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Egger J, Gsaxner C, Luijten G, Chen J, Chen X, Bian J, Kleesiek J, Puladi B. Is the Apple Vision Pro the Ultimate Display? A First Perspective and Survey on Entering the Wonderland of Precision Medicine. JMIR Serious Games 2024; 12:e52785. [PMID: 39292499 DOI: 10.2196/52785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
At the Worldwide Developers Conference in June 2023, Apple introduced the Vision Pro. The Apple Vision Pro (AVP) is a mixed reality headset; more specifically, it is a virtual reality device with an additional video see-through capability. The video see-through capability turns the AVP into an augmented reality (AR) device. The AR feature is enabled by streaming the real world via cameras on the (virtual reality) screens in front of the user's eyes. This is, of course, not unique and is similar to other devices, such as the Varjo XR-3 (Varjo Technologies Oy). Nevertheless, the AVP has some interesting features, such as an inside-out screen that can show the headset wearer's eyes to "outsiders," and a button on the top, called the "digital crown," that allows a seamless blend of digital content with the user's physical space by turning it. In addition, it is untethered, except for the cable to the battery, which makes the headset more agile, compared to the Varjo XR-3. This could actually come closer to "The Ultimate Display," which Ivan Sutherland had already sketched in 1965. After a great response from the media and social networks to the release, we were able to test and review the new AVP ourselves in March 2024. Including an expert survey with 13 of our colleagues after testing the AVP in our institute, this Viewpoint explores whether the AVP can overcome clinical challenges that AR especially still faces in the medical domain; we also go beyond this and discuss whether the AVP could support clinicians in essential tasks to allow them to spend more time with their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Egger
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Essen University Hospital (AöR), Essen, Germany
- Center for Virtual and Extended Reality in Medicine (ZvRM), Essen University Hospital (AöR), Essen, Germany
- Cancer Research Center Cologne Essen (CCCE), University Medicine Essen (AöR), Essen, Germany
| | - Christina Gsaxner
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Essen University Hospital (AöR), Essen, Germany
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Gijs Luijten
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Essen University Hospital (AöR), Essen, Germany
- Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
| | - Jianxu Chen
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften (ISAS), Dortmund, Germany
| | - Xiaojun Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Manufacturing and Life Quality Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Medical Robotic, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Bian
- Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jens Kleesiek
- Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Essen University Hospital (AöR), Essen, Germany
- Cancer Research Center Cologne Essen (CCCE), University Medicine Essen (AöR), Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Essen, Essen, Germany
- Department of Physics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Behrus Puladi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery & Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Zhou J, Wang J, Yu G, Wu Y, Wang M, Wang J. Quality improvement of unfiltered holography by optimizing high diffraction orders with fill factor. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:5043-5046. [PMID: 39270225 DOI: 10.1364/ol.532678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Computer-generated holography (CGH) suffers from high diffraction orders (HDOs) due to the pixelated nature of spatial light modulators (SLMs), typically requiring bulky optical filtering systems. To address this issue, a novel unfiltered holography approach known as the high-order gradient descent (HOGD) algorithm was previously introduced to optimize HDOs without optical filtering, enabling compact holographic displays. However, this algorithm overlooks a crucial physical parameter of SLMs-the fill factor-leading to limited optical quality. Here, we introduce a fill factor-based HOGD (FF-HOGD) algorithm, specifically designed to improve the quality of unfiltered holography by incorporating the fill factor into the optimization process. The quality advantage of FF-HOGD is demonstrated through numerical simulations and optical experiments.
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Deng Y, Long T, Wang P, Huang H, Deng Z, Gu C, An C, Liao B, Malpuech G, Solnyshkov D, Fu H, Liao Q. Spin-Valley-Locked Electroluminescence for High-Performance Circularly Polarized Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39265069 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Circularly polarized (CP) organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have attracted attention in potential applications, including novel display and photonic technologies. However, conventional approaches cannot meet the requirements of device performance, such as high dissymmetry factor, high directionality, narrowband emission, simplified device structure, and low costs. Here, we demonstrate spin-valley-locked CP-OLEDs without chiral emitters but based on photonic spin-orbit coupling, where photons with opposite CP characteristics are emitted from different optical valleys. These spin-valley-locked OLEDs exhibit a narrowband emission of 16 nm, a high external quantum efficiency of 3.65%, a maximum luminance of near 98,000 cd/m2, and a gEL of up to 1.80, which are among the best performances of active single-crystal CP-OLEDs, achieved with a simple device structure. This strategy opens an avenue for practical applications toward three-dimensional displays and on-chip CP-OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Teng Long
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Pingyang Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Han Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zijian Deng
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chunling Gu
- Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Cunbin An
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Bo Liao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China
| | - Guillaume Malpuech
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
| | - Dmitry Solnyshkov
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont Auvergne INP, CNRS, Institut Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand F-63000, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris 75231, France
| | - Hongbing Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, Hunan 411201, China
| | - Qing Liao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Optical Materials and Photonic Devices, Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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4
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Negi R, Kalivemula M, Bisht K, Bhate M, Sachdeva V, Bharadwaj SR. Diagnostic accuracy of a modularized, virtual-reality-based automated pupillometer for detection of relative afferent pupillary defect in unilateral optic neuropathies. FRONTIERS IN OPHTHALMOLOGY 2024; 4:1396511. [PMID: 39290775 PMCID: PMC11405164 DOI: 10.3389/fopht.2024.1396511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To describe the construction and diagnostic accuracy of a modularized, virtual reality (VR)-based, pupillometer for detecting relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in unilateral optic neuropathies, vis-à-vis, clinical grading by experienced neuro-ophthalmologists. Methods Protocols for the swinging flashlight test and pupillary light response analysis used in a previous stand-alone pupillometer was integrated into the hardware of a Pico Neo 2 Eye® VR headset with built-in eye tracker. Each eye of 77 cases (mean ± 1SD age: 39.1 ± 14.9yrs) and 77 age-similar controls were stimulated independently thrice for 1sec at 125lux light intensity, followed by 3sec of darkness. RAPD was quantified as the ratio of the direct reflex of the stronger to the weaker eye. Device performance was evaluated using standard ROC analysis. Results The median (25th - 75th quartiles) pupil constriction of the affected eye of cases was 38% (17 - 23%) smaller than their fellow eye (p<0.001), compared to an interocular difference of +/-6% (3 - 15%) in controls. The sensitivity of RAPD detection was 78.5% for the entire dataset and it improved to 85.1% when the physiological asymmetries in the bilateral pupillary miosis were accounted for. Specificity and the area under ROC curve remained between 81 - 96.3% across all analyses. Conclusions RAPD may be successfully quantified in unilateral neuro-ophthalmic pathology using a VR-technology-based modularized pupillometer. Such an objective estimation of RAPD provides immunity against biases and variability in the clinical grading, overall enhancing its value for clinical decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Negi
- Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manasa Kalivemula
- Center for Technology Innovation, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Karan Bisht
- Center for Technology Innovation, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Manjushree Bhate
- Child Sight Institute, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Virender Sachdeva
- Nimmagadda Prasad Children's Eye Care Centre, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Shrikant R Bharadwaj
- Brien Holden Institute of Optometry and Vision Sciences, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad Eye Research Foundation, L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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5
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Rajkumar RP. Augmented Reality as an Aid to Behavior Therapy for Anxiety Disorders: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e69454. [PMID: 39282478 PMCID: PMC11402374 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.69454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are among the most common mental disorders worldwide. These conditions are characterized by excessive anxiety that is difficult to control. In most anxiety disorders, symptoms are triggered by exposure to specific objects or situations. This leads sufferers to avoid such exposures, leading to impaired social and occupational functioning and reduced quality of life. Therapies based on behavioral principles, either alone or in combination with cognitive techniques, are the most effective psychological interventions for anxiety disorders. However, the effectiveness of these therapies may be limited due to a lack of generalization from clinic to real-world settings. Augmented reality (AR) is a technology that provides an interactive experience by superimposing computer-generated content, often in multiple sensory modalities, on the real world. Emerging evidence suggests that AR may be useful in treating a broad range of mental disorders, including anxiety disorders. This review examines the evidence for the use of AR-based techniques as an aid to behavioral or cognitive-behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders. The available evidence suggests that this method may offer significant advantages over conventional therapies, particularly in the case of specific phobias, but also in social anxiety disorder. AR can also be combined with other novel technologies to monitor psychophysiological markers of anxiety and its reduction over the course of treatment. The advantages of AR could be related to its combination of real and simulated content, allowing for better generalization of the benefits of conventional exposure-based therapy. Though the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of this method need to be confirmed in larger samples, it could lead to a paradigm shift in the way behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders are conceptualized and delivered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi P Rajkumar
- Psychiatry, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, IND
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6
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Pan K, Zhang K, Li Y, Li Q, Zhou Y, Yang T, Lin C, Sun J, Zhang Y, Zhou X, Shao J, Guo T, Yan Q. Ultrasmall-sized light-emitting diodes fabricated by ion implantation based on GaN epitaxial wafers with fully activated or unactivated p-GaN. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:4835-4838. [PMID: 39207976 DOI: 10.1364/ol.528884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
A key challenge in realizing ultrahigh-resolution displays is the efficient preparation of ultrasmall-sized (USS) light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Today, GaN-based LEDs are mainly prepared through dry etching processes. However, it is difficult to achieve efficient and controllable etching of USS LED with high aspect ratios, and LED sidewalls will appear after etching, which will have a negative impact on the device itself. Herein, a method for preparing USS LED based on GaN epitaxial wafers is reported (on two types of wafers, i.e., with p-GaN fully activated and unactivated). F-ions are injected into the intentionally exposed areas on the two types of wafers to achieve device isolation. The area under the micro-/nano-sized protective masks (0.5, 0.8, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 10 µm wide Ni/Au stripes) are the LED lighting areas. The LED on the p-GaN unactivated wafer (UAW) requires further activation. The Ni/Au mask not only serves as the p-electrode of LED but also Ni as a hydrogen (H) removing metal covering the surface of p-GaN UAW that can desorb H from a Mg element in the film at relatively low temperatures, thereby achieving the selective activation of LED lighting areas. Optoelectronic characterization shows that micro-/nano-sized LED arrays with individual-pixel control were successfully fabricated on the two types of wafers. It is expected that the demonstrated method will provide a new way toward realizing ultrahigh-resolution displays. Analyzing the changes in the current flowing through LED (before and after selective activation) on the F-injected p-GaN UAW, it is believed that depositing H removing metal on p-GaN UAW could possibly realize the device array through the selective activation only (i.e., without the need for ion implantation), offering a completely new insight.
