1
|
Engelsen NJ, Beccari A, Kippenberg TJ. Ultrahigh-quality-factor micro- and nanomechanical resonators using dissipation dilution. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:725-737. [PMID: 38443697 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Mechanical resonators are widely used in sensors, transducers and optomechanical systems, where mechanical dissipation sets the ultimate limit to performance. Over the past 15 years, the quality factors in strained mechanical resonators have increased by four orders of magnitude, surpassing the previous state of the art achieved in bulk crystalline resonators at room temperature and liquid helium temperatures. In this Review, we describe how these advances were made by leveraging 'dissipation dilution'-where dissipation is reduced through a combination of static tensile strain and geometric nonlinearity in dynamic strain. We then review the state of the art in strained nanomechanical resonators and discuss the potential for even higher quality factors in crystalline materials. Finally, we detail current and future applications of dissipation-diluted mechanical resonators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nils Johan Engelsen
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Alberto Beccari
- Instutute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Tobias Jan Kippenberg
- Instutute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Weituschat LM, Castro I, Colomar I, Everly C, Postigo PA, Ramos D. Exploring regenerative coupling in phononic crystals for room temperature quantum optomechanics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12330. [PMID: 38811848 PMCID: PMC11137142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Quantum technologies play a pivotal role in driving transformative advancements across diverse fields, surpassing classical approaches and empowering us to address complex challenges more effectively; however, the need for ultra-low temperatures limits the use of these technologies to particular fields. This work comes to alleviate this problem. We present a way of phononic bandgap engineering using FEM by which the radiative mechanical energy dissipation of a nanomechanical oscillator can be significantly suppressed through coupling with a complementary oscillating mode of a defect of the surrounding phononic crystal (PnC). Applied to an optomechanically coupled nanobeam resonator in the megahertz regime, we find a mechanical quality factor improvement of up to four orders of magnitude compared to conventional PnC designs. As this method is based on geometrical optimization of the PnC and frequency matching of the resonator and defect mode, it is applicable to a wide range of resonator types and frequency ranges. Taking advantage of the, hereinafter referred to as, "regenerative coupling" in phononic crystals, the presented device is capable of reaching f × Q products exceeding 10E16 Hz with only two rows of PnC shield. Thus, stable quantum states with mechanical decoherence times up to 700 μs at room temperature can be obtained, offering new opportunities for the optimization of mechanical resonator performance and advancing the room temperature quantum field across diverse applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas M Weituschat
- Optomechanics Lab, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, 3, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Castro
- Optomechanics Lab, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, 3, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Colomar
- Optomechanics Lab, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, 3, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christer Everly
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Pablo A Postigo
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Daniel Ramos
- Optomechanics Lab, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), CSIC, 3, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cupertino A, Shin D, Guo L, Steeneken PG, Bessa MA, Norte RA. Centimeter-scale nanomechanical resonators with low dissipation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4255. [PMID: 38762589 PMCID: PMC11102468 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
High-aspect-ratio mechanical resonators are pivotal in precision sensing, from macroscopic gravitational wave detectors to nanoscale acoustics. However, fabrication challenges and high computational costs have limited the length-to-thickness ratio of these devices, leaving a largely unexplored regime in nano-engineering. We present nanomechanical resonators that extend centimeters in length yet retain nanometer thickness. We explore this expanded design space using an optimization approach which judiciously employs fast millimeter-scale simulations to steer the more computationally intensive centimeter-scale design optimization. By employing delicate nanofabrication techniques, our approach ensures high-yield realization, experimentally confirming room-temperature quality factors close to theoretical predictions. The synergy between nanofabrication, design optimization guided by machine learning, and precision engineering opens a solid-state path to room-temperature quality factors approaching 10 billion at kilohertz mechanical frequencies - comparable to the performance of leading cryogenic resonators and levitated nanospheres, even under significantly less stringent temperature and vacuum conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cupertino
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dongil Shin
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Guo
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Steeneken
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel A Bessa
- School of Engineering, Brown University, 184 Hope St., Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - Richard A Norte
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 2, 2628 CD, Delft, The Netherlands.
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Q, Du S, Yang S, Wang Q, Zhang J, Wang D, Li Y. Ultrasensitive optomechanical strain sensor. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:13873-13881. [PMID: 38859346 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate an ultrasensitive optomechanical strain sensor based on a SiN membrane and a Fabry-Perot cavity, enabling the measurements of both static and dynamic strain by monitoring reflected light fluctuations using a single-frequency laser. The SiN membrane offers high-quality-factor mechanical resonances that are sensitive to minute strain fluctuations. The two-beam Fabry-Perot cavity is constructed to interrogate the motion state of the SiN membrane. A static strain resolution of 4.00 nɛ is achieved by measuring mechanical resonance frequency shifts of the SiN membrane. The best dynamic resolution is 4.47 pɛHz-1/2, which is close to that of the sensor using high-finesse cavity and optical frequency comb, overcoming the dependence of ultrasensitive strain sensors on narrow-linewidth laser and high-finesse cavity with frequency locking equipment. This work opens up a promising avenue for a new generation of ultrasensitive strain sensors.
Collapse
|
5
|
Dania L, Bykov DS, Goschin F, Teller M, Kassid A, Northup TE. Ultrahigh Quality Factor of a Levitated Nanomechanical Oscillator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:133602. [PMID: 38613288 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.133602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
A levitated nanomechanical oscillator under ultrahigh vacuum is highly isolated from its environment. It has been predicted that this isolation leads to very low mechanical dissipation rates. However, a gap persists between predictions and experimental data. Here, we levitate a silica nanoparticle in a linear Paul trap at room temperature, at pressures as low as 7×10^{-11} mbar. We measure a dissipation rate of 2π×69(22) nHz, corresponding to a quality factor exceeding 10^{10}, more than 2 orders of magnitude higher than previously shown. A study of the pressure dependence of the particle's damping and heating rates provides insight into the relevant dissipation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Dania
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dmitry S Bykov
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Goschin
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Teller
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Abderrahmane Kassid
- Physics Department, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tracy E Northup
- Institut für Experimentalphysik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kristensen MB, Kralj N, Langman EC, Schliesser A. Long-lived and Efficient Optomechanical Memory for Light. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:100802. [PMID: 38518344 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.100802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate a memory for light based on optomechanically induced transparency. We achieve a long storage time by leveraging the ultralow dissipation of a soft-clamped mechanical membrane resonator, which oscillates at MHz frequencies. At room temperature, we demonstrate a lifetime T_{1}≈23 ms and a retrieval efficiency η≈40% for classical coherent pulses. We anticipate the storage of quantum light to be possible at moderate cryogenic conditions (T≈10 K). Such systems could find applications in emerging quantum networks, where they can serve as long-lived optical quantum memories by storing optical information in a phononic mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mads Bjerregaard Kristensen
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nenad Kralj
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric C Langman
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert Schliesser
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Krokosz W, Mazelanik M, Lipka M, Jarzyna M, Wasilewski W, Banaszek K, Parniak M. Beating the spectroscopic Rayleigh limit via post-processed heterodyne detection. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1001-1004. [PMID: 38359227 DOI: 10.1364/ol.514659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Quantum-inspired superresolution methods surpass the Rayleigh limit in imaging, or the analogous Fourier limit in spectroscopy. This is achieved by carefully extracting the information carried in the emitted optical field by engineered measurements. An alternative to complex experimental setups is to use simple homodyne detection and customized data analysis. We experimentally investigate this method in the time-frequency domain and demonstrate the spectroscopic superresolution for two distinct types of light sources: thermal and phase-averaged coherent states. The experimental results are backed by theoretical predictions based on estimation theory.
