1
|
Luo H, Yang J, Yang X, Han Z, Fang Z, Huang D, Gui J, Ding R, Chen H, Cheng L, Ma J, Jiang L. A peptide from the Japanese encephalitis virus failed to induce the production of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies via molecular mimicry in mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24700. [PMID: 38298637 PMCID: PMC10828681 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The development of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis following viral encephalitis, such as Japanese encephalitis, has received increasing attention in recent years. However, the mechanism of anti-NMDAR antibody production following Japanese encephalitis has not been explored. Methods A peptide from the Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), which shares a similar amino acid sequence with GluN1, was identified by sequence comparison. We then explored whether active subcutaneous immunization with the JEV peptide could induce the production of anti-NMDAR antibodies and related pathophysiological and behavioral changes in mice. In addition, a published active immune model of anti-NMDAR encephalitis using a GluN1 peptide was used as the positive control. Results A 6-amino-acid sequence with 83 % similarity between the envelope protein of the JEV (HGTVVI) and GluN1 (NGTHVI) was identified, and the sequence included the N368/G369 region. Active immunization with the JEV peptide induced a substantial and specific immune response in mice. However, anti-NMDAR antibodies were not detected in the serum of mice immunized with the JEV peptide by ELISA, CBA, and TBA. Moreover, mice immunized with the JEV peptide presented no abnormities related to anti-NMDAR antibodies according to western blotting, patch clamp, and a series of behavioral tests. In addition, active immunization with a recently reported GluN1 peptide failed to induce anti-NMDAR antibody production in mice. Conclusions In this study, the attempt of active immunization with the JEV peptide to induce the production of anti-NMDAR antibodies via molecular mimicry failed. The pathogenesis of anti-NMDAR encephalitis following Japanese encephalitis remains to be elucidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyu Luo
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyao Han
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhixu Fang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Dishu Huang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianxiong Gui
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Ran Ding
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Hengsheng Chen
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiannan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Neurodevelopment and Cognitive Disorders, Chongqing, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuchling J, Jurek B, Kents M, Kreye J, Geis C, Wickel J, Mueller S, Koch SP, Boehm-Sturm P, Prüss H, Finke C. Impaired functional connectivity of the hippocampus in translational murine models of NMDA-receptor antibody associated neuropsychiatric pathology. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:85-96. [PMID: 37875549 PMCID: PMC11078734 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02303-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Decreased hippocampal connectivity and disruption of functional networks are established resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) features that are associated with neuropsychiatric symptom severity in human anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. However, the underlying pathophysiology of NMDAR encephalitis remains poorly understood. Application of patient-derived monoclonal antibodies against the NR1 (GluN1) subunit of the NMDAR now allows for the translational investigation of functional connectivity in experimental murine NMDAR antibody disease models with neurodevelopmental disorders. Using rs-fMRI, we studied functional connectivity alterations in (1) adult C57BL/6 J mice that were intrathecally injected with a recombinant human NR1 antibody over 14 days (n = 10) and in (2) a newly established mouse model with in utero exposure to a human recombinant NR1 antibody (NR1-offspring) at the age of (2a) 8 weeks (n = 15) and (2b) 10 months (n = 14). Adult NR1-antibody injected mice showed impaired functional connectivity within the left hippocampus compared to controls, resembling impaired connectivity patterns observed in human NMDAR encephalitis patients. Similarly, NR1-offspring showed significantly reduced functional connectivity in the hippocampus after 8 weeks, and impaired connectivity in the hippocampus was likewise observed in NR1-offspring at the age of 10 months. We successfully reproduced functional connectivity changes within the hippocampus in different experimental murine systems that were previously observed in human NMDAR encephalitis patients. Translational application of this method within a combined imaging and histopathological framework will allow future experimental studies to identify the underlying biological mechanisms and may eventually facilitate non-invasive monitoring of disease activity and treatment responses in autoimmune encephalitis.
Collapse
Grants
- J.Ku is participant in the BIH-Charité Junior Clinician Scientist Program
- J.Kr is participant in the BIH-Charité Clinician Scientist Program funded by the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin and the Berlin Institute of Health.
- C.G. is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation: grant numbers GE2519/8-1, GE2519/9-1, FOR3004 and GE2519/11-1), by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF: grant numbers 01EW1901, 01GM1908B), and receives funding from Hermann und Lilly Schilling Foundation.
- H.P. is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation: grant numbers PR 1274/2-1, PR 1274/3-1, FOR3004 and PR 1274/5-1), by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF: grant numbers 01GM1908D, CONNECT-GENERATE), and by the Helmholtz Association (HIL-A03).
