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Fares J, Wan Y, Mair R, Price SJ. Molecular diversity in isocitrate dehydrogenase-wild-type glioblastoma. Brain Commun 2024; 6:fcae108. [PMID: 38646145 PMCID: PMC11032202 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcae108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In the dynamic landscape of glioblastoma, the 2021 World Health Organization Classification of Central Nervous System tumours endeavoured to establish biological homogeneity, yet isocitrate dehydrogenase-wild-type (IDH-wt) glioblastoma persists as a tapestry of clinical and molecular diversity. Intertumoural heterogeneity in IDH-wt glioblastoma presents a formidable challenge in treatment strategies. Recent strides in genetics and molecular biology have enhanced diagnostic precision, revealing distinct subtypes and invasive patterns that influence survival in patients with IDH-wt glioblastoma. Genetic and molecular biomarkers, such as the overexpression of neurofibromin 1, phosphatase and tensin homolog and/or cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2A, along with specific immune cell abundance and neurotransmitters, correlate with favourable outcomes. Conversely, increased expression of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and/or vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, coupled with the prevalence of glioma stem cells, tumour-associated myeloid cells, regulatory T cells and exhausted effector cells, signifies an unfavourable prognosis. The methylation status of O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and the influence of microenvironmental factors and neurotransmitters further shape treatment responses. Understanding intertumoural heterogeneity is complemented by insights into intratumoural dynamics and cellular interactions within the tumour microenvironment. Glioma stem cells and immune cell composition significantly impact progression and outcomes, emphasizing the need for personalized therapies targeting pro-tumoural signalling pathways and resistance mechanisms. A successful glioblastoma management demands biomarker identification, combination therapies and a nuanced approach considering intratumoural variability. These advancements herald a transformative era in glioblastoma comprehension and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawad Fares
- Academic Neurosurgery Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge Brain Tumour Imaging Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Yizhou Wan
- Academic Neurosurgery Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge Brain Tumour Imaging Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Richard Mair
- Academic Neurosurgery Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Stephen J Price
- Academic Neurosurgery Division, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Cambridge Brain Tumour Imaging Laboratory, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
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2
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Eckert F, Ganser K, Bender B, Schittenhelm J, Skardelly M, Behling F, Tabatabai G, Hoffmann E, Zips D, Huber SM, Paulsen F. Potential of pre-operative MRI features in glioblastoma to predict for molecular stem cell subtype and patient overall survival. Radiother Oncol 2023; 188:109865. [PMID: 37619660 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2023.109865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY A molecular signature based on 10 mRNA abundances that characterizes the mesenchymal-to-proneural phenotype of glioblastoma stem(like) cells (GSCs) enriched in primary culture has been previously established. As this phenotype has been proposed to be prognostic for disease outcome the present study aims to identify features of the preoperative MR imaging that may predict the GSC phenotype of individual tumors. MATERIAL/METHODS Molecular mesenchymal-to-proneural mRNA signatures and intrinsic radioresistance (SF4, survival fraction at 4 Gy) of primary GSC-enriched cultures were associated with survival data and pre-operative MR imaging of the corresponding glioblastoma patients of a prospective cohort (n = 24). The analyzed imaging parameters comprised linear vectors derived from tumor volume, necrotic volume and edema as contoured manually. RESULTS A necrosis/tumor vector ratio and to a weaker extent the product of this ratio and the edema vector were identified to correlate with the mesenchymal-to-proneural mRNA signature and the SF4 of the patient-derived GSC cultures. Importantly, both parameter combinations were predictive for overall survival of the whole patient cohort. Moreover, the combination of necrosis/tumor vector ratio and edema vector differed significantly between uni- and multifocally recurring tumors. CONCLUSION Features of the preoperative MR images may reflect the molecular signature of the GSC population and might be used in the future as a prognostic factor and for treatment stratification especially in the MGMT promotor-unmethylated sub-cohort of glioblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Eckert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Medical University Vienna, Department of Radiation Oncology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Katrin Ganser
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Bender
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Schittenhelm
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marco Skardelly
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tübingen, Germany; Centre for Neurooncology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Felix Behling
- Centre for Neurooncology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Elgin Hoffmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Zips
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany; Department of Radiation Oncology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan M Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Frank Paulsen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Tübingen, Germany
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3