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7
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Ding Y, Gu Y, Yang Q, Yang Z, Huang Y, Weng Y, Zhang Y, Wu ST. Breaking the in-coupling efficiency limit in waveguide-based AR displays with polarization volume gratings. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:185. [PMID: 39128902 PMCID: PMC11317523 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 07/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) displays, heralded as the next-generation platform for spatial computing, metaverse, and digital twins, empower users to perceive digital images overlaid with real-world environment, fostering a deeper level of human-digital interactions. With the rapid evolution of couplers, waveguide-based AR displays have streamlined the entire system, boasting a slim form factor and high optical performance. However, challenges persist in the waveguide combiner, including low optical efficiency and poor image uniformity, significantly hindering the long-term usage and user experience. In this paper, we first analyze the root causes of the low optical efficiency and poor uniformity in waveguide-based AR displays. We then discover and elucidate an anomalous polarization conversion phenomenon inherent to polarization volume gratings (PVGs) when the incident light direction does not satisfy the Bragg condition. This new property is effectively leveraged to circumvent the tradeoff between in-coupling efficiency and eyebox uniformity. Through feasibility demonstration experiments, we measure the light leakage in multiple PVGs with varying thicknesses using a laser source and a liquid-crystal-on-silicon light engine. The experiment corroborates the polarization conversion phenomenon, and the results align with simulation well. To explore the potential of such a polarization conversion phenomenon further, we design and simulate a waveguide display with a 50° field of view. Through achieving first-order polarization conversion in a PVG, the in-coupling efficiency and uniformity are improved by 2 times and 2.3 times, respectively, compared to conventional couplers. This groundbreaking discovery holds immense potential for revolutionizing next-generation waveguide-based AR displays, promising a higher efficiency and superior image uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Ding
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yuchen Gu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Zhiyong Yang
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yuge Huang
- Meta Reality Labs Research, 9845 Willows Road NE, Redmond, WA, 98052, USA
| | - Yishi Weng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Information Display and Visualization, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Shin-Tson Wu
- College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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Huang Y, Deng C, Peng M, Hao Y. Experiences and perceptions of palliative care patients receiving virtual reality therapy: a meta-synthesis of qualitative studies. BMC Palliat Care 2024; 23:182. [PMID: 39044242 PMCID: PMC11267777 DOI: 10.1186/s12904-024-01520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of virtual reality (VR) and palliative care potentially represents a new opportunity for palliative care. Many previous studies have evaluated the application of VR therapy to patients with advanced disease receiving palliative care. However, patient-perspective reviews to comprehensively understand the actual experiences and feelings of patients and provide practical guidance for designing future studies are currently lacking. This review of qualitative evidence aimed to explore the experiences and perceptions of patients receiving VR therapy in palliative care. METHODS This study was conducted in accordance with the Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) statement guidelines. Ten databases, namely, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCO, OVID MEDLINE, Scopus, John Wiley, ProQuest, CNKI, WANFANG DATA, and SinoMed, were searched, and qualitative and mixed studies from the establishment of each database to June 30, 2023 were included. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The data included in the literature were analyzed and integrated by "thematic synthesis" to formalize the identification and development of themes. RESULTS The nine selected studies altogether included 156 participants from seven hospice care facilities of different types and two oncology centers. Three key themes were identified: experiences of palliative care patients in VR therapy, the perceived value that palliative care patients gain in VR therapy, and perspectives of palliative care patients toward using VR therapy. CONCLUSIONS The patients' feedback covered discomfort caused by VR devices, good sense of experiences, and situations that affected the interactive experience. Some patients were unable to tolerate VR therapy or reported newer forms of discomfort. The findings indicated that VR therapy may be an effective approach to relieve patients' physical and psychological pain and help them gain self-awareness. Moreover, patients showed a preference for personalized VR therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Huang
- College of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cunqing Deng
- College of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meifang Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yanping Hao
- College of Nursing, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Sui X, He Z, Chu D, Cao L. Non-convex optimization for inverse problem solving in computer-generated holography. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:158. [PMID: 38982035 PMCID: PMC11233576 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01446-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Computer-generated holography is a promising technique that modulates user-defined wavefronts with digital holograms. Computing appropriate holograms with faithful reconstructions is not only a problem closely related to the fundamental basis of holography but also a long-standing challenge for researchers in general fields of optics. Finding the exact solution of a desired hologram to reconstruct an accurate target object constitutes an ill-posed inverse problem. The general practice of single-diffraction computation for synthesizing holograms can only provide an approximate answer, which is subject to limitations in numerical implementation. Various non-convex optimization algorithms are thus designed to seek an optimal solution by introducing different constraints, frameworks, and initializations. Herein, we overview the optimization algorithms applied to computer-generated holography, incorporating principles of hologram synthesis based on alternative projections and gradient descent methods. This is aimed to provide an underlying basis for optimized hologram generation, as well as insights into the cutting-edge developments of this rapidly evolving field for potential applications in virtual reality, augmented reality, head-up display, data encryption, laser fabrication, and metasurface design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Sui
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Engineering, Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK
| | - Zehao He
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Daping Chu
- Department of Engineering, Centre for Photonic Devices and Sensors, University of Cambridge, 9 JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0FA, UK.
- Cambridge University Nanjing Centre of Technology and Innovation, 23 Rongyue Road, Jiangbei New Area, Nanjing, 210000, China.
