1
|
Ortiz P, Narawane A, McNabb RP, Kuo AN, Izatt JA, Draelos M. Sensor-driven digital motion correction of robotically-aligned optical coherence tomography retinal volumes. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2025; 16:1616-1637. [PMID: 40322003 PMCID: PMC12047723 DOI: 10.1364/boe.551186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2025] [Accepted: 02/18/2025] [Indexed: 05/08/2025]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized diagnostics in retinal ophthalmology. Traditional OCT requires minimal relative motion between the subject and scanner, which is difficult to achieve with handheld devices and/or non-stabilized subjects. We recently introduced robotically-aligned OCT (RAOCT) as an alternative that promises to alleviate these minimal-movement requirements by tracking the subject and compensating for their motion with dynamic hardware components in real-time. However, hardware and image processing delays lead to residual motion artifacts even after automatic alignment and motion compensation. Here, we introduce a novel sensor-driven digital motion correction approach that overcomes these shortcomings. Our method leverages synchronized sensing of both the subject's eye and the scanner hardware to continuously estimate the imaging system state during acquisition. The A-scans are then remapped using a ray-tracing model of the system at the precise moment of acquisition. We demonstrate that, in addition to motion compensation from RAOCT, our method further reduces residual artifacts by 88.3 %, 80.4 %, and 62.6 % across axial, lateral, and rotational motions, respectively. We also show our correction in human retinal OCT images where residual errors from acquisition were reduced down to 12.4 µm, 0.11°, and 0.39° for axial, lateral, and rotational motion, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Amit Narawane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ryan P. McNabb
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anthony N. Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joseph A. Izatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mark Draelos
- Department of Robotics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang W, Miller DA, Price HB, Yang X, Brown WJ, Wax A. High-Performance, Low-Cost Optical Coherence Tomography System Using a Jetson Orin Nano for Real-Time Control and Image Processing. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2025; 14:24. [PMID: 40136290 PMCID: PMC11951056 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.14.3.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2025] [Indexed: 03/27/2025] Open
Abstract
Purpose Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become an indispensable tool for the detection and analysis of diseased retinal tissue. Recent advances in reducing the size and cost of OCT systems have aimed at expanding their use for new applications and settings, such as serving as a screening tool at the point of care or in low-resource areas. Here, we report on the development of a compact, low-cost OCT system that offers significantly improved performance while also further reducing cost and system size. Methods A high-performance OCT system was realized by leveraging graphics processing unit (GPU)-accelerated parallel processing in a system on module, the NVIDIA Jetson Orin Nano, integrated into a low-cost OCT system. Instrument performance for retinal imaging was benchmarked against current low-cost OCT systems. Results A fivefold increase in processing speed was obtained for the Jetson-powered low-cost OCT without loss of image quality. The compact and low-cost nature of the system was preserved while its volume was reduced by 67% and computing cost was reduced by 22%. Conclusions The advance in imaging performance can significantly expand the accessibility and clinical utility of low-cost OCT systems. Translational Relevance Implementation of the system on module computer improved the computational performance without compromising the cost or size of low-cost OCT systems, which will accelerate the application of low-cost OCT to clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Wang
- Duke Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - David A. Miller
- Duke Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hillel B. Price
- Duke Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Xiangyue Yang
- Duke Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Adam Wax
- Duke Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Soltanian-Zadeh S, Kovalick K, Aghayee S, Miller DT, Liu Z, Hammer DX, Farsiu S. Identifying retinal pigment epithelium cells in adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography images with partial annotations and superhuman accuracy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:6922-6939. [PMID: 39679394 PMCID: PMC11640571 DOI: 10.1364/boe.538473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2024] [Revised: 10/25/2024] [Accepted: 10/28/2024] [Indexed: 12/17/2024]
Abstract
Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are essential for normal retinal function. Morphological defects in these cells are associated with a number of retinal neurodegenerative diseases. Owing to the cellular resolution and depth-sectioning capabilities, individual RPE cells can be visualized in vivo with adaptive optics-optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT). Rapid, cost-efficient, and objective quantification of the RPE mosaic's structural properties necessitates the development of an automated cell segmentation algorithm. This paper presents a deep learning-based method with partial annotation training for detecting RPE cells in AO-OCT images with accuracy better than human performance. We have made the code, imaging datasets, and the manual expert labels available online.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Soltanian-Zadeh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Katherine Kovalick
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Samira Aghayee
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Donald T. Miller
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Zhuolin Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Daniel X. Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang F, Kovalick K, Raghavendra A, Soltanian-Zadeh S, Farsiu S, Hammer DX, Liu Z. In vivo imaging of human retinal ganglion cells using optical coherence tomography without adaptive optics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:4675-4688. [PMID: 39346995 PMCID: PMC11427184 DOI: 10.1364/boe.533249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Retinal ganglion cells play an important role in human vision, and their degeneration results in glaucoma and other neurodegenerative diseases. Imaging these cells in the living human retina can greatly improve the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. However, owing to their translucent soma and tight packing arrangement within the ganglion cell layer (GCL), successful imaging has only been achieved with sophisticated research-grade adaptive optics (AO) systems. For the first time we demonstrate that GCL somas can be resolved and cell morphology can be quantified using non-AO optical coherence tomography (OCT) devices with optimal parameter configuration and post-processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Furu Zhang
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Katherine Kovalick
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Achyut Raghavendra
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | | | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Daniel X. Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Zhuolin Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pan H, Lim CW, King K, Guan R, Draelos M. Active Motion Cancellation for Robotic Optical Coherence Tomography of Moving Eyes: A Nystagmus Phantom Study. ... INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MEDICAL ROBOTICS. INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON MEDICAL ROBOTICS 2024; 2024:10.1109/ismr63436.2024.10585590. [PMID: 40308375 PMCID: PMC12040409 DOI: 10.1109/ismr63436.2024.10585590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a preferred imaging technology in ophthalmology for diagnosis and management of eye disease. Standard-of-care clinical OCT systems require patients to sit upright, brace their head against the instrument, and fix their gaze into its sensing aperture. These limitations exclude those with involuntary head and eye movements, such as those present in Parkinson's disease and nystagmus, respectively, from undergoing OCT imaging. To overcome these restrictions, we combine our robotic OCT paradigm, which allows flexible patient positioning during imaging, with active cancellation of periodic motion to reduce image artifact during acquisition. We accomplish this by measuring eye motion with on-board pupil cameras, fitting the movement profile in real-time, and augmenting OCT scan waveforms using the predicted eye position. We evaluate this predictive imaging scheme with eye phantoms to precisely simulate motions typical of head and eye movement disorders and compare it to real-time scan aiming. Using registration shift in captured OCT images to quantify residual motion artifact, we demonstrate motion reduction by up to 98.5 % for typical nystagmus frequencies and an average 3.4 × reduction in residual motion compared to scan aiming alone. This approach may provide access to accurate OCT imaging for those with involuntary eye and head movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haochi Pan
