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Skurk T, Bosy-Westphal A, Grünerbel A, Kabisch S, Keuthage W, Kronsbein P, Müssig K, Nussbaumer H, Pfeiffer AFH, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Rubin D. Dietary Recommendations for Persons with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2024; 132:182-215. [PMID: 38286422 DOI: 10.1055/a-2166-6772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Kabisch
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Winfried Keuthage
- Specialist Practice for Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Kronsbein
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach Campus, Mönchengladbach, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Diabetology, Niels Stensen Hospitals, Franziskus Hospital Harderberg, Georgsmarienhütte, Germany
| | | | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Astrid Tombek
- Diabetes Centre Bad Mergentheim, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | - Katharina S Weber
- Institute for Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Hospital Spandau, Berlin, Germany
- Vivantes Humboldt Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Freckmann G, Schauer S, Beltzer A, Waldenmaier D, Buck S, Baumstark A, Jendrike N, Link M, Zschornack E, Haug C, Pleus S. Continuous Glucose Profiles in Healthy People With Fixed Meal Times and Under Everyday Life Conditions. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2024; 18:407-413. [PMID: 35876145 PMCID: PMC10973852 DOI: 10.1177/19322968221113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increased use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and automated insulin delivery systems raises the question about therapeutic targets for glucose profiles in people with diabetes. This study aimed to assess averaged pre- and postprandial glucose profiles in people without diabetes to provide guidance for normal glucose patterns in clinical practice. For that, number and timing of meal intake were predefined. MATERIAL AND METHODS To assess glucose traces in 36 participants without diabetes (mean age = 23.7 ± 5.7 years), CGM was performed for up to 14 days, starting with a run-in phase (first 3 days, excluded from analysis) followed by 4 days with fixed meal times at 8:00 am, 1:00 pm, and 6:00 pm and the remaining 7 days spent under everyday life conditions. Data from two simultaneously worn CGM sensors were averaged and adjusted to capillary plasma-equivalent glucose values. Glucose data were evaluated through descriptive statistics. RESULTS Median glucose concentration on days with fixed meal times and under everyday life conditions was 95.0 mg/dL (91.6-99.1 mg/dL, interquartile range) and 98.1 mg/dL (93.7-100.8 mg/dL), respectively. On days with fixed meal times, mean premeal glucose was 92.8 ± 9.4 mg/dL, and mean peak postmeal glucose was 143.3 ± 23.5 mg/dL. CONCLUSIONS By defining the time of meal intake, a clear pattern of distinct postprandial glucose excursions in participants without diabetes could be demonstrated and analyzed. The presented glucose profiles might be helpful as an estimate for adequate clinical targets in people with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido Freckmann
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schauer
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anne Beltzer
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Delia Waldenmaier
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sina Buck
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annette Baumstark
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Nina Jendrike
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Manuela Link
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eva Zschornack
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Haug
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Pleus
- Institut für Diabetes-Technologie, Forschungs- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft mbH an der Universität Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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Ige S, Alaoui K, Al-Dibouni A, Dallas ML, Cagampang FR, Sellayah D, Chantler PD, Boateng SY. Leptin-dependent differential remodeling of visceral and pericardial adipose tissue following chronic exercise and psychosocial stress. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23325. [PMID: 38117486 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300269rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is driven by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure, causing excessive storage of triglycerides in adipose tissue at different sites around the body. Increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is associated with diabetes, while pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) is associated with cardiac pathology. Adipose tissue can expand either through cellular hypertrophy or hyperplasia, with the former correlating with decreased metabolic health in obesity. The aim of this study was to determine how VAT and PAT remodel in response to obesity, stress, and exercise. Here we have used the male obese Zucker rats, which carries two recessive fa alleles that result in the development of hyperphagia with reduced energy expenditure, resulting in morbid obesity and leptin resistance. At 9 weeks of age, a group of lean (Fa/Fa or Fa/fa) Zucker rats (LZR) and obese (fa/fa) Zucker rats (OZR) were treated with unpredictable chronic mild stress or exercise for 8 weeks. To determine the phenotype for PAT and VAT, tissue cellularity and gene expression were analyzed. Finally, leptin signaling was investigated further using cultured 3T3-derived adipocytes. Tissue cellularity was determined following hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, while qPCR was used to examine gene expression. PAT adipocytes were significantly smaller than those from VAT and had a more beige-like appearance in both LZR and OZR. In the OZR group, VAT adipocyte cell size increased significantly compared with