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Jan N, Sofi S, Qayoom H, Haq BU, Shabir A, Mir MA. Targeting breast cancer stem cells through retinoids: A new hope for treatment. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2023; 192:104156. [PMID: 37827439 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.104156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a complex and diverse disease accounting for nearly 30% of all cancers diagnosed in females. But unfortunately, patients develop resistance to the existing chemotherapeutic regimen, resulting in approximately 90% treatment failure. With over half a million deaths annually, it is imperative to explore new therapeutic approaches to combat the disease. Within a breast tumor, a small sub-population of heterogeneous cells, with a unique ability of self-renew and differentiation and responsible for tumor formation, initiation, and recurrence are referred to as breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs). These BCSCs have been identified as one of the main contributors to chemoresistance in breast cancer, making them an attractive target for developing novel therapeutic strategies. These cells exhibit surface biomarkers such as CD44+, CD24-/LOW, ALDH, CD133, and CD49f phenotypes. Higher expression of CD44+ and ALDH activity has been associated with the formation of tumors in various cancers. Moreover, the abnormal regulation of signaling pathways, including Hedgehog, Notch, β-catenin, JAK/STAT, and P13K/AKT/mTOR, leads to the formation of cancer stem cells, resulting in the development of tumors. The growing drug resistance in BC is a significant challenge, highlighting the need for new therapeutic strategies to combat this dreadful disease. Retinoids, a large group of synthetic derivatives of vitamin A, have been studied as chemopreventive agents in clinical trials and have been shown to regulate various crucial biological functions including vision, development, inflammation, and metabolism. On a cellular level, the retinoid activity has been well characterized and translated and is known to induce differentiation and apoptosis, which play important roles in the outcome of the transformation of tissues into malignant. Retinoids have been investigated extensively for their use in the treatment and prevention of cancer due to their high receptor-binding affinity to directly modulate gene expression programs. Therefore, in this study, we aim to summarize the current understanding of BCSCs, their biomarkers, and the associated signaling pathways. Retinoids, such as Adapalene, a third-generation retinoid, have shown promising anti-cancer potential and may serve as therapeutic agents to target BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Jan
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Shazia Sofi
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Hina Qayoom
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Burhan Ul Haq
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Aisha Shabir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Bioresources, School of Biological Sciences, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India.
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2
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The role and application of transcriptional repressors in cancer treatment. Arch Pharm Res 2023; 46:1-17. [PMID: 36645575 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-023-01427-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression is modulated through the integration of many regulatory elements and their associated transcription factors (TFs). TFs bind to specific DNA sequences and either activate or repress transcriptional activity. Through decades of research, it has been established that aberrant expression or functional abnormalities of TFs can lead to uncontrolled cell division and the development of cancer. Initial studies on transcriptional regulation in cancer have focused on TFs as transcriptional activators. However, recent studies have demonstrated several different mechanisms of transcriptional repression in cancer, which could be potential therapeutic targets for the development of specific anti-cancer agents. In the first section of this review, "Emerging roles of transcriptional repressors in cancer development," we summarize the current understanding of transcriptional repressors and their involvement in the molecular processes of cancer progression. In the subsequent section, "Therapeutic applications," we provide an updated overview of the available therapeutic targets for drug discovery and discuss the new frontier of such applications.
