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Han M, Zeng D, Tan W, Chen X, Bai S, Wu Q, Chen Y, Wei Z, Mei Y, Zeng Y. Brain region-specific roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in social stress-induced depressive-like behavior. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:159-173. [PMID: 38767484 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a key factor in stress adaptation and avoidance of a social stress behavioral response. Recent studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in stressed mice is brain region-specific, particularly involving the corticolimbic system, including the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. Determining how brain-derived neurotrophic factor participates in stress processing in different brain regions will deepen our understanding of social stress psychopathology. In this review, we discuss the expression and regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in stress-sensitive brain regions closely related to the pathophysiology of depression. We focused on associated molecular pathways and neural circuits, with special attention to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway and the ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens dopamine circuit. We determined that stress-induced alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are likely related to the nature, severity, and duration of stress, especially in the above-mentioned brain regions of the corticolimbic system. Therefore, BDNF might be a biological indicator regulating stress-related processes in various brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Han
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Deyang Zeng
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuyuan Bai
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yushan Chen
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yufei Mei
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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2
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Hofstra BM, Hoeksema EE, Kas MJH, Verbeek DS. Cross-species analysis uncovers the mitochondrial stress response in the hippocampus as a shared mechanism in mouse early life stress and human depression. Neurobiol Stress 2024; 31:100643. [PMID: 38800537 PMCID: PMC11127276 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2024.100643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Depression, or major depressive disorder, poses a significant burden for both individuals and society, affecting approximately 10.8% of the general population. This psychiatric disorder leads to approximately 800,000 deaths per year. A combination of genetic and environmental factors such as early life stress (ELS) increase the risk for development of depression in humans, and a clear role for the hippocampus in the pathophysiology of depression has been shown. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanisms of depression remain poorly understood, resulting in a lack of effective treatments. To better understand the core mechanisms underlying the development of depression, we used a cross-species design to investigate shared hippocampal pathophysiological mechanisms in mouse ELS and human depression. Mice were subjected to ELS by a maternal separation paradigm, followed by RNA sequencing analysis of the adult hippocampal tissue. This identified persistent transcriptional changes linked to mitochondrial stress response pathways, with oxidative phosphorylation and protein folding emerging as the main mechanisms affected by maternal separation. Remarkably, there was a significant overlap between the pathways involved in mitochondrial stress response we observed and publicly available RNAseq data from hippocampal tissue of depressive patients. This cross-species conservation of changes in gene expression of mitochondria-related genes suggests that mitochondrial stress may play a pivotal role in the development of depression. Our findings highlight the potential significance of the hippocampal mitochondrial stress response as a core mechanism underlying the development of depression. Further experimental investigations are required to expand our understanding of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente M. Hofstra
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Emmy E. Hoeksema
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martien JH. Kas
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dineke S. Verbeek
- Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands
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Rog J, Wingralek Z, Nowak K, Grudzień M, Grunwald A, Banaszek A, Karakula-Juchnowicz H. The Potential Role of the Ketogenic Diet in Serious Mental Illness: Current Evidence, Safety, and Practical Advice. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2819. [PMID: 38792361 PMCID: PMC11122005 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13102819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that mimics the physiological state of fasting. The potential therapeutic effects in many chronic conditions have led to the gaining popularity of the KD. The KD has been demonstrated to alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress, modulate the gut microbiota community, and improve metabolic health markers. The modification of these factors has been a potential therapeutic target in serious mental illness (SMI): bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, and schizophrenia. The number of clinical trials assessing the effect of the KD on SMI is still limited. Preliminary research, predominantly case studies, suggests potential therapeutic effects, including weight gain reduction, improved carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, decrease in disease-related symptoms, increased energy and quality of life, and, in some cases, changes in pharmacotherapy (reduction in number or dosage of medication). However, these findings necessitate further investigation through larger-scale clinical trials. Initiation of the KD should occur in a hospital setting and with strict care of a physician and dietitian due to potential side effects of the diet and the possibility of exacerbating adverse effects of pharmacotherapy. An increasing number of ongoing studies examining the KD's effect on mental disorders highlights its potential role in the adjunctive treatment of SMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Rog
- Laboratory of Human Metabolism Research, Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 66 Str., 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Wingralek
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 Str., 20-469 Lublin, Poland; (Z.W.); (K.N.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Katarzyna Nowak
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 Str., 20-469 Lublin, Poland; (Z.W.); (K.N.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Monika Grudzień
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 Str., 20-469 Lublin, Poland; (Z.W.); (K.N.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Arkadiusz Grunwald
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 Str., 20-469 Lublin, Poland; (Z.W.); (K.N.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Agnieszka Banaszek
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 Str., 20-469 Lublin, Poland; (Z.W.); (K.N.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
| | - Hanna Karakula-Juchnowicz
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Early Intervention, Medical University of Lublin, Głuska 1 Str., 20-469 Lublin, Poland; (Z.W.); (K.N.); (M.G.); (A.B.); (H.K.-J.)