| | - Liangcai Cao
- Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Sun CC, Lin WK, Yang TH, Chen ZF, Sun C, Su WC, Zhou SK, Yu YW, Lee TX, Cheng CY, Lin SH. Color gamut characteristics of diffractive-light guides of near-eye augmented reality glasses. iScience 2024; 27:110023. [PMID: 38957788 PMCID: PMC11217608 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
We delve into the distinctive color gamut characteristics resulting from color dispersion of surface relief grating (SRG) and wavelength degeneracy of volume holographic optical element (VHOE) in a diffractive light guide. While a laser-like spectrum achieves an impressive 194% sRGB color gamut for both cases, it proves unsuitable for VHOE light guides due to limitations in breaking the field of view (FOV) of the display. Conversely, a broad-band light source, such as LEDs, offers continuous FOV but reduces the common color gamut to 50% sRGB. We then present a newly designed VHOE light guide capable of achieving the common color gamut of 130% sRGB using two multiplexed holograms of each color, closely matching the 133% sRGB achieved by an SRG light guide. This article presents the first theoretical methodology to elucidate color performance of diffractive light guides utilizing VHOEs with holographic multiplexing, affirming their suitability for crafting high-quality near-eye display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Cherng Sun
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li 320317, Taiwan
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, HsinChu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Kai Lin
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li 320317, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsun Yang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li 320317, Taiwan
| | - Zih-Fan Chen
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, HsinChu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Chi Sun
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, HsinChu 30010, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chia Su
- Graduate Institute of Photonics, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 50074, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Kui Zhou
- Graduate Institute of Photonics, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua 50074, Taiwan
| | - Yeh-Wei Yu
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li 320317, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Xian Lee
- Graduate Institute of Color and Illumination Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yuan Cheng
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Chung-Li 320317, Taiwan
| | - Shiuan Huei Lin
- Department of Electrophysics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, HsinChu 30010, Taiwan
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11
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Moon W, Hahn J. Enlarged Eye-Box Accommodation-Capable Augmented Reality with Hologram Replicas. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3930. [PMID: 38931714 PMCID: PMC11207508 DOI: 10.3390/s24123930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) technology has been widely applied across a variety of fields, with head-up displays (HUDs) being one of its prominent uses, offering immersive three-dimensional (3D) experiences and interaction with digital content and the real world. AR-HUDs face challenges such as limited field of view (FOV), small eye-box, bulky form factor, and absence of accommodation cue, often compromising trade-offs between these factors. Recently, optical waveguide based on pupil replication process has attracted increasing attention as an optical element for its compact form factor and exit-pupil expansion. Despite these advantages, current waveguide displays struggle to integrate visual information with real scenes because they do not produce accommodation-capable virtual content. In this paper, we introduce a lensless accommodation-capable holographic system based on a waveguide. Our system aims to expand the eye-box at the optimal viewing distance that provides the maximum FOV. We devised a formalized CGH algorithm based on bold assumption and two constraints and successfully performed numerical observation simulation. In optical experiments, accommodation-capable images with a maximum horizontal FOV of 7.0 degrees were successfully observed within an expanded eye-box of 9.18 mm at an optimal observation distance of 112 mm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joonku Hahn
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea;
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12
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Tang M, Sun C, Chen Q, Ding W, Yang J, Zhang Y, Lu J. Broadband wavelength designable achromatic grating based on a cholesteric liquid crystal template. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:20449-20458. [PMID: 38859426 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Liquid crystal (LC) gratings have played important roles in light field control due to the advantages of being lightweight, low cost, having no moving parts, and low power consumption. However, the chromatic aberration limits the bandwidth of the LC device and affects the efficiency of the grating. To solve the chromatic aberration issue, a broadband wavelength designable achromatic grating is proposed. Different grating structures are integrated into a single-layer templated cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) device, and the achromatic diffraction wavelength of the grating can be freely designed from the visible spectral region to the infrared range within the Bragg reflection band of the CLCs. The diffraction intensity of different orders can be changed with the electric field applied to meet the need for dynamic modulation. This grating shows suitable potential applications in optical communication and displays.
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13
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Yang C, Wei R, Yang W, Weng Y, Gu Y, Wang C, Shen Z, Wang B, Zhang Y. Simulation of gradient period polarization volume gratings for augmented reality displays. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:21243-21257. [PMID: 38859483 DOI: 10.1364/oe.525709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) displays are gaining attention as next-generation intelligent display technologies. Diffractive waveguide technologies are progressively becoming the AR display industry's preferred option. Gradient period polarization volume holographic gratings (PVGs), which are considered to have the potential to expand the field of view (FOV) of waveguide display systems due to their wide bandwidth diffraction characteristics, have been proposed as coupling elements for diffraction waveguide systems in recent years. Here, what we believe to be a novel modeling method for gradient period PVGs is proposed by incorporating grating stacking and scattering analysis utilizing rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) theory. The diffraction efficiency and polarization response were extensively explored using this simulation model. In addition, a dual-layer full-color diffractive waveguide imaging simulation using proposed gradient period PVGs is accomplished in Zemax software using a self-compiled dynamic link library (DLL), achieving a 53° diagonal FOV at a 16:9 aspect ratio. This work furthers the development of PVGs by providing unique ideas for the field of view design of AR display.
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14
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Ma ZY, Liu XJ, Peng YQ, Zhang DS, Liu ZZ, Xiao JJ. On-chip integrated metasystem for spin-dependent multi-channel color holography. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3114-3117. [PMID: 38824341 DOI: 10.1364/ol.520289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
On-chip integrated metasurface driven by in-plane guided waves is of great interests in various light-field manipulation applications such as colorful augmented reality and holographic display. However, it remains a challenge to design colorful multichannel holography by a single on-chip metasurface. Here we present metasurfaces integrated on top of a guided-wave photonic slab that achieves multi-channel colorful holographic light display. An end-to-end scheme is used to inverse design the metasurface for projecting off-chip preset multiple patterns. Particular examples are presented for customized patterns that were encoded into the metasurface with a single-cell meta-atom, working simultaneously at RGB color channels and for several different diffractive distances, with polarization dependence. Holographic images are generated at 18 independent channels with such a single-cell metasurface. The proposed design scheme is easy to implement, and the resulting device is viable for fabrication, promising plenty of applications in nanophotonics.
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15
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Li Y, Gunasekeran DV, RaviChandran N, Tan TF, Ong JCL, Thirunavukarasu AJ, Polascik BW, Habash R, Khaderi K, Ting DSW. The next generation of healthcare ecosystem in the metaverse. Biomed J 2024; 47:100679. [PMID: 38048990 PMCID: PMC11245972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The Metaverse has gained wide attention for being the application interface for the next generation of Internet. The potential of the Metaverse is growing, as Web 3·0 development and adoption continues to advance medicine and healthcare. We define the next generation of interoperable healthcare ecosystem in the Metaverse. We examine the existing literature regarding the Metaverse, explain the technology framework to deliver an immersive experience, along with a technical comparison of legacy and novel Metaverse platforms that are publicly released and in active use. The potential applications of different features of the Metaverse, including avatar-based meetings, immersive simulations, and social interactions are examined with different roles from patients to healthcare providers and healthcare organizations. Present challenges in the development of the Metaverse healthcare ecosystem are discussed, along with potential solutions including capabilities requiring technological innovation, use cases requiring regulatory supervision, and sound governance. This proposed concept and framework of the Metaverse could potentially redefine the traditional healthcare system and enhance digital transformation in healthcare. Similar to AI technology at the beginning of this decade, real-world development and implementation of these capabilities are relatively nascent. Further pragmatic research is needed for the development of an interoperable healthcare ecosystem in the Metaverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; The Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dinesh Visva Gunasekeran
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; The Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Ting Fang Tan
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Bryce W Polascik
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ranya Habash
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Khizer Khaderi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, California, USA
| | - Daniel S W Ting
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; The Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, California, USA.
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16
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Jiang X, Ye X, Xue K, Zhou Y, Fan F, Wen S. Rotating twisted templates for imprinting polarization gratings with a sub- to dozen-micron period. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:3002-3005. [PMID: 38824313 DOI: 10.1364/ol.528047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report and experimentally demonstrate what is to our knowledge a novel scheme for imprinting polarization gratings (PGs) with a pair of templates. Compared with the traditional method that a single template can only imprint PG with a single period, cascading two templates can control the period of imprinted PG at will. However, the low diffraction efficiency is inevitably caused by cascading two templates. Therefore, a rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) is adopted to design a multi-twisted template to address this challenge. As a proof of concept, two multi-twisted templates with a period of 1.6 μm were fabricated, and PGs with a large period range from 0.4 to 48.6 μm were successfully imprinted. The proposed scheme is expected to enable rapid, robust, and high-quality mass production of beam steering, large-angle deflectors, and diffractive optical couplers.
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17
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Meng Z, Lu C, Wang G, Gao S, Deng F, Zhang J, Gao S, Yang W. Enhanced contact performance of high-brightness micro-LEDs via ITO/Al anode stack and annealing process. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12050. [PMID: 38802516 PMCID: PMC11130201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63075-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Micro-light-emitting diodes (Micro-LEDs) are a new type of display device based on the third-generation semiconductor gallium nitride (GaN) material which stands out for its high luminous efficiency, elevated brightness, short response times, and high reliability. The contact between anode layers and P-GaN is one of the keys to improving the performance of the devices. This study investigates the impact of electrode structure design and optimized annealing conditions on the anode contact performance of devices. The Micro-LED device with the size of 9.1 μm whose electrode structure is ITO/Ti/Al/Ni/Cr/Pt/Au (100/50/350/100/500/500/5000 Å) exhibits a significant improvement in contact performance after annealing under the Ar gas atmosphere at 500 °C for 5 min. The optimized device exhibited a current of 10.9 mA and a brightness of 298,628 cd/m2 under 5 V. The EQE peak value of Device A is 10.06% at 400 mA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyang Meng
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Chaoyu Lu
- Yunnan Olightek Opto-electronic Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Yunnan Olightek Opto-electronic Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650223, China.
