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Dickerson MR, Reed J. Pharmacogenetic testing may benefit people receiving low-dose lithium in clinical practice. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2024; 36:320-328. [PMID: 37882688 DOI: 10.1097/jxx.0000000000000968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental illnesses are leading causes of disability in the United States. Some evidence supports that pharmacogenetic testing may be beneficial in select populations and that lithium is beneficial for treating mood disorders and anxiety in some populations. PURPOSE This research aimed to determine whether low-dose lithium effectively decreases depression and anxiety in adults with a risk allele for CACNA1C genotypes. METHODOLOGY The study design was correlational. Fifty patients were treated at a nurse practitioner-owned clinic in Prairie Village, Kansas. Chart review was used. Adults older than 18 years diagnosed with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, or generalized anxiety disorder presenting with an abnormality in the CACNA1C gene single-nucleotide polymorphism rs1006737 were included in this research. Assessment tools used were the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for depression and GAD-7 for anxiety. RESULTS Low-dose lithium significantly decreased depression by 66% ( p < .001) and anxiety by 65% ( p = <.001). There was a significant difference in pretest depression levels based on CACNA1C genotype ( p = .033). The A allele frequency was 60% higher (48%) in this population than found in general population (30%). CONCLUSIONS Low-dose lithium significantly decreased anxiety and depression compared with baseline. People with different versions of the CACNA1C genotype had responses that differed significantly. The A risk allele was 60% more common than in the general population. IMPLICATIONS This study could aid in establishing genetic testing as an effective clinical tool for treating depression and anxiety using lithium, an inexpensive and widely available medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ray Dickerson
- University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
- Southwest Baptist University, Springfield, Missouri
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Zafrilla-López M, Acosta-Díez M, Mitjans M, Giménez-Palomo A, Saiz PA, Barrot-Feixat C, Jiménez E, Papiol S, Ruiz V, Gavín P, García-Portilla MP, González-Blanco L, Bobes J, Schulze TG, Vieta E, Benabarre A, Arias B. Lithium response in bipolar disorder: Epigenome-wide DNA methylation signatures and epigenetic aging. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2024; 85:23-31. [PMID: 38669938 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2024.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Lithium (Li) is the first-line treatment for bipolar disorder (BD) even though only 30 % of BD patients are considered excellent responders. The mechanisms by which Li exerts its action are not clearly understood, but it has been suggested that specific epigenetic mechanisms, such as methylation processes, may play a role. In this regard, DNA methylation patterns can be used to estimate epigenetic age (EpiAge), which is accelerated in BD patients and reversed by Li treatment. Our first aim was to compare the DNA methylation profile in peripheral blood between BD patients categorized as excellent responders to Li (Ex-Rp) and non-responders (N-Rp). Secondly, EpiAge was estimated to detect differential age acceleration between the two groups. A total of 130 differentially methylated positions (DMPs) and 16 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) between Ex-Rp (n = 26) and N-Rp (n = 37) were identified (FDR adjusted p-value < 0.05). We found 122 genes mapping the DMPs and DMRs, nine of which (HOXB6, HOXB3, HOXB-AS3, TENM2, CACNA1B, ANK3, EEF2K, CYP1A1, and SORCS2) had previously been linked to Li response. We found genes related to the GSK3β pathway to be highly represented. Using FUMA, we found enrichment in Gene Ontology Cell Component for the synapse. Gene network analysis highlighted functions related to the cell cycle, nervous system development and function, and gene expression. No significant differences in age acceleration were found between Ex-Rp and N-Rp for any of the epigenetic clocks analysed. Our findings indicate that a specific methylation pattern could determine the response to Li in BD patients. We also found that a significant portion of the differentially methylated genes are closely associated with the GSK3β pathway, reinforcing the role of this system in Li response. Future longitudinal studies with larger samples will help to elucidate the epigenetic mechanisms underlying Li response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Zafrilla-López
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Acosta-Díez
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Mitjans
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu (IRSJD), Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Anna Giménez-Palomo
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar A Saiz
- Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ester Jiménez
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergi Papiol
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Victoria Ruiz
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrícia Gavín
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Paz García-Portilla
- Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leticia González-Blanco
- Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Bobes
- Department of Psychiatry, Servicio de Salud del Principado de Asturias (SESPA), School of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Instituto de Neurociencias del Principado de Asturias (INEUROPA), Oviedo, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas G Schulze
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni Benabarre
- Bipolar and Depressive Disorders Unit, Psychiatry and Psychology Service, Clinical Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Neurociències, Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bárbara Arias