- Department of Robotics, University of Michigan, 2505 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Chae Woo Lim
- Department of Robotics, University of Michigan, 2505 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Katelyn King
- Department of Robotics, University of Michigan, 2505 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Renxiang Guan
- Department of Robotics, University of Michigan, 2505 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Mark Draelos
- Department of Robotics, University of Michigan, 2505 Hayward St, Ann Arbor, MI USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, 1000 Wall Street, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ni S, Liang GB, Ng R, Ostmo S, Jia Y, Chiang MF, Huang D, Skalet AH, Young BK, Campbell JP, Jian Y. Panretinal handheld OCT angiography for pediatric retinal imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:3412-3424. [PMID: 38855676 PMCID: PMC11161374 DOI: 10.1364/boe.520739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Comprehensive visualization of retina morphology is essential in the diagnosis and management of retinal diseases in pediatric populations. Conventional imaging techniques often face challenges in effectively capturing the peripheral retina, primarily due to the limitations in current optical designs, which lack the necessary field of view to characterize the far periphery. To address this gap, our study introduces a novel ultra-widefield optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) system. This system, specifically tailored for pediatric applications, incorporates an ultrahigh-speed 800 kHz swept-source laser. The system's innovative design achieves a 140° field of view while maintaining excellent optical performance. Over the last 15 months, we have conducted 379 eye examinations on 96 babies using this system. It demonstrates marked efficacy in the diagnosis of retinopathy of prematurity, providing detailed and comprehensive peripheral retinal angiography. The capabilities of the ultra-widefield handheld OCTA system in enhancing the clarity and thoroughness of retina vascularization assessments have significantly improved the precision of diagnoses and the customization of treatment strategies. Our findings underscore the system's potential to advance pediatric ophthalmology and broaden the scope of retinal imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuibin Ni
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Guangru Ben Liang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Ringo Ng
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Susan Ostmo
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yali Jia
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael F. Chiang
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alison H. Skalet
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Benjamin K. Young
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - J. Peter Campbell
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yifan Jian
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ni S, Nguyen TTP, Ng R, Woodward M, Ostmo S, Jia Y, Chiang MF, Huang D, Skalet AH, Campbell JP, Jian Y. Panretinal Optical Coherence Tomography. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON MEDICAL IMAGING 2023; 42:3219-3228. [PMID: 37216244 PMCID: PMC10615839 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2023.3278269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a new concept of panoramic retinal (panretinal) optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging system with a 140° field of view (FOV). To achieve this unprecedented FOV, a contact imaging approach was used which enabled faster, more efficient, and quantitative retinal imaging with measurement of axial eye length. The utilization of the handheld panretinal OCT imaging system could allow earlier recognition of peripheral retinal disease and prevent permanent vision loss. In addition, adequate visualization of the peripheral retina has a great potential for better understanding disease mechanisms regarding the periphery. To the best of our knowledge, the panretinal OCT imaging system presented in this manuscript has the widest FOV among all the retina OCT imaging systems and offers significant values in both clinical ophthalmology and basic vision science.
Collapse
|
8
|
Alexopoulos P, Madu C, Wollstein G, Schuman JS. The Development and Clinical Application of Innovative Optical Ophthalmic Imaging Techniques. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:891369. [PMID: 35847772 PMCID: PMC9279625 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.891369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of ophthalmic imaging has grown substantially over the last years. Massive improvements in image processing and computer hardware have allowed the emergence of multiple imaging techniques of the eye that can transform patient care. The purpose of this review is to describe the most recent advances in eye imaging and explain how new technologies and imaging methods can be utilized in a clinical setting. The introduction of optical coherence tomography (OCT) was a revolution in eye imaging and has since become the standard of care for a plethora of conditions. Its most recent iterations, OCT angiography, and visible light OCT, as well as imaging modalities, such as fluorescent lifetime imaging ophthalmoscopy, would allow a more thorough evaluation of patients and provide additional information on disease processes. Toward that goal, the application of adaptive optics (AO) and full-field scanning to a variety of eye imaging techniques has further allowed the histologic study of single cells in the retina and anterior segment. Toward the goal of remote eye care and more accessible eye imaging, methods such as handheld OCT devices and imaging through smartphones, have emerged. Finally, incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) in eye images has the potential to become a new milestone for eye imaging while also contributing in social aspects of eye care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palaiologos Alexopoulos
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chisom Madu
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gadi Wollstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts & Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Joel S. Schuman
- Department of Ophthalmology, NYU Langone Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
- Center for Neural Science, College of Arts & Science, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wynne N, Heitkotter H, Woertz EN, Cooper RF, Carroll J. Comparison of Cone Mosaic Metrics From Images Acquired With the SPECTRALIS High Magnification Module and Adaptive Optics Scanning Light Ophthalmoscopy. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:19. [PMID: 35583887 PMCID: PMC9123519 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.5.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare cone mosaic metrics derived from adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) images with those derived from Heidelberg Engineering SPECTRALIS High Magnification Module (HMM) images. Methods Participants with contiguous cone mosaics had HMM imaging performed at locations superior and temporal to the fovea. These images were registered and averaged offline and then aligned to split-detection AOSLO images; 200 × 200-µm regions of interest were extracted from both modalities. Cones were semi-automatically identified by two graders to provide estimates of cone density and spacing. Results Thirty participants with contiguous cone mosaics were imaged (10 males, 20 females; age range, 11-67 years). Image quality varied, and 80% of our participants had analyzable HMM images. The intergrader intraclass correlation coefficients for cone metrics were good for both modalities (0.688-0.757 for HMM; 0.805-0.836 for AOSLO). Cone density estimates from HMM images were lower by 2661 cones/mm2 (24.1%) on average compared to AOSLO-derived estimates. Accordingly, HMM estimates of cone spacing were increased on average compared to AOSLO. Conclusions The cone mosaic can be visualized in vivo using the SPECTRALIS HMM, although image quality is variable and imaging is not successful in every individual. Metrics extracted from HMM images can differ from those from AOSLO, although excellent agreement is possible in individuals with excellent optical quality and precise co-registration between modalities. Translational Relevance Emerging non-adaptive optics-based photoreceptor imaging is more clinically accessible than adaptive optics techniques and has potential to expand high-resolution imaging in a clinical environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niamh Wynne
