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Dykstra BJ, Griffith GJ, Renfrow MS, Mahon AD, Harber MP. Cardiorespiratory and Muscular Fitness in Children and Adolescents with Obesity. Curr Cardiol Rep 2024; 26:349-357. [PMID: 38460068 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-024-02036-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Examine the current state of literature related to the impact of obesity in children and adolescents on health-related physical fitness and the resultant cardiometabolic disease risk. RECENT FINDINGS Cardiorespiratory fitness of children and adolescents has declined over the past few decades which corresponds with an increase in obesity rates. Children with obesity are more likely to have low cardiorespiratory fitness which is associated with higher cardiometabolic disease risk and poorer mental health. The impact of obesity on muscular fitness in children and adolescents is more difficult to ascertain, but in general measures of physical function are lower in children with obesity which has also been associated with higher cardiometabolic disease risk. Components of health-related physical fitness are trending negatively in children and adolescents and appear to be related to the increase in prevalence of obesity. The resultant cardiometabolic disease risk has also risen which suggests a greater disease burden in the future. These disparaging findings highlight the need for aggressive interventions to improve physical fitness in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Garett J Griffith
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Anthony D Mahon
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, USA
| | - Matthew P Harber
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA.
- Healthy Living for Pandemic Event Protection (HL - PIVOT) Network, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Pfeifer CE, Sacko RS, Ortaglia A, Monsma EV, Beattie PF, Goins J, Stodden DF. Fit to Play? Health-Related Fitness Levels of Youth Athletes: A Pilot Study. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:245-251. [PMID: 31809462 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pfeifer, CE, Sacko, RS, Ortaglia, A, Monsma, EV, Beattie, PF, Goins, J, and Stodden, DF. Fit to play? Health-related fitness levels of youth athletes: A pilot study. J Strength Cond Res 36(1): 245-251, 2022-A recent National Strength and Conditioning Association position statement suggests that many youth are not prepared for the physical demands of sport. The purpose of this study was to compare health-related fitness (HRF) of youth athletes with normative findings from the general population. We recruited 136 athletes (63 male and 73 female athletes) aged 11-19 (16.01 ± 1.35) years and collected HRF (body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, musculoskeletal strength and endurance). Results were categorized based on FITNESSGRAM® standards and compared with Canadian youth general population normative data. Most male athletes were classified as "needs improvement" for cardiorespiratory and muscular endurance, and body mass index (BMI). Conversely, most female athletes were at or above the "healthy fitness zone" for all measures. Male athletes at both age groups (11-14, 15-19; p < 0.001) and female athletes aged 11-14 (p < 0.05) demonstrated lower cardiorespiratory endurance compared with Canadian general population. Female athletes (both age groups) demonstrated greater muscular strength, and male athletes (age, 15-19 years) demonstrated lower BMI than the Canadian general population. The results are concerning as male athletes demonstrated poorer HRF compared with the general population. Although most female athletes were within healthy ranges, a portion of them were still at risk. Considering the demands sport places on the body, evaluating HRF is paramount for performance and injury prevention but more importantly for overall health. Youth sport and strength coaches should evaluate and aim to enhance HRF, as participation in sport does not guarantee adequate HRF. Promoting long-term athletic development and life-long health should be a priority in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig E Pfeifer
- Applied Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Gloucester, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan S Sacko
- Department of Health and Human Performance, The Citadel, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Eva V Monsma
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | | | | | - David F Stodden
