1
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Kim J, Bustamante E, Sotonyi P, Maxwell ND, Parameswaran P, Kent JK, Wetsel WC, Soderblom EJ, Rácz B, Soderling SH. Presynaptic Rac1 in the hippocampus selectively regulates working memory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585488. [PMID: 38562715 PMCID: PMC10983896 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
One of the most extensively studied members of the Ras superfamily of small GTPases, Rac1 is an intracellular signal transducer that remodels actin and phosphorylation signaling networks. Previous studies have shown that Rac1-mediated signaling is associated with hippocampal-dependent working memory and longer-term forms of learning and memory and that Rac1 can modulate forms of both pre- and postsynaptic plasticity. How these different cognitive functions and forms of plasticity mediated by Rac1 are linked, however, is unclear. Here, we show that spatial working memory is selectively impaired following the expression of a genetically encoded Rac1-inhibitor at presynaptic terminals, while longer-term cognitive processes are affected by Rac1 inhibition at postsynaptic sites. To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of this presynaptic process, we leveraged new advances in mass spectrometry to identify the proteomic and post-translational landscape of presynaptic Rac1 signaling. We identified serine/threonine kinases and phosphorylated cytoskeletal signaling and synaptic vesicle proteins enriched with active Rac1. The phosphorylated sites in these proteins are at positions likely to have regulatory effects on synaptic vesicles. Consistent with this, we also report changes in the distribution and morphology of synaptic vesicles and in postsynaptic ultrastructure following presynaptic Rac1 inhibition. Overall, this study reveals a previously unrecognized presynaptic role of Rac1 signaling in cognitive processes and provides insights into its potential regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaebin Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edwin Bustamante
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Peter Sotonyi
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nicholas D Maxwell
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pooja Parameswaran
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie K Kent
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - William C Wetsel
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erik J Soderblom
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bence Rácz
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Scott H Soderling
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Saha P, Andersen RE, Hong SJ, Gil E, Simms J, Lim DA. Sex-specific role for the long noncoding RNA Pnky in mouse behavior. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.05.569777. [PMID: 38105981 PMCID: PMC10723355 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.569777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The human brain expresses thousands of different long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and aberrant expression of specific lncRNAs has been associated with cognitive and psychiatric disorders. While a growing number of lncRNAs are now known to regulate neural cell development and function, relatively few have been shown to underlie animal behavior, particularly with genetic strategies that establish lncRNA function in trans. Pnky is an evolutionarily conserved, neural lncRNA that regulates brain development. Using mouse genetic strategies, we show that Pnky has sex-specific roles in mouse behavior and that this lncRNA underlies specific behavior by functioning in trans. Male Pnky-knockout (KO) mice have deficits in cued fear recall, a type of Pavlovian associative memory. In female Pnky-KO mice, the acoustic startle response (ASR) is increased and accompanied by a decrease in prepulse inhibition (PPI), both of which are behaviors altered in affective disorders. Remarkably, expression of Pnky from a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgene reverses the ASR phenotype of female Pnky-KO mice, demonstrating that Pnky underlies specific animal behavior by functioning in trans. More broadly, these data provide genetic evidence that a lncRNA gene and its function in trans can play a key role in the behavior of adult mammals, contributing fundamental knowledge to our growing understanding of the association between specific lncRNAs and disorders of cognition and mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parna Saha
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Andersen
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sung Jun Hong
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Eugene Gil
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey Simms
- Behavioral Core, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel A. Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center; University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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3