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Bulduk BK, Tortajada J, Valiente-Pallejà A, Callado LF, Torrell H, Vilella E, Meana JJ, Muntané G, Martorell L. High number of mitochondrial DNA alterations in postmortem brain tissue of patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Psychiatry Res 2024; 337:115928. [PMID: 38759415 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ) patients, which may be caused by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations. However, there are few studies in SZ that have analyzed mtDNA in brain samples by next-generation sequencing (NGS). To address this gap, we used mtDNA-targeted NGS and qPCR to characterize mtDNA alterations in brain samples from patients with SZ (n = 40) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 40). 35 % of SZ patients showed mtDNA alterations, a significantly higher prevalence compared to 10 % of HC. Specifically, SZ patients had a significantly higher frequency of deletions (35 vs. 5 in HC), with a mean number of deletions of 3.8 in SZ vs. 1.0 in HC. Likely pathogenic missense variants were also significantly more frequent in patients with SZ than in HC (10 vs. three HC), encompassing 14 variants in patients and three in HC. The pathogenic tRNA variant m.3243A>G was identified in one SZ patient with a high heteroplasmy level of 32.2 %. While no significant differences in mtDNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) were observed between SZ and HC, antipsychotic users had significantly higher mtDNA-CN than non-users. These findings suggest a potential role for mtDNA alterations in the pathophysiology of SZ that require further validation and functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengisu K Bulduk
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata (HUIPM), Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV-CERCA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Juan Tortajada
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata (HUIPM), Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV-CERCA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Alba Valiente-Pallejà
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata (HUIPM), Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV-CERCA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luís F Callado
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, and BioBizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Helena Torrell
- Centre for Omic Sciences (COS), Joint Unit URV-EURECAT Technology Centre of Catalonia, Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elisabet Vilella
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata (HUIPM), Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV-CERCA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - J Javier Meana
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, and BioBizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Gerard Muntané
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata (HUIPM), Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV-CERCA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Lourdes Martorell
- Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata (HUIPM), Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV-CERCA), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Ceylan D, Arat-Çelik HE, Aksahin IC. Integrating mitoepigenetics into research in mood disorders: a state-of-the-art review. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1338544. [PMID: 38410811 PMCID: PMC10895490 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1338544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Mood disorders, including major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder, are highly prevalent and stand among the leading causes of disability. Despite the largely elusive nature of the molecular mechanisms underpinning these disorders, two pivotal contributors-mitochondrial dysfunctions and epigenetic alterations-have emerged as significant players in their pathogenesis. This state-of-the-art review aims to present existing data on epigenetic alterations in the mitochondrial genome in mood disorders, laying the groundwork for future research into their pathogenesis. Associations between abnormalities in mitochondrial function and mood disorders have been observed, with evidence pointing to notable changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). These changes encompass variations in copy number and oxidative damage. However, information on additional epigenetic alterations in the mitochondrial genome remains limited. Recent studies have delved into alterations in mtDNA and regulations in the mitochondrial genome, giving rise to the burgeoning field of mitochondrial epigenetics. Mitochondrial epigenetics encompasses three main categories of modifications: mtDNA methylation/hydroxymethylation, modifications of mitochondrial nucleoids, and mitochondrial RNA alterations. The epigenetic modulation of mitochondrial nucleoids, lacking histones, may impact mtDNA function. Additionally, mitochondrial RNAs, including non-coding RNAs, present a complex landscape influencing interactions between the mitochondria and the nucleus. The exploration of mitochondrial epigenetics offers valuable perspectives on how these alterations impact neurodegenerative diseases, presenting an intriguing avenue for research on mood disorders. Investigations into post-translational modifications and the role of mitochondrial non-coding RNAs hold promise to unravel the dynamics of mitoepigenetics in mood disorders, providing crucial insights for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Ceylan