- Department of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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García-Hermoso A, Ramírez-Vélez R, García-Alonso Y, Alonso-Martínez AM, Izquierdo M. Association of Cardiorespiratory Fitness Levels During Youth With Health Risk Later in Life: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr 2020; 174:952-960. [PMID: 32870243 PMCID: PMC7489376 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.2400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and health in adults are well understood, to date, no systematic review has quantitatively examined the association between CRF during youth and health parameters later in life. OBJECTIVES To examine the prospective association between CRF in childhood and adolescence and future health status and to assess whether changes in CRF are associated with future health status at least 1 year later. DATA SOURCES For this systematic review and meta-analysis, MEDLINE, Embase, and SPORTDiscus electronic databases were searched for relevant articles published from database inception to January 30, 2020. STUDY SELECTION The following inclusion criteria were used: CRF measured using a validated test and assessed at baseline and/or its change from baseline to the end of follow-up, healthy population with a mean age of 3 to 18 years at baseline, and prospective cohort design with a follow-up period of at least 1 year. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Data were processed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Random-effects models were used to estimate the pooled effect size. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Anthropometric and adiposity measurements and cardiometabolic health parameters. RESULTS Fifty-five studies were included with a total of 37 563 youths (46% female). Weak-moderate associations were found between CRF at baseline and body mass index (r = -0.11; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.04; I2 = 59.03), waist circumference (r = -0.29; 95% CI, -0.42 to -0.14; I2 = 69.42), skinfold thickness (r = -0.34; 95% CI, -0.41 to -0.26; I2 = 83.87), obesity (r = -0.15; 95% CI, -0.23 to -0.06; I2 = 86.75), total cholesterol level (r = -0.12; 95% CI, -0.19 to -0.05; I2 = 75.81), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level (r = 0.11; 95% CI, 0.05-0.18; I2 = 69.06), total cholesterol to HDL-C ratio (r = -0.19; 95% CI, -0.26 to -0.13; I2 = 67.07), triglyceride levels (r = -0.10; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.02; I2 = 73.43), homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (r = -0.12; 95% CI, -0.18 to -0.06; I2 = 68.26), fasting insulin level (r = -0.07; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.03; I2 = 0), and cardiometabolic risk (r = -0.18; 95% CI, -0.29 to -0.07; I2 = 90.61) at follow-up. Meta-regression analyses found that early associations in waist circumference (β = 0.014; 95% CI, 0.002-0.026), skinfold thickness (β = 0.006; 95% CI, 0.002-0.011), HDL-C level (β = -0.006; 95% CI, -0.011 to -0.001), triglyceride levels (β = 0.009; 95% CI, 0.004-0.014), and cardiometabolic risk (β = 0.007; 95% CI, 0.003-0.011) from baseline to follow-up dissipated over time. Weak-moderate associations were found between change in CRF and body mass index (r = -0.17; 95% CI, -0.24 to -0.11; I2 = 39.65), skinfold thickness (r = -0.36; 95% CI, -0.58 to -0.09; I2 = 96.84), obesity (r = -0.21; 95% CI, -0.35 to -0.06; I2 = 91.08), HDL-C level (r = 0.05; 95% CI, 0.02-0.08; I2 = 0), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (r = -0.06; 95% CI, -0.11 to -0.01; I2 = 58.94), and cardiometabolic risk (r = -0.08; 95% CI, -0.15 to -0.02; I2 = 69.53) later in life. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study suggests that early intervention and prevention strategies that target youth CRF may be associated with maintaining health parameters in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio García-Hermoso
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain,Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Robinson Ramírez-Vélez
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Yesenia García-Alonso
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alicia M. Alonso-Martínez
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mikel Izquierdo
- Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
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Raghuveer G, Hartz J, Lubans DR, Takken T, Wiltz JL, Mietus-Snyder M, Perak AM, Baker-Smith C, Pietris N, Edwards NM. Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Youth: An Important Marker of Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2020; 142:e101-e118. [PMID: 32686505 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) refers to the capacity of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply oxygen to skeletal muscle mitochondria for energy production needed during physical activity. CRF is an important marker of physical and mental health and academic achievement in youth. However, only 40% of US youth are currently believed to have healthy CRF. In this statement, we review the physiological principles that determine CRF, the tools that are available to assess CRF, the modifiable and nonmodifiable factors influencing CRF, the association of CRF with markers of health in otherwise healthy youth, and the temporal trends in CRF both in the United States and internationally. Development of a cost-effective CRF measurement process that could readily be incorporated into office visits and in field settings to screen all youth periodically could help identify those at increased risk.