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De Bacco F, Orzan F, Crisafulli G, Prelli M, Isella C, Casanova E, Albano R, Reato G, Erriquez J, D'Ambrosio A, Panero M, Dall'Aglio C, Casorzo L, Cominelli M, Pagani F, Melcarne A, Zeppa P, Altieri R, Morra I, Cassoni P, Garbossa D, Cassisa A, Bartolini A, Pellegatta S, Comoglio PM, Finocchiaro G, Poliani PL, Boccaccio C. Coexisting cancer stem cells with heterogeneous gene amplifications, transcriptional profiles, and malignancy are isolated from single glioblastomas. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112816. [PMID: 37505981 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is known as an intractable, highly heterogeneous tumor encompassing multiple subclones, each supported by a distinct glioblastoma stem cell (GSC). The contribution of GSC genetic and transcriptional heterogeneity to tumor subclonal properties is debated. In this study, we describe the systematic derivation, propagation, and characterization of multiple distinct GSCs from single, treatment-naive GBMs (GSC families). The tumorigenic potential of each GSC better correlates with its transcriptional profile than its genetic make-up, with classical GSCs being inherently more aggressive and mesenchymal more dependent on exogenous growth factors across multiple GBMs. These GSCs can segregate and recapitulate different histopathological aspects of the same GBM, as shown in a paradigmatic tumor with two histopathologically distinct components, including a conventional GBM and a more aggressive primitive neuronal component. This study provides a resource for investigating how GSCs with distinct genetic and/or phenotypic features contribute to individual GBM heterogeneity and malignant escalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Bacco
- Laboratory of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Francesca Orzan
- Laboratory of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | | | - Marta Prelli
- Laboratory of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Claudio Isella
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; Laboratory of Oncogenomics, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Elena Casanova
- Laboratory of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Raffaella Albano
- Core Facilities, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Gigliola Reato
- Laboratory of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Jessica Erriquez
- Core Facilities, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Ambrosio
- Laboratory of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Mara Panero
- Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Carmine Dall'Aglio
- Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Laura Casorzo
- Unit of Pathology, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Manuela Cominelli
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Pagani
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Melcarne
- Neurosurgery Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Zeppa
- Neurosurgery Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Altieri
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Isabella Morra
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Cassoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Diego Garbossa
- Neurosurgery Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, 10126 Turin, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Anna Cassisa
- Laboratory of Oncogenomics, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Alice Bartolini
- Core Facilities, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Serena Pellegatta
- Unit of Immunotherapy of Brain Tumors, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico C. Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo M Comoglio
- IFOM ETS - The AIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Pietro L Poliani
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Carla Boccaccio
- Laboratory of Cancer Stem Cell Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy; Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10060 Candiolo, Italy.
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4
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Pieri V, Gallotti AL, Drago D, Cominelli M, Pagano I, Conti V, Valtorta S, Coliva A, Lago S, Michelatti D, Massimino L, Ungaro F, Perani L, Spinelli A, Castellano A, Falini A, Zippo A, Poliani PL, Moresco RM, Andolfo A, Galli R. Aberrant L-Fucose Accumulation and Increased Core Fucosylation Are Metabolic Liabilities in Mesenchymal Glioblastoma. Cancer Res 2023; 83:195-218. [PMID: 36409826 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a common and deadly form of brain tumor in adults. Dysregulated metabolism in GBM offers an opportunity to deploy metabolic interventions as precise therapeutic strategies. To identify the molecular drivers and the modalities by which different molecular subgroups of GBM exploit metabolic rewiring to sustain tumor progression, we interrogated the transcriptome, the metabolome, and the glycoproteome of human subgroup-specific GBM sphere-forming cells (GSC). L-fucose abundance and core fucosylation activation were elevated in mesenchymal (MES) compared with proneural GSCs; this pattern was retained in subgroup-specific xenografts and in subgroup-affiliated human patient samples. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of core fucosylation significantly reduced tumor growth in MES GBM preclinical models. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based glycoproteomic screening indicated that most MES-restricted core-fucosylated proteins are involved in therapeutically relevant GBM pathological processes, such as extracellular matrix interaction, cell adhesion, and integrin-mediated signaling. Selective L-fucose accumulation in MES GBMs was observed using preclinical minimally invasive PET, implicating this metabolite as a potential subgroup-restricted biomarker.Overall, these findings indicate that L-fucose pathway activation in MES GBM is a subgroup-specific dependency that could provide diagnostic markers and actionable therapeutic targets. SIGNIFICANCE Metabolic characterization of subgroup-specific glioblastoma (GBM) sphere-forming cells identifies the L-fucose pathway as a vulnerability restricted to mesenchymal GBM, disclosing a potential precision medicine strategy for targeting cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Pieri
- Division of Neuroscience, Neural Stem Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto L Gallotti
- Division of Neuroscience, Neural Stem Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Denise Drago
- ProMeFa, Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Cominelli
- Molecular and Translational Medicine Department, Pathology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Pagano