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Affective Laboratory, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Izel Cemre Aksahin
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Affective Laboratory, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Koç University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Chu H, Cui C, Su X, Zhang H, Ma J, Zhu H, Bai L, Li R. Research progress in mitochondrial quality control in schizophrenia. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2024; 49:128-134. [PMID: 38615174 PMCID: PMC11017019 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2024.230398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main site of energy metabolism within cells, generating a substantial amount of ATP to supply energy to the human body. Research has shown that alterations in mitochondrial structure and function exist in individuals with schizophrenia, suggesting their potential impact on the onset of psychiatric disorders and clinical treatment efficacy. Therefore, understanding the research progress on the genetic mechanisms, pathological processes, image manifestations of schizophrenia and mitochondrial quality control, and summarizing the relevant evidence of mitochondrial-related targets as potential therapeutic targets for schizophrenia, can provide references for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Chu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining Shandong 272067.
| | - Cuicui Cui
- Sixth Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Xianbiao Su
- Sixth Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- Sixth Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Jiashu Ma
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining Shandong 272067
| | - Houming Zhu
- School of Mental Health, Jining Medical University, Jining Shandong 272067
| | - Ludong Bai
- Sixth Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Ranran Li
- Sixth Department of Psychiatry, Shandong Mental Health Center, Jinan 250014, China.
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Perrottelli A, Marzocchi FF, Caporusso E, Giordano GM, Giuliani L, Melillo A, Pezzella P, Bucci P, Mucci A, Galderisi S. Advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder through induced pluripotent stem cell models. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2024; 49:E109-E125. [PMID: 38490647 PMCID: PMC10950363 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.230112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder involves a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors that begins in the early stages of neurodevelopment. Recent advancements in the field of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer a promising tool for understanding the neurobiological alterations involved in these disorders and, potentially, for developing new treatment options. In this review, we summarize the results of iPSC-based research on schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, showing disturbances in neurodevelopmental processes, imbalance in glutamatergic-GABAergic transmission and neuromorphological alterations. The limitations of the reviewed literature are also highlighted, particularly the methodological heterogeneity of the studies, the limited number of studies developing iPSC models of both diseases simultaneously, and the lack of in-depth clinical characterization of the included samples. Further studies are needed to advance knowledge on the common and disease-specific pathophysiological features of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder and to promote the development of new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Luigi Giuliani
- From the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Melillo
- From the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Paola Bucci
- From the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
| | - Armida Mucci
- From the University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy
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8
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Calarco CA, Keppetipola SM, Kumar G, Shipper AG, Lobo MK. Whole blood mitochondrial copy number in clinical populations with mood disorders: A meta-analysis: Blood mitochondrial copy number and mood disorders. Psychiatry Res 2024; 331:115662. [PMID: 38118327 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD), are globally prevalent, contributing to significant disease burden and adverse health outcomes. These mood disorders are associated with changes in many aspects of brain reward pathways, yet cellular and molecular changes in the brain are not readily available in clinical populations. Therefore, the use of biomarkers as proxies for changes in the brain are necessary. The proliferation of mitochondria in blood has emerged as a potentially useful