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Caballero-Florán RN, Nelson AD, Min L, Jenkins PM. Effects of chronic lithium treatment on neuronal excitability and GABAergic transmission in an Ank3 mutant mouse model. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.26.564203. [PMID: 37961630 PMCID: PMC10634991 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.26.564203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a common psychiatric disease that can lead to psychosocial disability, decreased quality of life, and high risk for suicide. Genome-wide association studies have shown that the ANK3 gene is a significant risk factor for BD, but the mechanisms involved in BD pathophysiology are not yet fully understood. Previous work has shown that ankyrin-G, the protein encoded by ANK3, stabilizes inhibitory synapses in vivo through its interaction with the GABAA receptor-associated protein (GABARAP). We generated a mouse model with a missense p.W1989R mutation in Ank3, that abolishes the interaction between ankyrin-G and GABARAP, which leads to reduced inhibitory signaling in the somatosensory cortex and increased pyramidal cell excitability. Humans with the same mutation exhibit BD symptoms, which can be attenuated with lithium therapy. In this study, we describe that chronic treatment of Ank3 p.W1989R mice with lithium normalizes neuronal excitability in cortical pyramidal neurons and increases inhibitory GABAergic postsynaptic currents. The same outcome in inhibitory transmission was observed when mice were treated with the GSK-3β inhibitor Tideglusib. These results suggest that lithium treatment modulates the excitability of pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex by increasing GABAergic neurotransmission, likely via GSK-3 inhibition. In addition to the importance of these findings regarding ANK3 variants as a risk factor for BD development, this study may have significant implications for treating other psychiatric disorders associated with alterations in inhibitory signaling, such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew D Nelson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Lia Min
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Paul M Jenkins
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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Yang G, Ullah HMA, Parker E, Gorsi B, Libowitz M, Maguire C, King JB, Coon H, Lopez-Larson M, Anderson JS, Yandell M, Shcheglovitov A. Neurite outgrowth deficits caused by rare PLXNB1 mutation in pediatric bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2525-2539. [PMID: 37032361 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02035-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD) is a severe mood dysregulation condition that affects 0.5-1% of children and teens in the United States. It is associated with recurrent episodes of mania and depression and an increased risk of suicidality. However, the genetics and neuropathology of PBD are largely unknown. Here, we used a combinatorial family-based approach to characterize cellular, molecular, genetic, and network-level deficits associated with PBD. We recruited a PBD patient and three unaffected family members from a family with a history of psychiatric illnesses. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI), we detected altered resting-state functional connectivity in the patient as compared to an unaffected sibling. Using transcriptomic profiling of patient and control induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived telencephalic organoids, we found aberrant signaling in the molecular pathways related to neurite outgrowth. We corroborated the presence of neurite outgrowth deficits in patient iPSC-derived cortical neurons and identified a rare homozygous loss-of-function PLXNB1 variant (c.1360C>C; p.Ser454Arg) responsible for the deficits in the patient. Expression of wild-type PLXNB1, but not the variant, rescued neurite outgrowth in patient neurons, and expression of the variant caused the neurite outgrowth deficits in cortical neurons from PlxnB1 knockout mice. These results indicate that dysregulated PLXNB1 signaling may contribute to an increased risk of PBD and other mood dysregulation-related disorders by disrupting neurite outgrowth and functional brain connectivity. Overall, this study established and validated a novel family-based combinatorial approach for studying cellular and molecular deficits in psychiatric disorders and identified dysfunctional PLXNB1 signaling and neurite outgrowth as potential risk factors for PBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - H M Arif Ullah
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Ethan Parker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Bushra Gorsi
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Utah Center for Genetic Discovery, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Mark Libowitz
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Colin Maguire
- Clinical & Translational Research Core, Utah Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jace B King
- Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Melissa Lopez-Larson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Lopez-Larson and Associates, Park City, UT, USA
| | | | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Alex Shcheglovitov
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Clinical & Translational Research Core, Utah Clinical & Translational Research Institute, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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5
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Piguel NH, Yoon S, Gao R, Horan KE, Garza JC, Petryshen TL, Smith KR, Penzes P. Lithium rescues dendritic abnormalities in Ank3 deficiency models through the synergic effects of GSK3β and cyclic AMP signaling pathways. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:1000-1010. [PMID: 36376465 PMCID: PMC10209204 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01502-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable mood disorder with intermittent episodes of mania and depression. Lithium is the first-in-line medication to treat BD, but it is only effective in a subset of individuals. Large-scale human genomic studies have repeatedly linked the ANK3 gene (encoding ankyrin-G, AnkG) to BD. Ank3 knockout mouse models mimic BD behavioral features and respond positively to lithium treatment. We investigated cellular phenotypes associated with BD, including dendritic arborization of pyramidal neurons and spine morphology in two models: (1) a conditional knockout mouse model which disrupts Ank3 expression in adult forebrain pyramidal neurons, and (2) an AnkG knockdown model in cortical neuron cultures. We observed a decrease in dendrite complexity and a reduction of dendritic spine number in both models, reminiscent of reports in BD. We showed that lithium treatment corrected dendrite and spine deficits in vitro and in vivo. We targeted two signaling pathways known to be affected by lithium using a highly selective GSK3β inhibitor (CHIR99021) and an adenylate cyclase activator (forskolin). In our cortical neuron culture model, CHIR99021 rescues the spine morphology defects caused by AnkG knockdown, whereas forskolin rescued the dendrite complexity deficit. Interestingly, a synergistic action of both drugs was required to rescue dendrite and spine density defects in AnkG knockdown neurons. Altogether, our results suggest that dendritic abnormalities observed in loss of function ANK3 variants and BD patients may be rescued by lithium treatment. Additionally, drugs selectively targeting GSK3β and cAMP pathways could be beneficial in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas H Piguel