Collapse
|
8
|
Xu M, Shin D, Sberna PM, van der Kolk R, Cupertino A, Bessa MA, Norte RA. High-Strength Amorphous Silicon Carbide for Nanomechanics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306513. [PMID: 37823403 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
For decades, mechanical resonators with high sensitivity have been realized using thin-film materials under high tensile loads. Although there are remarkable strides in achieving low-dissipation mechanical sensors by utilizing high tensile stress, the performance of even the best strategy is limited by the tensile fracture strength of the resonator materials. In this study, a wafer-scale amorphous thin film is uncovered, which has the highest ultimate tensile strength ever measured for a nanostructured amorphous material. This silicon carbide (SiC) material exhibits an ultimate tensile strength of over 10 GPa, reaching the regime reserved for strong crystalline materials and approaching levels experimentally shown in graphene nanoribbons. Amorphous SiC strings with high aspect ratios are fabricated, with mechanical modes exceeding quality factors 108 at room temperature, the highest value achieves among SiC resonators. These performances are demonstrated faithfully after characterizing the mechanical properties of the thin film using the resonance behaviors of free-standing resonators. This robust thin-film material has significant potential for applications in nanomechanical sensors, solar cells, biological applications, space exploration, and other areas requiring strength and stability in dynamic environments. The findings of this study open up new possibilities for the use of amorphous thin-film materials in high-performance applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minxing Xu
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, 2628, The Netherlands
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft, CD, 2628, The Netherlands
| | - Dongil Shin
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, 2628, The Netherlands
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, 2628, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo M Sberna
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mathematics and Computer Science Delft University of Technology, Else Kooi Laboratory, Delft, CD, 2628, The Netherlands
| | - Roald van der Kolk
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Kavli Nanolab, Delft, CD, 2628, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Cupertino
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, 2628, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel A Bessa
- Brown University, School of Engineering, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Richard A Norte
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, CD, 2628, The Netherlands
- Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft, CD, 2628, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Huang G, Beccari A, Engelsen NJ, Kippenberg TJ. Room-temperature quantum optomechanics using an ultralow noise cavity. Nature 2024; 626:512-516. [PMID: 38356070 PMCID: PMC10866701 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06997-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
At room temperature, mechanical motion driven by the quantum backaction of light has been observed only in pioneering experiments in which an optical restoring force controls the oscillator stiffness1,2. For solid-state mechanical resonators in which oscillations are controlled by the material rigidity, the observation of these effects has been hindered by low mechanical quality factors, optical cavity frequency fluctuations3, thermal intermodulation noise4,5 and photothermal instabilities. Here we overcome these challenges with a phononic-engineered membrane-in-the-middle system. By using phononic-crystal-patterned cavity mirrors, we reduce the cavity frequency noise by more than 700-fold. In this ultralow noise cavity, we insert a membrane resonator with high thermal conductance and a quality factor (Q) of 180 million, engineered using recently developed soft-clamping techniques6,7. These advances enable the operation of the system within a factor of 2.5 of the Heisenberg limit for displacement sensing8, leading to the squeezing of the probe laser by 1.09(1) dB below the vacuum fluctuations. Moreover, the long thermal decoherence time of the membrane oscillator (30 vibrational periods) enables us to prepare conditional displaced thermal states of motion with an occupation of 0.97(2) phonons using a multimode Kalman filter. Our work extends the quantum control of solid-state macroscopic oscillators to room temperature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanhao Huang
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Beccari
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nils J Engelsen
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience (MC2), Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Tobias J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Center for Quantum Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zheng X, Liu Y, Zhen J, Qiu J, Liu G. Research on Fabrication of Phononic Crystal Soft-Supported Graphene Resonator. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:130. [PMID: 38251095 PMCID: PMC10819723 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In aviation, aerospace, and other fields, nanomechanical resonators could offer excellent sensing performance. Among these, graphene resonators, as a new sensitive unit, are expected to offer very high mass and force sensitivity due to their extremely thin thickness. However, at present, the quality factor of graphene resonators at room temperature is generally low, which limits the performance improvement and further application of graphene resonators. Enhancing the quality factor of graphene resonators has emerged as a pressing research concern. In a previous study, we have proposed a new mechanism to reduce the energy dissipation of graphene resonators by utilizing phononic crystal soft-supported structures. We verified its feasibility through theoretical analysis and simulations. This article focuses on the fabrication of a phononic crystal soft-supported graphene resonator. In order to address the issues of easy fracture, deformation, and low success rate in the fabrication of phononic crystal soft-supported graphene resonators, we have studied key processes for graphene suspension release and focused ion beam etching. Through parameter optimization, finally, we have obtained phononic crystal soft-supported graphene resonators with varying cycles and pore sizes. Finally, we designed an optical excitation and detection platform based on Fabry-Pérot interference principle and explored the impact of laser power and spot size on phononic crystal soft-supported graphene resonators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Guanjun Liu
- College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 400713, China; (X.Z.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.); (J.Q.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Tenbrake L, Faßbender A, Hofferberth S, Linden S, Pfeifer H. Direct laser-written optomechanical membranes in fiber Fabry-Perot cavities. Nat Commun 2024; 15:209. [PMID: 38172102 PMCID: PMC10764917 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrated micro- and nanophotonic optomechanical experiments enable the manipulation of mechanical resonators on the single phonon level. Interfacing these structures requires elaborate techniques limited in tunability, flexibility, and scaling towards multi-mode systems. Here, we demonstrate a cavity optomechanical experiment using 3D-laser-written polymer membranes inside fiber Fabry-Perot cavities. Vacuum coupling rates of g0/2π ≈ 30 kHz to the fundamental megahertz mechanical mode are reached. We observe optomechanical spring tuning of the mechanical resonator frequency by tens of kilohertz exceeding its linewidth at cryogenic temperatures. The direct fiber coupling, its scaling capabilities to coupled resonator systems, and the potential implementation of dissipation dilution structures and integration of electrodes make it a promising platform for fiber-tip integrated accelerometers, optomechanically tunable multi-mode mechanical systems, and directly fiber-coupled systems for microwave to optics conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Tenbrake
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Stefan Linden
- Institute of Physics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannes Pfeifer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kini Manjeshwar S, Ciers A, Monsel J, Pfeifer H, Peralle C, Wang SM, Tassin P, Wieczorek W. Integrated microcavity optomechanics with a suspended photonic crystal mirror above a distributed Bragg reflector. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:30212-30226. [PMID: 37710568 DOI: 10.1364/oe.496447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the interaction between light and mechanical resonators is an ongoing endeavor in the field of cavity optomechanics. Optical microcavities allow for boosting the interaction strength through their strong spatial confinement of the optical field. In this work, we follow this approach by realizing a sub-wavelength-long, free-space optomechanical microcavity on-chip fabricated from an (Al,Ga)As heterostructure. A suspended GaAs photonic crystal mirror is acting as a highly reflective mechanical resonator, which together with a distributed Bragg (DBR) reflector forms an optomechanical microcavity. We demonstrate precise control over the microcavity resonance by change of the photonic crystal parameters. We find that the microcavity mode can strongly couple to the transmissive modes of the DBR. The interplay between the microcavity mode and a guided resonance of the photonic crystal modifies the cavity response and results in a stronger dynamical backaction on the mechanical resonator compared to conventional optomechanical dynamics.