- C.F. is funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation: grant numbers FI 2309/1-1 and FI 2309/2-1), and by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; grant numbers 01GM1908D, CONNECT-GENERATE)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kuchling
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Betty Jurek
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariya Kents
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jakob Kreye
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Geis
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Wickel
- Section of Translational Neuroimmunology, Hans Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Core Facility 7 T Experimental MRIs, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefan Paul Koch
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Core Facility 7 T Experimental MRIs, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Neurocure Cluster of Excellence, Core Facility 7 T Experimental MRIs, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Center for Stroke Research, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harald Prüss
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Carsten Finke
- Department of Neurology and Experimental Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Daguano Gastaldi V, Bh Wilke J, Weidinger CA, Walter C, Barnkothe N, Teegen B, Luessi F, Stöcker W, Lühder F, Begemann M, Zipp F, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Factors predisposing to humoral autoimmunity against brain-antigens in health and disease: Analysis of 49 autoantibodies in over 7000 subjects. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:135-147. [PMID: 36323361 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating autoantibodies (AB) against brain-antigens, often deemed pathological, receive increasing attention. We assessed predispositions and seroprevalence/characteristics of 49 AB in > 7000 individuals. METHODS Exploratory cross-sectional cohort study, investigating deeply phenotyped neuropsychiatric patients and healthy individuals of GRAS Data Collection for presence/characteristics of 49 brain-directed serum-AB. Predispositions were evaluated through GWAS of NMDAR1-AB carriers, analyses of immune check-point genotypes, APOE4 status, neurotrauma. Chi-square, Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS Study of N = 7025 subjects (55.8 % male; 41 ± 16 years) revealed N = 1133 (16.13 %) carriers of any AB against 49 defined brain-antigens. Overall, age dependence of seroprevalence (OR = 1.018/year; 95 % CI [1.015-1.022]) emerged, but no disease association, neither general nor with neuropsychiatric subgroups. Males had higher AB seroprevalence (OR = 1.303; 95 % CI [1.144-1.486]). Immunoglobulin class (N for IgM:462; IgA:487; IgG:477) and titers were similar. Abundant were NMDAR1-AB (7.7 %). Low seroprevalence (1.25 %-0.02 %) was seen for most AB (e.g., amphiphysin, KCNA2, ARHGAP26, GFAP, CASPR2, MOG, Homer-3, KCNA1, GLRA1b, GAD65). Non-detectable were others. GWAS of NMDAR1-AB carriers revealed three genome-wide significant SNPs, two intergenic, one in TENM3, previously autoimmune disease-associated. Targeted analysis of immune check-point genotypes (CTLA4, PD1, PD-L1) uncovered effects on humoral anti-brain autoimmunity (OR = 1.55; 95 % CI [1.058-2.271]) and disease likelihood (OR = 1.43; 95 % CI [1.032-1.985]). APOE4 carriers (∼19 %) had lower seropositivity (OR = 0.766; 95 % CI [0.625-0.933]). Neurotrauma predisposed to NMDAR1-AB seroprevalence (IgM: OR = 1.599; 95 % CI [1.022-2.468]). CONCLUSIONS Humoral autoimmunity against brain-antigens, frequent across health and disease, is predicted by age, gender, genetic predisposition, and brain injury. Seroprevalence, immunoglobulin class, or titers do not predict disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Daguano Gastaldi
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Justus Bh Wilke
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cosima A Weidinger
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Walter
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Barnkothe
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianca Teegen
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Felix Luessi
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine‑Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Winfried Stöcker
- Institute for Experimental Immunology, Affiliated to Euroimmun, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Fred Lühder
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research, University Medical Center, of the Georg August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin Begemann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frauke Zipp
- Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neuroscience (FTN) and Immunotherapy (FZI), Rhine‑Main Neuroscience Network (rmn2), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gibson LL, Pollak TA, Hart M, Heslegrave A, Hye A, Church AJ, Lakdawala N, Nicholson TR, Batzu L, Rota S, Trivedi D, Zetterberg H, Chaudhuri KR, Aarsland D. NMDA Receptor Antibodies and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023:appineuropsych20220107. [PMID: 36710627 DOI: 10.1176/appi.neuropsych.20220107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoantibody-mediated neurological syndrome with prominent cognitive and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The clinical relevance of NMDAR antibodies outside the context of encephalitis was assessed in this study. METHODS Plasma from patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) (N=108) and healthy control subjects (N=89) was screened at baseline for immunoglobulin A (IgA), IgM, and IgG NMDAR antibodies, phosphorylated tau 181 (p-tau181), and the neuroaxonal injury marker neurofilament light (NfL). Clinical assessment of the patients included measures of cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination [MMSE]) and neuropsychiatric symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; Non-Motor Symptoms Scale for Parkinson's Disease). A subgroup of patients (N=61) was followed annually for up to 6 years. RESULTS Ten (9%) patients with PD tested positive for NMDAR antibodies (IgA, N=5; IgM, N=6; IgG, N=0), and three (3%) healthy control subjects had IgM NMDAR antibodies; IgA NMDAR antibodies were detected significantly more commonly among patients with PD than healthy control subjects (χ2=4.23, df=1, p=0.04). Age, gender, and disease duration were not associated with NMDAR antibody positivity. Longitudinally, antibody-positive patients had significantly greater decline in annual MMSE scores when the analyses were adjusted for education, age, disease duration, p-tau181, NfL, and follow-up duration (adjusted R2=0.26, p=0.01). Neuropsychiatric symptoms were not associated with antibody status, and no associations were seen between NMDAR antibodies and p-tau181 or NfL levels. CONCLUSIONS NMDAR antibodies were associated with greater cognitive impairment over time in patients with PD, independent of other pathological biomarkers, suggesting a potential contribution of these antibodies to cognitive decline in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy L Gibson
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Thomas A Pollak
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Melanie Hart
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Amanda Heslegrave
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Abdul Hye
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Andrew J Church
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Neghat Lakdawala
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Timothy R Nicholson
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Lucia Batzu
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Silvia Rota
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Dhaval Trivedi
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Kallol Ray Chaudhuri
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| | - Dag Aarsland
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry (Gibson, Hye, Aarsland) and Department of Psychosis Studies, Neuropsychiatry Research and Education Group (Pollak, Nicholson), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London; Neuroimmunology and CSF Laboratory, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London (Hart, Church, Lakdawala); Departments of Neuroinflammation (Hart) and Neurodegenerative Disease (Heslegrave, Zetterberg), Institute of Neurology, University College London; UK Dementia Research Institute, University College London (Heslegrave, Zetterberg); Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Parkinson Foundation International Centre of Excellence, King's College Hospital and King's College London (Batzu, Rota, Trivedi, Chaudhuri); Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden (Zetterberg); Centre for Age-Related Medicine, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway (Aarsland)
| |
Collapse
|