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Heather Heitkotter
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Erica N Woertz
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Robert F Cooper
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Joseph Carroll
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Rank EA, Agneter A, Schmoll T, Leitgeb RA, Drexler W. Miniaturizing optical coherence tomography. TRANSLATIONAL BIOPHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/tbio.202100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet A. Rank
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Anja Agneter
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Tilman Schmoll
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
- Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc. Dublin California USA
| | - Rainer A. Leitgeb
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering Medical University of Vienna Vienna Austria
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ortiz P, Draelos M, Viehland C, Qian R, McNabb RP, Kuo AN, Izatt JA. Robotically aligned optical coherence tomography with 5 degree of freedom eye tracking for subject motion and gaze compensation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:7361-7376. [PMID: 35003839 PMCID: PMC8713666 DOI: 10.1364/boe.443537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has revolutionized diagnostics in ophthalmology. However, OCT requires a trained operator and patient cooperation to carefully align a scanner with the subject's eye and orient it in such a way that it images a desired region of interest at the retina. With the goal of automating this process of orienting and aligning the scanner, we developed a robot-mounted OCT scanner that automatically aligned with the pupil while matching its optical axis with the target region of interest at the retina. The system used two 3D cameras for face tracking and three high-resolution 2D cameras for pupil and gaze tracking. The tracking software identified 5 degrees of freedom for robot alignment and ray aiming through the ocular pupil: 3 degrees of translation (x, y, z) and 2 degrees of orientation (yaw, pitch). We evaluated the accuracy, precision, and range of our tracking system and demonstrated imaging performance on free-standing human subjects. Our results demonstrate that the system stabilized images and that the addition of gaze tracking and aiming allowed for region-of-interest specific alignment at any gaze orientation within a 28° range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mark Draelos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Christian Viehland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ruobing Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Ryan P. McNabb
- Department of Ophthalmology,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anthony N. Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Joseph A. Izatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology,
Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ni S, Nguyen TTP, Ng R, Khan S, Ostmo S, Jia Y, Chiang MF, Huang D, Campbell JP, Jian Y. 105° field of view non-contact handheld swept-source optical coherence tomography. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5878-5881. [PMID: 34851913 PMCID: PMC10443941 DOI: 10.1364/ol.443672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a handheld swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) system with a 400 kHz vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) light source, a non-contact approach, and an unprecedented single shot 105° field of view (FOV). We also implemented a spiral scanning pattern allowing real-time visualization with improved scanning efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the widest FOV achieved in a portable non-contact OCT retinal imaging system to date. Improvements to the FOV may aid the evaluation of retinal diseases such as retinopathy of prematurity, where important vitreoretinal changes often occur in the peripheral retina.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuibin Ni
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Thanh-Tin P. Nguyen
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Ringo Ng
- School of Engineering Science, Simon Fraser University,
Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Shanjida Khan
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Susan Ostmo
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Yali Jia
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Michael F. Chiang
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - David Huang
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - J. Peter Campbell
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Yifan Jian
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science
University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health &
Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Leitgeb R, Placzek F, Rank E, Krainz L, Haindl R, Li Q, Liu M, Andreana M, Unterhuber A, Schmoll T, Drexler W. Enhanced medical diagnosis for dOCTors: a perspective of optical coherence tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2021; 26:JBO-210150-PER. [PMID: 34672145 PMCID: PMC8528212 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.26.10.100601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE After three decades, more than 75,000 publications, tens of companies being involved in its commercialization, and a global market perspective of about USD 1.5 billion in 2023, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become one of the fastest successfully translated imaging techniques with substantial clinical and economic impacts and acceptance. AIM Our perspective focuses on disruptive forward-looking innovations and key technologies to further boost OCT performance and therefore enable significantly enhanced medical diagnosis. APPROACH A comprehensive review of state-of-the-art accomplishments in OCT has been performed. RESULTS The most disruptive future OCT innovations include imaging resolution and speed (single-beam raster scanning versus parallelization) improvement, new implementations for dual modality or even multimodality systems, and using endogenous or exogenous contrast in these hybrid OCT systems targeting molecular and metabolic imaging. Aside from OCT angiography, no other functional or contrast enhancing OCT extension has accomplished comparable clinical and commercial impacts. Some more recently developed extensions, e.g., optical coherence elastography, dynamic contrast OCT, optoretinography, and artificial intelligence enhanced OCT are also considered with high potential for the future. In addition, OCT miniaturization for portable, compact, handheld, and/or cost-effective capsule-based OCT applications, home-OCT, and self-OCT systems based on micro-optic assemblies or photonic integrated circuits will revolutionize new applications and availability in the near future. Finally, clinical translation of OCT including medical device regulatory challenges will continue to be absolutely essential. CONCLUSIONS With its exquisite non-invasive, micrometer resolution depth sectioning capability, OCT has especially revolutionized ophthalmic diagnosis and hence is the fastest adopted imaging technology in the history of ophthalmology. Nonetheless, OCT has not been completely exploited and has substantial growth potential-in academics as well as in industry. This applies not only to the ophthalmic application field, but also especially to the original motivation of OCT to enable optical biopsy, i.e., the in situ imaging of tissue microstructure with a resolution approaching that of histology but without the need for tissue excision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Leitgeb
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Medical University of Vienna, Christian Doppler Laboratory OPTRAMED, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabian Placzek
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabet Rank
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Krainz
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Richard Haindl
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Qian Li