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3
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Sun MC, Fang K, Li ZX, Chu Y, Xu AP, Zhao ZY, Leng ZY, Zhang YW, Zhang ZH, Zhang L, Chen T, Xu MD. ETV5 overexpression promotes progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by upregulating SKA1 and TRPV2. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:1072-1081. [PMID: 35813298 PMCID: PMC9254378 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.71892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is notorious for the rapid progression especially early tumor metastasis due to the unclear mechanism. Recently, ETV5 attracts much attention for its potential role as an oncogenic transcription factor involved in multiple cancers. However, no one reported the mechanism behind the association between ETV5 expression and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression. In this study, we found that ETV5 was upregulated in ESCC both from online database and our ESCC tissues and ETV5 was associated with tumor staging and prognosis. Knockdown of ETV5 or its downstream genes SKA1 and TRPV2 significantly suppress ESCC cells migration and invasion, respectively. Additionally, in vivo study showed knockdown of ETV5 inhibited tumor metastasis. Further experiments unveiled ETV5 could transcriptionally upregulate the expression of SKA1 and TRPV2 and further activate MMPs in ESCC progression. In conclusion, ETV5 was associated with ESCC tumor staging and ESCC prognosis clinically. ETV5 promoted metastasis of ESCC by activating MMPs through augmenting the transcription of SKA1 and TRPV2. ETV5 was likely to be a novel oncogene and therapeutic target in ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Chuang Sun
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Kang Fang
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhao-Xing Li
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yuan Chu
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ai-Ping Xu
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zi-Ying Zhao
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Zhu-Yun Leng
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Yun-Wei Zhang
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Ze-Hua Zhang
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | - Mei-Dong Xu
- Endoscopy Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200120, China
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4
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Gupta P, Neupane YR, Parvez S, Kohli K. Recent advances in targeted nanotherapeutic approaches for breast cancer management. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2021; 16:2605-2631. [PMID: 34854336 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2021-0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly occurring tumor disease worldwide. Breast cancer is currently managed by conventional chemotherapy, which is inadequate in curbing this heterogeneous disease and results in off-site toxic effects, suggesting effective treatment approaches with better therapeutic profiles are needed. This review, therefore, focuses on the recent advancements in delivering therapeutics to the target site using passive and/or active targeted nanodrug-delivery systems to ameliorate endolysosomal escape. In addition, recent strategies in targeting breast cancer stem cells are discussed. The role of naturally cell-secreted nanovesicles (exosomes) in the management of triple-negative breast cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Gupta
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Yub Raj Neupane
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117559
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Toxicology, School of Chemical & Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Kanchan Kohli
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India.,Lloyd Institute of Management & Technology (Pharm.), Plot No. 11, Knowledge Park-II, Greater Noida, 201308, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Jiang W, Xu Y, Chen X, Pan S, Zhu X. E26 transformation-specific variant 4 as a tumor promotor in human cancers through specific molecular mechanisms. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2021; 22:518-527. [PMID: 34553037 PMCID: PMC8433062 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
E26 transformation-specific (ETS) variant 4 (ETV4) is an important transcription factor that belongs to the ETS transcription factor family and is essential for much cellular physiology. Recent evidence has revealed that ETV4 is aberrantly expressed in many types of tumors, and its overexpression is related to poor prognosis of cancer patients. Additionally, increasing studies have identified that ETV4 promotes cancer growth, invasion, metastasis, and drug resistance. Mechanistically, the level of ETV4 is regulated by some post-translation modulations in a broad spectrum of cancers. However, little progress has been made to comprehensively summarize the critical roles of ETV4 in different human cancers. Hence, this review mainly focuses on the physiological functions of ETV4 in various human tumors. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of ETV4-mediated cancer progression were elucidated, including how ETV4 modulates its downstream signaling pathways and how ETV4 is regulated by some factors. On this basis, the present review may provide a valuable therapeutics strategy for future cancer treatment by targeting ETV4-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yichi Xu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Shuya Pan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Xueqiong Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
