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Jin M, Zhang X, Liu X, Liang C, Liu J, Hu Z, Li K, Wang G, Yang J, Zhu L, Li G. A Centimeter-Scale Dielectric Metasurface for the Generation of Cold Atoms. Nano Lett 2023; 23:4008-4013. [PMID: 37098832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The single-beam magneto-optical trap (MOT) based on the diffractive optical element offers a new route to develop compact cold atom sources. However, the optical efficiency in the previous single-beam MOT systems is usually low and unbalanced, which will affect the quality of the trapped atoms. To solve this issue, we developed a centimeter-scale dielectric metasurface optical chip with dynamic phase distributions, which was used to split a single incident laser beam into five separate ones with well-defined polarization states and uniform energy distributions. The measured diffraction efficiency of the metasurface is up to 47%. A single-beam MOT integrated with the metasurface optical chip was then used to trap the 87Rb atoms with numbers ∼1.4 × 108 and temperatures ∼7.0 μK. The proposed concept in this work may provide a promising solution for developing ultracompact cold atom sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingke Jin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Changwen Liang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jixun Liu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Zixian Hu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kingfai Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guochao Wang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Lingxiao Zhu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
| | - Guixin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Nourrit V, Lamour JB, Abiven B, Fracasso B, de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye JL. Head-Mounted Miniature Motorized Camera and Laser Pointer Driven by Eye Movements. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3503. [PMID: 37050563 PMCID: PMC10098879 DOI: 10.3390/s23073503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recording a video scene as seen by an observer, materializing where is focused his visual attention and allowing an external person to point at a given object in this scene, could be beneficial for various applications such as medical education or remote training. Such a versatile device, although tested at the experimental laboratory demonstrator stage, has never been integrated in a compact and portable way in a real environment. In this context, we built a low-cost, light-weight, head-mounted device integrating a miniature camera and a laser pointer that can be remotely controlled or servo-controlled by an eye tracker. Two motorizations were implemented and tested (pan/tilt and Rilsey-prisms-based). The video was both recorded locally and transmitted wirelessly. Risley prisms allowed finer remote control of camera or laser pointer orientation (0.1° vs. 0.35°), but data processing and Wi-Fi transmission incur significant latency (~0.5 s) limiting the servo-controlling by eye movements. The laser beam was spatially shaped by a Diffractive Optical Element to facilitate object illumination or recognition. With this first proof-of-concept prototype, the data stream needs to be optimized to make full use of the eye tracker, but this versatile device can find various applications in education, healthcare or research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Nourrit
- Optics Department, IMT Atlantique, 29238 Brest CEDEX 03, France; (V.N.)
| | | | - Bernard Abiven
- Optics Department, IMT Atlantique, 29238 Brest CEDEX 03, France; (V.N.)
| | - Bruno Fracasso
- Optics Department, IMT Atlantique, 29238 Brest CEDEX 03, France; (V.N.)
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Pavelyev V, Khonina S, Degtyarev S, Tukmakov K, Reshetnikov A, Gerasimov V, Osintseva N, Knyazev B. Subwavelength Diffractive Optical Elements for Generation of Terahertz Coherent Beams with Pre-Given Polarization State. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:1579. [PMID: 36772619 PMCID: PMC9920005 DOI: 10.3390/s23031579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Coherent terahertz beams with radial polarization of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd orders have been generated with the use of silicon subwavelength diffractive optical elements (DOEs). Silicon elements were fabricated by a technology similar to the technology used before for the fabrication of DOEs forming laser terahertz beams with pre-given mode content. The beam of the terahertz Novosibirsk Free Electron Laser was used as the illuminating beam. The experimental results are in good agreement with the results of the computer simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Pavelyev
- Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia
- IPSI RAS—Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 443001 Samara, Russia
| | - Svetlana Khonina
- Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia
- IPSI RAS—Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 443001 Samara, Russia
| | - Sergey Degtyarev
- Samara National Research University, 443086 Samara, Russia
- IPSI RAS—Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, 443001 Samara, Russia
| | | | | | - Vasily Gerasimov
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Natalya Osintseva
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Boris Knyazev
- Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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Ovchinnikov AS, Krasnov VV, Cheremkhin PA, Rodin VG, Savchenkova EA, Starikov RS, Evtikhiev NN. What Binarization Method Is the Best for Amplitude Inline Fresnel Holograms Synthesized for Divergent Beams Using the Direct Search with Random Trajectory Technique? J Imaging 2023; 9:jimaging9020028. [PMID: 36826947 PMCID: PMC9964461 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging9020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast reconstruction of holographic and diffractive optical elements (DOE) can be implemented by binary digital micromirror devices (DMD). Since micromirrors of the DMD have two positions, the synthesized DOEs must be binary. This work studies the possibility of improving the method of synthesis of amplitude binary inline Fresnel holograms in divergent beams. The method consists of the modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, Otsu binarization and direct search with random trajectory technique. To achieve a better quality of reconstruction, various binarization methods were compared. We performed numerical and optical experiments using the DMD. Holograms of halftone image with size up to 1024 × 1024 pixels were synthesized. It was determined that local and several global threshold methods provide the best quality. Compared to the Otsu binarization used in the original method of the synthesis, the reconstruction quality (MSE and SSIM values) is improved by 46% and the diffraction efficiency is increased by 27%.