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mengyang Liu
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marco Andreana
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Angelika Unterhuber
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tilman Schmoll
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, California, United States
| | - Wolfgang Drexler
- Medical University of Vienna, Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Vienna, Austria
- Address all correspondence to Wolfgang Drexler,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang Y, Li X, Liu J, Qiao Z, Chen J, Hao Q. Robotic-arm-assisted flexible large field-of-view optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:4596-4609. [PMID: 34457434 PMCID: PMC8367223 DOI: 10.1364/boe.431318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a three-dimensional non-invasive high-resolution imaging modality that has been widely used for applications ranging from medical diagnosis to industrial inspection. Common OCT systems are equipped with limited field-of-view (FOV) in both the axial depth direction (a few millimeters) and lateral direction (a few centimeters), prohibiting their applications for samples with large and irregular surface profiles. Image stitching techniques exist but are often limited to at most 3 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) scanning. In this work, we propose a robotic-arm-assisted OCT system with 7 DOF for flexible large FOV 3D imaging. The system consists of a depth camera, a robotic arm and a miniature OCT probe with an integrated RGB camera. The depth camera is used to get the spatial information of targeted sample at large scale while the RGB camera is used to obtain the exact position of target to align the image probe. Eventually, the real-time 3D OCT imaging is used to resolve the relative pose of the probe to the sample and as a feedback for imaging pose optimization when necessary. Flexible probe pose manipulation is enabled by the 7 DOF robotic arm. We demonstrate a prototype system and present experimental results with flexible tens of times enlarged FOV for plastic tube, phantom human finger, and letter stamps. It is expected that robotic-arm-assisted flexible large FOV OCT imaging will benefit a wide range of biomedical, industrial and other scientific applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
- Equal contributors
| | - Xiaochen Li
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
- Equal contributors
| | - Junyu Liu
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhengyu Qiao
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jingsi Chen
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qun Hao
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Song G, Jelly ET, Chu KK, Kendall WY, Wax A. A review of low-cost and portable optical coherence tomography. PROGRESS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2021; 3:032002. [PMID: 37645660 PMCID: PMC10465117 DOI: 10.1088/2516-1091/abfeb7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful optical imaging technique capable of visualizing the internal structure of biological tissues at near cellular resolution. For years, OCT has been regarded as the standard of care in ophthalmology, acting as an invaluable tool for the assessment of retinal pathology. However, the costly nature of most current commercial OCT systems has limited its general accessibility, especially in low-resource environments. It is therefore timely to review the development of low-cost OCT systems as a route for applying this technology to population-scale disease screening. Low-cost, portable and easy to use OCT systems will be essential to facilitate widespread use at point of care settings while ensuring that they offer the necessary imaging performances needed for clinical detection of retinal pathology. The development of low-cost OCT also offers the potential to enable application in fields outside ophthalmology by lowering the barrier to entry. In this paper, we review the current development and applications of low-cost, portable and handheld OCT in both translational and research settings. Design and cost-reduction techniques are described for general low-cost OCT systems, including considerations regarding spectrometer-based detection, scanning optics, system control, signal processing, and the role of 3D printing technology. Lastly, a review of clinical applications enabled by low-cost OCT is presented, along with a detailed discussion of current limitations and outlook.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Song
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
| | | | - Kengyeh K Chu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
| | - Wesley Y Kendall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
| | - Adam Wax
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Contactless optical coherence tomography of the eyes of freestanding individuals with a robotic scanner. Nat Biomed Eng 2021; 5:726-736. [PMID: 34253888 PMCID: PMC9272353 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-021-00753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Clinical systems for optical coherence tomography (OCT) are used routinely to diagnose and monitor patients with a range of ocular diseases. They are large tabletop instruments operated by trained staff, and require mechanical stabilization of the head of the patient for positioning and motion reduction. Here we report the development and performance of a robot-mounted OCT scanner for the autonomous contactless imaging, at safe distances, of the eyes of freestanding individuals without the need for operator intervention or head stabilization. The scanner uses robotic positioning to align itself with the eye to be imaged, as well as optical active scanning to locate the pupil and to attenuate physiological eye motion. We show that the scanner enables the acquisition of OCT volumetric datasets, comparable in quality to those of clinical tabletop systems, that resolve key anatomic structures relevant for the management of common eye conditions. Robotic OCT scanners may enable the diagnosis and monitoring of patients with eye conditions in non-specialist clinics.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ringel MJ, Tang EM, Tao YK. Advances in multimodal imaging in ophthalmology. Ther Adv Ophthalmol 2021; 13:25158414211002400. [PMID: 35187398 PMCID: PMC8855415 DOI: 10.1177/25158414211002400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimodality ophthalmic imaging systems aim to enhance the contrast, resolution, and functionality of existing technologies to improve disease diagnostics and therapeutic guidance. These systems include advanced acquisition and post-processing methods using optical coherence tomography (OCT), combined scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and OCT systems, adaptive optics, surgical guidance, and photoacoustic technologies. Here, we provide an overview of these ophthalmic imaging systems and their clinical and basic science applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Morgan J. Ringel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Eric M. Tang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yuankai K. Tao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shen LL, Mangalesh S, McGeehan B, Tai V, Sarin N, El-Dairi MA, Freedman SF, Maguire MG, Toth CA. Birth Weight Is a Significant Predictor of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness at 36 Weeks Postmenstrual Age in Preterm Infants. Am J Ophthalmol 2021; 222:41-53. [PMID: 32891695 PMCID: PMC7930155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2020.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness in preterm infants. DESIGN Prospective observational study. METHODS We imaged 83 awake infants (159 eyes) at 36 ± 1 weeks postmenstrual age (defined as the time elapsed between the first day of the last maternal menstrual period and the time at imaging) using a handheld optical coherence tomography (OCT) system at the bedside. Blinded graders semi-automatically segmented RNFL in the papillomacular bundle (-15 to +15° relative to the fovea-optic nerve axis). We correlated RNFL thickness and 7 characteristics of interest (sex, race, ethnicity, gestational age, birth weight, stage of retinopathy at prematurity, and presence of pre-plus or plus disease) via univariable and multivariable regressions. RESULTS RNFL was 3.4 μm thicker in the right eyes than in the left eyes (P < .001). Among 7 characteristics, birth weight was the only independent predictor of RNFL thickness (P < .001). A 250-g increase in birth weight was associated with 5.2 μm (95% confidence interval: 3.3-7.0) increase in RNFL thickness. Compared with very preterm infants, extremely preterm infants had thinner RNFL (58.0 ± 10.7 μm vs 63.4 ± 10.7 μm, P = .03), but the statistical significance disappeared after adjustment for birth weight (P = .25). RNFL thickness was 11.2 μm thinner in extremely low birth weight infants than in very low birth weight infants (55.5 ± 8.3 μm vs. 66.7 ± 10.2 μm; P < .001). The difference remained statistically significant after adjustment for gestational age. CONCLUSION Birth weight is a significant independent predictor of RNFL thickness near birth, implying that the retinal ganglion cells reserve is affected by intrauterine processes that affect birth weight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangbo L Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Shwetha Mangalesh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Brendan McGeehan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vincent Tai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Neeru Sarin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mays A El-Dairi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sharon F Freedman