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Liu H, Qin H, Zhou Y, Yuan Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Yang Y, Ni H, Xi T, Zheng L. HET0016 attenuates the stemness of breast cancer cells through targeting CYP4Z1. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:413-426. [PMID: 33866606 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ours and other previous studies have shown that CYP4Z1 is specifically and highly expressed in breast cancer, and acts as a promoter for the stemness of breast cancer cells. Here, we explored whether targeting CYP4Z1 could attenuate the stemness of breast cancer cells using HET0016, which has been confirmed to be an inhibitor of CYP4Z1 by us and others. Using the transcriptome-sequencing analysis, we found that HET0016 suppressed the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) markers and stem cell functions. Additionally, HET0016 indeed reduced the stemness of breast cancer cells, as evident by the decrease of stemness marker expression, CD44+ /CD24- subpopulation with stemness, mammary-spheroid formation, and tumor-initiating ability. Moreover, HET0016 suppressed the metastatic capability through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Furthermore, we confirmed that HET0016 suppressed CYP4Z1 activity, and HET0016-induced inhibition on the stemness and metastasis of breast cancer cells was rescued by CYP4Z1 overexpression. Thus, our results demonstrate that HET0016 can attenuate the stemness of breast cancer cells through targeting CYP4Z1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hai Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Yuan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yichen Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiwei Ni
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Xi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lufeng Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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ETV4 promotes breast cancer cell stemness by activating glycolysis and CXCR4-mediated sonic Hedgehog signaling. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:126. [PMID: 34052833 PMCID: PMC8164634 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a major cause of tumor treatment resistance, relapse and metastasis. Cancer cells exhibit reprogrammed metabolism characterized by aerobic glycolysis, which is also critical for sustaining cancer stemness. However, regulation of cancer cell metabolism rewiring and stemness is not completely understood. Here, we report that ETV4 is a key transcription factor in regulating glycolytic gene expression. ETV4 loss significantly inhibits the expression of HK2, LDHA as well as other glycolytic enzymes, reduces glucose uptake and lactate release in breast cancer cells. In human breast cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma tissues, ETV4 expression is positively correlated with glycolytic signaling. Moreover, we confirm that breast CSCs (BCSCs) are glycolysis-dependent and show that ETV4 is required for BCSC maintenance. ETV4 is enriched in BCSCs, its knockdown and overexpression suppresses and promotes breast cancer cell stem-like traits, respectively. Mechanistically, on the one hand, we find that ETV4 may enhance glycolysis activity to facilitate breast cancer stemness; on the other, ETV4 activates Sonic Hedgehog signaling by transcriptionally promoting CXCR4 expression. A xenograft assay validates the tumor growth-impeding effect and inhibition of CXCR4/SHH/GLI1 signaling cascade after ETV4 depletion. Together, our study highlights the potential roles of ETV4 in promoting cancer cell glycolytic shift and BCSC maintenance and reveals the molecular basis.
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8
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Tumor-resident adenosine-producing mesenchymal stem cells as a potential target for cancer treatment. Clin Exp Med 2021; 21:205-213. [PMID: 33484380 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-020-00674-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of new therapies based on tumor biology is one of the main topics in cancer treatment. In this regard, investigating the microenvironment and cellular composition of the tumor is of particular interest. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a major group of cells in the tumor tissue and play a critical role in tumor growth and development. Investigating the mechanisms by which MSCs influence tumor growth and progression is very useful in establishing new therapeutic approaches. MSCs have some immunological capacities, including anti-inflammatory, immune-regulatory, and immune-suppressive abilities, which help the tumor growth in the inflammatory condition. They can suppress the proliferation and activation of CD4 + T cells and direct them toward the regulatory phenotype through the release of some factors such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, prostaglandin E2, and HO-1, PD-1 ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2) and promote tolerance and apoptosis. Besides, these cells are able to produce adenosine. Adenosine has a key role in controlling the immune system by signaling through receptors located on the surface of immune cells. It plays a very essential role in tumor growth and progression. In the present review, we investigate and introduce adenosine-producing mesenchymal stem cells as a potential target for cancer treatment.