- School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
- Kunming Institute of Physics, Kunming, 650223, China.
| | - Sibo Gao
- Yunnan Olightek Opto-electronic Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Feng Deng
- Yunnan Olightek Opto-electronic Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Yunnan Olightek Opto-electronic Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Shuxiong Gao
- Yunnan Olightek Opto-electronic Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming Institute of Physics, Kunming, 650223, China
| | - Wenyun Yang
- Yunnan Olightek Opto-electronic Technology Co., Ltd., Kunming, 650223, China
- Kunming Institute of Physics, Kunming, 650223, China
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18
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Longo UG, Lalli A, Gobbato B, Nazarian A. Metaverse, virtual reality and augmented reality in total shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2024; 25:396. [PMID: 38773483 PMCID: PMC11106997 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-024-07436-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This systematic review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the role of the metaverse, augmented reality, and virtual reality in reverse shoulder arthroplasty. METHODS A systematic review was performed using the PRISMA guidelines. A comprehensive review of the applications of the metaverse, augmented reality, and virtual reality in in-vivo intraoperative navigation, in the training of orthopedic residents, and in the latest innovations proposed in ex-vivo studies was conducted. RESULTS A total of 22 articles were included in the review. Data on navigated shoulder arthroplasty was extracted from 14 articles: seven hundred ninety-three patients treated with intraoperative navigated rTSA or aTSA were included. Also, three randomized control trials (RCTs) reported outcomes on a total of fifty-three orthopedics surgical residents and doctors receiving VR-based training for rTSA, which were also included in the review. Three studies reporting the latest VR and AR-based rTSA applications and two proof of concept studies were also included in the review. CONCLUSIONS The metaverse, augmented reality, and virtual reality present immense potential for the future of orthopedic surgery. As these technologies advance, it is crucial to conduct additional research, foster development, and seamlessly integrate them into surgical education to fully harness their capabilities and transform the field. This evolution promises enhanced accuracy, expanded training opportunities, and improved surgical planning capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umile Giuseppe Longo
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Roma, 00128, Italy.
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Roma, 00128, Italy.
| | - Alberto Lalli
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 200, Roma, 00128, Italy
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, 21, Roma, 00128, Italy
| | - Bruno Gobbato
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital Sao Jose Jaraguá do Sul, Jaraguá, SC, 89251-830, Brazil
| | - Ara Nazarian
- Musculoskeletal Translational Innovation Initiative, Carl J. Shapiro Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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19
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Ou P, Yang G, Lin H, Chen P, Wang D. Sample compensation method for injection electroluminescent display panels. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:17388-17399. [PMID: 38858923 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Aiming at the problem of luminance uniformity for injection electroluminescent display panels, we present a new sample compensation method based on column-control according to successive scans theory. On the basis of our ideas, a small part of pixels of each column are selected as samples, and the column gating time calculated by sample average luminance value of corresponding column is written in hardware program. We adopt the 64 × 32 LEDs display panel as an example to expound the compensation method and obtain good result that the reduction in amplitude of luminance non-uniformity is 65.42% for the sample area, 58.67% for the non-sample area and 60.21% for the entire display panel.
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20
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Guo M, Guo Y, Cai J, Wang Z, Lv G, Feng Q. Compensated DOE in a VHG-based waveguide display to improve uniformity. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:18017-18032. [PMID: 38858968 DOI: 10.1364/oe.523821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Augmented reality head-mounted displays (AR-HMDs) utilizing diffractive waveguides have emerged as a popular research focus. However, the illuminance uniformity over the fields of view (FOV) is often unsatisfactory in volume holographic grating (VHG) based waveguide displays. This paper proposes a high uniformity AR waveguide display system. Firstly, the angular uniformity of the VHG-based waveguide displays is analyzed. Subsequently, diffractive optical elements (DOEs) are seamlessly integrated onto the outer coupling surface of the waveguide substrate to improve the angular uniformity through phase compensation. To design the DOE phase, the multi-objective stochastic gradient descent (MO-SGD) algorithm is proposed. A single DOE is used to compensating various images form the image source. A hybrid loss, which includes the learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS) metric, is applied to enhance the algorithm performance. Simulation results show that the proposed method effectively suppresses illumination degradation at the edge FOV in exit pupil images of the waveguide display system. In the results, the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is improved by 5.54 dB. Optical experiments validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The measured nonuniformity (NU) against FOVs is improved by 53.05% from 0.3749 to 0.1760.
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21
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Luo Z, Ding Y, Yang Q, Wu ST. Ghost image analysis for pancake virtual reality systems. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:17211-17219. [PMID: 38858910 DOI: 10.1364/oe.523196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Pancake optics (also known as polarization-based catadioptric system) has been widely used as the imaging lens for virtual reality (VR) and mixed reality (MR) headsets because of its compact formfactor and excellent image quality. However, such a folded pancake optics not only dramatically lowers the optical efficiency to 25% because of the utilization of a half mirror, but also suffers from ghost images due to the stray light from multiple surface reflections and imperfect polarization control inside the optical system. In this paper, the origins including the light paths of the ghost images are explored by experiment and then analyzed by simulation. The effect of different incident angles on the intensity of each ghost is also investigated.
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22
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Vögl F, Avramescu A, Gelfert S, Lex A, Waag A, Hetzl M, von Malm N. Optical characteristics of thin film-based InGaN micro-LED arrays: a study on size effect and far field behavior. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:17644-17656. [PMID: 38858942 DOI: 10.1364/oe.523274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Micro-light emitting diodes (µ-LEDs) are considered the key enabler for various high-resolution micro-display applications such as augmented reality, smartphones or head-up displays. Within this study we fabricated nitride-based µ-LED arrays in a thin film chip architecture with lateral pixel sizes down to 1 µm. A metal mirror on the p-side enhances the light outcoupling via the n-side after removal of the epitaxial growth substrate. Mounted devices with pixel sizes ranging from 1×1 to 8×8 µm2 were electro-optically characterized within an integrating sphere and in a goniometer system. We measure increased external quantum efficiencies on smaller devices due to a higher light extraction efficiency (LEE) as predicted by wave optical simulations. Besides this size dependence of the LEE, also the far field properties show a substantial change with pixel size. In addition, we compared µ-LEDs with 40 nm and 80 nm thick aluminium oxide around the pixel mesa. Considerably different far field patterns were observed which indicate the sensitivity of optical properties to any design changes for tiny µ-LEDs. The experimentally obtained radiation behavior could be reasonably predicted by finite-difference time-domain simulations. This clearly reveals the importance of understanding and modeling wave optical effects inside µ-LED devices and the resulting impact on their optical performance.
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23
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Wu Y, Pan C, Lu C, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Huang Z. Augmented reality display with high eyebox uniformity over the full field of view based on a random mask grating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:17409-17423. [PMID: 38858925 DOI: 10.1364/oe.521992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Ensuring uniform illuminance in waveguide-based augmented reality (AR) display devices is crucial for providing an immersive and comfortable visual experience. However, there is a lack of a straightforward and efficient design method available to achieve illuminance uniformity over the full field of view. To address this issue, we propose a novel design that utilizes random mask gratings (RMGs) as the folding grating and the out-coupling grating. Unlike traditional approaches that modify the grating structure, we control the diffraction efficiency distribution by adjusting the filling factor of the mask while keeping the grating structure unchanged in one RMG. The grating structures are designed and optimized based on rigorous coupled wave analysis and particle swarm optimization. The feasibility of our method is verified by the simulation results in Lighttools. In the FOV range of 20°×15°, the eyebox uniformities of all fields are greater than 0.78, which can provide a good visual experience for users.