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Sandhu A, Kumar A, Rawat K, Gautam V, Sharma A, Saha L. Modernising autism spectrum disorder model engineering and treatment via CRISPR-Cas9: A gene reprogramming approach. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:3114-3127. [PMID: 37274051 PMCID: PMC10237133 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i14.3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A neurological abnormality called autism spectrum disorder (ASD) affects how a person perceives and interacts with others, leading to social interaction and communication issues. Limited and recurring behavioural patterns are another feature of the illness. Multiple mutations throughout development are the source of the neurodevelopmental disorder autism. However, a well-established model and perfect treatment for this spectrum disease has not been discovered. The rising era of the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated protein 9 (Cas9) system can streamline the complexity underlying the pathogenesis of ASD. The CRISPR-Cas9 system is a powerful genetic engineering tool used to edit the genome at the targeted site in a precise manner. The major hurdle in studying ASD is the lack of appropriate animal models presenting the complex symptoms of ASD. Therefore, CRISPR-Cas9 is being used worldwide to mimic the ASD-like pathology in various systems like in vitro cell lines, in vitro 3D organoid models and in vivo animal models. Apart from being used in establishing ASD models, CRISPR-Cas9 can also be used to treat the complexities of ASD. The aim of this review was to summarize and critically analyse the CRISPR-Cas9-mediated discoveries in the field of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arushi Sandhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 0172, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 0172, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kajal Rawat
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 0172, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vipasha Gautam
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 0172, Chandigarh, India
| | - Antika Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 0172, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lekha Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 0172, Chandigarh, India
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4
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Seal RL, Tweedie S, Bruford EA. A standardised nomenclature for long non-coding RNAs. IUBMB Life 2023; 75:380-389. [PMID: 35880706 PMCID: PMC9877250 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) is the sole group with the authority to approve symbols for human genes, including long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) genes. Use of approved symbols ensures that publications and biomedical databases are easily searchable and reduces the risks of confusion that can be caused by using the same symbol to refer to different genes or using many different symbols for the same gene. Here, we describe how the HGNC names lncRNA genes and review the nomenclature of the seven lncRNA genes most mentioned in the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L. Seal
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUK
- Department of HaematologyUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
| | - Susan Tweedie
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUK
| | - Elspeth A. Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Molecular Biology LaboratoryEuropean Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome CampusHinxtonUK
- Department of HaematologyUniversity of Cambridge School of Clinical MedicineCambridgeUK
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5
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The Rationale for Vitamin, Mineral, and Cofactor Treatment in the Precision Medical Care of Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Pers Med 2023; 13:jpm13020252. [PMID: 36836486 PMCID: PMC9964499 DOI: 10.3390/jpm13020252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with autism spectrum disorder may exhibit nutritional deficiencies due to reduced intake, genetic variants, autoantibodies interfering with vitamin transport, and the accumulation of toxic compounds that consume vitamins. Importantly, vitamins and metal ions are essential for several metabolic pathways and for neurotransmitter functioning. The therapeutic benefits of supplementing vitamins, minerals (Zinc, Magnesium, Molybdenum, and Selenium), and other cofactors (coenzyme Q10, alpha-lipoic acid, and tetrahydrobiopterin) are mediated through their cofactor as well as non-cofactor functions. Interestingly, some vitamins can be safely administered at levels far above the dose typically used to correct the deficiency and exert effects beyond their functional role as enzyme cofactors. Moreover, the interrelationships between these nutrients can be leveraged to obtain synergistic effects using combinations. The present review discusses the current evidence for using vitamins, minerals, and cofactors in autism spectrum disorder, the rationale behind their use, and the prospects for future use.
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6
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Beyond Moco Biosynthesis-Moonlighting Roles of MoaE and MOCS2. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123733. [PMID: 35744859 PMCID: PMC9228816 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum cofactor (Moco) biosynthesis requires iron, copper, and ATP. The Moco-containing enzyme sulfite oxidase catalyzes terminal oxidation in oxidative cysteine catabolism, and another Moco-containing enzyme, xanthine dehydrogenase, functions in purine catabolism. Thus, molybdenum enzymes participate in metabolic pathways that are essential for cellular detoxication and energy dynamics. Studies of the Moco biosynthetic enzymes MoaE (in the Ada2a-containing (ATAC) histone acetyltransferase complex) and MOCS2 have revealed that Moco biosynthesis and molybdenum enzymes align to regulate signaling and metabolism via control of transcription and translation. Disruption of these functions is involved in the onset of dementia and neurodegenerative disease. This review provides an overview of the roles of MoaE and MOCS2 in normal cellular processes and neurodegenerative disease, as well as directions for future research.
