-optical trap (GMOT), enabling future mass-deployment in highly accurate compact quantum sensors. We magnetically trap the atoms, and use Larmor spin precession for magnetic sensing in the vicinity of the atomic sample. Finally, we demonstrate an array of magneto-optical traps with a single laser beam, which will be utilised for future cold atom gradiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P McGilligan
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Paul F Griffin
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Rachel Elvin
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Stuart J Ingleby
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Erling Riis
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK
| | - Aidan S Arnold
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG, UK.
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40
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Keil M, Amit O, Zhou S, Groswasser D, Japha Y, Folman R. Fifteen years of cold matter on the atom chip: promise, realizations, and prospects. JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 2016; 63:1840-1885. [PMID: 27499585 PMCID: PMC4960518 DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2016.1178820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Here we review the field of atom chips in the context of Bose-Einstein Condensates (BEC) as well as cold matter in general. Twenty years after the first realization of the BEC and 15 years after the realization of the atom chip, the latter has been found to enable extraordinary feats: from producing BECs at a rate of several per second, through the realization of matter-wave interferometry, and all the way to novel probing of surfaces and new forces. In addition, technological applications are also being intensively pursued. This review will describe these developments and more, including new ideas which have not yet been realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Keil
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Omer Amit
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Shuyu Zhou
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - David Groswasser
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonathan Japha
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
| | - Ron Folman
- Department of Physics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be’er Sheva, Israel
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41
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Cotter JP, McGilligan JP, Griffin PF, Rabey IM, Docherty K, Riis E, Arnold AS, Hinds EA. Design and fabrication of diffractive atom chips for laser cooling and trapping. APPLIED PHYSICS. B, LASERS AND OPTICS 2016; 122:172. [PMID: 32355419 PMCID: PMC7175734 DOI: 10.1007/s00340-016-6415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
It has recently been shown that optical reflection gratings fabricated directly into an atom chip provide a simple and effective way to trap and cool substantial clouds of atoms (Nshii et al. in Nat Nanotechnol 8:321-324, 2013; McGilligan et al. in Opt Express 23(7):8948-8959, 2015). In this article, we describe how the gratings are designed and microfabricated and we characterise their optical properties, which determine their effectiveness as a cold atom source. We use simple scalar diffraction theory to understand how the morphology of the gratings determines the power in the diffracted beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Cotter
- The Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- Faculty of Physics, VCQ, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - J. P. McGilligan
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
| | - P. F. Griffin
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
| | - I. M. Rabey
- The Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - K. Docherty
- Kelvin Nanotechnology Ltd, Rankine Building, Oakfield Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8LT UK
| | - E. Riis
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
| | - A. S. Arnold
- Department of Physics, SUPA, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0NG UK
| | - E. A. Hinds
- The Centre for Cold Matter, Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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42
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McGilligan JP, Griffin PF, Riis E, Arnold AS. Phase-space properties of magneto-optical traps utilising micro-fabricated gratings. OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 23:8948-8959. [PMID: 25968732 DOI: 10.1364/oe.23.008948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have used diffraction gratings to simplify the fabrication, and dramatically increase the atomic collection efficiency, of magneto-optical traps using micro-fabricated optics. The atom number enhancement was mainly due to the increased beam capture volume, afforded by the large area (4cm(2)) shallow etch (~ 200nm) binary grating chips. Here we provide a detailed theoretical and experimental investigation of the on-chip magneto-optical trap temperature and density in four different chip geometries using (87)Rb, whilst studying effects due to MOT radiation pressure imbalance. With optimal initial MOTs on two of the chips we obtain both large atom number (2×10(7)) and sub-Doppler temperatures (50 μK) after optical molasses.
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43
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Rushton JA, Aldous M, Himsworth MD. Contributed Review: The feasibility of a fully miniaturized magneto-optical trap for portable ultracold quantum technology. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2014; 85:121501. [PMID: 25554265 DOI: 10.1063/1.4904066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Experiments using laser cooled atoms and ions show real promise for practical applications in quantum-enhanced metrology, timing, navigation, and sensing as well as exotic roles in quantum computing, networking, and simulation. The heart of many of these experiments has been translated to microfabricated platforms known as atom chips whose construction readily lend themselves to integration with larger systems and future mass production. To truly make the jump from laboratory demonstrations to practical, rugged devices, the complex surrounding infrastructure (including vacuum systems, optics, and lasers) also needs to be miniaturized and integrated. In this paper we explore the feasibility of applying this approach to the Magneto-Optical Trap; incorporating the vacuum system, atom source and optical geometry into a permanently sealed micro-litre system capable of maintaining 10(-10) mbar for more than 1000 days of operation with passive pumping alone. We demonstrate such an engineering challenge is achievable using recent advances in semiconductor microfabrication techniques and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rushton
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - M Aldous
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - M D Himsworth
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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