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24
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Hillebrandt S, Moon CK, Taal AJ, Overhauser H, Shepard KL, Gather MC. High-Density Integration of Ultrabright OLEDs on a Miniaturized Needle-Shaped CMOS Backplane. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2300578. [PMID: 37470219 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Direct deposition of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) on silicon-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chips has enabled self-emissive microdisplays with high resolution and fill-factor. Emerging applications of OLEDs in augmented and virtual reality (AR/VR) displays and in biomedical applications, e.g., as brain implants for cell-specific light delivery in optogenetics, require light intensities orders of magnitude above those found in traditional displays. Further requirements often include a microscopic device footprint, a specific shape and ultrastable passivation, e.g., to ensure biocompatibility and minimal invasiveness of OLED-based implants. In this work, up to 1024 ultrabright, microscopic OLEDs are deposited directly on needle-shaped CMOS chips. Transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy are performed on the foundry-provided aluminum contact pads of the CMOS chips to guide a systematic optimization of the contacts. Plasma treatment and implementation of silver interlayers lead to ohmic contact conditions and thus facilitate direct vacuum deposition of orange- and blue-emitting OLED stacks leading to micrometer-sized pixels on the chips. The electronics in each needle allow each pixel to switch individually. The OLED pixels generate a mean optical power density of 0.25 mW mm-2, corresponding to >40 000 cd m-2, well above the requirement for daylight AR applications and optogenetic single-unit activation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Hillebrandt
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
- Humboldt Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chang-Ki Moon
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
- Humboldt Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, 50939, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Malte C Gather
- Organic Semiconductor Centre, SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, KY16 9SS, UK
- Humboldt Centre for Nano- and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cologne, Greinstr. 4-6, 50939, Cologne, Germany
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25
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Gopakumar M, Lee GY, Choi S, Chao B, Peng Y, Kim J, Wetzstein G. Full-colour 3D holographic augmented-reality displays with metasurface waveguides. Nature 2024; 629:791-797. [PMID: 38720077 PMCID: PMC11111399 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07386-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Emerging spatial computing systems seamlessly superimpose digital information on the physical environment observed by a user, enabling transformative experiences across various domains, such as entertainment, education, communication and training1-3. However, the widespread adoption of augmented-reality (AR) displays has been limited due to the bulky projection optics of their light engines and their inability to accurately portray three-dimensional (3D) depth cues for virtual content, among other factors4,5. Here we introduce a holographic AR system that overcomes these challenges using a unique combination of inverse-designed full-colour metasurface gratings, a compact dispersion-compensating waveguide geometry and artificial-intelligence-driven holography algorithms. These elements are co-designed to eliminate the need for bulky collimation optics between the spatial light modulator and the waveguide and to present vibrant, full-colour, 3D AR content in a compact device form factor. To deliver unprecedented visual quality with our prototype, we develop an innovative image formation model that combines a physically accurate waveguide model with learned components that are automatically calibrated using camera feedback. Our unique co-design of a nanophotonic metasurface waveguide and artificial-intelligence-driven holographic algorithms represents a significant advancement in creating visually compelling 3D AR experiences in a compact wearable device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manu Gopakumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gun-Yeal Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Suyeon Choi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brian Chao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yifan Peng
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Gordon Wetzstein
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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26
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Chu EK, Youn EJ, Kim HW, Park BD, Sung HK, Park HH. Wafer-Scale Characterization of 1692-Pixel-Per-Inch Blue Micro-LED Arrays with an Optimized ITO Layer. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:560. [PMID: 38793133 PMCID: PMC11122828 DOI: 10.3390/mi15050560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Wafer-scale blue micro-light-emitting diode (micro-LED) arrays were fabricated with a pixel size of 12 μm, a pixel pitch of 15 μm, and a pixel density of 1692 pixels per inch, achieved by optimizing the properties of e-beam-deposited and sputter-deposited indium tin oxide (ITO). Although the sputter-deposited ITO (S-ITO) films exhibited a densely packed morphology and lower resistivity compared to the e-beam-deposited ITO (E-ITO) films, the forward voltage (VF) values of a micro-LED with the S-ITO films were higher than those with the E-ITO films. The VF values for a single pixel and for four pixels with E-ITO films were 2.82 V and 2.83 V, respectively, while the corresponding values for S-ITO films were 3.50 V and 3.52 V. This was attributed to ion bombardment damage and nitrogen vacancies in the p-GaN layer. Surprisingly, the VF variations of a single pixel and of four pixels with the optimized E-ITO spreading layer from five different regions were only 0.09 V and 0.10 V, respectively. This extremely uniform VF variation is suitable for creating micro-LED displays to be used in AR and VR applications, circumventing the bottleneck in the development of long-lifespan and high-brightness organic LED devices for industrial mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Kyung Chu
- Optical Device Laboratory, Korea Advanced Nano Fab Center (KANC), Suwon 443270, Republic of Korea; (E.-K.C.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Eun Jeong Youn
- Optical Device Laboratory, Korea Advanced Nano Fab Center (KANC), Suwon 443270, Republic of Korea; (E.-K.C.); (E.J.Y.)
| | - Hyun Woong Kim
- Convergence Technology Division, Korea Advanced Nano Fab Center (KANC), Suwon 443270, Republic of Korea; (H.W.K.); (B.D.P.); (H.K.S.)
| | - Bum Doo Park
- Convergence Technology Division, Korea Advanced Nano Fab Center (KANC), Suwon 443270, Republic of Korea; (H.W.K.); (B.D.P.); (H.K.S.)
| | - Ho Kun Sung
- Convergence Technology Division, Korea Advanced Nano Fab Center (KANC), Suwon 443270, Republic of Korea; (H.W.K.); (B.D.P.); (H.K.S.)
| | - Hyeong-Ho Park
- Optical Device Laboratory, Korea Advanced Nano Fab Center (KANC), Suwon 443270, Republic of Korea; (E.-K.C.); (E.J.Y.)
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27
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Lee JS, Cho SH, Choi WJ, Choi YW. Enhancing the color gamut of waveguide displays for augmented reality head-mounted displays through spatially modulated diffraction grating. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8821. [PMID: 38627454 PMCID: PMC11021499 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59231-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) applications require displays with an extended color gamut to facilitate the presentation of increasingly immersive content. The waveguide (WG) display technology, which is typical AR demonstration method, is a critical constraint on the color gamut of AR systems because of the intrinsic properties of the holographic optical elements (HOEs) used in this technology. To overcome this limitation, we introduce a method of spatially modulated diffractive optics that can expand the color gamut of HOE-based WG displays. This approach involves spatial modulation using sub-pixelized HOEs, which enables the diffraction of red, green, and blue rays along identical directions. The proposed structure considers both the characteristics of the HOE and the wavelength sensitivity of the observer to optimize the color gamut. Consequently, an expanded color gamut was achieved. The results of the theoretical and experimental analyses substantiate the effectiveness and practicality of this method in enhancing the color gamut of HOE-based WG displays. Thus, the proposed method can facilitate the implementation of more immersive AR displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Sang Lee
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Hyeon Cho
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo June Choi
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Young-Wan Choi
- Department of Intelligent Semiconductor Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Shigematsu O, Naruse M, Horisaki R. Computer-generated holography with ordinary display. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1876-1879. [PMID: 38621028 DOI: 10.1364/ol.516005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
We propose a method of computer-generated holography (CGH) using incoherent light emitted from a mobile phone screen. In this method, we suppose a cascade of holograms in which the first hologram is a color image displayed on the mobile phone screen. The hologram cascade is synthesized by solving an inverse problem with respect to the propagation of incoherent light. We demonstrate a three-dimensional color image reproduction using a two-layered hologram cascade composed of an iPhone and a spatial light modulator.
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Zhao Z, Qiu Y, Zou G, Liu Y, Weng J, Yang BR, Qin Z. High-capacity MIMO visible light communication integrated into mini-LED LCDs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14876-14891. [PMID: 38859422 DOI: 10.1364/oe.522020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Visible light communication (VLC) can be integrated into a liquid crystal display (LCD) by modulating its backlight while normally showing pictures. Received by ordinary cameras, such integrated display and communication (IDAC) systems are promising for the Internet of Things and Metaverse. However, in the premise of unaffected display function, the capacity of current IDAC systems is limited, with data rates of very few kbps. This work proposes a new architecture: multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) VLC integrated into a mini-LED LCD, whose many backlight segments act as multiple transmitters. A camera utilizes the rolling shutter effect with independent pixel columns to form multiple outputs. The communication capacity is thus significantly multiplied by the backlight column number. In addition, local dimming, which is favorable for an LCD's contrast and power consumption, is exploited to achieve efficient signal modulation. We built a mini-LED LCD prototype with 8-by-20 backlight segments for experimental verification. The backlight segments multiplex a video-rate signal for local dimming and a high-frequency (∼34 kHz) signal modulated through multi-pulse position modulation (MPPM) for VLC. By taking photographs with a camera 1.1 m away from the screen, a record-high rate of 201.6 kbps (approximately ten times faster than current IDAC systems) was experimentally achieved with a bit error rate satisfying the forward error correction. Improved image contrast due to local dimming was also observed.