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Bai H, Manni JG, Muddiman DC. Transforming a Mid-infrared Laser Profile from Gaussian to a Top-Hat with a Diffractive Optical Element for Mass Spectrometry Imaging. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2023; 34:10-16. [PMID: 36542595 PMCID: PMC9975536 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Many mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) applications such as infrared matrix-assisted electrospray ionization (IR-MALDESI) employ an infrared (IR) laser with a Gaussian profile where laser irradiance is highest in the center and decreases exponentially. To enable full ablation of a square region of interest, oversampling is often needed, which results in nonuniform ablation and leads to decreased image quality. A diffractive optical element (DOE) was integrated into the optical path to generate homogeneous intensity distributions while maintaining laser energy above the ablation threshold, to enable complete sample removal from laser pulses without oversampling. 2D and 3D imaging with the DOE inserted show clear and sharp ablation patterns with satisfactory biological signals gained. Further improvements will optimize the beam profile and generate a square top-hat laser beam for MSI application at higher spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Bai
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | - David C. Muddiman
- FTMS Laboratory for Human Health Research, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center (METRIC), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
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de Bougrenet de la Tocnaye JL, Nourrit V, Lahuec C. Design of a Multimodal Oculometric Sensor Contact Lens. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:6731. [PMID: 36146080 PMCID: PMC9504896 DOI: 10.3390/s22186731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oculometric data, such as gaze direction, pupil size and accommodative change, play a key role nowadays in the analysis of cognitive load and attentional activities, in particular with the development of Integrated Visual Augmentation Systems in many application domains, such as health, defense and industry. Such measurements are most frequently obtained by different devices, most of them requiring steady eye and body positions and controlled lighting conditions. Recent advances in smart contact lens (SCL) technology have demonstrated the ability to achieve highly reliable and accurate measurements, preserving user mobility, for instance in measuring gaze direction. In this paper, we discuss how these three key functions can be implemented and combined in the same SCL, considering the limited volume and energy consumption constraints. Some technical options are discussed and compared in terms of their ability to be implemented, taking advantage of recent developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vincent Nourrit
- Optics Department, Institut Mines-Télécom Atlantique, Technopôle Brest Iroise, CS 83818, CEDEX 03, 29238 Brest, Brittany, France
| | - Cyril Lahuec
- Optics Department, Institut Mines-Télécom Atlantique, Technopôle Brest Iroise, CS 83818, CEDEX 03, 29238 Brest, Brittany, France
- Laboratoire des Sciences et Techniques de l’Information, de la Communication et de la Connaissance, CNRS UMR 6285, 29238 Brest, Brittany, France
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Qin J, Jiang S, Wang Z, Cheng X, Li B, Shi Y, Tsai DP, Liu AQ, Huang W, Zhu W. Metasurface Micro/Nano-Optical Sensors: Principles and Applications. ACS Nano 2022; 16:11598-11618. [PMID: 35960685 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c03310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces are 2D artificial materials consisting of arrays of metamolecules, which are exquisitely designed to manipulate light in terms of amplitude, phase, and polarization state with spatial resolutions at the subwavelength scale. Traditional micro/nano-optical sensors (MNOSs) pursue high sensitivity through strongly localized optical fields based on diffractive and refractive optics, microcavities, and interferometers. Although detections of ultra-low concentrations of analytes have already been demonstrated, the label-free sensing and recognition of complex and unknown samples remain challenging, requiring multiple readouts from sensors, e.g., refractive index, absorption/emission spectrum, chirality, etc. Additionally, the reliability of detecting large, inhomogeneous biosamples may be compromised by the limited near-field sensing area from the localization of light. Here, we review recent advances in metasurface-based MNOSs and compare them with counterparts using micro-optics from aspects of physics, working principles, and applications. By virtue of underlying the physics and design flexibilities of metasurfaces, MNOSs have now been endowed with superb performances and advanced functionalities, leading toward highly integrated smart sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qin
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Shibin Jiang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zhanshan Wang
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xinbin Cheng
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Baojun Li
- Institute of Nanophotonics, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yuzhi Shi