LZR, while PAT showed no difference. Exercise and stress resulted in a significant reduction in VAT cellularity in OZR, while PAT showed no change. This suggests that PAT cellularity does not remodel significantly compared with VAT. These data indicate that the extracellular matrix of PAT is able to remodel more readily than in VAT. In the LZR group, exercise increased insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) in PAT but was decreased in the OZR group. In VAT, exercise decreased IRS1 in LZR, while increasing it in OZR. This suggests that in obesity, VAT is more responsive to exercise and subsequently becomes less insulin resistant compared with PAT. Stress increased PPAR-γ expression in the VAT but decreased it in the PAT in the OZR group. This suggests that in obesity, stress increases adipogenesis more significantly in the VAT compared with PAT. To understand the role of leptin signaling in adipose tissue remodeling mechanistically, JAK2 autophosphorylation was inhibited using 5 μM 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexabromocyclohexane (Hex) in cultured 3T3-derived adipocytes. Palmitate treatment was used to induce cellular hypertrophy. Hex blocked adipocyte hypertrophy in response to palmitate treatment but not the increase in lipid droplet size. These data suggest that leptin signaling is necessary for adipocyte cell remodeling, and its absence induces whitening. Taken together, our data suggest that leptin signaling is necessary for adipocyte remodeling in response to obesity, exercise, and psychosocial stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Ige
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Kaouthar Alaoui
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Alaa Al-Dibouni
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Mark L Dallas
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Felino R Cagampang
- Institute of Developmental Sciences, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Dyan Sellayah
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Paul D Chantler
- School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Samuel Y Boateng
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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Skurk T, Bosy-Westphal A, Grünerbel A, Kabisch S, Keuthage W, Kronsbein P, Müssig K, Pfeiffer AFH, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Rubin D. Dietary recommendations for persons with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2022; 130:S151-S184. [PMID: 35359013 DOI: 10.1055/a-1624-5095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institute for Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Stefan Kabisch
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Potsdam, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Munich, Germany
| | - Winfried Keuthage
- Focus Practice for Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Kronsbein
- Department of Ecotrophology, Niederrhein University of Applied Sciences, Mönchengladbach Campus, Germany
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Diabetology, Niels Stensen Hospitals, Franziskus Hospital Harderberg, Georgsmarienhütte, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutritional Medicine, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Katharina S Weber
- Institute of Epidemiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Hospital Spandau, Berlin, Germany.,Vivantes Humboldt Hospital, Berlin, Germany
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5
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Skurk T, Bosy-Westphal A, Grünerbel A, Kabisch S, Keuthage W, Kronsbein P, Müssig K, Pfeiffer AFH, Simon MC, Tombek A, Weber KS, Rubin D. Empfehlungen zur Ernährung von Personen mit Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus. DIABETOL STOFFWECHS 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1543-1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Skurk
- ZIEL- Institute for Food & Health, Technische Universität München, Freising
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Zentrum für Ernährungsmedizin, Technische Universität München, Freising
| | - Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Institut für Humanernährung, Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftliche Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel
| | | | - Stefan Kabisch
- Abt. Endokrinologie, Diabetes und Ernährungsmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
- Deutsche Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD), München
| | | | - Peter Kronsbein
- Fachbereich Oecotrophologie, Hochschule Niederrhein, Campus Mönchengladbach
| | - Karsten Müssig
- Klinik für Innere Medizin und Gastroenterologie, Niels-Stensen-Kliniken, Franziskus-Hospital Harderberg, Georgsmarienhütte
| | - Andreas F. H. Pfeiffer
- Abt. Endokrinologie, Diabetes und Ernährungsmedizin, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institut für Ernährungs- und Lebensmittelwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn
| | | | - Katharina S. Weber
- Institut für Epidemiologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel
| | - Diana Rubin
- Vivantes Klinikum Spandau, Berlin
- Vivantes Humboldt Klinikum, Berlin
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6