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Langer RD, da Costa KG, Bortolotti H, Fernandes GA, de Jesus RS, Gonçalves EM. Phase angle is associated with cardiorespiratory fitness and body composition in children aged between 9 and 11 years. Physiol Behav 2020; 215:112772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Celis-Morales CA, Lyall DM, Petermann F, Anderson J, Ward J, Iliodromiti S, Mackay DF, Welsh P, Bailey MES, Pell J, Sattar N, Gill JMR, Gray SR. Do physical activity, commuting mode, cardiorespiratory fitness and sedentary behaviours modify the genetic predisposition to higher BMI? Findings from a UK Biobank study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:1526-1538. [PMID: 31168053 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-019-0381-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the association between a genetic profile risk score for obesity (GPRS-obesity) (based on 93 SNPs) and body mass index (BMI) was modified by physical activity (PA), cardiorespiratory fitness, commuting mode, walking pace and sedentary behaviours. METHODS For the analyses we used cross-sectional baseline data from 310,652 participants in the UK Biobank study. We investigated interaction effects of GPRS-obesity with objectively measured and self-reported PA, cardiorespiratory fitness, commuting mode, walking pace, TV viewing, playing computer games, PC-screen time and total sedentary behaviour on BMI. Body mass index (BMI) was the main outcome measure. RESULTS GPRS-obesity was associated with BMI (β:0.54 kg.m-2 per standard deviation (SD) increase in GPRS, [95% CI: 0.53; 0.56]; P = 2.1 × 10-241). There was a significant interaction between GPRS-obesity and objectively measured PA (P[interaction] = 3.3 × 10-11): among inactive individuals, BMI was higher by 0.58 kg.m-2 per SD increase in GPRS-obesity (p = 1.3 × 10-70) whereas among active individuals the relevant BMI difference was less (β:0.33 kg.m-2, p = 6.4 × 10-41). We observed similar patterns for fitness (Unfit β:0.72 versus Fit β:0.36 kg.m-2, P[interaction] = 1.4 × 10-11), walking pace (Slow β:0.91 versus Brisk β:0.38 kg.m-2, P[interaction] = 8.1 × 10-27), discretionary sedentary behaviour (High β:0.64 versus Low β:0.48 kg.m-2, P[interaction] = 9.1 × 10-12), TV viewing (High β:0.62 versus Low β:0.47 kg.m-2, P[interaction] = 1.7 × 10-11), PC-screen time (High β:0.82 versus Low β:0.54 kg.m-2, P[interaction] = 0.0004) and playing computer games (Often β:0.69 versus Low β:0.52 kg.m-2, P[interaction] = 8.9 × 10-10). No significant interactions were found for commuting mode (car, public transport, active commuters). CONCLUSIONS Physical activity, sedentary behaviours and fitness modify the extent to which a set of the most important known adiposity variants affect BMI. This suggests that the adiposity benefits of high PA and low sedentary behaviour may be particularly important in individuals with high genetic risk for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Celis-Morales
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.,Centro de Investigación en Fisiología del Ejercicio (CIFE), Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - Donald M Lyall
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Fanny Petermann
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.,Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Jana Anderson
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Stamatina Iliodromiti
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Daniel F Mackay
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Paul Welsh
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Mark E S Bailey
- School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Jill Pell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8RZ, UK
| | - Naveed Sattar
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jason M R Gill
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Stuart R Gray
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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Mintjens S, Menting MD, Daams JG, van Poppel MNM, Roseboom TJ, Gemke RJBJ. Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Childhood and Adolescence Affects Future Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review of Longitudinal Studies. Sports Med 2019; 48:2577-2605. [PMID: 30144022 PMCID: PMC6182463 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0974-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in childhood and adolescence may be linked to future cardiovascular health, there is currently limited evidence for a longitudinal association. OBJECTIVES To provide a systematic review on the prospective association between CRF in childhood and adolescence and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors at least 2 years later. METHODS Using a systematic search of Medline, Embase, and SPORTDiscus, relevant articles were identified by the following criteria: generally healthy children and adolescents between 3 and 18 years of age with CRF assessed at baseline, and a follow-up period of ≥ 2 years. The outcome measures were CVD risk factors. We appraised quality of the included articles with STROBE and QUIPS checklists. RESULTS After screening 7524 titles and abstracts, we included 38 articles, assessing 44,169 children and adolescents followed up for a median of 6 years. Eleven articles were of high quality. There was considerable heterogeneity in methodology, measurement of CRF, and outcomes, which hampered meta-analysis. In approximately half of the included articles higher CRF in childhood and adolescence was associated with lower body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, body fatness and lower prevalence of metabolic syndrome in later life. No associations between CRF in childhood and adolescence and future waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, lipid profile, and glucose homeostasis were observed. CONCLUSION Although about half of the included articles reported inverse associations between CRF in childhood and adolescence and future BMI, body fatness, and metabolic syndrome, evidence for other CVD risk factors was unconvincing. Many articles did not account for important confounding factors such as adiposity. Recommendations for future research include standardizing the measurement of CRF, i.e. by reporting VO2max, using standardized outcome assessments, and performing individual patient data meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Mintjens