biomarker, yet a clear consensus on how these mood disorders impact mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) has not been reached. To determine the current available consensus on the relationship of mood disorder diagnosis and blood mtDNcn, we performed a meta-analysis of available literature measuring this biomarker. Following PRISMA guidelines for a systematic search, 22 papers met inclusion criteria for meta-analysis (10 MDD, 10 BD, 2 both MDD and BD). We extracted demographic, disorder, and methodological information with mtDNAcn. Using the metafor package for R, calculated effect sizes were used in random effects or meta regression models for MDD and BD. Overall, our data suggest blood mtDNAcn may be a useful biomarker for mood disorders, with MDD and BD Type II associated with higher mtDNAcn, and BD Type I associated with lower mtDNAcn. Initially, we observed a trending increase in mtDNAcn in patients with MDD, which reached significance when one study with outlying demographic characteristics was excluded. Subgroup and meta-regression analysis indicated the relationship between mtDNAcn and diagnosis in patients with BD is dependent on BD type, while no relationship is detectable when BD types are mixed. Further study of blood mtDNAcn could predict downstream health outcomes or treatment responsivity in individuals with mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cali A Calarco
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | | | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA
| | - Andrea G Shipper
- Health Sciences and Human Services Library, University of Maryland, 601W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201 USA.
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Li M, Yang K, De Vivo I, Eliassen AH, Qureshi AA, Nan H, Han J. Association between plasma L-carnitine levels and mitochondrial DNA copy number. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:35. [PMID: 38082229 PMCID: PMC10712069 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-023-00496-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key cytoplasmic organelles in eukaryotic cells that generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number (mtDNAcn) is considered a biomarker for both mitochondrial quantity and function as well as cellular oxidative stress level. Previous epidemiologic findings revealed that weight gain, higher body mass index (BMI), smoking, and high insulinemic potential of lifestyle were associated with lower leukocyte mtDNAcn. Carnitines are a group of compounds that play a critical role in energy production. We quantified the associations of plasma L-carnitine levels with leukocyte mtDNAcn. We then examined the association between mtDNAcn and L-carnitine (HMDB0000062) in 538 U.S. men without cancers, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease at blood collection from the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS). We found a significant inverse association between L-carnitine and mtDNAcn (ρ = -0.1, P = 0.02). This implies that the carnitine metabolic pathway may be associated with mitochondrial function and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyue Li
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, RG 6124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-2872, USA
| | - Keming Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Heather Eliassen
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hongmei Nan
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, RG 6124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-2872, USA
- Department of Global Health, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, 1050 Wishard Boulevard, RG 6124, Indianapolis, IN, 46202-2872, USA.
- Department of Global Health, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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10
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Scott MR, McClung CA. Bipolar Disorder. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 83:102801. [PMID: 38223491 PMCID: PMC10786345 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
This review focuses on recent advances made towards understanding the neurobiology of bipolar disorder (BD), a chronic neuropsychiatric illness characterized by altered mood and energy states. The past few years have seen the completion of the largest genetic studies by far, which have emphasized the polygenic nature of BD as well as it's connection to other psychiatric illnesses. Furthermore, the use of inducible pluripotent stem cells has rapidly expanded. These studies support previous work that implicates dysregulation of neurodevelopment, mitochondria, and calcium homeostasis, while also allowing for investigation into the underlying mechanisms of individual responsivity to lithium. Sleep and circadian rhythms have also been heavily implicated in BD, from disruptions in activity patterns to molecular abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline R Scott
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Colleen A McClung