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Sehyoun Yoon
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Ruoqi Gao
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Katherine E Horan
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Jacob C Garza
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tracey L Petryshen
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katharine R Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Peter Penzes
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
- Northwestern University, Center for Autism and Neurodevelopment, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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Skitchenko R, Dinikina Y, Smirnov S, Krapivin M, Smirnova A, Morgacheva D, Artomov M. Case report: Somatic mutations in microtubule dynamics-associated genes in patients with WNT-medulloblastoma tumors. Front Oncol 2023; 12:1085947. [PMID: 36713498 PMCID: PMC9877404 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1085947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is the most common pediatric brain tumor which accounts for about 20% of all pediatric brain tumors and 63% of intracranial embryonal tumors. MB is considered to arise from precursor cell populations present during an early brain development. Most cases (~70%) of MB occur at the age of 1-4 and 5-9, but are also infrequently found in adults. Total annual frequency of pediatric tumors is about 5 cases per 1 million children. WNT-subtype of MB is characterized by a high probability of remission, with a long-term survival rate of about 90%. However, in some rare cases there may be increased metastatic activity, which dramatically reduces the likelihood of a favorable outcome. Here we report two cases of MB with a histological pattern consistent with desmoplastic/nodular (DP) and classic MB, and genetically classified as WNT-MB. Both cases showed putative causal somatic protein truncating mutations identified in microtubule-associated genes: ARID2, TUBB4A, and ANK3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rostislav Skitchenko
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia,Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yulia Dinikina
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Smirnov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mikhail Krapivin
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Smirnova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Morgacheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Mykyta Artomov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia,Computer Technologies Laboratory, ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia,The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States,Department of Pediatrics, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States,*Correspondence: Mykyta Artomov,
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Badal KK, Puthanveettil SV. Axonal transport deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Cell Neurosci 2022; 123:103786. [PMID: 36252719 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2022.103786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal transport is a major cellular process that mediates bidirectional signaling between the soma and synapse, enabling both intracellular and intercellular communications. Cellular materials, such as proteins, RNAs, and organelles, are transported by molecular motor proteins along cytoskeletal highways in a highly regulated manner. Several studies have demonstrated that axonal transport is central to normal neuronal function, plasticity, and memory storage. Importantly, disruptions in axonal transport result in neuronal dysfunction and are associated with several neurodegenerative disorders. However, we do not know much about axonal transport deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we briefly discuss our current understanding of the role of axonal transport in schizophrenia, bipolar and autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerriann K Badal
- Department of Neuroscience, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Integrative Biology PhD Program, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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Chatterjee D, Beaulieu JM. Inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3 by lithium, a mechanism in search of specificity. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1028963. [PMID: 36504683 PMCID: PMC9731798 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1028963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of Glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) is a popular explanation for the effects of lithium ions on mood regulation in bipolar disorder and other mental illnesses, including major depression, cyclothymia, and schizophrenia. Contribution of GSK3 is supported by evidence obtained from animal and patient derived model systems. However, the two GSK3 enzymes, GSK3α and GSK3β, have more than 100 validated substrates. They are thus central hubs for major biological functions, such as dopamine-glutamate neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity (Hebbian and homeostatic), inflammation, circadian regulation, protein synthesis, metabolism, inflammation, and mitochondrial functions. The intricate contributions of GSK3 to several biological processes make it difficult to identify specific mechanisms of mood stabilization for therapeutic development. Identification of GSK3 substrates involved in lithium therapeutic action is thus critical. We provide an overview of GSK3 biological functions and substrates for which there is evidence for a contribution to lithium effects. A particular focus is given to four of these: the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), the RNA-binding protein FXR1, kinesin subunits, and the cytoskeletal regulator CRMP2. An overview of how co-regulation of these substrates may result in shared outcomes is also presented. Better understanding of how inhibition of GSK3 contributes to the therapeutic effects of lithium should allow for identification of more specific targets for future drug development. It may also provide a framework for the understanding of how lithium effects overlap with those of other drugs such as ketamine and antipsychotics, which also inhibit brain GSK3.