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Room KTC 4-021, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Malou D Menting
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost G Daams
- Medical Library AMC, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mireille N M van Poppel
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute of Sport Science, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tessa J Roseboom
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 5, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Reinoud J B J Gemke
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, Room KTC 4-021, 1081 HZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Stodden D, Sacko R, Nesbitt D. A Review of the Promotion of Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth. Am J Lifestyle Med 2017; 11:232-242. [PMID: 30202338 PMCID: PMC6125085 DOI: 10.1177/1559827615619577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between physical fitness and health in adults is well established, yet until recently, empirical support for the impact of physical fitness levels on health markers in children has not been thoroughly documented. The aim of this review was to provide a summary of current literature that has examined the linkage between measures of health-related physical fitness (ie, cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness, flexibility, and body composition) and health markers in youth. Specifically, this review focused on the findings from the recent 2012 Institutes of Medicine report on Fitness Measures in Youth as well as other subsequent review articles related to the topic. In addition, recommendations for health-related fitness assessments in youth populations are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Danielle Nesbitt
- Department of Physical Education and Athletic Training, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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Fat Mass Centile Charts for Brazilian Children and Adolescents and the Identification of the Roles of Socioeconomic Status and Physical Fitness on Fat Mass Development. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:151. [PMID: 26805867 PMCID: PMC4772171 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents fat mass centile charts for Brazilian youth and investigates the roles of socioeconomic status and physical fitness (PF) on fat mass (FM) development. Two northeast Brazilian samples were used: a cross-sectional sample of 3659 (1921 girls) aged 8 to 16 years and a mixed-longitudinal series of cohorts (8-10, 10-12, 12-14, 14-16 years) with 250 boys and 250 girls. A measure of somatic maturity was used as a marker of biological maturation; PF comprised agility, explosive and static strength, and aerobic capacity. Socioeconomic status was based on school attended; public or private. Slaughter's anthropometric equations were used to estimate FM. Percentile charts was constructed using the LMS method. HLM (Hierarchical Linear Model) 7 software modeled FM changes, identifying inter-individual differences and their covariates. Girls and boys had different FM percentile values at each age; FM increased nonlinearly in both girls and boys. Higher PF levels reduced FM changes across time in both sexes. Sex-specific non-linear FM references were provided representing important tools for nutritionists, pediatriciann and educators. Physical fitness levels were found to act as a protective factor in FM increases. As such, we emphasize PF importance as a putative health marker and highlight the need for its systematic development across the school years.
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Awotidebe A, Monyeki MA, Moss SJ, Strydom GL, Amstrong M, Kemper HCG. Relationship of adiposity and cardiorespiratory fitness with resting blood pressure of South African adolescents: the PAHL Study. J Hum Hypertens 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2015.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Glaner MF, Nascimento TBR, Nóbrega ODT. Aerobic fitness modulates the association between APOE genotypes and serum lipemia in adolescents. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742014000300013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the association between APOE alleles and serum lipemia in adolescents with low and adequate aerobic fitness. The sample was comprised of 105 boys and 151 girls (49% and 46% from rural area) of European ancestry, aged 11 to 17 years, and classified according to: 1) APOE genotype: group ε2 (ε2/3+ε2/2), ε3 (ε3/3), and ε4 (ε3/4+ε4/4); 2) aerobic fitness: adequate or low; 3) serum lipemia: elevated total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL). The results showed that aerobic fitness modulates the association between APOE alleles and serum lipemia in adolescents, suggesting that adequate aerobic fitness levels exert a greater effect of reducing TC and LDL in ε2 carriers, as well as of increasing HDL and reducing triglycerides in ε3 and ε4 carriers.