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30
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Naqvi WM, Naqvi IW, Mishra GV, Vardhan VD. The future of telerehabilitation: embracing virtual reality and augmented reality innovations. Pan Afr Med J 2024; 47:157. [PMID: 38974699 PMCID: PMC11226757 DOI: 10.11604/pamj.2024.47.157.42956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The integration of virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) into the telerehabilitation initiates a major change in the healthcare practice particularly in neurological and also orthopedic rehabilitation. This essay reflects the potential of the VR and AR in their capacity to create immersive, interactive environments that facilitate the recovery. The recent developments have illustrated the ability to enhance the patient engagement and outcomes, especially in tackling the complex motor and cognitive rehabilitation needs. The combination of artificial intelligence (AI) with VR and AR will bring the rehabilitation to the next level by enabling adaptive and responsive treatment programs provided through real-time feedback and predictive analytics. Nevertheless, the issues such as availability, cost, and digital gap among many others present huge obstacles to the mass adoption. This essay provides a very thorough review of the existing level of virtual reality and augmented reality in rehabilitation and examines the many potential gains, drawbacks, and future directions from a different perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Mohsin Naqvi
- Department of Physiotherapy, College of Health Sciences, Gulf Medical University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Faculty of Health Professions Education, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India
| | - Ifat Waqar Naqvi
- Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India
| | - Gaurav Vedprakash Mishra
- Faculty of Health Professions Education, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India
| | - Vishnu Diwakar Vardhan
- Ravi Nair Physiotherapy College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education and Research, Wardha, India
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31
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Li Y, Su Y. Mass-produced and uniformly luminescent photochromic fibers toward future interactive wearable displays. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:79. [PMID: 38565550 PMCID: PMC10987505 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01414-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Enabling flexible fibers with light-emitting capabilities has the potential to revolutionize the design of smart wearable interactive devices. A recent publication in Light Science & Application, an interdisciplinary team of scientists led by Prof. Yan-Qing Lu and Prof. Guangming Tao has realized a highly flexible, uniformly luminescent photochromic fiber based on a mass-produced thermal drawing method. It overcomes the shortcomings of existing commercial light-diffusing fibers, exhibiting outstanding one-dimensional linear illumination performance. The research team integrated controllable photochromic fibers into various wearable interaction interfaces, providing a novel approach and insights to enable human-computer interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yikai Su
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240, Shanghai, China.
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32
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Li SH, Sun C, Tang PY, Liao JH, Hsieh YH, Fung BH, Fang YH, Kuo WH, Wu MH, Chang HC, J Su GD. Augmented reality system based on the integration of polarization-independent metalens and micro-LEDs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:11463-11473. [PMID: 38570993 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR), a technology that superimposes virtual information onto a user's direct view of real-world scenes, is considered one of the next-generation display technologies and has been attracting considerable attention. Here, we propose a flat optic AR system that synergistically integrates a polarization-independent metalens with micro light-emitting diodes (LEDs). A key component is a meticulously designed metalens with a numerical aperture of 0.25, providing a simulated focusing efficiency of approximately 76.5% at a wavelength of 532 nm. Furthermore, the laser measurement system substantiates that the fabricated metalens achieves a focusing efficiency of 70.8%. By exploiting the reversibility of light characteristics, the metalens transforms the divergent light from green micro-LEDs into a collimated beam that passes through the pupil and images on the retina. Monochromatic pixels with a size of 5×5 µm2 and a pitch of 10 µm can be distinctly resolved with a power efficiency of 50%. This work illustrates the feasibility of integrating the metalens with microdisplays, realizing a high-efficiency AR device without the need for additional optical components and showcasing great potential for the development of near-eye display applications.
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Zhao Z, Lee YH, Feng X, Escuti MJ, Lu L, Silverstein B. Theoretical efficiency limit of diffractive input couplers in augmented reality waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:12340-12357. [PMID: 38571059 DOI: 10.1364/oe.519027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been devoted to augmented reality (AR) displays to enable the immersive user experience in the wearable glasses form factor. Transparent waveguide combiners offer a compact solution to guide light from the microdisplay to the front of eyes while maintaining the see-through optical path to view the real world simultaneously. To deliver a realistic virtual image with low power consumption, the waveguide combiners need to have high efficiency and good image quality. One important limiting factor for the efficiency of diffractive waveguide combiners is the out-coupling problem in the input couplers, where the guided light interacts with the input gratings again and get partially out-coupled. In this study, we introduce a theoretical model to deterministically find the upper bound of the input efficiency of a uniform input grating, constrained only by Lorentz reciprocity and energy conservation. Our model considers the polarization management at the input coupler and can work for arbitrary input polarization state ensemble. Our model also provides the corresponding characteristics of the input coupler, such as the grating diffraction efficiencies and the Jones matrix of the polarization management components, to achieve the optimal input efficiency. Equipped with this theoretical model, we investigate how the upper bound of input efficiency varies with geometric parameters including the waveguide thickness, the projector pupil size, and the projector pupil relief distance. Our study shines light on the fundamental efficiency limit of input couplers in diffractive waveguide combiners and highlights the benefits of polarization control in improving the input efficiency.
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Luo M, Lee SS. Tandem neural network-assisted inverse design of highly efficient diffractive slanted waveguide grating. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:12587-12600. [PMID: 38571077 DOI: 10.1364/oe.514502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Virtual reality devices featuring diffractive grating components have emerged as hotspots in the field of near-to-eye displays. The core aim of our work is to streamline the intricacies involved in devising the highly efficient slanted waveguide grating using the deep-learning-driven inverse design technique. We propose and establish a tandem neural network (TNN) comprising a generative flow-based invertible neural network and a fully connected neural network. The proposed TNN can automatically optimize the coupling efficiencies of the proposed grating at multi-wavelengths, including red, green, and blue beams at incident angles in the range of 0°-15°. The efficiency indicators manifest in the peak transmittance, average transmittance, and illuminance uniformity, reaching approximately 100%, 92%, and 98%, respectively. Additionally, the structural parameters of the grating can be deduced inversely based on the indicators within a short duration of hundreds of milliseconds to seconds using the TNN. The implementation of the inverse-engineered grating is anticipated to serve as a paradigm for simplifying and expediting the development of diverse types of waveguide gratings.
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35
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Wang C, Guo X, Wu X. Electrically tunable virtual image Luneburg lens using graphene. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:12609-12619. [PMID: 38571079 DOI: 10.1364/oe.517397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Virtual image lenses play essential roles in various optical devices and applications, including vision correction, photography, and scientific instruments. Here, we introduce an approach for creating virtual image Luneburg lenses (LL) on graphene. Remarkably, the graphene plasmonic lens (GPL) exhibits electrically tunable virtual focusing capabilities. The design principle of the tunability is based on the nonlinear relationship between surface plasmon polariton (SPP) wave mode index and chemical potential of graphene. By controlling the gate voltage of graphene, we can achieve continuous tuning of virtual focus. A ray-tracing technique is employed to determine the required gate voltages for various virtual focal lengths. The proposed GPL facilitates adjustable virtual focusing, promising advancements in highly adaptive and transformative nanophotonic devices.
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36
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Chen E, Fan Z, Zhang K, Huang C, Xu S, Ye Y, Sun J, Yan Q, Guo T. Broadband beam collimation metasurface for full-color micro-LED displays. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:10252-10264. [PMID: 38571241 DOI: 10.1364/oe.518535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Near-eye displays are widely recognized as a groundbreaking technological advancement with the potential to significantly impact daily life. Within the realm of near-eye displays, micro-LEDs have emerged as a highly promising technology owing to their exceptional optical performance, compact form factor, and low power consumption. However, a notable challenge in integrating micro-LEDs into near-eye displays is the efficient light collimation across a wide spectrum range. In this paper, we propose what we believe to be a novel design of a broadband beam collimation metasurface for full-color micro-LEDs by harnessing wavefront phase modulation based on Huygens' principle. Our results demonstrate a substantial reduction in the full width at half maximum (FWHM) angles, achieving a reduction to 1/10, 1/10, and 1/20 for red, green, and blue micro-LEDs compared to those without the metasurface, which is the best collimation result as far as we know. The central light intensity increases by 24.60, 36.49, and 42.15 times. Furthermore, the significant enhancement in the light energy within ±10° is achieved, with the respective multiplication factors of 14.16, 15.60, and 13.00. This metasurface has the potential to revolutionize the field by enabling high-performance, compact, and lightweight micro-LED displays, with applications in near-eye displays, micro-projectors, and beyond.
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Yan X, Zhu J, Liu M, Liu Y, Luo D. Colorful multi-plane augmented reality display with dynamically tunable reflective Pancharatnam-Berry phase lens. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:9161-9170. [PMID: 38571155 DOI: 10.1364/oe.518898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Reflective cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) Pancharatnam-Berry phase lens (PBL) devices have attracted significant attention in augmented reality (AR) display due to their wide spectral and angular response bandwidths, high diffraction efficiency, and polarization selectivity. However, currently reported CLC reflective PBLs are either limited by monochrome display or suffers from complicated design for colorful display. Herein, we demonstrate a colorful multi-plane AR display system with dynamically tunable reflective PBL. The reflective PBL is fabricated by polymer-stabilized cholesteric liquid crystal (PSCLC) that provides dynamical and continuous tunability of color and focal length by direct current (DC) voltage. A proof-of-concept colorful multi-plane AR device is demonstrated, where over 90% diffraction efficiency at desired wavelength has been obtained. The proposed simple, compact, and light AR display system capable of color-imaging with multi-depth shows great application potential in the vehicle-mounted head-up display (HUD).