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Known and Unexplored Post-Translational Modification Pathways in Schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1400:75-87. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97182-3_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Telias M, Ben-Yosef D. Pharmacological Manipulation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Human Neural Precursor Cells Alters Their Differentiation Potential and Neuronal Yield. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:680018. [PMID: 34421534 PMCID: PMC8371257 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.680018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical Wnt/β-catenin pathway is a master-regulator of cell fate during embryonic and adult neurogenesis and is therefore a major pharmacological target in basic and clinical research. Chemical manipulation of Wnt signaling during in vitro neuronal differentiation of stem cells can alter both the quantity and the quality of the derived neurons. Accordingly, the use of Wnt activators and blockers has become an integral part of differentiation protocols applied to stem cells in recent years. Here, we investigated the effects of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor CHIR99021, which upregulates β-catenin agonizing Wnt; and the tankyrase-1/2 inhibitor XAV939, which downregulates β-catenin antagonizing Wnt. Both drugs and their potential neurogenic and anti-neurogenic effects were studied using stable lines human neural precursor cells (hNPCs), derived from embryonic stem cells, which can be induced to generate mature neurons by chemically-defined conditions. We found that Wnt-agonism by CHIR99021 promotes induction of neural differentiation, while also reducing cell proliferation and survival. This effect was not synergistic with those of pro-neural growth factors during long-term neuronal differentiation. Conversely, antagonism of Wnt by XAV939 consistently prevented neuronal progression of hNPCs. We show here how these two drugs can be used to manipulate cell fate and how self-renewing hNPCs can be used as reliable human in vitro drug-screening platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Telias
- Wolfe PGD-SC Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Medical School, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dalit Ben-Yosef
- Wolfe PGD-SC Lab, Racine IVF Unit, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Lis Maternity Hospital, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Sackler Medical School, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Patwardhan AG, Belemkar S. An update on Alzheimer's disease: Immunotherapeutic agents, stem cell therapy and gene editing. Life Sci 2021; 282:119790. [PMID: 34245772 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a chronic lifestyle ailment whose occurrence has come to light with the increasing life expectancy due to better healthcare. The patient burden for AD is set to double by the year 2060 and advancement in research is of utmost importance to combat this problem. AD is characterized by the pathological hallmarks of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. The disease has been implicated to have a genetic predisposition. The current treatment strategies are at best ameliorative in nature and offer no substantive cure. Immunotherapeutic approaches employed have shown few therapeutic benefits but the accelerated approval of aducanumab by the US-FDA shows clinical benefit merit. In addition, newer therapeutic approaches are the need of the hour. This review aims to highlight the pathology of the disease, followed by an insight into newer approaches like stem cell therapy and gene editing, focusing on possible CRISPR mediated targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryaman Girish Patwardhan
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India.
| | - Sateesh Belemkar
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management SVKM's NMIMS, Mumbai, India
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12
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Liu J, Liao X, Zhou J, Li B, Xu L, Liu S, Li Y, Yuan D, Hu C, Jiang W, Yan J. A Rare Variant of ANK3 Is Associated With Intracranial Aneurysm. Front Neurol 2021; 12:672570. [PMID: 34248821 PMCID: PMC8267376 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.672570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a cerebrovascular disorder in which abnormal dilation of a blood vessel results from weakening of the blood vessel wall. The aneurysm may rupture, leading to subarachnoid hemorrhage with severe outcomes. This study was conducted to identify the genetic factors involved in the etiology of IA. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in three IA-aggregate families to identify candidate variants. Further association studies of candidate variants were performed among sporadic cases and controls. Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict the functions of candidate genes and variants. Twenty variants were identified after whole-exome sequencing, among which eight were selected for replicative association studies. ANK3 c.4403G>A (p.R1468H) was significantly associated with IA (odds ratio 4.77; 95% confidence interval 1.94–11.67; p-value = 0.00019). Amino acid R1468 in ANK3 was predicted to be located in the spectrin-binding domain of ankyrin-G and may regulate the migration of vascular endothelial cells and affect cell–cell junctions. Therefore, the variation p.R1468H may cause weakening of the artery walls, thereby accelerating the formation of IA. Thus, ANK3 is a candidate gene highly related to IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Liao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Jilin Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bingyang Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Songlin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yifeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dun Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chongyu Hu
- Department of Neurology, Hunan People's Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Weixi Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junxia Yan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Clinical Epidemiology, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Haggarty SJ, Karmacharya R, Perlis RH. Advances toward precision medicine for bipolar disorder: mechanisms & molecules. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:168-185. [PMID: 32636474 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0831-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Given its chronicity, contribution to disability and morbidity, and prevalence of more than 2%, the effective treatment, and prevention of bipolar disorder represents an area of significant unmet medical need. While more than half a century has passed since the introduction of lithium into widespread use at the birth of modern psychopharmacology, that medication remains a mainstay for the acute treatment and prevention of recurrent mania/hypomania and depression that characterize bipolar disorder. However, the continued limited understanding of how lithium modulates affective behavior and lack of validated cellular and animal models have resulted in obstacles to discovering more effective mood stabilizers with fewer adverse side effects. In particular, while there has been progress in developing new pharmacotherapy for mania, developing effective treatments for acute bipolar depression remain inadequate. Recent large-scale human genetic studies have confirmed the complex, polygenic nature of the risk architecture of bipolar disorder, and its overlap with other major neuropsychiatric disorders. Such discoveries have begun to shed light on the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder. Coupled with broader advances in human neurobiology, neuropharmacology, noninvasive neuromodulation, and clinical trial design, we can envision novel therapeutic strategies informed by defined molecular mechanisms and neural circuits and targeted to the root cause of the pathophysiology. Here, we review recent advances toward the goal of better treatments for bipolar disorder, and we outline major challenges for the field of translational neuroscience that necessitate continued focus on fundamental research and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Haggarty
- Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Rakesh Karmacharya
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Roy H Perlis
- Center for Quantitative Health, Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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14
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Zhang C, Xiao X, Li T, Li M. Translational genomics and beyond in bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:186-202. [PMID: 32424235 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed multiple genomic loci conferring risk of bipolar disorder (BD), providing hints for its underlying pathobiology. However, there are still remaining questions to answer. For example, discordance exists between BD heritability estimated with earlier epidemiological evidence and that calculated based on common GWAS variations. Where is the "missing heritability"? How can we explain the biology of the disease based on genetic findings? In this review, we summarize the accomplishments and limitations of current BD GWAS, and discuss potential reasons for the "missing heritability." In addition, progresses of research for the biological mechanisms underlying BD genetic risk using brain tissues, reprogrammed cells, and model animals are reviewed. While our knowledge of BD genetic basis is significantly promoted by these efforts, the complexities of gene regulation in the genome, the spatial-temporal heterogeneity during brain development, and the limitations of different experimental models should always be considered. Notably, several genes have been widely studied given their relatively well-characterized involvement in BD (e.g., CACAN1C and ANK3), and findings of these genes are summarized to both outline possible biological mechanisms of BD and describe examples of translating GWAS discoveries into the pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Division of Mood Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tao Li
- Mental Health Center and Psychiatric Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China. .,West China Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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15
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Brorson IS, Eriksson AM, Leikfoss IS, Vitelli V, Celius EG, Lüders T, Berge T, Harbo HF, Nilsen H, Bos SD. CD8 + T cell gene expression analysis identifies differentially expressed genes between multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. Mult Scler J Exp Transl Clin 2020; 6:2055217320978511. [PMID: 33343920 PMCID: PMC7731718 DOI: 10.1177/2055217320978511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic and clinical observations have indicated T cells are involved in MS pathology. There is little insight in how T cells are involved and whether or not these can be used as markers for MS. Objectives Analysis of the gene expression profiles of circulating CD8+ T cells of MS patients compared to healthy controls. Methods RNA from purified CD8+ T cells was sequenced and analyzed for differential gene expression. Pathway analyses of genes at several p-value cutoffs were performed to identify putative pathways involved. Results We identified 36 genes with significant differential gene expression in MS patients. Four genes reached at least 2-fold differences in expression. The majority of differentially expressed genes was higher expressed in MS patients. Genes associated to MS in GWAS showed enrichment amongst the differentially expressed genes. We did not identify enrichment of specific pathways amongst the differentially expressed genes in MS patients. Conclusions CD8+ T cells of MS patients show differential gene expression, with predominantly higher activity of genes in MS patients. We do not identify specific biological pathways in our study. More detailed analysis of CD8+ T cells and subtypes of these may increase understanding of how T cells are involved in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - IS Leikfoss
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - V Vitelli
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - EG Celius
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Lüders
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - T Berge
- Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Research, Innovation and Education, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - HF Harbo
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
| | - H Nilsen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - SD Bos
- Oslo Universitetssykehus, Nevrologisk avdeling, DMII, Rom L-265, Gaustadalleen 34, 0372 Oslo, Norway.
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16
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Identification of candidate genetic variants and altered protein expression in neural stem and mature neural cells support altered microtubule function to be an essential component in bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:390. [PMID: 33168801 PMCID: PMC7652854 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01056-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of causative genetic variants leading to the development of bipolar disorder (BD) could result in genetic tests that would facilitate diagnosis. A better understanding of affected genes and pathways is also necessary for targeting of genes that may improve treatment strategies. To date several susceptibility genes have been reported from genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but little is known about specific variants that affect disease development. Here, we performed quantitative proteomics and whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Quantitative proteomics revealed NLRP2 as the most significantly up-regulated protein in neural stem cells and mature neural cells obtained from BD-patient cell samples. These results are in concordance with our previously published transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, the levels of FEZ2 and CADM2 proteins were also significantly differentially expressed in BD compared to control derived cells. The levels of FEZ2 were significantly downregulated in neural stem cells (NSC) while CADM2 was significantly up-regulated in mature neuronal cell culture. Promising novel candidate mutations were identified in the ANK3, NEK3, NEK7, TUBB, ANKRD1, and BRD2 genes. A literature search of candidate variants and deregulated proteins revealed that there are several connections to microtubule function for the molecules putatively involved. Microtubule function in neurons is critical for axon structure and axonal transport. A functional dynamic microtubule is also needed for an advocate response to cellular and environmental stress. If microtubule dynamics is compromised by mutations, it could be followed by deregulated expression forming a possible explanation for the inherited vulnerability to stressful life events that have been proposed to trigger mood episodes in BD patients.