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7
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Sedda D, Mackowiak C, Pailloux J, Culerier E, Dudas A, Rontani P, Erard N, Lefevre A, Mavel S, Emond P, Foucher F, Le Bert M, Quesniaux VF, Mihatsch MJ, Ryffel B, Erard-Garcia M. Deletion of Mocos Induces Xanthinuria with Obstructive Nephropathy and Major Metabolic Disorders in Mice. KIDNEY360 2021; 2:1793-1806. [PMID: 35372998 PMCID: PMC8785848 DOI: 10.34067/kid.0001732021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Xanthinuria type II is a rare autosomal purine disorder. This recessive defect of purine metabolism remains an under-recognized disorder. Methods Mice with targeted disruption of the molybdenum cofactor sulfurase (Mocos) gene were generated to enable an integrated understanding of purine disorders and evaluate pathophysiologic functions of this gene which is found in a large number of pathways and is known to be associated with autism. Results Mocos-deficient mice die with 4 weeks of age due to renal failure of distinct obstructive nephropathy with xanthinuria, xanthine deposits, cystic tubular dilation, Tamm-Horsfall (uromodulin) protein (THP) deposits, tubular cell necrosis with neutrophils, and occasionally hydronephrosis with urolithiasis. Obstructive nephropathy is associated with moderate interstitial inflammatory and fibrotic responses, anemia, reduced detoxification systems, and important alterations of the metabolism of purines, amino acids, and phospholipids. Conversely, heterozygous mice expressing reduced MOCOS protein are healthy with no apparent pathology. Conclusions Mocos-deficient mice develop a lethal obstructive nephropathy associated with profound metabolic changes. Studying MOCOS functions may provide important clues about the underlying pathogenesis of xanthinuria and other diseases requiring early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Sedda
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), Orléans University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7355, Orléans, France
| | - Claire Mackowiak
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), Orléans University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7355, Orléans, France
| | - Julie Pailloux
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), Orléans University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7355, Orléans, France
| | - Elodie Culerier
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), Orléans University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7355, Orléans, France
| | - Ana Dudas
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), Orléans University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7355, Orléans, France
| | - Pauline Rontani
- Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology (INP), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR7051, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Erard
- Institute of NeuroPhysiopathology (INP), Aix-Marseille University, CNRS UMR7051, Marseille, France
| | - Antoine Lefevre
- iBrain, Tours University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1253, Tours, France
| | - Sylvie Mavel
- iBrain, Tours University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1253, Tours, France
| | - Patrick Emond
- iBrain, Tours University, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMR 1253, Tours, France,Division of In Vitro Nuclear Medicine, Regional University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France,PST Analysis of Biological Systems, Tours University, Tours, France
| | - Frederic Foucher
- Center for Molecular Biophysics (CBM), CNRS UPR4301, Orléans, France
| | - Marc Le Bert
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), Orléans University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7355, Orléans, France
| | - Valerie F.J. Quesniaux
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), Orléans University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7355, Orléans, France
| | | | - Bernhard Ryffel
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), Orléans University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7355, Orléans, France
| | - Madeleine Erard-Garcia
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics (INEM), Orléans University, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR7355, Orléans, France
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8
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The evolutionary acquisition and mode of functions of promoter-associated non-coding RNAs (pancRNAs) for mammalian development. Essays Biochem 2021; 65:697-708. [PMID: 34328174 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence has shown that many long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are involved in gene regulation in a variety of ways such as transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic regulation. Promoter-associated non-coding RNAs (pancRNAs), which are categorized into the most abundant single-copy lncRNA biotype, play vital regulatory roles in finely tuning cellular specification at the epigenomic level. In short, pancRNAs can directly or indirectly regulate downstream genes to participate in the development of organisms in a cell-specific manner. In this review, we will introduce the evolutionarily acquired characteristics of pancRNAs as determined by comparative epigenomics and elaborate on the research progress on pancRNA-involving processes in mammalian embryonic development, including neural differentiation.