- Division of Neuroscience, Neural Stem Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Conti
- Division of Neuroscience, Neural Stem Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Valtorta
- Nuclear Medicine and PET Cyclotron Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Angela Coliva
- Nuclear Medicine and PET Cyclotron Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Lago
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & Epigenetics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Daniela Michelatti
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & Epigenetics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Massimino
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Department, Experimental Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Ungaro
- Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Department, Experimental Gastroenterology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Perani
- Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Antonella Castellano
- Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Falini
- Neuroradiology Unit and CERMAC, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University and IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Zippo
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO), Laboratory of Chromatin Biology & Epigenetics, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Pietro L Poliani
- Molecular and Translational Medicine Department, Pathology Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosa Maria Moresco
- Nuclear Medicine and PET Cyclotron Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy.,Institute of Bioimaging and Molecular Physiology (IBFM), CNR, Segrate, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Surgery and Tecnomed Foundation, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Annapaola Andolfo
- ProMeFa, Center for Omics Sciences, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Rossella Galli
- Division of Neuroscience, Neural Stem Cell Biology Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
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5
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Uljanovs R, Sinkarevs S, Strumfs B, Vidusa L, Merkurjeva K, Strumfa I. Immunohistochemical Profile of Parathyroid Tumours: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136981. [PMID: 35805976 PMCID: PMC9266566 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry remains an indispensable tool in diagnostic surgical pathology. In parathyroid tumours, it has four main applications: to detect (1) loss of parafibromin; (2) other manifestations of an aberrant immunophenotype hinting towards carcinoma; (3) histogenesis of a neck mass and (4) pathogenetic events, including features of tumour microenvironment and immune landscape. Parafibromin stain is mandatory to identify the new entity of parafibromin-deficient parathyroid neoplasm, defined in the WHO classification (2022). Loss of parafibromin indicates a greater probability of malignant course and should trigger the search for inherited or somatic CDC73 mutations. Aberrant immunophenotype is characterised by a set of markers that are lost (parafibromin), down-regulated (e.g., APC protein, p27 protein, calcium-sensing receptor) or up-regulated (e.g., proliferation activity by Ki-67 exceeding 5%) in parathyroid carcinoma compared to benign parathyroid disease. Aberrant immunophenotype is not the final proof of malignancy but should prompt the search for the definitive criteria for carcinoma. Histogenetic studies can be necessary for differential diagnosis between thyroid vs. parathyroid origin of cervical or intrathyroidal mass; detection of parathyroid hormone (PTH), chromogranin A, TTF-1, calcitonin or CD56 can be helpful. Finally, immunohistochemistry is useful in pathogenetic studies due to its ability to highlight both the presence and the tissue location of certain proteins. The main markers and challenges (technological variations, heterogeneity) are discussed here in the light of the current WHO classification (2022) of parathyroid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romans Uljanovs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Stanislavs Sinkarevs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Boriss Strumfs
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
- Latvian Institute of Organic Synthesis, LV-1006 Riga, Latvia
| | - Liga Vidusa
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Kristine Merkurjeva
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
| | - Ilze Strumfa
- Department of Pathology, Riga Stradins University, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia; (R.U.); (S.S.); (B.S.); (L.V.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence:
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6
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Simulating the behaviour of glioblastoma multiforme based on patient MRI during treatments. J Math Biol 2022; 84:44. [PMID: 35482133 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-022-01747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is a brain cancer that still shows poor prognosis for patients despite the active research for new treatments. In this work, the goal is to model and simulate the evolution of tumour associated angiogenesis and the therapeutic response to glioblastoma multiforme. Multiple phenomena are modelled in order to fit different biological pathways, such as the cellular cycle, apoptosis, hypoxia or angiogenesis. This leads to a nonlinear system with 4 equations and 4 unknowns: the density of tumour cells, the [Formula: see text] concentration, the density of endothelial cells and the vascular endothelial growth factor concentration. This system is solved numerically on a mesh fitting the geometry of the brain and the tumour of a patient based on a 2D slice of MRI. We show that our numerical scheme is positive, and we give the energy estimates on the discrete solution to ensure its existence. The numerical scheme uses nonlinear control volume finite elements in space and is implicit in time. Numerical simulations have been done using the different standard treatments: surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy, in order to conform to the behaviour of a tumour in response to treatments according to empirical clinical knowledge. We find that our theoretical model exhibits realistic behaviours.