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo J, Chang J, Yao X, Gröblacher S. Active-feedback quantum control of an integrated low-frequency mechanical resonator. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4721. [PMID: 37543684 PMCID: PMC10404274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40442-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Preparing a massive mechanical resonator in a state with quantum limited motional energy provides a promising platform for studying fundamental physics with macroscopic systems and allows to realize a variety of applications, including precise sensing. While several demonstrations of such ground-state cooled systems have been achieved, in particular in sideband-resolved cavity optomechanics, for many systems overcoming the heating from the thermal bath remains a major challenge. In contrast, optomechanical systems in the sideband-unresolved limit are much easier to realize due to the relaxed requirements on their optical properties, and the possibility to use a feedback control schemes to reduce the motional energy. The achievable thermal occupation is ultimately limited by the correlation between the measurement precision and the back-action from the measurement. Here, we demonstrate measurement-based feedback cooling on a fully integrated optomechanical device fabricated using a pick-and-place method, operating in the deep sideband-unresolved limit. With the large optomechanical interaction and a low thermal decoherence rate, we achieve a minimal average phonon occupation of 0.76 when pre-cooled with liquid helium and 3.5 with liquid nitrogen. Significant sideband asymmetry for both bath temperatures verifies the quantum character of the mechanical motion. Our method and device are ideally suited for sensing applications directly operating at the quantum limit, greatly simplifying the operation of an optomechanical system in this regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun Guo
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jin Chang
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Xiong Yao
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Physics, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310030, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, P. R. China
| | - Simon Gröblacher
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Monterrosas-Romero M, Alavi SK, Koistinen EM, Hong S. Optomechanically induced optical trapping system based on photonic crystal cavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:20398-20409. [PMID: 37381435 DOI: 10.1364/oe.489688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Optical trapping has proven to be a valuable experimental technique for precisely controlling small dielectric objects. However, due to their very nature, conventional optical traps are diffraction limited and require high intensities to confine the dielectric objects. In this work, we propose a novel optical trap based on dielectric photonic crystal nanobeam cavities, which overcomes the limitations of conventional optical traps by significant factors. This is achieved by exploiting an optomechanically induced backaction mechanism between a dielectric nanoparticle and the cavities. We perform numerical simulations to show that our trap can fully levitate a submicron-scale dielectric particle with a trap width as narrow as 56 nm. It allows for achieving a high trap stiffness, therefore, a high Q-frequency product for the particle's motion while reducing the optical absorption by a factor of 43 compared to the cases for conventional optical tweezers. Moreover, we show that multiple laser tones can be used further to create a complex, dynamic potential landscape with feature sizes well below the diffraction limit. The presented optical trapping system offers new opportunities for precision sensing and fundamental quantum experiments based on levitated particles.
Collapse
|
15
|
Enzian G, Wang Z, Simonsen A, Mathiassen J, Vibel T, Tsaturyan Y, Tagantsev A, Schliesser A, Polzik ES. Phononically shielded photonic-crystal mirror membranes for cavity quantum optomechanics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13040-13052. [PMID: 37157450 DOI: 10.1364/oe.484369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a highly reflective, sub-wavelength-thick membrane resonator featuring high mechanical quality factor and discuss its applicability for cavity optomechanics. The 88.5 nm thin stoichiometric silicon-nitride membrane, designed and fabricated to combine 2D-photonic and phononic crystal patterns, reaches reflectivities up to 99.89 % and a mechanical quality factor of 2.9 × 107 at room temperature. We construct a Fabry-Perot-type optical cavity, with the membrane forming one terminating mirror. The optical beam shape in cavity transmission shows a stark deviation from a simple Gaussian mode-shape, consistent with theoretical predictions. We demonstrate optomechanical sideband cooling to mK-mode temperatures, starting from room temperature. At higher intracavity powers we observe an optomechanically induced optical bistability. The demonstrated device has potential to reach high cooperativities at low light levels desirable, for example, for optomechanical sensing and squeezing applications or fundamental studies in cavity quantum optomechanics; and meets the requirements for cooling to the quantum ground state of mechanical motion from room temperature.
Collapse
|
16
|
Jaeger D, Fogliano F, Ruelle T, Lafranca A, Braakman F, Poggio M. Mechanical Mode Imaging of a High-Q Hybrid hBN/Si 3N 4 Resonator. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2016-2022. [PMID: 36847481 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We image and characterize the mechanical modes of a 2D drum resonator made of hBN suspended over a high-stress Si3N4 membrane. Our measurements demonstrate hybridization between various modes of the hBN resonator and those of the Si3N4 membrane. The measured resonance frequencies and spatial profiles of the modes are consistent with finite-element simulations based on idealized geometry. Spectra of the thermal motion reveal that, depending on the degree of hybridization with modes of the heavier and higher-quality-factor Si3N4 membrane, the quality factors and the motional mass of the hBN drum modes can be shifted by orders of magnitude. This effect could be exploited to engineer hybrid drum/membrane modes that combine the low motional mass of 2D materials with the high quality factor of Si3N4 membranes for optomechanical or sensing applications.
Collapse
|
17
|
Schiwietz D, Weig EM, Degenfeld-Schonburg P. Thermoelastic damping in MEMS gyroscopes at high frequencies. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:11. [PMID: 36660447 PMCID: PMC9842615 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00480-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) gyroscopes are widely used, e.g., in modern automotive and consumer applications, and require signal stability and accuracy in rather harsh environmental conditions. In many use cases, device reliability must be guaranteed under large external loads at high frequencies. The sensitivity of the sensor to such external loads depends strongly on the damping, or rather quality factor, of the high-frequency mechanical modes of the structure. In this paper, we investigate the influence of thermoelastic damping on several high-frequency modes by comparing finite element simulations with measurements of the quality factor in an application-relevant temperature range. We measure the quality factors over different temperatures in vacuum, to extract the relevant thermoelastic material parameters of the polycrystalline MEMS device. Our simulation results show a good agreement with the measured quantities, therefore proving the applicability of our method for predictive purposes in the MEMS design process. Overall, we are able to uniquely identify the thermoelastic effects and show their significance for the damping of the high-frequency modes of an industrial MEMS gyroscope. Our approach is generic and therefore easily applicable to any mechanical structure with many possible applications in nano- and micromechanical systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Schiwietz
- Robert Bosch GmbH, Corporate Research, 71272 Renningen, Germany
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Eva M. Weig
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), 80799 Munich, Germany
- TUM Center for Quantum Engineering (ZQE), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li X, Lekavicius I, Wang H. Diamond Nanomechanical Resonators Protected by a Phononic Band Gap. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10163-10166. [PMID: 36515668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the design, fabrication, and characterization of diamond cantilevers attached to a phononic square lattice. We show that the robust protection of mechanical modes by phononic band gaps leads to a three-orders-of-magnitude increase in mechanical Q-factors, with the Q-factors exceeding 106 at frequencies as high as 100 MHz. Temperature-dependent studies indicate that the Q-factors obtained at a few Kelvin are still limited by the materials loss. The high-Q diamond nanomechanical resonators provide a promising hybrid quantum system for spin-mechanics studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinzhu Li
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Ignas Lekavicius
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Hailin Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wu Z, Yi Z, Gu W, Sun L, Ficek Z. Enhancement of Optomechanical Squeezing of Light Using the Optical Coherent Feedback. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 24:1741. [PMID: 36554146 PMCID: PMC9777923 DOI: 10.3390/e24121741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A coherent feedback scheme is used to enhance the degree of squeezing of the output field in a cavity optomechanical system. In the feedback loop, a beam splitter (BS) plays the roles of both a feedback controller and an input-output port. To realize effective enhancement, the output quadrature should take the same form as the input quadrature, and the system should operate at the deamplification situation in the meantime. This can be realized by choosing an appropriate frequency-dependent phase angle for the generalized quadrature. Additionally, both the transmissivity of the BS and the phase factor induced by time delays in the loop affect optical squeezing. For the fixed frequency, the optimal values of transmissivity and phase factor can be used to achieve the enhanced optical squeezing. The effect of optical losses on squeezing is also discussed. Optical squeezing is degraded by the introduced vacuum noise owing to the inefficient transmission in the loop. We show that the enhancement of squeezing is achievable with the parameters of the current experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Wu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Zhen Yi
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Wenju Gu
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Lihui Sun
- School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China
| | - Zbigniew Ficek
- Quantum Optics and Engineering Division, Institute of Physics, University of Zielona Góra, Szafrana 4a, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ying Y, Zhang ZZ, Moser J, Su ZJ, Song XX, Guo GP. Sliding nanomechanical resonators. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6392. [PMID: 36302768 PMCID: PMC9613885 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34144-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The motion of a vibrating object is determined by the way it is held. This simple observation has long inspired string instrument makers to create new sounds by devising elegant string clamping mechanisms, whereby the distance between the clamping points is modulated as the string vibrates. At the nanoscale, the simplest way to emulate this principle would be to controllably make nanoresonators slide across their clamping points, which would effectively modulate their vibrating length. Here, we report measurements of flexural vibrations in nanomechanical resonators that reveal such a sliding motion. Surprisingly, the resonant frequency of vibrations draws a loop as a tuning gate voltage is cycled. This behavior indicates that sliding is accompanied by a delayed frequency response of the resonators, making their dynamics richer than that of resonators with fixed clamping points. Our work elucidates the dynamics of nanomechanical resonators with unconventional boundary conditions, and offers opportunities for studying friction at the nanoscale from resonant frequency measurements. The motion of a vibrating object is set by the way it is held. Here, the authors show a nanomechanical resonator reversibly slides on its supporting substrate as it vibrates and exploit this unconventional dynamics to quantify friction at the nanoscale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ying
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Zhuo-Zhi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Joel Moser
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China. .,Key Lab of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215006, China.