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9
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Classical Xanthinuria in Nine Israeli Families and Two Isolated Cases from Germany: Molecular, Biochemical and Population Genetics Aspects. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070788. [PMID: 34356852 PMCID: PMC8301430 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical xanthinuria is a rare autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by variants in the XDH (type I) or MOCOS (type II) genes. Thirteen Israeli kindred (five Jewish and eight Arab) and two isolated cases from Germany were studied between the years 1997 and 2013. Four and a branch of a fifth of these families were previously described. Here, we reported the demographic, clinical, molecular and biochemical characterizations of the remaining cases. Seven out of 20 affected individuals (35%) presented with xanthinuria-related symptoms of varied severity. Among the 10 distinct variants identified, six were novel: c.449G>T (p.(Cys150Phe)), c.1434G>A (p.(Trp478*)), c.1871C>G (p.(Ser624*)) and c.913del (p.(Leu305fs*1)) in the XDH gene and c.1046C>T (p.(Thr349Ileu)) and c.1771C>T (p.(Pro591Ser)) in the MOCOS gene. Heterologous protein expression studies revealed that the p.Cys150Phe variant within the Fe/S-I cluster-binding site impairs XDH biogenesis, the p.Thr349Ileu variant in the NifS-like domain of MOCOS affects protein stability and cysteine desulfurase activity, while the p.Pro591Ser and a previously described p.Arg776Cys variant in the C-terminal domain affect Molybdenum cofactor binding. Based on the results of haplotype analyses and historical genealogy findings, the potential dispersion of the identified variants is discussed. As far as we are aware, this is the largest cohort of xanthinuria cases described so far, substantially expanding the repertoire of pathogenic variants, characterizing structurally and functionally essential amino acid residues in the XDH and MOCOS proteins and addressing the population genetic aspects of classical xanthinuria.
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10
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Arnst N, Belio-Mairal P, García-González L, Arnaud L, Greetham L, Nivet E, Rivera S, Dityatev A. Deficiency in MT5-MMP Supports Branching of Human iPSCs-Derived Neurons and Reduces Expression of GLAST/S100 in iPSCs-Derived Astrocytes. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071705. [PMID: 34359875 PMCID: PMC8307207 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For some time, it has been accepted that the β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and the γ-secretase are two main players in the amyloidogenic processing of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Recently, the membrane-type 5 matrix metalloproteinase (MT5-MMP/MMP-24), mainly expressed in the nervous system, has been highlighted as a new key player in APP-processing, able to stimulate amyloidogenesis and also to generate a neurotoxic APP derivative. In addition, the loss of MT5-MMP has been demonstrated to abrogate pathological hallmarks in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), thus shedding light on MT5-MMP as an attractive new therapeutic target. However, a more comprehensive analysis of the role of MT5-MMP is necessary to evaluate how its targeting affects neurons and glia in pathological and physiological situations. In this study, leveraging on CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing strategy, we established cultures of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC)-derived neurons and astrocytes to investigate the impact of MT5-MMP deficiency on their phenotypes. We found that MT5-MMP-deficient neurons exhibited an increased number of primary and secondary neurites, as compared to isogenic hiPSC-derived neurons. Moreover, MT5-MMP-deficient astrocytes displayed higher surface area and volume compared to control astrocytes. The MT5-MMP-deficient astrocytes also exhibited decreased GLAST and S100β expression. These findings provide novel insights into the physiological role of MT5-MMP in human neurons and astrocytes, suggesting that therapeutic strategies targeting MT5-MMP should be controlled for potential side effects on astrocytic physiology and neuronal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Arnst
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (N.A.); (P.B.-M.)
| | - Pedro Belio-Mairal
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (N.A.); (P.B.-M.)
- Inst Neurophysiopathol, CNRS, INP, Aix Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France; (L.G.-G.); (L.A.); (L.G.); (E.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Laura García-González
- Inst Neurophysiopathol, CNRS, INP, Aix Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France; (L.G.-G.); (L.A.); (L.G.); (E.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Laurie Arnaud
- Inst Neurophysiopathol, CNRS, INP, Aix Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France; (L.G.-G.); (L.A.); (L.G.); (E.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Louise Greetham
- Inst Neurophysiopathol, CNRS, INP, Aix Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France; (L.G.-G.); (L.A.); (L.G.); (E.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Emmanuel Nivet
- Inst Neurophysiopathol, CNRS, INP, Aix Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France; (L.G.-G.); (L.A.); (L.G.); (E.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Santiago Rivera
- Inst Neurophysiopathol, CNRS, INP, Aix Marseille Université, 13385 Marseille, France; (L.G.-G.); (L.A.); (L.G.); (E.N.); (S.R.)