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Bosy-Westphal A, Hägele FA, Müller MJ. Impact of Energy Turnover on the Regulation of Energy and Macronutrient Balance. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2021; 29:1114-1119. [PMID: 34002543 DOI: 10.1002/oby.23133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Energy turnover, defined as the average daily total metabolic rate, can be normalized for basal metabolic rate in order to compare physical activity level between individuals, whereas normalization of energy turnover for energy intake (energy flux) allows investigation of its impact on regulation of energy partitioning independent of energy balance. Appetite sensations better correspond to energy requirements at a high compared with a low energy turnover. Adaptation of energy intake to habitual energy turnover may, however, contribute to the risk of weight gain associated with accelerated growth, pregnancy, detraining in athletes, or after weight loss in people with obesity. The dose-response relationship between energy turnover and energy intake as well as the metabolic effects of energy turnover varies with the habitual level of physical activity and the etiology of energy turnover (e.g., cold-induced thermogenesis, growth, or lactation; aerobic vs. anaerobic exercise). Whether a high energy turnover due to physical activity or exercise may compensate for adverse effects of overfeeding or an unhealthy diet needs to be further investigated using the concept of energy flux. In summary, the beneficial effects of a high energy turnover on regulation of energy and macronutrient balance facilitate the prevention and treatment of obesity and associated metabolic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Bosy-Westphal
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Franziska A Hägele
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Manfred J Müller
- Department of Human Nutrition, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
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7
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Duan M, Song H, Wang C, Zheng J, Xie H, He Y, Huang L, Zhou F. Detection and Independent Validation of Model-Based Quantitative Transcriptional Regulation Relationships Altered in Lung Cancers. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:582. [PMID: 32656193 PMCID: PMC7325891 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential expressions of genes are widely evaluated for the diagnosis and prognosis correlations with diseases. But limited studies investigate how transcriptional regulations are quantitatively altered in diseases. This study proposes a novel model-based quantitative measurement of transcriptional regulatory relationships between mRNA genes and Transcription Factor (TF) genes (mqTrans features). This study didn't consider the regulatory relationships between TF genes, so the mRNA genes were the protein-coding genes excluding the TF genes. The models are trained in the control samples in a lung cancer dataset and evaluated in two independent datasets and the hold-out testing samples from the third dataset. Twenty-nine mRNA genes are detected with transcriptional regulations quantitatively altered in lung cancers. The transcriptional modification technologies like RNA interference (RNAi) may be utilized to restore the altered transcriptional regulations in lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Duan
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haoqiu Song
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,College of Computer Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yupeng He
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Software, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengfeng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Symbolic Computation and Knowledge Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Computer Science and Technology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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8
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Hollstein T, Basolo A, Ando T, Votruba SB, Walter M, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Recharacterizing the Metabolic State of Energy Balance in Thrifty and Spendthrift Phenotypes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5771299. [PMID: 32118268 PMCID: PMC7341172 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The human thrifty phenotype hypothesis presupposes that lower 24-hour (24h) energy expenditure (24EE) during famine preserves body mass and promotes survival. The prevailing view defines thrifty individuals as having a lower 24EE during fasting. However, it is also plausible that the greater decline in 24EE during fasting in thrifty individuals is due to higher 24EE during energy balance conditions (ENBAL). Herein, we provide evidence that this is indeed the case. METHODS In 108 healthy subjects, 24EE was measured in a whole-room indirect calorimeter both during ENBAL and 24h fasting conditions. Subjects were categorized as thrifty or spendthrift based on the median value (-162 kcal/day) of the difference in 24EE (adjusted for body composition) between fasting and ENBAL conditions. Concomitant 24h urinary catecholamines were assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Compared to ENBAL, 24EE decreased during 24h fasting by 172 kcal/day (standard deviation = 93; range, -470 to 122). A greater-than-median decrease in 24EE ("thriftier" phenotype) was due to higher 24EE during ENBAL (+124 kcal/day; P < 0.0001) but not to lower 24EE during fasting (P = 0.35). Greater fasting-induced increase in epinephrine was associated with concomitant lower decrease in 24EE (r = 0.27; P = 0.006). MAIN CONCLUSION The greater decrease in 24EE during acute fasting (which characterizes the thrifty phenotype) is not due to reduced metabolic rate during fasting but to a relatively higher 24EE during feeding conditions, and this decrease in 24EE during fasting is accompanied by a smaller increase in epinephrine. These results recharacterize the prevailing view of the short-term 24EE responses that define the human metabolic phenotypes. Clinical Trials: NCT00523627, NCT00687115, NCT02939404.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Alessio Basolo
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Susanne B Votruba
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Mary Walter
- Clinical Core Laboratory, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Phoenix, Arizona
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence and Reprint Rerquests: Paolo Piaggi, PhD, FTOS, Obesity and Diabetes Clinical Research Section, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016. E-mail: ,
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