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Maureen G Maguire
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cynthia A Toth
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Miller DT, Kurokawa K. Cellular-Scale Imaging of Transparent Retinal Structures and Processes Using Adaptive Optics Optical Coherence Tomography. Annu Rev Vis Sci 2020; 6:115-148. [PMID: 32609578 PMCID: PMC7864592 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-vision-030320-041255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High-resolution retinal imaging is revolutionizing how scientists and clinicians study the retina on the cellular scale. Its exquisite sensitivity enables time-lapse optical biopsies that capture minute changes in the structure and physiological processes of cells in the living eye. This information is increasingly used to detect disease onset and monitor disease progression during early stages, raising the possibility of personalized eye care. Powerful high-resolution imaging tools have been in development for more than two decades; one that has garnered considerable interest in recent years is optical coherence tomography enhanced with adaptive optics. State-of-the-art adaptive optics optical coherence tomography (AO-OCT) makes it possible to visualize even highly transparent cells and measure some of their internal processes at all depths within the retina, permitting reconstruction of a 3D view of the living microscopic retina. In this review, we report current AO-OCT performance and its success in visualizing and quantifying these once-invisible cells in human eyes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald T Miller
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA; ,
| | - Kazuhiro Kurokawa
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA; ,
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ji X, Yao X, Klenner A, Gan Y, Gaeta AL, Hendon CP, Lipson M. Chip-based frequency comb sources for optical coherence tomography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:19896-19905. [PMID: 31503744 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.019896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a powerful interferometric imaging technique widely used in medical fields such as ophthalmology, cardiology and dermatology. Superluminescent diodes (SLDs) are widely used as light sources in OCT. Recently integrated chip-based frequency combs have been demonstrated in numerous platforms and the possibility of using these broadband chip-scale combs for OCT has been raised extensively over the past few years. However, the use of these chip-based frequency combs as light sources for OCT requires bandwidth and power compatibility with current OCT systems and have not been shown to date. Here we generate frequency combs based on chip-scale lithographically-defined microresonators and demonstrate its capability as a novel light source for OCT. The combs are designed with a small spectral line spacing of 0.21 nm which ensure imaging range comparable to commercial system and operated at non-phase locked regime which provide conversion efficiency of 30%. The comb source is shown to be compatible with a standard commercial spectral domain (SD) OCT system and enables imaging of human tissue with image quality comparable to the one achieved with tabletop commercial sources. The comb source also provides a path towards fully integrated OCT systems.
Collapse
|
21
|
Viehland C, Chen X, Tran-Viet D, Jackson-Atogi M, Ortiz P, Waterman G, Vajzovic L, Toth CA, Izatt JA. Ergonomic handheld OCT angiography probe optimized for pediatric and supine imaging. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 10:2623-2638. [PMID: 31143506 PMCID: PMC6524583 DOI: 10.1364/boe.10.002623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
OCT angiography is a functional extension of OCT that allows for non-invasive imaging of retinal microvasculature. However, most current OCT angiography systems are tabletop systems that are typically used for imaging compliant, seated subjects. These systems cannot be readily applied for imaging important patient populations such as bedridden patients, patients undergoing surgery in the operating room, young children in the clinic, and infants in the intensive care nursery. In this manuscript, we describe the design and development of a non-contact, handheld probe optimized for OCT angiography that features a novel diverging light on the scanner optical design that provides improved optical performance over traditional OCT scanner designs. Unlike most handheld OCT probes, which are designed to be held by the side of the case or by a handle, the new probe was optimized for ergonomics of supine imaging where imagers prefer to hold the probe by the lens tube. The probe's design also includes an adjustable brace that gives the operator a point of contact closer to the center of mass of the probe, reducing the moment of inertia around the operator's fingers, facilitating stabilization, and reducing operator fatigue. The probe supports high-speed imaging using a 200 kHz swept source OCT engine, has a motorized stage that provides + 10 to -10 D refractive error correction and weighs 700g. We present initial handheld OCT angiography images from healthy adult volunteers, young children during exams under anesthesia, and non-sedated infants in the intensive care nursery. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first reported use of handheld OCT angiography in non-sedated infants, and the first handheld OCT angiography images which show the clear delineation of key features of the retinal capillary complex including the foveal avascular zone, peripapillary vasculature, the superficial vascular complex, and the deep vascular complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Viehland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Du Tran-Viet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Pablo Ortiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Gar Waterman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lejla Vajzovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Toth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Joseph A. Izatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
DuBose TB, LaRocca F, Farsiu S, Izatt JA. Super-resolution retinal imaging using optically reassigned scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. NATURE PHOTONICS 2019; 13:257-262. [PMID: 31728154 PMCID: PMC6854902 DOI: 10.1038/s41566-019-0369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution optical microscopy techniques have enabled the discovery and visualization of numerous phenomena in physics, chemistry and biology1-3. However, the highest resolution super-resolution techniques depend on nonlinear fluorescence phenomena and are thus inaccessible to the myriad applications that require reflective imaging4,5. One promising super-resolution technique is optical reassignment6, which so far has only shown potential for fluorescence imaging at low speeds. Here, we present novel advances in optical reassignment to adapt it for any scanning microscopy, including reflective imaging, and enable an order of magnitude faster image acquisition than previous optical reassignment techniques. We utilized these advances to implement optically reassigned scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, an in vivo super-resolution human retinal imaging device not reliant on confocal gating. Using this instrument, we achieved high-resolution imaging of living human retinal cone photoreceptor cells (determined by minimum foveal eccentricity) without adaptive optics or chemical dilation of the eye7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore B. DuBose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Francesco LaRocca