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (N.A.); (P.B.-M.)
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-67-24526
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11
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Unterholzner J, Millischer V, Wotawa C, Sawa A, Lanzenberger R. Making Sense of Patient-Derived iPSCs, Transdifferentiated Neurons, Olfactory Neuronal Cells, and Cerebral Organoids as Models for Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 24:759-775. [PMID: 34216465 PMCID: PMC8538891 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyab037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of experimental models for disorders requires a constant approximation towards the dysregulated tissue. In psychiatry, where an impairment of neuronal structure and function is assumed to play a major role in disease mechanisms and symptom development, this approximation is an ongoing process implicating various fields. These include genetic, animal, and post-mortem studies. To test hypotheses generated through these studies, in vitro models using non-neuronal cells such as fibroblasts and lymphocytes have been developed. For brain network disorders, cells with neuronal signatures would, however, represent a more adequate tissue. Considering the limited accessibility of brain tissue, research has thus turned towards neurons generated from induced pluripotent stem cells as well as directly induced neurons, cerebral organoids, and olfactory neuroepithelium. Regarding the increasing importance and amount of research using these neuronal cells, this review aims to provide an overview of all these models to make sense of the current literature. The development of each model system and its use as a model for the various psychiatric disorder categories will be laid out. Also, advantages and limitations of each model will be discussed, including a reflection on implications and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Unterholzner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Vincent Millischer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria,Neurogenetics Unit, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden,Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christoph Wotawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Akira Sawa
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA,Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Biomedical Engineering and Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria,Correspondence: Prof. Rupert Lanzenberger, MD, PD, NEUROIMAGING LABS (NIL) - PET, MRI, EEG, TMS & Chemical Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria ()
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12
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Advances in autism research, 2021: continuing to decipher the secrets of autism. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1426-1428. [PMID: 34045682 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01168-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Experimental Models to Study Autism Spectrum Disorders: hiPSCs, Rodents and Zebrafish. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111376. [PMID: 33233737 PMCID: PMC7699923 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) affect around 1.5% of the global population, which manifest alterations in communication and socialization, as well as repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. ASD is a complex disorder with known environmental and genetic contributors; however, ASD etiology is far from being clear. In the past decades, many efforts have been put into developing new models to study ASD, both in vitro and in vivo. These models have a lot of potential to help to validate some of the previously associated risk factors to the development of the disorder, and to test new potential therapies that help to alleviate ASD symptoms. The present review is focused on the recent advances towards the generation of models for the study of ASD, which would be a useful tool to decipher the bases of the disorder, as well as to conduct drug screenings that hopefully lead to the identification of useful compounds to help patients deal with the symptoms of ASD.
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Mayr SJ, Mendel RR, Schwarz G. Molybdenum cofactor biology, evolution and deficiency. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118883. [PMID: 33017596 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The molybdenum cofactor (Moco) represents an ancient metal‑sulfur cofactor, which participates as catalyst in carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles, both on individual and global scale. Given the diversity of biological processes dependent on Moco and their evolutionary age, Moco is traced back to the last universal common ancestor (LUCA), while Moco biosynthetic genes underwent significant changes through evolution and acquired additional functions. In this review, focused on eukaryotic Moco biology, we elucidate the benefits of gene fusions on Moco biosynthesis and beyond. While originally the gene fusions were driven by biosynthetic advantages such as coordinated expression of functionally related proteins and product/substrate channeling, they also served as origin for the development of novel functions. Today, Moco biosynthetic genes are involved in a multitude of cellular processes and loss of the according gene products result in severe disorders, both related to Moco biosynthesis and secondary enzyme functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Mayr
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47, 50674 Koeln, Germany
| | - Ralf-R Mendel
- Institute of Plant Biology, Braunschweig University of Technology, Humboldtstr. 1, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Guenter Schwarz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Zuelpicher Str. 47, 50674 Koeln, Germany.
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