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7
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Rodriguez SMB, Staicu GA, Sevastre AS, Baloi C, Ciubotaru V, Dricu A, Tataranu LG. Glioblastoma Stem Cells-Useful Tools in the Battle against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094602. [PMID: 35562993 PMCID: PMC9100635 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) are cells with a self-renewal ability and capacity to initiate tumors upon serial transplantation that have been linked to tumor cell heterogeneity. Most standard treatments fail to completely eradicate GSCs, causing the recurrence of the disease. GSCs could represent one reason for the low efficacy of cancer therapy and for the short relapse time. Nonetheless, experimental data suggest that the presence of therapy-resistant GSCs could explain tumor recurrence. Therefore, to effectively target GSCs, a comprehensive understanding of their biology and the survival and developing mechanisms during treatment is mandatory. This review provides an overview of the molecular features, microenvironment, detection, and targeting strategies of GSCs, an essential information required for an efficient therapy. Despite the outstanding results in oncology, researchers are still developing novel strategies, of which one could be targeting the GSCs present in the hypoxic regions and invasive edge of the glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mara Baez Rodriguez
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.B.R.); (V.C.); (L.G.T.)
| | - Georgiana-Adeline Staicu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (G.-A.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Ani-Simona Sevastre
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Carina Baloi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (G.-A.S.); (C.B.)
| | - Vasile Ciubotaru
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.B.R.); (V.C.); (L.G.T.)
| | - Anica Dricu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania; (G.-A.S.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ligia Gabriela Tataranu
- Neurosurgical Department, Clinical Hospital “Bagdasar-Arseni”, 041915 Bucharest, Romania; (S.M.B.R.); (V.C.); (L.G.T.)
- Department 6—Clinical Neurosciences, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
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8
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Markwell SM, Ross JL, Olson CL, Brat DJ. Necrotic reshaping of the glioma microenvironment drives disease progression. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 143:291-310. [PMID: 35039931 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-021-02401-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most common primary brain tumor and has a dismal prognosis. The development of central necrosis represents a tipping point in the evolution of these tumors that foreshadows aggressive expansion, swiftly leading to mortality. The onset of necrosis, severe hypoxia and associated radial glioma expansion correlates with dramatic tumor microenvironment (TME) alterations that accelerate tumor growth. In the past, most have concluded that hypoxia and necrosis must arise due to "cancer outgrowing its blood supply" when rapid tumor growth outpaces metabolic supply, leading to diffusion-limited hypoxia. However, growing evidence suggests that microscopic intravascular thrombosis driven by the neoplastic overexpression of pro-coagulants attenuates glioma blood supply (perfusion-limited hypoxia), leading to TME restructuring that includes breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, immunosuppressive immune cell accumulation, microvascular hyperproliferation, glioma stem cell enrichment and tumor cell migration outward. Cumulatively, these adaptations result in rapid tumor expansion, resistance to therapeutic interventions and clinical progression. To inform future translational investigations, the complex interplay among environmental cues and myriad cell types that contribute to this aggressive phenotype requires better understanding. This review focuses on contributions from intratumoral thrombosis, the effects of hypoxia and necrosis, the adaptive and innate immune responses, and the current state of targeted therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Markwell
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 3-140, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - James L Ross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cheryl L Olson
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 3-140, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J Brat
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern Medicine Malnati Brain Tumor Institute of the Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Chicago Ave. Ward 3-140, Chicago, IL, USA.