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17
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Zhou L, Wu Z, Wang G, Xiao L, Wang H, Sun L, Xie Y. Long-term maternal separation potentiates depressive-like behaviours and neuroinflammation in adult male C57/BL6J mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 196:172953. [PMID: 32450088 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.172953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Early life experience is closely related to depression caused by stress in adulthood. Early life experience, including maternal separation (MS), has been shown to evoke stress sensitivity to depression upon re-exposure to stress in adults. However, MS has also been shown to lead to resilience to stress-induced depression, which is contradictory and rarely studied. To investigate the effects of MS on depression in adults and the related mechanism, male C57/BL6J mouse pups were exposed to different MS procedures from postnatal day (PD)1 to PD21. Body weight (BW) measurements and behavioural tests (the forced swimming test (FST) and open field test (OFT)) were performed on PD41 to explore depressive and anxiety-like behaviours. Then, as adults, the mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for 28 days, and then behavioural tasks were recorded. After CUMS exposure, the mice in the MS180 group (which were separated from their mothers for 3 h on PD1-PD21) showed significantly decreased time spent in the centre of the open field and reduced velocity in the OFT, a reduced latency to immobility in the FST, and decreased BW. However, the mice in the MS15 group (which were separated from their mothers for 15 min on PD1-PD21) performed similarly to NSNC mice (which were not separated from their mothers) in the behavioural tests. We further found that the expression of Iba1, a marker of neuroinflammation, was increased in the MS180 group but not in the MS15 group. In addition, our study showed decreased mRNA and protein expression of CRMP2, an important neuroprotective factor, in the MS180 group, but CRMP2 expression was unchanged in the MS15 group. This study confirmed the generation of different behavioural responses to stress exposure in adulthood due to different degrees of MS. Neuroinflammation and neuroprotection are involved, which requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Zuotian Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China.
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Limin Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China
| | - Yumeng Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road No. 238, Wuhan 430060, China
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18
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Zhao WN, Tobe BTD, Udeshi ND, Xuan LL, Pernia CD, Zolg DP, Roberts AJ, Mani D, Blumenthal SR, Kurtser I, Patnaik D, Gaisina I, Bishop J, Sheridan SD, Lalonde J, Carr SA, Snyder EY, Haggarty SJ. Discovery of suppressors of CRMP2 phosphorylation reveals compounds that mimic the behavioral effects of lithium on amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:76. [PMID: 32094324 PMCID: PMC7039883 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-0753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The effective treatment of bipolar disorder (BD) represents a significant unmet medical need. Although lithium remains a mainstay of treatment for BD, limited knowledge regarding how it modulates affective behavior has proven an obstacle to discovering more effective mood stabilizers with fewer adverse side effects. One potential mechanism of action of lithium is through inhibition of the serine/threonine protein kinase GSK3β, however, relevant substrates whose change in phosphorylation may mediate downstream changes in neuroplasticity remain poorly understood. Here, we used human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neuronal cells and stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) along with quantitative mass spectrometry to identify global changes in the phosphoproteome upon inhibition of GSK3α/β with the highly selective, ATP-competitive inhibitor CHIR-99021. Comparison of phosphorylation changes to those induced by therapeutically relevant doses of lithium treatment led to the identification of collapsin response mediator protein 2 (CRMP2) as being highly sensitive to both treatments as well as an extended panel of structurally distinct GSK3α/β inhibitors. On this basis, a high-content image-based assay in hiPSC-derived neurons was developed to screen diverse compounds, including FDA-approved drugs, for their ability to mimic lithium's suppression of CRMP2 phosphorylation without directly inhibiting GSK3β kinase activity. Systemic administration of a subset of these CRMP2-phosphorylation suppressors were found to mimic lithium's attenuation of amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion in mice. Taken together, these studies not only provide insights into the neural substrates regulated by lithium, but also provide novel human neuronal assays for supporting the development of mechanism-based therapeutics for BD and related neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ning Zhao
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Brian T. D. Tobe
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Center for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA ,grid.468218.1Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA ,Present Address: Kaiser Health, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Namrata D. Udeshi
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XProteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Lucius L. Xuan
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Cameron D. Pernia
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Center for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA ,grid.468218.1Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Daniel P. Zolg
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.6936.a0000000123222966Present Address: TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Amanda J. Roberts
- grid.468218.1Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Deepak Mani
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XProteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Sarah R. Blumenthal
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Iren Kurtser
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Debasis Patnaik
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Irina Gaisina
- grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Joshua Bishop
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.417993.10000 0001 2260 0793Present Address: Merck, Boston, MA USA
| | - Steven D. Sheridan
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
| | - Jasmin Lalonde
- grid.34429.380000 0004 1936 8198Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road, East, Guelph, ON Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Steven A. Carr
- grid.38142.3c000000041936754XProteomics Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
| | - Evan Y. Snyder
- grid.479509.60000 0001 0163 8573Center for Stem Cells & Regenerative Medicine, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA ,grid.468218.1Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA ,grid.266100.30000 0001 2107 4242Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Stephen J. Haggarty
- grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Chemical Neurobiology Laboratory, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114 USA ,grid.32224.350000 0004 0386 9924Departments of Psychiatry & Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114 USA
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19
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Lorenzo DN. Cargo hold and delivery: Ankyrins, spectrins, and their functional patterning of neurons. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2020; 77:129-148. [PMID: 32034889 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The highly polarized, typically very long, and nonmitotic nature of neurons present them with unique challenges in the maintenance of their homeostasis. This architectural complexity serves a rich and tightly controlled set of functions that enables their fast communication with neighboring cells and endows them with exquisite plasticity. The submembrane neuronal cytoskeleton occupies a pivotal position in orchestrating the structural patterning that determines local and long-range subcellular specialization, membrane dynamics, and a wide range of signaling events. At its center is the partnership between ankyrins and spectrins, which self-assemble with both remarkable long-range regularity and micro- and nanoscale specificity to precisely position and stabilize cell adhesion molecules, membrane transporters, ion channels, and other cytoskeletal proteins. To accomplish these generally conserved, but often functionally divergent and spatially diverse, roles these partners use a combinatorial program of a couple of dozens interacting family members, whose code is not fully unraveled. In a departure from their scaffolding roles, ankyrins and spectrins also enable the delivery of material to the plasma membrane by facilitating intracellular transport. Thus, it is unsurprising that deficits in ankyrins and spectrins underlie several neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and psychiatric disorders. Here, I summarize key aspects of the biology of spectrins and ankyrins in the mammalian neuron and provide a snapshot of the latest advances in decoding their roles in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damaris N Lorenzo
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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20
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Hamdan H, Lim BC, Torii T, Joshi A, Konning M, Smith C, Palmer DJ, Ng P, Leterrier C, Oses-Prieto JA, Burlingame AL, Rasband MN. Mapping axon initial segment structure and function by multiplexed proximity biotinylation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:100. [PMID: 31900387 PMCID: PMC6941957 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13658-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axon initial segments (AISs) generate action potentials and regulate the polarized distribution of proteins, lipids, and organelles in neurons. While the mechanisms of AIS Na+ and K+ channel clustering are understood, the molecular mechanisms that stabilize the AIS and control neuronal polarity remain obscure. Here, we use proximity biotinylation and mass spectrometry to identify the AIS proteome. We target the biotin-ligase BirA* to the AIS by generating fusion proteins of BirA* with NF186, Ndel1, and Trim46; these chimeras map the molecular organization of AIS intracellular membrane, cytosolic, and microtubule compartments. Our experiments reveal a diverse set of biotinylated proteins not previously reported at the AIS. We show many are located at the AIS, interact with known AIS proteins, and their loss disrupts AIS structure and function. Our results provide conceptual insights and a resource for AIS molecular organization, the mechanisms of AIS stability, and polarized trafficking in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdan Hamdan
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, 11533, Saudi Arabia
| | - Brian C Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tomohiro Torii
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Abhijeet Joshi
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthias Konning
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cameron Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Donna J Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Philip Ng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Juan A Oses-Prieto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alma L Burlingame
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew N Rasband
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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21
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Moutal A, White KA, Chefdeville A, Laufmann RN, Vitiello PF, Feinstein D, Weimer JM, Khanna R. Dysregulation of CRMP2 Post-Translational Modifications Drive Its Pathological Functions. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6736-6755. [PMID: 30915713 PMCID: PMC6728212 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1568-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Collapsin response mediator proteins (CRMPs) are a family of ubiquitously expressed, homologous phosphoproteins best known for coordinating cytoskeletal formation and regulating cellular division, migration, polarity, and synaptic connection. CRMP2, the most studied of the five family members, is best known for its affinity for tubulin heterodimers and function in regulating the microtubule network. These functions are tightly regulated by post-translational modifications including phosphorylation, SUMOylation, oxidation, and O-GlcNAcylation. While CRMP2's physiological functions rely mostly on its non-phosphorylated state, dysregulation of CRMP2 phosphorylation and SUMOylation has been reported to be involved in the pathophysiology of multiple diseases including cancer, chronic pain, spinal cord injury, neurofibromatosis type 1, and others. Here, we provide a consolidated update on what is known about CRMP2 signaling and function, first focusing on axonal growth and neuronal polarity, then illustrating the link between dysregulated CRMP2 post-translational modifications and diseases. We additionally discuss the roles of CRMP2 in non-neuronal cells, both in the CNS and regions of the periphery. Finally, we offer thoughts on the therapeutic implications of modulating CRMP2 function in a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Drive, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Katherine A White
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E 60th St N, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Aude Chefdeville
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Drive, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Rachel N Laufmann
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E 60th St N, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA
| | - Peter F Vitiello
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Drive, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Douglas Feinstein
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jill M Weimer
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Drive, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA.
| | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, 1501 North Campbell Drive, P.O. Box 245050, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, 2301 E 60th St N, Sioux Falls, SD, 57104, USA.