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| | - Joseph A. Izatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Design Considerations for Murine Retinal Imaging Using Scattering Angle Resolved Optical Coherence Tomography. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/app8112159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT), an optical imaging approach enabling cross-sectional analysis of turbid samples, is routinely used for retinal imaging in human and animal models of diseases affecting the retina. Scattering angle resolved (SAR-)OCT has previously been demonstrated as offering additional contrast in human studies, but no SAR-OCT system has been reported in detail for imaging the retinas of mice. An optical model of a mouse eye was designed and extended for validity at wavelengths of light around 1310 nm; this model was then utilized to develop a SAR-OCT design for murine retinal imaging. A Monte Carlo technique simulates light scattering from the retina, and the simulation results are confirmed with SAR-OCT images. Various images from the SAR-OCT system are presented and utility of the system is described. SAR-OCT is demonstrated as a viable and robust imaging platform to extend utility of retinal OCT imaging by incorporating scattering data into investigative ophthalmologic analysis.
Collapse
|
24
|
DuBose T, Nankivil D, LaRocca F, Waterman G, Hagan K, Polans J, Keller B, Tran-Viet D, Vajzovic L, Kuo AN, Toth CA, Izatt JA, Farsiu S. Handheld Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscope. OPTICA 2018; 5:1027-1036. [PMID: 31745495 PMCID: PMC6863352 DOI: 10.1364/optica.5.001027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO) has enabled in vivo visualization and enhanced understanding of retinal structure and function. Current generation AOSLOs have a large footprint and are mainly limited to imaging cooperative adult subjects. To extend the application of AOSLO to new patient populations, we have designed the first portable handheld AOSLO (HAOSLO) system. By incorporating a novel computational wavefront sensorless AO algorithm and custom optics, we have miniaturized our HAOSLO to weigh less than 200 grams. HAOSLO imaged the cones closest to the fovea with a handheld probe in adults and captured the first AO-enhanced image of cones in infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore DuBose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Derek Nankivil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Francesco LaRocca
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Gar Waterman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Kristen Hagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - James Polans
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Brenton Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Du Tran-Viet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Lejla Vajzovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Anthony N. Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Toth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Joseph A. Izatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Dsouza R, Won J, Monroy GL, Spillman DR, Boppart SA. Economical and compact briefcase spectral-domain optical coherence tomography system for primary care and point-of-care applications. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-11. [PMID: 30251484 PMCID: PMC6170142 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.9.096003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Development of low-cost and portable optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems is of global interest in the OCT research community. Such systems enable utility broadly throughout a clinical facility, or in remote areas that often lack clinical infrastructure. We report the development and validation of a low-cost, portable briefcase spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system for point-of-care diagnostics in primary care centers and/or in remote settings. The self-contained briefcase OCT contains all associated optical hardware, including light source, spectrometer, hand-held probe, and a laptop. Additionally, this system utilizes unique real-time mosaicking of surface video images that are synchronized with rapid A-scan acquisition to eliminate the need for lateral scanning hardware, and enable the construction of cross-sectional B-mode images over extended lateral distances. The entire briefcase system weighs 9 kg and costs ∼USD$8000 using off-the-shelf components. System performance was validated by acquiring images of in vivo human skin on the fingertip, palm, and nail fold. The efficiency, portability, and low-cost enable accessibility and utility in primary care centers and low-resource settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Dsouza
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Jungeun Won
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Guillermo L. Monroy
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu Z, Tam J, Saeedi O, Hammer DX. Trans-retinal cellular imaging with multimodal adaptive optics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:4246-4262. [PMID: 30615699 PMCID: PMC6157758 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.004246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive optics (AO), when coupled to different imaging modalities, has enabled resolution of various cell types across the entire retinal depth in the living human eye. Extraction of information from retinal cells is optimal when their optical properties, structure, and physiology are matched to the unique capabilities of each imaging modality. Despite the earlier success of multimodal AO (mAO) approaches, the full capabilities of the individual imaging modalities were often diminished rather than enhanced when integrated into multimodal platforms. Furthermore, many mAO designs added unnecessary complexity, making clinical translation difficult. In this study, we present a novel mAO system that combines two complementary approaches, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) and optical coherence tomography (OCT), in one instrument using a simplified optical design, flexible alternation of scanning modes, and independent focus control. The mAO system imaging performance was demonstrated by visualization of cells in their mosaic arrangement across the full depth of the retina in three human subjects, including microglia, nerve fiber bundles, retinal ganglion cells and axons, and capillaries in the inner retina and foveal cones, peripheral rods, and retinal pigment epithelial cells in the outer retina. Multimodal AO is a powerful tool to capture the most complete picture of retinal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolin Liu
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Johnny Tam
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Osamah Saeedi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Maryland Medical Center, 419 W. Redwood St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Daniel X. Hammer
- Center for Devices and Radiological Health (CDRH), U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
HANDHELD SPECTRAL DOMAIN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IMAGING THROUGH THE UNDILATED PUPIL IN INFANTS BORN PRETERM OR WITH HYPOXIC INJURY OR HYDROCEPHALUS. Retina 2018; 38:1588-1594. [PMID: 28570486 DOI: 10.1097/iae.0000000000001735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The authors investigated feasibility of undilated handheld spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) retinal imaging in preterm infants and children with neurologic abnormalities. METHODS Under an institutional review board-approved protocol, the authors attempted handheld SDOCT imaging of the retina, choroid, and optic nerve in infants and young children without pupil dilation. Scans were analyzed for quality and successful capture of foveal, optic nerve, and retinal structural parameters and abnormalities. RESULTS The authors obtained images through an undilated pupil of 11 infants/children over 28 eye imaging sessions, 27 at the bedside without sedation, and one under anesthesia. Infants had retinopathy of prematurity (n = 8), hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (n = 2), or obstructive hydrocephalus (n = 1 child). Pupil sizes ranged from 1.0 mm to 3.5 mm. The authors captured fovea and optic nerve scans in 25/28 eye imaging sessions, with scans of adequate quality to discern prespecified foveal and optic nerve morphology, and of the 25 sessions, the choroidal-scleral junction was visible in all but 6 sessions. CONCLUSION Undilated, handheld SDOCT imaging is a potential alternative method to evaluate the retina and optic nerve in patients with relative contraindication to pharmacological pupil dilation. This approach will enable the study of the eye-brain connection and ocular manifestations of neurologic diseases.