| | - Zi-Jia Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Guo-Ping Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China. .,Origin Quantum Computing Company Limited, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yoctonewton force detection based on optically levitated oscillator. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
22
|
Ma K, Chen H, Wu Z, Hao X, Yan G, Li W, Shao L, Meng G, Zhang W. A wave-confining metasphere beamforming acoustic sensor for superior human-machine voice interaction. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadc9230. [PMID: 36170358 PMCID: PMC9519046 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc9230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive, source-tracking acoustic sensing is essential for effective and natural human-machine interaction based on voice. It is a known challenge to omnidirectionally track sound sources under a hypersensitive rate with low noise interference using a compact sensor. Here, we present a unibody acoustic metamaterial spherical shell with equidistant defected piezoelectric cavities, referred to as the metasphere beamforming acoustic sensor (MBAS). It demonstrates a wave-confining capability and low self-noise, simultaneously achieving an outstanding intrinsic signal-to-noise ratio (72 dB) and an ultrahigh sensitivity (137 mVpp/Pa or -26.3 dBV), with a range spanning the daily phonetic frequencies (0 to 1500 Hz) and omnidirectional beamforming for the perception and spatial filtering of sound sources. Moreover, the MBAS-based auditory system is shown for high-performance audio cloning, source localization, and speech recognition in a noisy environment without any signal enhancement, revealing its promising applications in various voice interaction systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kejing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Huyue Chen
- University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Xiangling Hao
- University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ge Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lei Shao
- University of Michigan–Shanghai Jiao Tong University Joint Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Guang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ng RC, El Sachat A, Cespedes F, Poblet M, Madiot G, Jaramillo-Fernandez J, Florez O, Xiao P, Sledzinska M, Sotomayor-Torres CM, Chavez-Angel E. Excitation and detection of acoustic phonons in nanoscale systems. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13428-13451. [PMID: 36082529 PMCID: PMC9520674 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr04100f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phonons play a key role in the physical properties of materials, and have long been a topic of study in physics. While the effects of phonons had historically been considered to be a hindrance, modern research has shown that phonons can be exploited due to their ability to couple to other excitations and consequently affect the thermal, dielectric, and electronic properties of solid state systems, greatly motivating the engineering of phononic structures. Advances in nanofabrication have allowed for structuring and phonon confinement even down to the nanoscale, drastically changing material properties. Despite developments in fabricating such nanoscale devices, the proper manipulation and characterization of phonons continues to be challenging. However, a fundamental understanding of these processes could enable the realization of key applications in diverse fields such as topological phononics, information technologies, sensing, and quantum electrodynamics, especially when integrated with existing electronic and photonic devices. Here, we highlight seven of the available methods for the excitation and detection of acoustic phonons and vibrations in solid materials, as well as advantages, disadvantages, and additional considerations related to their application. We then provide perspectives towards open challenges in nanophononics and how the additional understanding granted by these techniques could serve to enable the next generation of phononic technological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Ng
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Francisco Cespedes
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Poblet
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Guilhem Madiot
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Juliana Jaramillo-Fernandez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Omar Florez
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Peng Xiao
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marianna Sledzinska
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Clivia M Sotomayor-Torres
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Passeig Lluis Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emigdio Chavez-Angel
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Guo J, Gröblacher S. Integrated optical-readout of a high-Q mechanical out-of-plane mode. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:282. [PMID: 36171197 PMCID: PMC9519924 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00966-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of high-QM macroscopic mechanical resonators has enabled great advances in optomechanics. Further improvements could allow for quantum-limited or quantum-enhanced applications at ambient temperature. Some of the remaining challenges include the integration of high-QM structures on a chip, while simultaneously achieving large coupling strengths through an optical read-out. Here, we present a versatile fabrication method, which allows us to build fully integrated optomechanical structures. We place a photonic crystal cavity directly above a mechanical resonator with high-QM fundamental out-of-plane mode, separated by a small gap. The highly confined optical field has a large overlap with the mechanical mode, enabling strong optomechanical interaction strengths. Furthermore, we implement a novel photonic crystal design, which allows for a very large cavity photon number, a highly important feature for optomechanical experiments and sensor applications. Our versatile approach is not limited to our particular design but allows for integrating an out-of-plane optical read-out into almost any device layout. Additionally, it can be scaled to large arrays and paves the way to realizing quantum experiments and applications with mechanical resonators based on high-QM out-of-plane modes alike.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingkun Guo
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Gröblacher
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628CJ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Shen RC, Li J, Fan ZY, Wang YP, You JQ. Mechanical Bistability in Kerr-modified Cavity Magnomechanics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:123601. [PMID: 36179162 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.123601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bistable mechanical vibration is observed in a cavity magnomechanical system, which consists of a microwave cavity mode, a magnon mode, and a mechanical vibration mode of a ferrimagnetic yttrium-iron-garnet sphere. The bistability manifests itself in both the mechanical frequency and linewidth under a strong microwave drive field, which simultaneously activates three different kinds of nonlinearities, namely, magnetostriction, magnon self-Kerr, and magnon-phonon cross-Kerr nonlinearities. The magnon-phonon cross-Kerr nonlinearity is first predicted and measured in magnomechanics. The system enters a regime where Kerr-type nonlinearities strongly modify the conventional cavity magnomechanics that possesses only a radiation-pressure-like magnomechanical coupling. Three different kinds of nonlinearities are identified and distinguished in the experiment. Our Letter demonstrates a new mechanism for achieving mechanical bistability by combining magnetostriction and Kerr-type nonlinearities, and indicates that such Kerr-modified cavity magnomechanics provides a unique platform for studying many distinct nonlinearities in a single experiment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Chang Shen
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jie Li
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Fan
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yi-Pu Wang
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - J Q You