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.
- The Center for Innovation in Brain Sciences, The University of Arizona Health Sciences, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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22
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Guimbal S, Morel A, Guérit D, Chardon M, Blangy A, Vives V. Dock5 is a new regulator of microtubule dynamic instability in osteoclasts. Biol Cell 2019; 111:271-283. [PMID: 31461543 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201900014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Osteoclast resorption is dependent on a podosome-rich structure called sealing zone. It tightly attaches the osteoclast to the bone creating a favourable acidic microenvironment for bone degradation. This adhesion structure needs to be stabilised by microtubules whose acetylation is maintained by down-regulation of deacetylase HDAC6 and/or of microtubule destabilising kinase GSK3β activities. We already established that Dock5 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rac1. As a consequence, Dock5 inhibition results in a decrease of the GTPase activity associated with impaired podosome assembly into sealing zones and resorbing activity in osteoclasts. More, administration of C21, a chemical compound that directly inhibits the exchange activity of Dock5, disrupts osteoclast podosome organisation and protects mice against bone degradation in models recapitulating major osteolytic diseases. RESULTS In this report, we show that Dock5 knockout osteoclasts also present a reduced acetylated tubulin level leading to a decreased length and duration of microtubule growth phases, whereas their growth speed remains unaffected. Dock5 does not act by direct interaction with the polymerised tubulin. Using specific Rac inhibitors, we showed that Dock5 regulates microtubule dynamic instability through Rac-dependent and -independent pathways. The latter involves GSK3β inhibitory serine 9 phosphorylation downstream of Akt activation but not HDAC6 activity. CONCLUSION We showed that Dock5 is a new regulator of microtubule dynamic instability in osteoclast. SIGNIFICANCE Dock5 dual role in the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton and microtubule, which both need to be intact for bone resorption, reinforces the fact that it is an interesting therapeutic target for osteolytic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Guimbal
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34293, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34095, France
| | - Anne Morel
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34293, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34095, France
| | - David Guérit
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34293, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34095, France
| | - Manon Chardon
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34293, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34095, France
| | - Anne Blangy
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34293, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34095, France
| | - Virginie Vives
- Centre de Recherche de Biologie Cellulaire (CRBM), CNRS UMR 5237, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34293, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, Cedex 5, 34095, France
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23
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Raikwar SP, Kikkeri NS, Sakuru R, Saeed D, Zahoor H, Premkumar K, Mentor S, Thangavel R, Dubova I, Ahmed ME, Selvakumar GP, Kempuraj D, Zaheer S, Iyer SS, Zaheer A. Next Generation Precision Medicine: CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 14:608-641. [PMID: 31011884 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in the field of molecular neurobiology especially neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, the highly complex molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegenerative diseases remain elusive. As a result, the development of the next generation neurotherapeutics has experienced a considerable lag phase. Recent advancements in the field of genome editing offer a new template for dissecting the precise molecular pathways underlying the complex neurodegenerative disorders. We believe that the innovative genome and transcriptome editing strategies offer an excellent opportunity to decipher novel therapeutic targets, develop novel neurodegenerative disease models, develop neuroimaging modalities, develop next-generation diagnostics as well as develop patient-specific precision-targeted personalized therapies to effectively treat neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Frontotemporal dementia etc. Here, we review the latest developments in the field of CRISPR-mediated genome editing and provide unbiased futuristic insights regarding its translational potential to improve the treatment outcomes and minimize financial burden. However, despite significant advancements, we would caution the scientific community that since the CRISPR field is still evolving, currently we do not know the full spectrum of CRISPR-mediated side effects. In the wake of the recent news regarding CRISPR-edited human babies being born in China, we urge the scientific community to maintain high scientific and ethical standards and utilize CRISPR for developing in vitro disease in a dish model, in vivo testing in nonhuman primates and lower vertebrates and for the development of neurotherapeutics for the currently incurable neurodegenerative disorders. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Nidhi S Kikkeri
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Ragha Sakuru
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Haris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Keerthivaas Premkumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shireen Mentor
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, 7535, Republic of South Africa
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Iuliia Dubova
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Govindhasamy P Selvakumar
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Department of Neurology, Center for Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, M741A Medical Science Building, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. .,U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Harry S. Truman Memorial Veteran's Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
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