- Translational Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychiatry, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Machado-Vieira R, Courtes AC, Zarate CA, Henter ID, Manji HK. Non-canonical pathways in the pathophysiology and therapeutics of bipolar disorder. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1228455. [PMID: 37592949 PMCID: PMC10427509 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1228455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by extreme mood swings ranging from manic/hypomanic to depressive episodes. The severity, duration, and frequency of these episodes can vary widely between individuals, significantly impacting quality of life. Individuals with BD spend almost half their lives experiencing mood symptoms, especially depression, as well as associated clinical dimensions such as anhedonia, fatigue, suicidality, anxiety, and neurovegetative symptoms. Persistent mood symptoms have been associated with premature mortality, accelerated aging, and elevated prevalence of treatment-resistant depression. Recent efforts have expanded our understanding of the neurobiology of BD and the downstream targets that may help track clinical outcomes and drug development. However, as a polygenic disorder, the neurobiology of BD is complex and involves biological changes in several organelles and downstream targets (pre-, post-, and extra-synaptic), including mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, altered monoaminergic and glutamatergic systems, lower neurotrophic factor levels, and changes in immune-inflammatory systems. The field has thus moved toward identifying more precise neurobiological targets that, in turn, may help develop personalized approaches and more reliable biomarkers for treatment prediction. Diverse pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches targeting neurobiological pathways other than neurotransmission have also been tested in mood disorders. This article reviews different neurobiological targets and pathophysiological findings in non-canonical pathways in BD that may offer opportunities to support drug development and identify new, clinically relevant biological mechanisms. These include: neuroinflammation; mitochondrial function; calcium channels; oxidative stress; the glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3) pathway; protein kinase C (PKC); brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); histone deacetylase (HDAC); and the purinergic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Machado-Vieira
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Alan C. Courtes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Carlos A. Zarate
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ioline D. Henter
- Experimental Therapeutics and Pathophysiology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Husseini K. Manji
- Deparment of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Tachi R, Ohi K, Nishizawa D, Soda M, Fujikane D, Hasegawa J, Kuramitsu A, Takai K, Muto Y, Sugiyama S, Kitaichi K, Hashimoto R, Ikeda K, Shioiri T. Mitochondrial genetic variants associated with bipolar disorder and Schizophrenia in a Japanese population. Int J Bipolar Disord 2023; 11:26. [PMID: 37477801 PMCID: PMC10361950 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-023-00307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are complex psychotic disorders (PSY), with both environmental and genetic factors including possible maternal inheritance playing a role. Some studies have investigated whether genetic variants in the mitochondrial chromosome are associated with BD and SZ. However, the genetic variants identified as being associated are not identical among studies, and the participants were limited to individuals of European ancestry. Here, we investigate associations of genome-wide genetic variants in the mitochondrial chromosome with BD, SZ, and PSY in a Japanese population. METHODS After performing quality control for individuals and genetic variants, we investigated whether mitochondrial genetic variants [minor allele frequency (MAF) > 0.01, n = 45 variants) are associated with BD, SZ, and PSY in 420 Japanese individuals consisting of patients with BD (n = 51), patients with SZ (n = 172), and healthy controls (HCs, n = 197). RESULTS Of mitochondrial genetic variants, three (rs200478835, rs200044200 and rs28359178 on or near NADH dehydrogenase) and one (rs200478835) were significantly associated with BD and PSY, respectively, even after correcting for multiple comparisons (PGC=0.045-4.9 × 10- 3). In particular, individuals with the minor G-allele of rs200044200, a missense variant, were only observed among patients with BD (MAF = 0.059) but not HCs (MAF = 0) (odds ratio=∞). Three patients commonly had neuropsychiatric family histories. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that mitochondrial genetic variants in NADH dehydrogenase-related genes may contribute to the pathogenesis of BD and PSY in the Japanese population through dysfunction of energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryobu Tachi
- School of Medicine, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Nishizawa
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Midori Soda
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Fujikane
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Junko Hasegawa
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kuramitsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Takai