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Yoshiya S, Itoh S, Yoshizumi T, Yugawa K, Kurihara T, Toshima T, Harada N, Hashisako M, Yonemasu H, Fukuzawa K, Oda Y, Mori M. Impact of Capicua on Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Ann Surg Oncol 2020; 28:3198-3207. [PMID: 33216264 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-020-09339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transcription factor capicua (CIC) regulates mammalian development and homeostasis. Growing evidence shows that CIC suppresses various human cancers by directly repressing the downstream cancer-related target genes. This study investigated the clinical and biologic significance of CIC expression in pancreatic cancer (PC). METHODS The study reviewed 132 patients with PC who underwent curative resection. The patients were divided into two groups according to CIC immunoreactivity score by immunohistochemistry, and the associations between CIC expression, clinicopathologic characteristics, and postoperative prognosis were investigated. Moreover, the influence of CIC expression on the malignant potential of PC cells was assessed with cell proliferation, motility assays, and use of quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction and Western blot on the downstream target genes of CIC in knockdown experiments. RESULTS The low-CIC expression group showed a higher proportion of lymphatic invasion (72.9% vs. 53.1%; p = 0.024), intrapancreatic neural invasion (94.1% vs. 81.3%; p = 0.021), and extrapancreatic plexus invasion (30.9% vs. 7.8%; p = 0.0006) than the high-CIC expression group as well as significantly worse overall survival (p = 0.0002) and recurrence-free survival (p = 0.0041) rates. Low CIC expression was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis (p = 0.038). Pancreatic cancer cells with knockdown CIC significantly enhanced cell motilities and cell cycle progression, promoted expression levels of ETV4 and MMP-9, and induced EMT. CONCLUSIONS The study elucidated the association of low CIC expression with a poor prognosis for patients with PC and suggested that the CIC-ETV4-MMP-9 axis might control PC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yoshiya
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Oita Red Cross Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Shinji Itoh
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Tomoharu Yoshizumi
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kyohei Yugawa
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kurihara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Surgery, Oita Red Cross Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Takeo Toshima
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Noboru Harada
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Mikiko Hashisako
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Oita Red Cross Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | | | - Kengo Fukuzawa
- Department of Surgery, Oita Red Cross Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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10
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Park GY, Lee GW, Kim S, Hong H, Park JS, Cho JH, Lee Y. Deletion Timing of Cic Alleles during Hematopoiesis Determines the Degree of Peripheral CD4 + T Cell Activation and Proliferation. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e43. [PMID: 33163251 PMCID: PMC7609164 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Capicua (CIC) is a transcriptional repressor that regulates several developmental processes. CIC deficiency results in lymphoproliferative autoimmunity accompanied by expansion of CD44hiCD62Llo effector/memory and follicular Th cell populations. Deletion of Cic alleles in hematopoietic stem cells (Vav1-Cre-mediated knockout of Cic) causes more severe autoimmunity than that caused by the knockout of Cic in CD4+CD8+ double positive thymocytes (Cd4-Cre-mediated knockout of Cic). In this study, we compared splenic CD4+ T cell activation and proliferation between whole immune cell-specific Cic-null (Cicf/f;Vav1-Cre) and T cell-specific Cic-null (Cicf/f;Cd4-Cre) mice. Hyperactivation and hyperproliferation of CD4+ T cells were more apparent in Cicf/f;Vav1-Cre mice than in Cicf/f;Cd4-Cre mice. Cicf/f;Vav1-Cre CD4+ T cells more rapidly proliferated and secreted larger amounts of IL-2 upon TCR stimulation than did Cicf/f;Cd4-Cre CD4+ T cells, while the TCR stimulation-induced activation of the TCR signaling cascade and calcium flux were comparable between them. Mixed wild-type and Cicf/f;Vav1-Cre bone marrow chimeras also exhibited more apparent hyperactivation and hyperproliferation of Cic-deficient CD4+ T cells than did mixed wild-type and Cicf/f;Cd4-Cre bone marrow chimeras. Taken together, our data demonstrate that CIC deficiency at the beginning of T cell development endows peripheral CD4+ T cells with enhanced T cell activation and proliferative capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guk-Yeol Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Gil-Woo Lee
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.,Medical Research Center for Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy, Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Soeun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Hyebeen Hong
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jong Seok Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Cho
- Medical Research Center for Combinatorial Tumor Immunotherapy, Immunotherapy Innovation Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun 58128, Korea
| | - Yoontae Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.,Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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11
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Wong D, Sogerer L, Lee SS, Wong V, Lum A, Levine AB, Marra MA, Yip S. TRIM25 promotes Capicua degradation independently of ERK in the absence of ATXN1L. BMC Biol 2020; 18:154. [PMID: 33115448 PMCID: PMC7594423 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00895-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrations in Capicua (CIC) have recently been implicated as a negative prognostic factor in a multitude of cancer types through the derepression of targets downstream of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascade, such as oncogenic E26 transformation-specific (ETS) transcription factors. The Ataxin-family protein ATXN1L has previously been reported to interact with CIC in both developmental and disease contexts to facilitate the repression of CIC target genes and promote the post-translational stability of CIC. However, little is known about the mechanisms at the base of ATXN1L-mediated CIC post-translational stability. Results Functional in vitro studies utilizing ATXN1LKO human cell lines revealed that loss of ATXN1L leads to the accumulation of polyubiquitinated CIC protein, promoting its degradation through the proteasome. Although transcriptomic signatures of ATXN1LKO cell lines indicated upregulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway, ERK activity was found to contribute to CIC function but not stability. Degradation of CIC protein following loss of ATXN1L was instead observed to be mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM25 which was further validated using glioma-derived cell lines and the TCGA breast carcinoma and liver hepatocellular carcinoma cohorts. Conclusions The post-translational regulation of CIC through ATXN1L and TRIM25 independent of ERK activity suggests that the regulation of CIC stability and function is more intricate than previously appreciated and involves several independent pathways. As CIC status has become a prognostic factor in several cancer types, further knowledge into the mechanisms which govern CIC stability and function may prove useful for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Wong
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lisa Sogerer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Samantha S Lee
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Victor Wong
- Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada
| | - Amy Lum
- Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Adrian B Levine
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, BC Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephen Yip
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada. .,Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, Canada. .,Vancouver General Hospital, Vancouver, Canada.