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Sacheck JM, Hall M. Current Evidence for the Impact of Physical Fitness on Health Outcomes in Youth. Am J Lifestyle Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/1559827614537780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical fitness is tightly linked to our ability to be physically active, and poor fitness is tied to increased risk of lifestyle diseases such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease in adulthood. In 2011, the Institute of Medicine appointed an expert committee to review the evidence between physical fitness and health outcomes in youth. Specifically, experimental and longitudinal studies published between 2000 and 2010 were reviewed in the areas of body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness, and flexibility. Specific fitness tests that were linked to health risk factors or health outcomes in each of these areas were identified. Recommendations for the best fitness test items for use in schools and also for a national survey were given. In addition, guidance was provided for interpretation of fitness test scores along with recommendations for areas of needed future research. Key findings from the final report “Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth” will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M. Sacheck
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (JMS, MH)
| | - Meghan Hall
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts (JMS, MH)
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Hyun YY, Kim H, Lee KB. Fat Mass Gain Predicts Estimated GFR Decline in a Relatively Healthy Korean Population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 126:90-6. [DOI: 10.1159/000360363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, Castillo MJ. Actividad física, condición física y sobrepeso en niños y adolescentes: evidencia procedente de estudios epidemiológicos. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 60:458-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Willig AL, Hunter GR, Casazza K, Heimburger DC, Beasley TM, Fernandez JR. Body fat and racial genetic admixture are associated with aerobic fitness levels in a multiethnic pediatric population. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011; 19:2222-7. [PMID: 21546928 PMCID: PMC3182292 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2011.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic fitness and adiposity are each independently associated with health outcomes among children, although the relationship between these two variables is unclear. Our objectives were to evaluate (i) the association of adiposity with aerobic fitness using objectively measured levels of percent body fat, compared to BMI as a percentile proxy for adiposity while controlling for genetic admixture, and (ii) the congruence of BMI categories with high and low body fat categories of objectively measured percent body fat. Participants were 232 African-American (AA), European-American (EA), and Hispanic-American (HA) children aged 7-12 years (Tanner stage <3). Aerobic fitness was measured via a submaximal indirect calorimetry treadmill test (VO(2-170)), and physical activity levels with accelerometry. Genetic admixture estimates were obtained using 140 genetic ancestry informative markers to estimate European, African, and Amerindian admixture. Fat mass was determined using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Children were classified into a low body fat group (<25% in males, <30% in females) or a high body fat group based on their percent body fat; children were also categorized according to BMI percentile. Children in the low body fat group had significantly higher aerobic fitness (P < 0.05) regardless of BMI percentile classification. Higher African genetic admixture was associated with lower aerobic fitness (P < 0.05), while physical activity was positively associated with fitness (P < 0.01). In conclusion, aerobic fitness levels differ by percent body fat and genetic admixture irrespective of BMI classification, and such differences should be taken into account when evaluating outcomes of health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Willig
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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16
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He QQ, Wong TW, Du L, Jiang ZQ, Yu TSI, Qiu H, Gao Y, Liu WJ, Wu JG. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and obesity among Chinese children. Prev Med 2011; 52:109-13. [PMID: 21108961 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationships of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and physical activity (PA) with the risk of overweight/obesity in Chinese schoolchildren. METHODS A total of 1795 children aged 8-13 years at baseline were followed-up for 18 months from 2006 to 2008 in Guangzhou, China. Children were categorized as "normal weight", "overweight", and "obese" using Chinese obesity cut-off points. Data on self-reported PA were obtained. CRF was determined by the 20-meter multistage fitness test, and the sex-specific median values were set as the cut-off points for the classification of high and low CRF. RESULTS Significantly higher CRF was found in children with normal weight (from 6.55 to 8.65 ml/kg/min) or physically active children (from 0.42 to 1.22 ml/kg/min) compared with the reference group. CRF was inversely associated with the kg/m(2) change in BMI during the follow-up period (β=-0.63 kg/m(2) and -0.64 kg/m(2) for boys and girls, respectively, both p<0.001). Significant association of baseline CRF with overweight/obesity was found in boys (odds ratio (OR) 8.71; 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.59-29.26, p<0.001), whereas the association was marginally insignificant in girls (OR 6.87; 95% CI 0.96-49.09, p=0.055). CONCLUSIONS The results showed a strong negative association between CRF levels and children's BMI and weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-qiang He
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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Lee DC, Artero EG, Sui X, Blair SN. Mortality trends in the general population: the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Psychopharmacol 2010; 24:27-35. [PMID: 20923918 PMCID: PMC2951585 DOI: 10.1177/1359786810382057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is not only an objective measure of habitual physical activity, but also a useful diagnostic and prognostic health indicator for patients in clinical settings. Although compelling evidence has shown that CRF is a strong and independent predictor of all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality, the importance of CRF is often overlooked from a clinical perspective compared with other risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, or obesity. Several prospective studies indicate that CRF is at least as important as the traditional risk factors, and is often more strongly associated with mortality. In addition, previous studies report that CRF appears to attenuate the increased risk of death associated with obesity. Most individuals can improve their CRF through regular physical activity. Several biological mechanisms suggest that CRF improves insulin sensitivity, blood lipid profile, body composition, inflammation, and blood pressure. Based on the evidence, health professionals should encourage their patients to improve CRF through regular physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duck-chul Lee
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South, Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
| | - Enrique G Artero
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Xuemei Sui
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South, Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Steven N Blair
- Department of Exercise Science; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Physical activity and cardiovascular performance – how important is cardiorespiratory fitness in childhood? J Public Health (Oxf) 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-008-0190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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