- Interdisciplinary Center of Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, and Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Technology and Device, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gisler T, Helal M, Sabonis D, Grob U, Héritier M, Degen CL, Ghadimi AH, Eichler A. Soft-Clamped Silicon Nitride String Resonators at Millikelvin Temperatures. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:104301. [PMID: 36112443 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that soft-clamped silicon nitride strings with a large aspect ratio can be operated at mK temperatures. The quality factors (Q) of two measured devices show consistent dependency on the cryostat temperature, with soft-clamped mechanical modes reaching Q>10^{9} at roughly 46 mK. For low optical readout power, Q is found to saturate, indicating good thermalization between the sample and the stage it is mounted on. Our best device exhibits a calculated force sensitivity of 9.6 zN/sqrt[Hz] and a thermal decoherence time of 0.38 s, which bode well for future applications such as nanomechanical force sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gisler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Helal
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Deividas Sabonis
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Grob
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Héritier
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Amir H Ghadimi
- Centre Suisse d'Electronique et de Microtechnique SA (CSEM), 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zheng XQ, Tharpe T, Enamul Hoque Yousuf SM, Rudawski NG, Feng PXL, Tabrizian R. High Quality Factors in Superlattice Ferroelectric Hf 0.5Zr 0.5O 2 Nanoelectromechanical Resonators. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:36807-36814. [PMID: 35920004 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of ferroelectricity and advances in creating polar structures in atomic-layered hafnia-zirconia (HfxZr1-xO2) films spur the exploration of using the material for novel integrated nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Despite its popularity, the approach to achieving high quality factors (Qs) in resonant NEMS made of HfxZr1-xO2 thin films remains unexplored. In this work, we investigate the realization of high Qs in Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 nanoelectromechanical resonators by stress engineering via the incorporation of alumina (Al2O3) interlayers. We fabricate nanoelectromechanical resonators out of the Hf0.5Zr0.5O2-Al2O3 superlattices, from which we measure Qs up to 171,000 and frequency-quality factor products (f × Q) of >1011 Hz through electrical excitation and optical detection schemes at room temperature in vacuum. The analysis suggests that clamping loss and surface loss are the limiting dissipation sources and f × Q > 1012 Hz is achievable through further engineering of anchor structure and built-in stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Qian Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Troy Tharpe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - S M Enamul Hoque Yousuf
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Nicholas G Rudawski
- Research Service Centers, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Philip X-L Feng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Roozbeh Tabrizian
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Herbert Wertheim College of Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Zheng X, Liu Y, Qiu J, Liu G. Structural Optimization of Graphene Triangular Lattice Phononic Crystal Based on Dissipation Dilution Theory. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2807. [PMID: 36014672 PMCID: PMC9415148 DOI: 10.3390/nano12162807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical resonators offer brilliant mass and force sensitivity applied in many fields, owing to a low mass m and high-quality factor Q. However, in vibrating process, resonant energy is inevitably dissipated. Typically, quality factor does not surpass the inverse of the material loss angle φ. Recently, some exceptions emerged in the use of highly stressed silicon nitride material. As yet, it is interpreted that the pre-stress seems to "dilute" the intrinsic energy dissipation according to the Zener model. Is there any other material that could further break the 1/φ limit and achieve higher quality factors? In our previous research, through theoretical calculation and finite element simulation, we have proved that graphene's quality factor is two orders of magnitude larger than silicon nitride, on account of the extremely thin thickness of graphene. Based on this, we further optimize the structure of phononic crystals to achieve higher quality factors, in terms of duty cycle and cell size. Through simulation analysis, the quality factor could improve with a larger duty cycle and bigger cell size of triangular lattice phononic crystal. Unexpectedly, the Q amplification coefficient of the 3 × 5-cell structure, which is the least number to compose a phononic crystal with a central defect area, is the highest. In contrast, the minimal cell-number structure in hexagonal lattice could not achieve the brilliant dissipation dilution effect as well as the triangular one. Then we consider how overall size and stress influence quality factor and, furthermore, compare theoretical calculation and finite simulation. Lastly, we start from the primitive 3 × 5 cells, constantly adding cells to the periphery. Through simulation, to our surprise, the largest Q amplification coefficient does not belong to the largest structure, instead originating from the moderate one consisting of 7 × 13 cells.
Collapse
|
29
|
Bereyhi MJ, Beccari A, Groth R, Fedorov SA, Arabmoheghi A, Kippenberg TJ, Engelsen NJ. Hierarchical tensile structures with ultralow mechanical dissipation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3097. [PMID: 35654776 PMCID: PMC9163184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30586-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural hierarchy is found in myriad biological systems and has improved man-made structures ranging from the Eiffel tower to optical cavities. In mechanical resonators whose rigidity is provided by static tension, structural hierarchy can reduce the dissipation of the fundamental mode to ultralow levels due to an unconventional form of soft clamping. Here, we apply hierarchical design to silicon nitride nanomechanical resonators and realize binary tree-shaped resonators with room temperature quality factors as high as 7.8 × 108 at 107 kHz frequency (1.1 × 109 at T = 6 K). The resonators’ thermal-noise-limited force sensitivities reach 740 zN/Hz1/2 at room temperature and 90 zN/Hz1/2 at 6 K, surpassing state-of-the-art cantilevers currently used for force microscopy. Moreover, we demonstrate hierarchically structured, ultralow dissipation membranes suitable for interferometric position measurements in Fabry-Pérot cavities. Hierarchical nanomechanical resonators open new avenues in force sensing, signal transduction and quantum optomechanics, where low dissipation is paramount and operation with the fundamental mode is often advantageous. Low dissipation of fundamental mode is a determinant factor in nanomechanical resonator design. Here the authors realize soft clamping for the fundamental mode in a nanomechanical tensile structure achieving low loss, low mass, and low resonance frequency that render it a perfect force sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Bereyhi
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Beccari
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Groth
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S A Fedorov
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Arabmoheghi
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T J Kippenberg
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - N J Engelsen
- Institute of Physics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ground state cooling of an ultracoherent electromechanical system. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1507. [PMID: 35314677 PMCID: PMC8938490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cavity electromechanics relies on parametric coupling between microwave and mechanical modes to manipulate the mechanical quantum state, and provide a coherent interface between different parts of hybrid quantum systems. High coherence of the mechanical mode is of key importance in such applications, in order to protect the quantum states it hosts from thermal decoherence. Here, we introduce an electromechanical system based around a soft-clamped mechanical resonator with an extremely high Q-factor (>109) held at very low (30 mK) temperatures. This ultracoherent mechanical resonator is capacitively coupled to a microwave mode, strong enough to enable ground-state-cooling of the mechanics (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{wasysym}
\usepackage{amsfonts}
\usepackage{amssymb}
\usepackage{amsbsy}
\usepackage{mathrsfs}
\usepackage{upgreek}
\setlength{\oddsidemargin}{-69pt}
\begin{document}$${\bar{n}}_{\min }=0.76\pm 0.16$$\end{document}n¯min=0.76±0.16). This paves the way towards exploiting the extremely long coherence times (tcoh > 100 ms) offered by such systems for quantum information processing and state conversion. ’Systems with long coherence times are extremely important for the processing of quantum information. To this end the authors present a system able to cool down a resonator to its quantum mechanical ground state harnessing the large coupling between an ultra-coherent mechanical resonator and a superconducting circuit.’