Collapse
|
28
|
Song W, Zhou L, Zhang S, Ness S, Desai M, Yi J. Fiber-based visible and near infrared optical coherence tomography (vnOCT) enables quantitative elastic light scattering spectroscopy in human retina. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:3464-3480. [PMID: 29984110 PMCID: PMC6033571 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.003464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Elastic light scattering spectroscopy (ELSS) has been proven a powerful method in measuring tissue structures with exquisite nanoscale sensitivity. However, ELSS contrast in the living human retina has been relatively underexplored, primarily due to the lack of imaging tools with a large spectral bandwidth. Here, we report a simple all fiber-based setup to implement dual-channel visible and near infrared (NIR) optical coherence tomography (vnOCT) for human retinal imaging, bridging over a 300nm spectral gap. Remarkably, the fiber components in our vnOCT system support single-mode propagation for both visible and NIR light, both of which maintain excellent interference efficiencies with fringe visibility of 97% and 90%, respectively. The longitudinal chromatic aberration from the eye is corrected by a custom-designed achromatizing lens. The elegant fiber-based design enables simultaneous imaging for both channels and allows comprehensive ELSS analysis on several important anatomical layers, including nerve fiber layer, outer segment of the photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium. This vnOCT platform and method of ELSS analysis open new opportunities in understanding structure-function relationship in the human retina and in exploring new biomarkers for retinal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Song
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Libo Zhou
- College of Electronic Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Sui Zhang
- Danna-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Steven Ness
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Manishi Desai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Ji Yi
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Qin W, Chen Q, Xi L. A handheld microscope integrating photoacoustic microscopy and optical coherence tomography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:2205-2213. [PMID: 29760981 PMCID: PMC5946782 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.002205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The combination of optical resolution photoacoustic microscopy (ORPAM) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) is capable of providing complementary imaging contrasts. Unfortunately, the miniaturization of ORPAM remains a major challenge in the development of a handheld dual-modality imaging microscope with OCT. Here, we report the design and evaluation of an integrated ORPAM and OCT imaging probe using a two-dimensional MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical-system)-based optical scanner. This microscope, weighting 35.4 g, has an ultracompact size of 65×30×18 mm3, and an effective imaging area of 2×2 mm2. The experimental lateral resolutions are 3.7 μm (ORPAM) and 5.6 μm (OCT), and the axial resolutions are measured as 120 μm (ORPAM) and 7.3 μm (OCT). Besides phantom and animal experiments, we carried out oral imaging of a healthy volunteer to show the clinical feasibility of this technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Qin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
- School of Physics, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610054, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Uyhazi KE, Binenbaum G, Carducci N, Zackai EH, Aleman TS. Early photoreceptor outer segment loss and retinoschisis in Cohen syndrome. Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 39:399-404. [DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1459735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E. Uyhazi
- Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gil Binenbaum
- Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas Carducci
- Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elaine H. Zackai
- Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tomas S. Aleman
- Scheie Eye Institute at the Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Ophthalmology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Monroy GL, Won J, Spillman DR, Dsouza R, Boppart SA. Clinical translation of handheld optical coherence tomography: practical considerations and recent advancements. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:1-30. [PMID: 29260539 PMCID: PMC5735247 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.12.121715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Since the inception of optical coherence tomography (OCT), advancements in imaging system design and handheld probes have allowed for numerous advancements in disease diagnostics and characterization of the structural and optical properties of tissue. OCT system developers continue to reduce form factor and cost, while improving imaging performance (speed, resolution, etc.) and flexibility for applicability in a broad range of fields, and nearly every clinical specialty. An extensive array of components to construct customized systems has also become available, with a range of commercial entities that produce high-quality products, from single components to full systems, for clinical and research use. Many advancements in the development of these miniaturized and portable systems can be linked back to a specific challenge in academic research, or a clinical need in medicine or surgery. Handheld OCT systems are discussed and explored for various applications. Handheld systems are discussed in terms of their relative level of portability and form factor, with mention of the supporting technologies and surrounding ecosystem that bolstered their development. Additional insight from our efforts to implement systems in several clinical environments is provided. The trend toward well-designed, efficient, and compact handheld systems paves the way for more widespread adoption of OCT into point-of-care or point-of-procedure applications in both clinical and commercial settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo L. Monroy
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Jungeun Won
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Darold R. Spillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Roshan Dsouza
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Bioengineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Carle-Illinois College of Medicine, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Stephen A. Boppart, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Qian R, Carrasco-Zevallos OM, Mangalesh S, Sarin N, Vajzovic L, Farsiu S, Izatt JA, Toth CA. Characterization of Long Working Distance Optical Coherence Tomography for Imaging of Pediatric Retinal Pathology. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2017; 6:12. [PMID: 29057163 PMCID: PMC5644711 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.6.5.