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9
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Liu S, Lu Y, Geng D. Molecular Subgroup Classification in Alzheimer's Disease by Transcriptomic Profiles. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:866-879. [PMID: 35080766 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-021-01957-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive cognitive disorder that occurs worldwide, and the lack of disease-modifying targets and pathways is a pressing issue. This study aimed to provide new targets and pathways by performing molecular subgroup classification. After normalizing the collected data, the subgroup number was confirmed with consensus clustering. Comparisons of clinical features among subgroups were conducted to clarify the clinical traits of each subgroup. Subgroup-specific genes were identified to perform weighted gene coexpression analysis (WGCNA). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses were carried out. Next, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed. Protein-protein interaction networks were built to screen core genes and in each subgroup to perform Spearman correlation analysis with clinical traits. Sequencing profiles of 1068 AD samples collected from 2 datasets were classified into 3 subgroups. Clinical comparisons revealed that patients in subgroup III tended to be younger, while their pathological grades were the most severe. WGCNA detected four gene modules, and the turquoise module, where the dopaminergic synapse pathway was enriched, was related to subgroup I. The neurotrophin signaling pathway and TGF-beta signaling pathway were robustly enriched in the blue and brown modules, respectively, in subgroup III. Moreover, 3 hub genes in subgroup I were negatively correlated with the sum of neurofibrillary tangle (Nft) density. Conversely, hub genes in subgroups II and III exhibited positive correlations with the sum of Nft density. These results provide new pathways and targets for AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, West Huaihai Road 99, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Neurology, The Municipal Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221116, Jiangsu, China
| | - Deqin Geng
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, West Huaihai Road 99, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China.
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10
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Hoogstrate Y, Ghisai SA, de Wit M, de Heer I, Draaisma K, van Riet J, van de Werken HJG, Bours V, Buter J, Vanden Bempt I, Eoli M, Franceschi E, Frenel JS, Gorlia T, Hanse MC, Hoeben A, Kerkhof M, Kros JM, Leenstra S, Lombardi G, Lukacova S, Robe PA, Sepulveda JM, Taal W, Taphoorn M, Vernhout RM, Walenkamp AME, Watts C, Weller M, de Vos FYF, Jenster GW, van den Bent M, French PJ. The EGFRvIII transcriptome in glioblastoma, a meta-omics analysis. Neuro Oncol 2021; 24:429-441. [PMID: 34608482 PMCID: PMC8917407 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noab231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background EGFR is among the genes most frequently altered in glioblastoma, with exons 2-7 deletions (EGFRvIII) being among its most common genomic mutations. There are conflicting reports about its prognostic role and it remains unclear whether and how it differs in signaling compared with wildtype EGFR. Methods To better understand the oncogenic role of EGFRvIII, we leveraged 4 large datasets into 1 large glioblastoma transcriptome dataset (n = 741) alongside 81 whole-genome samples from 2 datasets. Results The EGFRvIII/EGFR expression ratios differ strongly between tumors and range from 1% to 95%. Interestingly, the slope of relative EGFRvIII expression is near-linear, which argues against a more positive selection pressure than EGFR wildtype. An absence of selection pressure is also suggested by the similar survival between EGFRvIII-positive and -negative glioblastoma patients. EGFRvIII levels are inversely correlated with pan-EGFR (all wildtype and mutant variants) expression, which indicates that EGFRvIII has a higher potency in downstream pathway activation. EGFRvIII-positive glioblastomas have a lower CDK4 or MDM2 amplification incidence than EGFRvIII-negative (P = .007), which may point toward crosstalk between these pathways. EGFRvIII-expressing tumors have an upregulation of “classical” subtype genes compared to those with EGFR-amplification only (P = 3.873e−6). Genomic breakpoints of the EGFRvIII deletions have a preference toward the 3′-end of the large intron-1. These preferred breakpoints preserve a cryptic exon resulting in a novel EGFRvIII variant and preserve an intronic enhancer. Conclusions These data provide deeper insights into the complex EGFRvIII biology and provide new insights for targeting EGFRvIII mutated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youri Hoogstrate
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Corresponding Author: Youri Hoogstrate, PhD, Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands ()
| | | | - Maurice de Wit
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris de Heer
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kaspar Draaisma
- Department of Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Job van Riet