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12
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Capicua in Human Cancer. Trends Cancer 2020; 7:77-86. [PMID: 32978089 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Capicua (CIC) is a highly conserved transcriptional repressor that is differentially regulated through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling or genetic alteration across human cancer. CIC contributes to tumor progression and metastasis through direct transcriptional control of effector target genes. Recent findings indicate that CIC dysregulation is mechanistically linked and restricted to specific cancer subtypes, yet convergence on key downstream transcriptional nodes are critical for CIC-regulated oncogenesis across these cancers. In this review, we focus on how differential regulation of CIC through functional and genetic mechanisms contributes to subtype-specific cancer phenotypes and we propose new therapeutic strategies to effectively target CIC-altered cancers.
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Hou W, Ji Z, Ji H, Hicks SC. A systematic evaluation of single-cell RNA-sequencing imputation methods. Genome Biol 2020; 21:218. [PMID: 32854757 PMCID: PMC7450705 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-020-02132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapid development of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies has led to the emergence of many methods for removing systematic technical noises, including imputation methods, which aim to address the increased sparsity observed in single-cell data. Although many imputation methods have been developed, there is no consensus on how methods compare to each other. RESULTS Here, we perform a systematic evaluation of 18 scRNA-seq imputation methods to assess their accuracy and usability. We benchmark these methods in terms of the similarity between imputed cell profiles and bulk samples and whether these methods recover relevant biological signals or introduce spurious noise in downstream differential expression, unsupervised clustering, and pseudotemporal trajectory analyses, as well as their computational run time, memory usage, and scalability. Methods are evaluated using data from both cell lines and tissues and from both plate- and droplet-based single-cell platforms. CONCLUSIONS We found that the majority of scRNA-seq imputation methods outperformed no imputation in recovering gene expression observed in bulk RNA-seq. However, the majority of the methods did not improve performance in downstream analyses compared to no imputation, in particular for clustering and trajectory analysis, and thus should be used with caution. In addition, we found substantial variability in the performance of the methods within each evaluation aspect. Overall, MAGIC, kNN-smoothing, and SAVER were found to outperform the other methods most consistently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenpin Hou
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Zhicheng Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA.
| | - Stephanie C Hicks
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, 21205, MD, USA.
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Lee Y. Regulation and function of capicua in mammals. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:531-537. [PMID: 32238859 PMCID: PMC7210929 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0411-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Capicua (CIC) is an evolutionarily conserved transcription factor. CIC contains a high-mobility group (HMG) box that recognizes specific DNA sequences to regulate the expression of various target genes. CIC was originally identified in Drosophila melanogaster as a transcriptional repressor that suppresses the receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. This molecule controls normal organ growth and tissue patterning as well as embryogenesis in Drosophila. Recent studies have also demonstrated its extensive functions in mammals. For example, CIC regulates several developmental and physiological processes, including lung development, abdominal wall closure during embryogenesis, brain development and function, neural stem cell homeostasis, T cell differentiation, and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. CIC is also associated with the progression of various types of cancer and neurodegeneration in spinocerebellar ataxia type-1, systemic autoimmunity, and liver injury. In this review, I provide a broad overview of our current understanding of the regulation and functions of CIC in mammals and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoontae Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Republic of Korea.
- Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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