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38
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Goodsell J, Nikolov DK, Nick Vamivakas A, Rolland JP. Framework for optimizing AR waveguide in-coupler architectures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:9967-9981. [PMID: 38571220 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Waveguide displays have been shown to exhibit multiple interactions of light at the in-coupler diffractive surface, leading to light loss. Any losses at the in-coupler set a fundamental upper limit on the full-system efficiency. Furthermore, these losses vary spatially across the beam for each field, significantly decreasing the displayed image quality. We present a framework for alleviating the losses based on irradiance, efficiency, and MTF maps. We then derive and quantify the innate tradeoff between the in-coupling efficiency and the achievable modulation transfer function (MTF) characterizing image quality. Applying the framework, we show a new in-coupler architecture that mitigates the efficiency vs image quality tradeoff. In the example architecture, we demonstrate a computation speed that is 2,000 times faster than that of a commercial non-sequential ray tracer, enabling faster optimization and more thorough exploration of the parameter space. Results show that with this architecture, the in-coupling efficiency still meets the fundamental limit, while the MTF achieves the diffraction limit up to and including 30 cycles/deg, equivalent to 20/20 vision.
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39
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Slavich AS, Ermolaev GA, Tatmyshevskiy MK, Toksumakov AN, Matveeva OG, Grudinin DV, Voronin KV, Mazitov A, Kravtsov KV, Syuy AV, Tsymbarenko DM, Mironov MS, Novikov SM, Kruglov I, Ghazaryan DA, Vyshnevyy AA, Arsenin AV, Volkov VS, Novoselov KS. Exploring van der Waals materials with high anisotropy: geometrical and optical approaches. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:68. [PMID: 38453886 PMCID: PMC10920635 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01407-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of van der Waals (vdW) materials resulted in the discovery of their high optical, mechanical, and electronic anisotropic properties, immediately enabling countless novel phenomena and applications. Such success inspired an intensive search for the highest possible anisotropic properties among vdW materials. Furthermore, the identification of the most promising among the huge family of vdW materials is a challenging quest requiring innovative approaches. Here, we suggest an easy-to-use method for such a survey based on the crystallographic geometrical perspective of vdW materials followed by their optical characterization. Using our approach, we found As2S3 as a highly anisotropic vdW material. It demonstrates high in-plane optical anisotropy that is ~20% larger than for rutile and over two times as large as calcite, high refractive index, and transparency in the visible range, overcoming the century-long record set by rutile. Given these benefits, As2S3 opens a pathway towards next-generation nanophotonics as demonstrated by an ultrathin true zero-order quarter-wave plate that combines classical and the Fabry-Pérot optical phase accumulations. Hence, our approach provides an effective and easy-to-use method to find vdW materials with the utmost anisotropic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr S Slavich
- Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova str. 20, Moscow, 123592, Russia
| | - Georgy A Ermolaev
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Adilet N Toksumakov
- Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova str. 20, Moscow, 123592, Russia
| | - Olga G Matveeva
- Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova str. 20, Moscow, 123592, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V Grudinin
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kirill V Voronin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia/San-Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Arslan Mazitov
- Institute of Materials, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Alexander V Syuy
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dmitry M Tsymbarenko
- Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail S Mironov
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sergey M Novikov
- Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova str. 20, Moscow, 123592, Russia
| | - Ivan Kruglov
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Davit A Ghazaryan
- Moscow Center for Advanced Studies, Kulakova str. 20, Moscow, 123592, Russia
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia
| | - Andrey A Vyshnevyy
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aleksey V Arsenin
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia
| | - Valentyn S Volkov
- Emerging Technologies Research Center, XPANCEO, Internet City, Emmay Tower, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Yerevan State University, Yerevan, 0025, Armenia
| | - Kostya S Novoselov
- National Graphene Institute (NGI), University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 03-09 EA, Singapore.
- Institute for Functional Intelligent Materials, National University of Singapore, 117544, Singapore, Singapore.
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40
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Liu W, Zhang E, Zhang M. Current Application of Navigation Systems in Robotic-Assisted and Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy: Focus on the Improvement of Surgical Performance and Outcomes. Ann Surg Oncol 2024; 31:2163-2172. [PMID: 38063985 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-023-14716-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Kidney cancer represents the third most prevalent malignancy among all types of genitourinary cancer worldwide. Currently, there is a growing trend of employing partial nephrectomy for the management of large and complex tumors. Surgical outcomes are associated with some amendable surgical factors, including warm ischemic time, pedicle clamping, preserved volume of renal parenchyma, appropriate surgical strategy, and precise resection of the tumor. Improving surgical performance is pivotal for achieving favorable surgical outcomes. Due to advancements in imaging visualization technology and the shift of the medical paradigm toward precision medicine, an increasing number of navigation systems have been implemented in partial nephrectomy procedures. The navigation system can assist surgeons in formulating optimal surgical strategies and enhance the safety, precision, and feasibility of resecting complex renal tumors. In this review, we provide an overview of currently available navigation systems and their feasible applications, with a focus on how they contribute to the improvement of surgical performance and outcomes during robotic-assisted and laparoscopic partial nephrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangmin Liu
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Enchong Zhang
- Department of Urology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Mo Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
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41
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Phillips JM, Harper MG, Brecht ML, DeVon HA. Effect of a Virtual Reality Simulation Modality on Registered Nurse Knowledge and Behavior Related to Clostridioides difficile Prevention : An Experimental, Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. J Nurses Prof Dev 2024; 40:75-81. [PMID: 38228313 DOI: 10.1097/nnd.0000000000001031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Virtual reality simulation (VRS) has emerged as an educational methodology in nursing professional development. A cluster randomized controlled trial was conducted with a sample of clinical registered nurses to compare effectiveness of VRS and traditional education on knowledge and behavior related to Clostridioides difficile prevention. No significant differences were found in the effectiveness of the two modalities, suggesting the usefulness of VRS as a teaching methodology.
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42
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Tang S, Wang L, Song F, Li S. Dynamic projection mapping for non-planar objects with a variable focus lens and visual feedback. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2024; 41:468-475. [PMID: 38437438 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.514287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic projection mapping for moving objects has attracted much attention in recent years. However, conventional approaches have faced some issues, such as the target objects being limited to the moving speed of the objects, the limitation of the narrow depth-of-field optics, and the planar shape objects. This work proposed an adaptive three-dimensional projection prototype, and it could project an always in-focus image on a non-planar object based on liquid lens optics. The location of the non-planar object could be detected, and the mapped projection contents calculated; as a result, a stable "printed" projection mapping should be viewed on a moving object.
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43
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Shi Y, Wan S, Dai C, Wang Z, Li Z, Li Z. On-Chip Meta-Optics for Engineering Arbitrary Trajectories with Longitudinal Polarization Variation. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2063-2070. [PMID: 38299886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
On-chip integrated meta-optics promise to achieve high-performance and compact integrated photonic devices. To arbitrarily engineer the optical trajectory along the propagation path in an on-chip integrated scheme is of significance in fundamental physics and various emerging applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate an on-chip metasurface integrated on a waveguide to enable predefined arbitrary optical trajectories in the visible regime. By transformation of the transverse phase to generate longitudinal mapping, the guided waves are extracted and molded into any different optical trajectories (parabola, hyperbola, and cosine). More intriguingly, predefined polarization states with longitudinal variation are also successfully imparted along the trajectory. Owing to the on-chip propagation scheme, the trajectories are uniquely free from zero-order diffraction interference, naturally having a higher signal-to-noise ratio beyond conventional free-space forms. Overall, such on-chip optical trajectory engineering allows for miniaturized integration and can find paths in potential applications of complex optical manipulation, advanced laser fabrication, and microscopic imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Shi
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Shuai Wan
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Chenjie Dai
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zejing Wang
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhe Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Wuhan Institute of Quantum Technology, Wuhan 430206, China
- School of Microelectronics, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Suzhou Institute of Wuhan University, Suzhou 215123, China
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Li Y, Yang J, Zhao R, Zhao Y, Tian C, Li X, Li Y, Li J, Wang Y, Huang L. Ultracompact polarization multiplexing meta-combiner for augmented reality display. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:6266-6276. [PMID: 38439334 DOI: 10.1364/oe.515375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Augmented reality (AR) display, as a next-generation innovative technology, is revolutionizing the ways of perceiving and communicating by overlaying virtual images onto real-world scenes. However, the current AR devices are often bulky and cumbersome, posing challenges for long-term wearability. Metasurfaces have flexible capabilities of manipulating light waves at subwavelength scales, making them as ideal candidates for replacing traditional optical elements in AR display devices. In this work, we propose and fabricate what we believe is a novel reflective polarization multiplexing gradient metasurface based on propagation phase principle to replace the optical combiner element in traditional AR display devices. Our designed metasurface exhibits different polarization modulations for reflected and transmitted light, enabling efficient deflection of reflected light while minimizing the impact on transmitted light. This work reveals the significant potential of metasurfaces in next-generation optical display systems and provides a reliable theoretical foundation for future integrated waveguide schemes, driving the development of next-generation optical display products towards lightweight and comfortable.