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harmen J G van de Werken
- Cancer Computational Biology Center, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Bours
- Department of Human Genetics, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jan Buter
- Department of Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marica Eoli
- Unit of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, Besta-IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrico Franceschi
- IRCCS Istituto Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Nervous System Medical Oncology Department, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Monique C Hanse
- Department of Neurology, Catharina Hospital, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ann Hoeben
- Department of Medical Oncology, Maastricht UMC+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa Kerkhof
- Department of Neurology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - Johan M Kros
- Department of Medical Oncology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sieger Leenstra
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Slávka Lukacova
- Department of Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Pierre A Robe
- Department of Neurosurgery, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Walter Taal
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Taphoorn
- Department of Neurology, Haaglanden Medical Center, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - René M Vernhout
- Department of Radiotherapy, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Colin Watts
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Weller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Filip Y F de Vos
- Department of Medical Oncology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido W Jenster
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Pim J French
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Leão Barros MB, Pinheiro DDR, Borges BDN. Mitochondrial DNA Alterations in Glioblastoma (GBM). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115855. [PMID: 34072607 PMCID: PMC8199454 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an extremely aggressive tumor originating from neural stem cells of the central nervous system, which has high histopathological and genomic diversity. Mitochondria are cellular organelles associated with the regulation of cellular metabolism, redox signaling, energy generation, regulation of cell proliferation, and apoptosis. Accumulation of mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leads to mitochondrial dysfunction that plays an important role in GBM pathogenesis, favoring abnormal energy and reactive oxygen species production and resistance to apoptosis and to chemotherapeutic agents. The present review summarizes the known mitochondrial DNA alterations related to GBM, their cellular and metabolic consequences, and their association with diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariceli Baia Leão Barros
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA 66075, Brazil;
| | | | - Bárbara do Nascimento Borges
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Para, Belém, PA 66075, Brazil;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Becker AP, Sells BE, Haque SJ, Chakravarti A. Tumor Heterogeneity in Glioblastomas: From Light Microscopy to Molecular Pathology. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:761. [PMID: 33673104 PMCID: PMC7918815 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main reasons for the aggressive behavior of glioblastoma (GBM) is its intrinsic intra-tumor heterogeneity, characterized by the presence of clonal and subclonal differentiated tumor cell populations, glioma stem cells, and components of the tumor microenvironment, which affect multiple hallmark cellular functions in cancer. "Tumor Heterogeneity" usually encompasses both inter-tumor heterogeneity (population-level differences); and intra-tumor heterogeneity (differences within individual tumors). Tumor heterogeneity may be assessed in a single time point (spatial heterogeneity) or along the clinical evolution of GBM (longitudinal heterogeneity). Molecular methods may detect clonal and subclonal alterations to describe tumor evolution, even when samples from multiple areas are collected in the same time point (spatial-temporal heterogeneity). In GBM, although the inter-tumor mutational landscape is relatively homogeneous, intra-tumor heterogeneity is a striking feature of this tumor. In this review, we will address briefly the inter-tumor heterogeneity of the CNS tumors that yielded the current glioma classification. Next, we will take a deeper dive in the intra-tumor heterogeneity of GBMs, which directly affects prognosis and response to treatment. Our approach aims to follow technological developments, allowing for characterization of intra-tumor heterogeneity, beginning with differences on histomorphology of GBM and ending with molecular alterations observed at single-cell level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline P. Becker
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.J.H.); (A.C.)
| | | | - S. Jaharul Haque
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.J.H.); (A.C.)
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (S.J.H.); (A.C.)
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