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We determined the feasibility of fovea and optic nerve head imaging with a long working distance (LWD) swept source optical coherence tomography (OCT) prototype in adults, teenagers, and young children. METHODS A prototype swept source OCT system with a LWD (defined as distance from the last optical element of the imaging system to the eye) of 350 mm with custom fixation targets was developed to facilitate imaging of children. Imaging was performed in 49 participants from three age groups: 26 adults, 16 children 13 to 18 years old (teenagers), and seven children under 6 years old (young children) under an approved institutional review board protocol. The imaging goal was to acquire high quality scans of the fovea and optic nerve in each eye in the shortest time possible. OCT B-scans and volumes of the fovea and optic nerve head of each eligible eye were captured and graded based on four categories (lateral and axial centration, contrast, and resolution) and on ability to determine presence or absence of pathology. RESULTS LWD-OCT imaging was successful in 88 of 94 eligible eyes, including seven of 10 eyes of young children. Of the successfully acquired OCT images, 83% of B-scan and volumetric images, including 86% from young children, were graded as high-quality scans. Pathology was observed in high-quality OCT images. CONCLUSIONS The prototype LWD-OCT system achieved high quality retinal imaging of adults, teenagers, and some young children with and without pathology with reasonable alignment time. TRANSLATIONAL RELEVANCE The LWD-OCT system can facilitate imaging in children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Shwetha Mangalesh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Neeru Sarin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lejla Vajzovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Sina Farsiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joseph A Izatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia A Toth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
El-Haddad MT, Tao YK. Advances in intraoperative optical coherence tomography for surgical guidance. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
34
|
Carpentras D, Moser C. See-through ophthalmoscope for retinal imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:56006. [PMID: 28530012 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.5.056006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
With the miniaturization of scanning mirrors and the emergence of wearable health monitoring, an intriguing step is to investigate the potential of a laser scanning ophthalmoscope (LSO) for retinal imaging with wearable glasses. In addition to providing morphological information of the retina, such as vasculature, LSO images could also be used to provide information on general health conditions. A compact eyeglass with LSO capability would give access, on demand, to retinal parameters without disturbing the subject’s activity. One of the main challenges in this field is the creation of a device that does not interrupt the user’s field of view. We report, to our knowledge, the first see-through ophthalmoscope. The system is analyzed with three-dimensional simulations and tested in a proof-of-concept setup with the same key parameters of a wearable device. Finally, image quality is analyzed by acquiring images of an ex-vivo human eye sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dino Carpentras
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Moser
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Laboratory of Applied Photonics Devices, Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Yang J, Liu L, Campbell JP, Huang D, Liu G. Handheld optical coherence tomography angiography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:2287-2300. [PMID: 28736672 PMCID: PMC5516829 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We developed a handheld optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) system using a 100-kHz swept-source laser. The handheld probe weighs 0.4 kg and measures 20.6 × 12.8 × 4.6 cm3. The system has dedicated features for handheld operation. The probe is equipped with a mini iris camera for easy alignment. Real-time display of the en face OCT and cross-sectional OCT images in the system allows accurately locating the imaging target. Fast automatic focusing was achieved by an electrically tunable lens controlled by a golden-section search algorithm. An extended axial imaging range of 6 mm allows easy alignment. A registration algorithm using cross-correlation to register adjacent OCT B-frames with propagation from the central frame was used to effectively minimize motion artifacts in volumetric OCTA images captured in relatively short durations of 1 and 2.1 seconds. 2.5 × 2.5 mm (200 × 200 pixels) and 3.5 × 3.5 mm (300 × 300 pixels) retinal angiograms were demonstrated on two awake adult human subjects without the use of any mydriatic eye drops.
Collapse
|
36
|
Liu YZ, South FA, Xu Y, Carney PS, Boppart SA. Computational optical coherence tomography [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:1549-1574. [PMID: 28663849 PMCID: PMC5480564 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.001549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become an important imaging modality with numerous biomedical applications. Challenges in high-speed, high-resolution, volumetric OCT imaging include managing dispersion, the trade-off between transverse resolution and depth-of-field, and correcting optical aberrations that are present in both the system and sample. Physics-based computational imaging techniques have proven to provide solutions to these limitations. This review aims to outline these computational imaging techniques within a general mathematical framework, summarize the historical progress, highlight the state-of-the-art achievements, and discuss the present challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zhi Liu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Fredrick A. South
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Yang Xu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - P. Scott Carney
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Stephen A. Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
- Departments of Bioengineering and Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Carrasco-Zevallos OM, Viehland C, Keller B, Draelos M, Kuo AN, Toth CA, Izatt JA. Review of intraoperative optical coherence tomography: technology and applications [Invited]. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 8:1607-1637. [PMID: 28663853 PMCID: PMC5480568 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.001607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
During microsurgery, en face imaging of the surgical field through the operating microscope limits the surgeon's depth perception and visualization of instruments and sub-surface anatomy. Surgical procedures outside microsurgery, such as breast tumor resections, may also benefit from visualization of the sub-surface tissue structures. The widespread clinical adoption of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in ophthalmology and its growing prominence in other fields, such as cancer imaging, has motivated the development of intraoperative OCT for real-time tomographic visualization of surgical interventions. This article reviews key technological developments in intraoperative OCT and their applications in human surgery. We focus on handheld OCT probes, microscope-integrated OCT systems, and OCT-guided laser treatment platforms designed for intraoperative use. Moreover, we discuss intraoperative OCT adjuncts and processing techniques currently under development to optimize the surgical feedback derivable from OCT data. Lastly, we survey salient clinical studies of intraoperative OCT for human surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Viehland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Brenton Keller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Mark Draelos
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anthony N. Kuo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, NC 27710, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Toth
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, NC 27710, USA
| | - Joseph A. Izatt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical Center, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|