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Allayarov I, Evlyukhin AB, Calà Lesina A. Multiresonant all-dielectric metasurfaces based on high-order multipole coupling in the visible. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:5641-5658. [PMID: 38439285 DOI: 10.1364/oe.511172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
In many cases, optical metasurfaces are studied in the single-resonant regime. However, a multiresonant behavior can enable multiband devices with reduced footprint, and is desired for applications such as display pixels, multispectral imaging and sensing. Multiresonances are typically achieved by engineering the array lattice (e.g., to obtain several surface lattice resonances), or by adopting a unit cell hosting one (or more than one) nanostructure with some optimized geometry to support multiple resonances. Here, we present a study on how to achieve multiresonant metasurfaces in the visible spectral range by exploiting high-order multipoles in dielectric (e.g., diamond or titanium dioxide) nanostructures. We show that in a simple metasurface (for a fixed particle and lattice geometry) one can achieve triple resonance occurring nearly at RGB (red, green, and blue) wavelengths. Based on analytical and numerical analysis, we demonstrate that the physical mechanism enabling the multiresonance behavior is the lattice induced coupling (energy exchange) between high-order Mie-type multipoles moments of the metasurface's particles. We discuss the influence on the resonances of the metasurface's finite size, surrounding material, polarization, and lattice shape, and suggest control strategies to enable the optical tunability of these resonances.
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Zhao W, Wang X, Zhong Q. Small random library method combined with local searching in optical critical dimension measurements. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:861-864. [PMID: 38294402 DOI: 10.1364/ao.510931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The critical dimensions (CDs) of gratings significantly influence their optical performances and require high-resolution measurements. To avoid damaging the gratings, a model-based optical critical dimension (OCD) measurement method utilizing ellipsometry or scatterometry was applied by matching the simulated and experimental values. However, online CD measurements during grating fabrication require a bulky presimulated library containing the condition points with various CDs, making it time consuming and resource intensive to build with large dimension ranges to account for grating fabrication errors. In this study, we proposed a smaller random library with an unevenly distributed resolution, offering finer resolution when the grating to be measured is close to the reference grating. This approach, validated using a home-constructed spectroscopic ellipsometer, resulted in better results. Finally, a local search algorithm based on a random library was applied to further improve the measurement accuracy. This approach extraordinarily reduced the preparation time for OCD measurements and achieved better performance, significantly improving the efficiency of grating development and fabrication inspection.
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Latif S, Kim J, Khaliq HS, Mahmood N, Ansari MA, Chen X, Akbar J, Badloe T, Zubair M, Massoud Y, Mehmood MQ, Rho J. Spin-Selective Angular Dispersion Control in Dielectric Metasurfaces for Multichannel Meta-Holographic Displays. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:708-714. [PMID: 38165767 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Angle-dependent next-generation displays have potential applications in 3D stereoscopic and head-mounted displays, image combiners, and encryption for augmented reality (AR) and security. Metasurfaces enable such exceptional functionalities with groundbreaking achievements in efficient displays over the past decades. However, limitations in angular dispersion control make them unfit for numerous nanophotonic applications. Here, we propose a spin-selective angle-dependent all-dielectric metasurface with a unique design strategy to manifest distinct phase information at different incident angles of light. As a proof of concept, the phase masks of two images are encoded into the metasurface and projected at the desired focal plane under different angles of left circularly polarized (LCP) light. Specifically, the proposed multifunctional metasurface generates two distinct holographic images under LCP illumination at angles of +35 and -35°. The presented holographic displays may provide a feasible route toward multifunctional meta-devices for potential AR displays, encrypted imaging, and information storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Latif
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hafiz Saad Khaliq
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Afnan Ansari
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, U.K
| | - Jehan Akbar
- Glasgow College, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610056, China
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Zubair
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yehia Massoud
- Innovative Technologies Laboratories (ITL), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Qasim Mehmood
- MicroNano Lab, Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology University (ITU) of the Punjab, Ferozepur Road, Lahore 54600, Pakistan
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Wang D, Li YL, Chu F, Li NN, Li ZS, Lee SD, Nie ZQ, Liu C, Wang QH. Color liquid crystal grating based color holographic 3D display system with large viewing angle. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:16. [PMID: 38221521 PMCID: PMC10788332 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Holographic 3D display is highly desirable for numerous applications ranging from medical treatments to military affairs. However, it is challenging to simultaneously achieve large viewing angle and high-fidelity color reconstruction due to the intractable constraints of existing technology. Here, we conceptually propose and experimentally demonstrate a simple and feasible pathway of using a well-designed color liquid crystal grating to overcome the inevitable chromatic aberration and enlarge the holographic viewing angle, thus enabling large-viewing-angle and color holographic 3D display. The use of color liquid crystal grating allows performing secondary diffraction modulation on red, green and blue reproduced images simultaneously and extending the viewing angle in the holographic 3D display system. In principle, a chromatic aberration-free hologram generation mechanism in combination with the color liquid crystal grating is proposed to pave the way for on such a superior holographic 3D display. The proposed system shows a color viewing angle of ~50.12°, which is about 7 times that of the traditional system with a single spatial light modulator. This work presents a paradigm for achieving desirable holographic 3D display, and is expected to provide a new way for the wide application of holographic display.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yi-Long Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fan Chu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Nan-Nan Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Zhao-Song Li
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Sin-Doo Lee
- Display Technology Research Center, Seoul National University, Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhong-Quan Nie
- Key Lab of Advanced Transducers and Intelligent Control System, Ministry of Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, 030024, China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Qiong-Hua Wang
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronic Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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Zhang F, Zhang Y, Li G, Luo H. Using Virtual Reality Interventions to Promote Social and Emotional Learning for Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 11:41. [PMID: 38255355 PMCID: PMC10813885 DOI: 10.3390/children11010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
This study provides a comprehensive review of the application of virtual reality (VR) in social and emotional learning (SEL) for children and adolescents over the past decade (January 2013-May 2023), with a specific interest in the relations between their technological and instructional design features. A search in Web of Science resulted in 32 relevant articles that were then manually screened. Coding analysis was conducted from four perspectives: participant characteristics, research design, technological features, and instructional design. The analysis provides insights into the VR literature regarding publication trends, target populations, technological features, instructional scenarios, and tasks. To test the effectiveness of VR interventions for promoting SEL, a meta-analysis was also conducted, which revealed an overall medium effect size and significant moderating effects of SEL disorder type and instructional task. Finally, based on the research results, the practical implications of and future research directions for applying VR in SEL were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heng Luo
- Faculty of Artificial Intelligence in Education, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; (F.Z.); (Y.Z.); (G.L.)
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Chai X, Wu L, He Z. Effects of virtual reality-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36702. [PMID: 38206693 PMCID: PMC10754576 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual reality (VR)-based pulmonary rehabilitation has been used in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The efficacy of VR-based pulmonary rehabilitation for improving lung function in patients with COPD is controversial. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of VR combined with pulmonary rehabilitation for lung function in patients with COPD. METHODS This study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. The search was performed in the Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases from inception to February 1, 2023. All included studies were randomized controlled trials that assessed VR combined with pulmonary rehabilitation for COPD patients. The effect size was calculated with standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias. Publication bias was assessed by Egger test. RESULTS A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in this study. The combined effect size showed that VR combined with pulmonary rehabilitation was more effective than pulmonary rehabilitation alone at improving forced expiratory volume in 1 second% (SMD: 0.51; 95% CI 0.19,0.82; P = .002), forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity (SMD: 0.71; 95% CI 0.49,0.93; P < .001), dyspnea (SMD: -0.44; 95% CI -0.66, -0.22; P < .001), and 6-minute walking test (SMD: 059; 95% CI 0.39, 0.79; P < .001). In addition, the VR combined with pulmonary rehabilitation improved depression (SMD: -0.34; 95% CI -0.05, -0.03; P = .033) and anxiety mood (SMD: -0.57; 95% CI -1.11, -0.04; P = .036) compared with the pulmonary rehabilitation group. CONCLUSION This meta-analysis indicated that VR regimens could be used to enhance the therapeutic effect of pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. However, as a rapidly evolving field, more well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the impact of VR-based pulmonary rehabilitation on COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Chai
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingyun Wu
- School of Nursing, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhihong He
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The Quzhou Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
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