Collapse
|
31
|
Hälg D, Gisler T, Langman EC, Misra S, Zilberberg O, Schliesser A, Degen CL, Eichler A. Strong Parametric Coupling between Two Ultracoherent Membrane Modes. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:094301. [PMID: 35302833 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.094301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate parametric coupling between two modes of a silicon nitride membrane. We achieve the coupling by applying an oscillating voltage to a sharp metal tip that approaches the membrane surface to within a few 100 nm. When the voltage oscillation frequency is equal to the mode frequency difference, the modes exchange energy periodically and faster than their free energy decay rate. This flexible method can potentially be useful for rapid state control and transfer between modes, and is an important step toward parametric spin sensing experiments with membrane resonators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Hälg
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Gisler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric C Langman
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shobhna Misra
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Oded Zilberberg
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Albert Schliesser
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kovalchuk S, Kirchhof JN, Bolotin KI, Harats MG. Non‐Uniform Strain Engineering of 2D Materials. Isr J Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.202100115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jan. N. Kirchhof
- Department of Physics Freie University Berlin 14195 Berlin Germany
| | | | - Moshe G. Harats
- Department of Materials Engineering Ben Gurion University < postCode/>84105 Be'er Sheva Israel
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Femtometer-amplitude imaging of coherent super high frequency vibrations in micromechanical resonators. Nat Commun 2022; 13:694. [PMID: 35121745 PMCID: PMC8816924 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28223-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDynamic measurement of femtometer-displacement vibrations in mechanical resonators at microwave frequencies is critical for a number of emerging high-impact technologies including 5G wireless communications and quantum state generation, storage, and transfer. However, the resolution of continuous-wave laser interferometry, the method most commonly used for imaging vibration wavefields, has been limited to vibration amplitudes just below a picometer at several gigahertz. This is insufficient for these technologies since vibration amplitudes precipitously decrease for increasing frequency. Here we present a stroboscopic optical sampling approach for the transduction of coherent super high frequency vibrations. Phase-sensitive absolute displacement detection with a noise floor of 55 fm/√Hz for frequencies up to 12 GHz is demonstrated, achieving higher bandwidth and significantly lower noise floor simultaneously compared to previous work. An acoustic microresonator with resonances above 10 GHz and displacements smaller than 70 fm is measured using the presented method to reveal complex mode superposition, dispersion, and anisotropic propagation.
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang M, Perez-Morelo DJ, Lopez D, Aksyuk VA. Persistent Nonlinear Phase-Locking and Nonmonotonic Energy Dissipation in Micromechanical Resonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW. X 2022; 12:10.1103/physrevx.12.041025. [PMID: 38680940 PMCID: PMC11047221 DOI: 10.1103/physrevx.12.041025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Many nonlinear systems are described by eigenmodes with amplitude-dependent frequencies, interacting strongly whenever the frequencies become commensurate at internal resonances. Fast energy exchange via the resonances holds the key to rich dynamical behavior, such as time-varying relaxation rates and signatures of nonergodicity in thermal equilibrium, revealed in the recent experimental and theoretical studies of micro- and nanomechanical resonators. However, a universal yet intuitive physical description for these diverse and sometimes contradictory experimental observations remains elusive. Here we experimentally reveal persistent nonlinear phase-locked states occurring at internal resonances and demonstrate that they are essential for understanding the transient dynamics of nonlinear systems with coupled eigenmodes. The measured dynamics of a fully observable micromechanical resonator system are quantitatively described by the lower-frequency mode entering, maintaining, and exiting a persistent phase-locked period-tripling state generated by the nonlinear driving force exerted by the higher-frequency mode. This model describes the observed phase-locked coherence times, the direction and magnitude of the energy exchange, and the resulting nonmonotonic mode energy evolution. Depending on the initial relative phase, the system selects distinct relaxation pathways, either entering or bypassing the locked state. The described persistent phase locking is not limited to particular frequency fractions or types of nonlinearities and may advance nonlinear resonator systems engineering across physical domains, including photonics as well as nanomechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingkang Wang
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Diego J. Perez-Morelo
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Daniel Lopez
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Vladimir A. Aksyuk
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Shin D, Cupertino A, de Jong MHJ, Steeneken PG, Bessa MA, Norte RA. Spiderweb Nanomechanical Resonators via Bayesian Optimization: Inspired by Nature and Guided by Machine Learning. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106248. [PMID: 34695265 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
From ultrasensitive detectors of fundamental forces to quantum networks and sensors, mechanical resonators are enabling next-generation technologies to operate in room-temperature environments. Currently, silicon nitride nanoresonators stand as a leading microchip platform in these advances by allowing for mechanical resonators whose motion is remarkably isolated from ambient thermal noise. However, to date, human intuition has remained the driving force behind design processes. Here, inspired by nature and guided by machine learning, a spiderweb nanomechanical resonator is developed that exhibits vibration modes, which are isolated from ambient thermal environments via a novel "torsional soft-clamping" mechanism discovered by the data-driven optimization algorithm. This bioinspired resonator is then fabricated, experimentally confirming a new paradigm in mechanics with quality factors above 1 billion in room-temperature environments. In contrast to other state-of-the-art resonators, this milestone is achieved with a compact design that does not require sub-micrometer lithographic features or complex phononic bandgaps, making it significantly easier and cheaper to manufacture at large scales. These results demonstrate the ability of machine learning to work in tandem with human intuition to augment creative possibilities and uncover new strategies in computing and nanotechnology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongil Shin
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Cupertino
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs H J de Jong
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G Steeneken
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel A Bessa
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Norte
- Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Quantum Nanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 2628 CD, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu Y, Liu Q, Wang S, Chen Z, Sillanpää MA, Li T. Optomechanical Anti-Lasing with Infinite Group Delay at a Phase Singularity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:273603. [PMID: 35061429 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.273603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Singularities which symbolize abrupt changes and exhibit extraordinary behavior are of a broad interest. We experimentally study optomechanically induced singularities in a compound system consisting of a three-dimensional aluminum superconducting cavity and a metalized high-coherence silicon nitride membrane resonator. Mechanically induced coherent perfect absorption and anti-lasing occur simultaneously under a critical optomechanical coupling strength. Meanwhile, the phase around the cavity resonance undergoes an abrupt π-phase transition, which further flips the phase slope in the frequency dependence. The observed infinite discontinuity in the phase slope defines a singularity, at which the group velocity is dramatically changed. Around the singularity, an abrupt transition from an infinite group advance to delay is demonstrated by measuring a Gaussian-shaped waveform propagating. Our experiment may broaden the scope of realizing extremely long group delays by taking advantage of singularities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Liu
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Qichun Liu
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuaipeng Wang
- Quantum Physics and Quantum Information Division, Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mika A Sillanpää
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 15100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tiefu Li
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Integrated Circuits and Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Heinrich AJ, Oliver WD, Vandersypen LMK, Ardavan A, Sessoli R, Loss D, Jayich AB, Fernandez-Rossier J, Laucht A, Morello A. Quantum-coherent nanoscience. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1318-1329. [PMID: 34845333 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00994-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
For the past three decades nanoscience has widely affected many areas in physics, chemistry and engineering, and has led to numerous fundamental discoveries, as well as applications and products. Concurrently, quantum science and technology has developed into a cross-disciplinary research endeavour connecting these same areas and holds burgeoning commercial promise. Although quantum physics dictates the behaviour of nanoscale objects, quantum coherence, which is central to quantum information, communication and sensing, has not played an explicit role in much of nanoscience. This Review describes fundamental principles and practical applications of quantum coherence in nanoscale systems, a research area we call quantum-coherent nanoscience. We structure this Review according to specific degrees of freedom that can be quantum-coherently controlled in a given nanoscale system, such as charge, spin, mechanical motion and photons. We review the current state of the art and focus on outstanding challenges and opportunities unlocked by the merging of nanoscience and coherent quantum operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience (QNS), Institute for Basic Science, Seoul, Korea.