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukimasa Muto
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sugiyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kiyoyuki Kitaichi
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Department of Biomedical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Pathology of Mental Diseases, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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13
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Bohnen JLB, Wigstrom TP, Griggs AM, Roytman S, Paalanen RR, Andrews HA, Bohnen NI, Franklin JJH, McInnis MG. Ketogenic-Mimicking Diet as a Therapeutic Modality for Bipolar Disorder: Biomechanistic Rationale and Protocol for a Pilot Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:3068. [PMID: 37447394 PMCID: PMC10346691 DOI: 10.3390/nu15133068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in the investigation of ketogenic diets as a potential therapy for bipolar disorder. The overlapping pharmacotherapies utilized for both bipolar disorder and seizures suggest that a mechanistic overlap may exist between these conditions, with fasting and the ketogenic diet representing the most time-proven therapies for seizure control. Recently, preliminary evidence has begun to emerge supporting a potential role for ketogenic diets in treating bipolar disorder. Notably, some patients may struggle to initiate a strict diet in the midst of a mood episode or significant life stressors. The key question addressed by this pilot clinical trial protocol is if benefits can be achieved with a less restrictive diet, as this would allow such an intervention to be accessible for more patients. Recent development of so-called ketone esters, that once ingested is converted to natural ketone bodies, combined with low glycemic index dietary changes has the potential to mimic two foundational components of therapeutic ketosis: high levels of ketones and minimal spiking of glucose/insulin. This pilot clinical trial protocol thus aims to investigate the effect of a 'ketogenic-mimicking diet' (combining supplementation of ketone esters with a low glycemic index dietary intervention) on neural network stability, mood, and biomarker outcomes in the setting of bipolar disorder. Positive findings obtained via this pilot clinical trial protocol may support future target engagement studies of ketogenic-mimicking diets or related ketogenic interventions. A lack of positive findings, in contrast, may justify a focus on more strict dietary interventions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alexis M. Griggs
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Stiven Roytman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Nicolaas I. Bohnen
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Neurology Service and GRECC, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
- Morris K. Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson’s Disease Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Parkinson’s Foundation Research Center of Excellence, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Department of Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Melvin G. McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Heinz C. Prechter Bipolar Research Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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14
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Anderson G, Almulla AF, Reiter RJ, Maes M. Redefining Autoimmune Disorders' Pathoetiology: Implications for Mood and Psychotic Disorders' Association with Neurodegenerative and Classical Autoimmune Disorders. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091237. [PMID: 37174637 PMCID: PMC10177037 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although previously restricted to a limited number of medical conditions, there is a growing appreciation that 'autoimmune' (or immune-mediated) processes are important aspects of a wide array of diverse medical conditions, including cancers, neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. All of these classes of medical conditions are associated with alterations in mitochondrial function across an array of diverse cell types. Accumulating data indicate the presence of the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway in possibly all body cells, with important consequences for pathways crucial in driving CD8+ T cell and B-cell 'autoimmune'-linked processes. Melatonin suppression coupled with the upregulation of oxidative stress suppress PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/parkin-driven mitophagy, raising the levels of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-1, which underpins the chemoattraction of CD8+ T cells and the activation of antibody-producing B-cells. Many factors and processes closely associated with autoimmunity, including gut microbiome/permeability, circadian rhythms, aging, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) all interact with the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway. A number of future research directions and novel treatment implications are indicated for this wide collection of poorly conceptualized and treated medical presentations. It is proposed that the etiology of many 'autoimmune'/'immune-mediated' disorders should be conceptualized as significantly determined by mitochondrial dysregulation, with alterations in the mitochondrial melatonergic pathway being an important aspect of these pathoetiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Anderson