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro-Structured Materials, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Digital Optics, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ai Qun Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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Fernández R, Gallego S, Tomita Y, Pascual I, Beléndez A. Diffractive and Interferometric Characterization of Nanostructured Photopolymer for Sharp Diffractive Optical Elements Recording. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E518. [PMID: 30966552 PMCID: PMC6415438 DOI: 10.3390/polym10050518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the behavior of a nanoparticle-polymer composite (NPC) material, based on a thiol-ene monomer system, working with long grating spacing. Thus, we evaluate the suitability of the NPC for storing complex diffractive optical elements with sharp profiles, such as blazed gratings. Using holographic methods, we measure the "apparent" diffusion of the material and the influence of the spatial period on this diffusion. The applicability of this material in complex diffractive optical elements (DOEs) recording is analyzed using an interferometric method. Supported by the results of this analysis, we record blazed gratings with different grating spacing and measure the maximum diffraction efficiency (DE) achieved. The results show that NPC has a good behavior in this range of spatial frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Fernández
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Sergi Gallego
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Yasuo Tomita
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan.
| | - Inmaculada Pascual
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
| | - Augusto Beléndez
- Instituto Universitario de Física Aplicada a las Ciencias y las Tecnologías, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Ingeniería de Sistemas y Teoría de la Señal, Universidad de Alicante, P.O. Box 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain.
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Zhou Z, Shi Z, Cai X, Zhang S, Corder SG, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Chen L, Liu M, Kaplan DL, Omenetto FG, Mao Y, Tao Z, Tao TH. The Use of Functionalized Silk Fibroin Films as a Platform for Optical Diffraction-Based Sensing Applications. Adv Mater 2017; 29. [PMID: 28195379 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A set of biocompatible, biodegradable, and biofunctionalizable diffractive optical elements (DOEs) using silk proteins as the building materials is reported. The diffraction pattern of a DOE is highly sensitive to the surrounding environment and the structural integrity, offering numerous opportunities for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhitao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- School of Graduate Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhifeng Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Wulumuqi Zhong Road 12, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- School of Graduate Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Stephanie G Corder
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Xinxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- School of Graduate Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yeshun Zhang
- Sericultural Research Institute College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, No.2 Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Guozheng Zhang
- Sericultural Research Institute College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, No.2 Mengxi Road, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, 212003, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Wulumuqi Zhong Road 12, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Mengkun Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - David L Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Fiorenzo G Omenetto
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Ying Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Wulumuqi Zhong Road 12, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Zhendong Tao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Medicine, Nanchang Hospital of Integrative Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330003, China
| | - Tiger H Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
- School of Graduate Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, the University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 200031, China
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Watson BO, Nikolenko V, Araya R, Peterka DS, Woodruff A, Yuste R. Two-photon microscopy with diffractive optical elements and spatial light modulators. Front Neurosci 2010; 4. [PMID: 20859526 PMCID: PMC2940544 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2010.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-photon microscopy is often performed at slow frame rates due to the need to serially scan all points in a field of view with a single laser beam. To overcome this problem, we have developed two optical methods that split and multiplex a laser beam across the sample. In the first method a diffractive optical element (DOE) generates a fixed number of beamlets that are scanned in parallel resulting in a corresponding increase in speed or in signal-to-noise ratio in time-lapse measurements. The second method uses a computer-controlled spatial light modulator (SLM) to generate any arbitrary spatio-temporal light pattern. With an SLM one can image or photostimulate any predefined region of the image such as neurons or dendritic spines. In addition, SLMs can be used to mimic a large number of optical transfer functions including light path corrections as adaptive optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon O Watson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University New York, NY, USA
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