- Physics Department, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - William D Oliver
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Department of Physics, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Lincoln Laboratory, MIT, Lexington, MA, USA
| | | | - Arzhang Ardavan
- CAESR, The Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Roberta Sessoli
- Department of Chemistry 'U. Schiff' & INSTM, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Daniel Loss
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Joaquin Fernandez-Rossier
- QuantaLab, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Braga, Portugal
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Arne Laucht
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrea Morello
- School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Uppu R, Midolo L, Zhou X, Carolan J, Lodahl P. Quantum-dot-based deterministic photon-emitter interfaces for scalable photonic quantum technology. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1308-1317. [PMID: 34663948 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00965-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The scale-up of quantum hardware is fundamental to realize the full potential of quantum technology. Among a plethora of hardware platforms, photonics stands out: it provides a modular approach where the main challenges lie in the construction of high-quality building blocks and in the development of methods to interface the modules. The subsequent scale-up could exploit mature integrated photonics foundry technology to produce small-footprint quantum processors of immense complexity. Solid-state quantum emitters can realize a deterministic photon-emitter interface and enable key quantum photonic resources and functionalities, including on-demand single- and multi-photon-entanglement sources, as well as photon-photon nonlinear quantum gates. In this Review, we use the example of quantum dot devices to present the physics of deterministic photon-emitter interfaces, including the main photonic building blocks required to scale up, and discuss quantitative performance benchmarks. While our focus is on quantum dot devices, the presented methods also apply to other quantum-emitter platforms such as atoms, vacancy centres, molecules and superconducting qubits. We also identify applications within quantum communication and computing, presenting a route towards photonics with a genuine quantum advantage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravitej Uppu
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Leonardo Midolo
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xiaoyan Zhou
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacques Carolan
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Lodahl
- Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zhang QH, Ying Y, Zhang ZZ, Su ZJ, Ma H, Qin GQ, Song XX, Guo GP. Graphene-Based Nanoelectromechanical Periodic Array with Tunable Frequency. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:8571-8578. [PMID: 34613727 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phononic crystals (PnCs) have attracted much attention due to their great potential for dissipation engineering and propagation manipulation of phonons. Notably, the excellent electrical and mechanical properties of graphene make it a promising material for nanoelectromechanical resonators. Transferring a graphene flake to a prepatterned periodic mechanical structure enables the realization of a PnC with on-chip scale. Here, we demonstrate a nanoelectromechanical periodic array by anchoring a graphene membrane to a 9 × 9 array of standing nanopillars. The device exhibits a quasi-continuous frequency spectrum with resonance modes distributed from ∼120 MHz to ∼980 MHz. Moreover, the resonant frequencies of these modes can be electrically tuned by varying the voltage applied to the gate electrode sitting underneath. Simulations suggest that the observed band-like spectrum provides an experimental evidence for PnC formation. Our architecture has large fabrication flexibility, offering a promising platform for investigations on PnCs with electrical accessibility and tunability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Yue Ying
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zhuo-Zhi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Zi-Jia Su
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - He Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guo-Quan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guo-Ping Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Origin Quantum Computing Company Limited, Hefei, Anhui 230088, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Reaching silicon-based NEMS performances with 3D printed nanomechanical resonators. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6080. [PMID: 34667168 PMCID: PMC8526607 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The extreme miniaturization in NEMS resonators offers the possibility to reach an unprecedented resolution in high-performance mass sensing. These very low limits of detection are related to the combination of two factors: a small resonator mass and a high quality factor. The main drawback of NEMS is represented by the highly complex, multi-steps, and expensive fabrication processes. Several alternatives fabrication processes have been exploited, but they are still limited to MEMS range and very low-quality factor. Here we report the fabrication of rigid NEMS resonators with high-quality factors by a 3D printing approach. After a thermal step, we reach complex geometry printed devices composed of ceramic structures with high Young’s modulus and low damping showing performances in line with silicon-based NEMS resonators ones. We demonstrate the possibility of rapid fabrication of NEMS devices that present an effective alternative to semiconducting resonators as highly sensitive mass and force sensors. NEMS devices, nano-electro-mechanical systems, by virtue of their minute size, offer ultra-high sensitivity, though at the expense of manufacturing complexity. Here, Stassi et al succeed in manufacturing high quality factor NEMS devices using high resolution 3D printing.
Collapse
|
41
|
Høj D, Wang F, Gao W, Hoff UB, Sigmund O, Andersen UL. Ultra-coherent nanomechanical resonators based on inverse design. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5766. [PMID: 34599186 PMCID: PMC8486777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26102-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered micro- and nanomechanical resonators with ultra-low dissipation constitute a promising platform for various quantum technologies and foundational research. Traditionally, the improvement of the resonator's performance through nanomechanical structural engineering has been driven by human intuition and insight. Such an approach is inefficient and leaves aside a plethora of unexplored mechanical designs that potentially achieve better performance. Here, we use a computer-aided inverse design approach known as topology optimization to structurally design mechanical resonators with optimized performance of the fundamental mechanical mode. Using the outcomes of this approach, we fabricate and characterize ultra-coherent nanomechanical resonators with, to the best of our knowledge, record-high Q ⋅ f products for their fundamental mode (where Q is the quality factor and f is the frequency). The proposed approach - which can also be used to improve phononic crystals and coupled-mode resonators - opens up a new paradigm for designing ultra-coherent micro- and nanomechanical resonators, enabling e.g. novel experiments in fundamental physics and extreme sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Høj
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Fengwen Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Niels Koppels Allé, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wenjun Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Niels Koppels Allé, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ulrich Busk Hoff
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Sigmund
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Niels Koppels Allé, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Lund Andersen
- Center for Macroscopic Quantum States (bigQ), Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Duan K, Li L, Liu S, Hu Y, Wang X. Abnormal enhancement to the quality factors of carbon nanotube via defects engineering. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
43
|
Rosenfeld E, Riedinger R, Gieseler J, Schuetz M, Lukin MD. Efficient Entanglement of Spin Qubits Mediated by a Hot Mechanical Oscillator. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:250505. [PMID: 34241526 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.250505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Localized electronic and nuclear spin qubits in the solid state constitute a promising platform for storage and manipulation of quantum information, even at room temperature. However, the development of scalable systems requires the ability to entangle distant spins, which remains a challenge today. We propose and analyze an efficient, heralded scheme that employs a parity measurement in a decoherence free subspace to enable fast and robust entanglement generation between distant spin qubits mediated by a hot mechanical oscillator. We find that high-fidelity entanglement at cryogenic and even ambient temperatures is feasible with realistic parameters and show that the entangled pair can be subsequently leveraged for deterministic controlled-NOT operations between nuclear spins. Our results open the door for novel quantum processing architectures for a wide variety of solid-state spin qubits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Rosenfeld
- Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, USA
| | - Ralf Riedinger
- Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, USA
| | - Jan Gieseler
- Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, USA
| | - Martin Schuetz
- Amazon Quantum Solutions Lab, Seattle, Washington, D.C. 98170, USA
- AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Physics Department, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02318, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Catalini L, Rossi M, Langman EC, Schliesser A. Modeling and Observation of Nonlinear Damping in Dissipation-Diluted Nanomechanical Resonators. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:174101. [PMID: 33988425 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.174101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dissipation dilution enables extremely low linear loss in stressed, high aspect ratio nanomechanical resonators, such as strings or membranes. Here, we report on the observation and theoretical modeling of nonlinear dissipation in such structures. We introduce an analytical model based on von Kármán theory, which can be numerically evaluated using finite-element models for arbitrary geometries. We use this approach to predict nonlinear loss and (Duffing) frequency shift in ultracoherent phononic membrane resonators. A set of systematic measurements with silicon nitride membranes shows good agreement with the model for low-order soft-clamped modes. Our analysis also reveals quantitative connections between these nonlinearities and dissipation dilution. This is of interest for future device design and can provide important insight when diagnosing the performance of dissipation dilution in an experimental setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Catalini
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Massimiliano Rossi
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric C Langman
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albert Schliesser
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark and Center for Hybrid Quantum Networks (Hy-Q), Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fedoseev V, Luna F, Hedgepeth I, Löffler W, Bouwmeester D. Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage in Optomechanics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:113601. [PMID: 33798387 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In multimode optomechanical systems, the mechanical modes can be coupled via the radiation pressure of the common optical mode, but the fidelity of the state transfer is limited by the optical cavity decay. Here we demonstrate stimulated Raman adiabatic passage (STIRAP) in optomechanics, where the optical mode is not populated during the coherent state transfer between the mechanical modes avoiding this decay channel. We show a state transfer of a coherent mechanical excitation between vibrational modes of a membrane in a high-finesse optical cavity with a transfer efficiency of 86%. Combined with exceptionally high mechanical quality factors, STIRAP between mechanical modes can enable generation, storage, and manipulation of long-lived mechanical quantum states, which is important for quantum information science and for the investigation of macroscopic quantum superpositions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly Fedoseev
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, 2333 CA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Fernando Luna
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Ian Hedgepeth
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - Wolfgang Löffler
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, 2333 CA, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Bouwmeester
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratorium, Leiden University, 2333 CA, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kirchhof JN, Weinel K, Heeg S, Deinhart V, Kovalchuk S, Höflich K, Bolotin KI. Tunable Graphene Phononic Crystal. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2174-2182. [PMID: 33622035 PMCID: PMC7953378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c04986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In the field of phononics, periodic patterning controls vibrations and thereby the flow of heat and sound in matter. Bandgaps arising in such phononic crystals (PnCs) realize low-dissipation vibrational modes and enable applications toward mechanical qubits, efficient waveguides, and state-of-the-art sensing. Here, we combine phononics and two-dimensional materials and explore tuning of PnCs via applied mechanical pressure. To this end, we fabricate the thinnest possible PnC from monolayer graphene and simulate its vibrational properties. We find a bandgap in the megahertz regime within which we localize a defect mode with a small effective mass of 0.72 ag = 0.002 mphysical. We exploit graphene's flexibility and simulate mechanical tuning of a finite size PnC. Under electrostatic pressure up to 30 kPa, we observe an upshift in frequency of the entire phononic system by ∼350%. At the same time, the defect mode stays within the bandgap and remains localized, suggesting a high-quality, dynamically tunable mechanical system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan N. Kirchhof
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Weinel
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut
gGmbH Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Strasse 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Heeg
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Victor Deinhart
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut
gGmbH Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Strasse 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1,14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sviatoslav Kovalchuk
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Höflich
- Ferdinand-Braun-Institut
gGmbH Leibniz-Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik, Gustav-Kirchhoff-Strasse 4, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum
Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1,14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kirill I. Bolotin
- Department
of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Parniak M, Galinskiy I, Zwettler T, Polzik ES. High-frequency broadband laser phase noise cancellation using a delay line. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:6935-6946. [PMID: 33726204 DOI: 10.1364/oe.415942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Laser phase noise remains a limiting factor in many experimental settings, including metrology, time-keeping, as well as quantum optics. Hitherto this issue was addressed at low frequencies ranging from well below 1 Hz to maximally 100 kHz. However, a wide range of experiments, such as, e.g., those involving nanomechanical membrane resonators, are highly sensitive to noise at higher frequencies in the range of 100 kHz to 10 MHz, such as nanomechanical membrane resonators. Here we employ a fiber-loop delay line interferometer optimized to cancel laser phase noise at frequencies around 1.5 MHz. We achieve noise reduction in 300 kHz-wide bands with a peak reduction of more than 10 dB at desired frequencies, reaching phase noise of less than -160 dB(rad2/Hz) with a Ti:Al2O3 laser. These results provide a convenient noise reduction technique to achieve deep ground-state cooling of mechanical motion.
Collapse
|
48
|
Manley J, Chowdhury MD, Grin D, Singh S, Wilson DJ. Searching for Vector Dark Matter with an Optomechanical Accelerometer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:061301. [PMID: 33635693 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.061301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We consider using optomechanical accelerometers as resonant detectors for ultralight dark matter. As a concrete example, we describe a detector based on a silicon nitride membrane fixed to a beryllium mirror, forming an optical cavity. The use of different materials gives access to forces proportional to baryon (B) and lepton (L) charge, which are believed to be coupling channels for vector dark matter particles ("dark photons"). The cavity meanwhile provides access to quantum-limited displacement measurements. For a centimeter-scale membrane precooled to 10 mK, we argue that sensitivity to vector B-L dark matter can exceed that of the Eöt-Wash experiment in integration times of minutes, over a fractional bandwidth of ∼0.1% near 10 kHz (corresponding to a particle mass of 10^{-10} eV/c^{2}). Our analysis can be translated to alternative systems, such as levitated particles, and suggests the possibility of a new generation of tabletop experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jack Manley
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Mitul Dey Chowdhury
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| | - Daniel Grin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Haverford College, Haverford, Pennsylvania 19041, USA
| | - Swati Singh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Dalziel J Wilson
- Wyant College of Optical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Long DA, Reschovsky BJ, Zhou F, Bao Y, LeBrun TW, Gorman JJ. Electro-optic frequency combs for rapid interrogation in cavity optomechanics. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:645-648. [PMID: 33528430 PMCID: PMC8278764 DOI: 10.1364/ol.405299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electro-optic frequency combs were employed to rapidly interrogate an optomechanical sensor, demonstrating spectral resolution substantially exceeding that possible with a mode-locked frequency comb. Frequency combs were generated using an integrated-circuit-based direct digital synthesizer and utilized in a self-heterodyne configuration. Unlike approaches based upon laser locking, the present approach allows rapid, parallel measurements of full optical cavity modes, large dynamic range of sensor displacement, and acquisition across a wide frequency range between DC and 500 kHz. In addition to being well suited to measurements of acceleration, this optical frequency comb-based approach can be utilized for interrogation in a wide range of cavity optomechanical sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Long
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - B. J. Reschovsky
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - F. Zhou
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - Y. Bao
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - T. W. LeBrun
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| | - J. J. Gorman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr, Gaithersburg, MD 20899
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Thomas RA, Parniak M, Østfeldt C, Møller CB, Bærentsen C, Tsaturyan Y, Schliesser A, Appel J, Zeuthen E, Polzik ES. Entanglement between distant macroscopic mechanical and spin systems. NATURE PHYSICS 2021; 17:228-233. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-020-1031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
|