- CRC Scotland & London, Eccleston Square, London SW1V 1PG, UK
| | - Abbas F Almulla
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf 54001, Iraq
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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15
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Schulmann A, Marenco S, Vawter MP, Akula N, Limon A, Mandal A, Auluck PK, Patel Y, Lipska BK, McMahon FJ. Antipsychotic drug use complicates assessment of gene expression changes associated with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:93. [PMID: 36932057 PMCID: PMC10023659 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02392-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent postmortem transcriptomic studies of schizophrenia (SCZ) have shown hundreds of differentially expressed genes. However, the extent to which these gene expression changes reflect antipsychotic drug (APD) exposure remains uncertain. We compared differential gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of SCZ patients who tested positive for APDs at the time of death with SCZ patients who did not. APD exposure was associated with numerous changes in the brain transcriptome, especially among SCZ patients on atypical APDs. Brain transcriptome data from macaques chronically treated with APDs showed that APDs affect the expression of many functionally relevant genes, some of which show expression changes in the same directions as those observed in SCZ. Co-expression modules enriched for synaptic function showed convergent patterns between SCZ and some of the APD effects, while those associated with inflammation and glucose metabolism exhibited predominantly divergent patterns between SCZ and APD effects. In contrast, major cell-type shifts inferred in SCZ were primarily unaffected by APD use. These results show that APDs may confound SCZ-associated gene expression changes in postmortem brain tissue. Disentangling these effects will help identify causal genes and improve our neurobiological understanding of SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Schulmann
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Stefano Marenco
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marquis P Vawter
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nirmala Akula
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Agenor Limon
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Ajeet Mandal
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pavan K Auluck
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yash Patel
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Barbara K Lipska
- Human Brain Collection Core, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Francis J McMahon
- Human Genetics Branch, National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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DİRİCAN E, KARABULUT UZUNÇAKMAK S, ÖZCAN H. Şizofreni hastalarında CYB mtDNA mutasyonları ve PI3K/AKT/mTOR sinyal yolağındaki genlerin ekspresyon durumu. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.1186118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışma, şizofreni hastalarında sitokrom b (CYB) mitokondriyal DNA (mtDNA) mutasyonlarını taramayı ve PI3K/AKT/mTOR sinyal yolağındaki genlerin mRNA ifadelerini analiz etmeyi amaçlamıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada 44 şizofreni hastasından ve 41 sağlıklı bireyden DNA (hasta) ve RNA (hasta ve kontrol) izolasyonu için tam kan alındı. CYB mtDNA mutasyonları için örnekler PCR ile amplifiye edildi ve Sanger DNA dizi analiziyle tanımlandı. PIK3CA, AKT1 ve mTOR genlerinin mRNA ekspresyonu için RT-PCR ve 2-∆∆Ct metodu kullanıldı.
Bulgular: Şizofreni hastalarında m.15326 A>G (43/44), m.15452 C>A (5/44), m.15078 A>G (3/44), m.14872 C>T (3/44) ve m.14798 T>C (3/44) en sık rastalanan CYB mtDNA mutasyonlarıydı. İn silico analizler, mutasyonların bir kısmının zararlı, hastalık yapıcı veya benign karakterle ilişkili olduğunu gösterdi. Şizofreni hastalarında PIK3CA, AKT1 ve mTOR genlerinin mRNA ekspresyonu sağlıklı bireylere göre anlamlı derecede yüksekti. PIK3CA ve AKT1 genleri arasında anlamlı orta şiddette pozitif bir korelasyon tespit edildi. Ayrıca ROC analizi ile PIK3CA, AKT1 ve mTOR genlerinin hasta grubunda iyi tanısal güce sahip olduğu belirlendi. ROC analizleri, özellikle PIK3CA'nın şizofreni hastaları için % 80 duyarlılık ve % 63,4 seçicilik ile önemli bir tanı değerine sahip olduğunu gösterdi.
Sonuç: Şizofreni hastalarında hem CYB mtDNA mutasyon sıklığı hem de PIK3CA, AKT1 ve mTOR mRNA ekspresyon düzeyi sağlıklı bireylere göre daha yüksekti. Bu mekanizmaları daha geniş şizofreni popülasyonunda çalışmanın hastalığın tanı, tedavi veya prognozunda değerli olabileceğine inanıyoruz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebubekir DİRİCAN
- BAYBURT ÜNİVERSİTESİ, BAYBURT SAĞLIK HİZMETLERİ MESLEK YÜKSEKOKULU
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